1 15 1 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/fc67fd9aca9b9a30ad09fe6c23dabb0b.pdf 13bcf5171a814a53f28087f3d63e67e4 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °0307 Author Carrier, Joseph M. Corporate Author National Academy of Sciences - National Research Cou Tne Effects of Herbicides in Sounth Vietnam, Part B: Working Papers, February 1974: The Location of Herbicide Missions and Mickey's Informants in South Vietnam: An Appraisal Journal/Book Title Year 1974 Month/Day February Color ' ' Number of Images is Descripton Notes Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 307 of 341 �1 ( 1) USE ONE SET FOR EACH TITLE OR DOCUMENT. ( 2 ) USE BALL-POINT PEN OR TYPEWRITER FOR CLEAR COPIES. .:-*• (3) NAL CALL NO. - - U S Govermentrvintinq Office: 1974—558-507 " KEEP PART 4. OF THIS FORM FOR YOUR FILE. AD-245 (8-71 ) S X^) /ft U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LS3RARY ^-1 LENDING DIVISION BELTSViLLE. MD. 2O7O5 ,0929^"^ I FORf>UBLIC TION * Erne Glenn IMF ,._._ i-, LOAN HOLD SEND i-. R E A D I N G 1_ IDESK QMAIL i_ 1 ROOM REPORT TO REQUESTER N03T SENT BECAUSE: U3DA, ARS APR 11 1975 Dc-.-t. ;.-- ?.~-'?2 Science [T\NOT OWNED [__] IN USE "6 # % ! SPECIAL 04/22/75 ITBRARY V) ,JZ]Rc 1 PC . YOUR NAME. AGENCY & BUSiNESS ADDRESS (INCLUDE ZIP C - NAL USE ONLY } | | NON.CIRCULATING { INSUFFICIENT DESCRIPTION PLEASE V E R I F Y Colleg Siation, Texas TELEPHONE: DESCRIPTION Or PUBLICATION: 77843 76X33 A&M DATE OF REQUEST: 4/11/75 (AUTHOR. TITLE. P E R I O D I C A L TITLE. VOLUME. Y E A R . PACE. E T C . ) Carrier, J. M. [The location of herbicide missions and Rickey's informancts in South Vietnam: an appraisal.] (The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B. Working papers. Washington, B.C.; National Academy of Sciences ( 9 4 , 15 pp) 17) . •7/-tCJ? (p • [ 7 4 Castellammare Drive, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272] 147 REFERENCE SOURCE OF THE REQUESTED PUBLICATION. IF AVAILABLE: TJRE/LJBRARY KfVS TAKEN THE FOLEjS-WiW-e-S'CTION ON YOUR REQUEST: r^]|:'ESERVE P L A C c D . WILL SEND WHEN IT BECOMES A V A I L A B L E f VI TRY TO OBTAIN FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY r | PURCHASE ORDER PLACED RESULTS OF ABOVE ACTION MAY BE EXPECTED WITHIN REMARKS: /; �THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM PART B: WORKING PAPERS FEBRUARY The Location of Hcirbicido Missions and jjickey's Informants in South Vietnam: An Appraiaal , , / -, f v'' ft JOSEPH M. CARRIER 11974 NATIONAIj ACADIMY OF SCIENCES - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON, D.C. ;-?0'll8 �The Location of Herbicide Missions and Rickey's Informants in South Vietnam: An Appraisal a JOSEPH M. CARRIER This report presents the available data on herbicide missions carried out in the vicinity of the villages of Flighlanders used by b Hickey as informants for a paper on the perceived effects of herbicides in the highlands of South Vietnarr (SVN) . Some comments on mission objectives and support contained in herbicide proposals submitted by RVN province chiefs and in memoranda submitted by various U.S. officials are also presented. LOCATION OF INFORMANTS' VILLAGES All but one of Hickey's informants were originally from villages located in Kontum and Pleiku Provinces. One informant, a South Vietnamese Highlander who had returned south from North Vietnam in 1969, was stationed in an NLF food production area astride the border between Phu-Yen and PhuBon Provinces. Figures 1 and 2 show the approximate locations of informants' villages; Figure 3 indicates the location of the NLF food production area. It is important to note that the location of informants' villages presented in Figures 1 and 2 are shown as being in an approximate "area" a Dr. Carrier was a Staff Officer with the Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in Vietnam. His present address is 17447 Castellammare Drive, Pacific Palisades, California 90272. b See Hickey, G.C. Perceived effects of herbicides used in the highlands of South Vietnam, Part B of the Report on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam. �Boundary: i. District — — —itVillage 10 Scale: 1:250,000 Kilometers FIG. 1. Informant settlement areas and herbicide missions in Kontum Province. Key to special targets August 1968 August 1968 August 1968 August 1967 November 1968 May 1969 800 100 100 1100 200 770 gallons gallons gallons gallons gallons gallons White White White Blue White White NLF cache site Military base perimeter Military base perimeter Crop destruction Military base perimeter Military base perimeter �0 Kilometers Scale: 1:250,000 Boundary: Village FIG. 2. Settlement Areas of Informants and Herbicide Missions in Pleiku Province. Key to Special Targets Agent Orange (5 missions) 1-5. November 6-30, 1965 - 5800 gallons - Defoliation near Highway Agent White 550 gallons Enemy cache site 6. September 27, 1968 100 gallons Crop destruction 7. October 24, 1968 100 gallons Military base perimeter 8. October 28, 1968 Military base perimeter 9. October 29, 1968 100 gallons 100 gallons Military base perimeter 10. November 1, 1968 Military base perimeter 220 gallons 11. June 10, 1969 a Only one target coordinate given for each mission. �, --• .Wion^iu-.c • i;"-/*O ^. ' :: li) .- ••JLH ' /^.:^.C-' '• .- ^ '• . .•>:-.! '..-1 ( :vir.V'/"N;l ".i Kt v ^ r; -^•';-, ( '. -• r h > t - ' ' ' P^ u. - ?Yon rr ;—r- . .». — i j ^/ .r->.' - / (•_. (2) .w,-- ~-/- S . /!"/.,<.. «1 $<m ' ' ^ V ./ / ' MIA Tjng. ' : ', . • .V7 ? ^ ,-j«ui^jf\ • /.^ . '/ ^^~K— " S ' NW OiC NA».-; ' '^, ««V ••/ •. \^.- . - ' ' - - - -.v •B-owi.o-.. /". V ° v - - " V - . >-. \S •'>• • . - - - . .( , "A Vl y .'VI" • " ' . 'r / • CUMCA -<. 1 " / ',' ' ' / I 1- I ': .<rr. '. ^ > 5 . ' ' - , .fl">-MVMVM.-.\.- 10 I Scale: 1:250,000 miomcters FIG. 3. The MLF Food Production Area Phu Yen/Phu Bon Border Region. �rather than at a specific site. This was necessary for several reasons. First, during the period of intensive herbicide spraying from 1967 to 1970, many of the informants had to move from their native villages because of the intense fighting that enveloped them or occurred nearbyseveral more than once. (In Kontum, one-half of the province's population was reported to have been resettled as refugees by the end of 1970; in Pleiku, close to one-third.) Second, there is the problem of phonetically transcribing the names of villages elicited verbally from informants. Maps showing the names of villages have employed several different phonetic transcription systems. One cannot be absolutely sure, therefore, that a given map name and elicited name—• even if quite similar—represent the same village site. Third, and last, the elicited names, transcription problems aside, may not pinpoint the exact site of the informants' villages. The principal reason for this is the historical fact that both the French and ethnic Vietnamese used different naming systems in establishing administrative control over the people of the highlands. Province and district names assigned to specific geographic areas present no problem. Subunits, however, created by the French and Vietnamese as a controlling device between the district administrative unit and the traditionally named highland settlement, do add to the difficulty of locating a given named site. The French divided the "districts" they created into several "cantons." Each canton enclosed a number of villages and was named after one of the important villages enclosed. The ethnic Vietnamese then superimposed their system , which subdivided �the cantons. The Vietnamese conceptualize a "village" as covering a relatively large geographic area containing three or more settlements. Cantons were thus divided into Vietnamese-defined villages, each of which enclosed several Highlander settlements. The Vietnamese-created "village" was named after one of the settlements enclosed. The outcome of all these administrative subdivisions is that a name elicited from an informant may be the traditional name of the settlement and/or the subunit name imposed either by the French or ethnic Vietnamese. The following are shown in Figures 1 and 2 both as names of settlements and village areas: Dak-Rosa, Plei-Kleng, Plei-Krong, and Plei-Ngol-Drong. LOCATION AND TIMING OF HERBICIDE MISSIONS The location and timing of herbicide missions in the vicinity of Hickey's informants are presented in Figures 1-3 and Tables I-IV. Both the List of 202 Tasks Realized from January 1962 to September 1965 and the DOD computer printout of herbicide missions from the fall of 1965 to the end of the program (File Tape No, C274) were searched for missions carried out in the vicinity of the informants. were also searched for relevant information. The MACV mission files They contain the herbicide proposals made by RVN province chiefs, responses and comments made by U.S. officials (USARV, CORDS, USAID, Embassy, etc.), maps showing flight patterns, after-flight spray reports, and other miscellaneous items. The available data show that the spray missions in the vicinity of the informants' village areas took place from 1965 to 1970. . The major �Table I. Herbicide missions near Ben-Het/Dak-Mot-Kram A. Agent Jar Feb 1967 0 2400 0 1968 6500 0 0 1969 Orange Year 2100 9000 1970 47650 7900 area (Kontum Province) Defoliation "issions (Nuirbcr of gallons) Mar Apr Kay Jun Jul Au-j fc-p Cct 1060 4150 0 0 0 9000 3000 3000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 White 0 0 7900 16310 0 0 7000 0 15500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T o t a l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3000 3000 0 58550 4400 13200 22600 12200 34800 8800 0 0 0 0 69950 19300 15000 7860 4150 0 0 0 0 0 50200 74700 Agent 0 Crop Destruction Missior.2 Gallons Month Year Blua 2300 August 1967 Orange 1460 July 1967 C. 85100 0 0 B. 0 11800 50200 0 1968 1969 11700 Dec Total 0 1969 • Blue t:ov Miscellaneous Missions Agent Gallons Month Year Mission Khite 600 August 1968 NIJF Cache Site White 200 Auguot 1960 Military Perircter 0 17700 241160 �Table II. Herbicide missions near Plei-Jar/Plei Kleng area (Kontura Province). A. Defoliation Missions (Number of gallor.s) Orange Year Jan Fcb Mar Apr I960 Agent 0 0 0 0 1969 3000 12000 0 0 Jul Aug Srp Get Nov Dec Total 0 0 3000 0 0 0 14600 6000 23600 0 0 0 0 0 0 5000 30900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7000 0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3000 0 0 7000 22500 14000 6000 5000 1970 39GCO 314CO 28CCO 1968 Hay Jun 0 7900 0 0 3000 59800 10000 White 1969 11000 Dlue 0 1970 0 T o t a l 3000 3000 0 0 0 0 56600 43400 37800 5000 ?.500 B. Gal Ions 0 3000 Miscellaneous Missions (Agent White) Uor.th Year 200 Noveir.ber I960 Military Perimeter 770 May 1969 Military Perir.eter 8 190800 �Table III. Herbicide missions near Diic-Co/P.lni-Ngo.l-Drong area (Pleiku Province) A. Defoliation Missions: V i c i n i t y Highway 19 (NunJbcr of gallons) Arr May Jim Jul <"A!C Sop Cct N'ov Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5600 0 5800 0 0 0 I860 0 0 0 0 6850 0 8710 0 4750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10000 0 14750 1969 5000 3000 Agent Fcb Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8000 Year Jan 1965 0 0 1967 0 0 1966 Total Orange 0 1967 0 0 0 0 19530 0 2000 0 0 10500 19G8 0 0 0 6000 14700 cooo 3000 0 0 5COO 0 10500 30400 13300 7750 13300 53080 White T o t a l 5000 7750 0 6000 34230 93f,C 0 0 0 0 B. .Miscellaneous Missions (Agent V/hitie) Gallons Month Year Mission 550 Sept 1968 HLF Cache Site 100 Oct 19C8 Crop Destruction 200 Oct 1968 Military I'cri.r.cter 100 Hov 1968 Military Perimetex 220 Jun 1969 Military l-orii!"<?tcr Table IV. Herbicide missions near Phu-Yen/Phu-Bon border area. Crop Destruction Missions Since 1969 Agent Golior.r, .".or.th Blue 3000 July 1969 Orange 2600 July 1969 Orange 1900 July 1970 317CO 122C-10 �spraying effort, however, began in 1967 and ended in 1970. This confirms the consensus of Hickey's informants that "...there had been many spraying operations in [their areas] since 1957." As shown by Tables I and II, the majority of missions in the relevant areas of Kontum were for defoliation, used Agent Orange, and were carried out during the dry season (November to March) . The majority of th'e relevant missions in Pleiku were also for defoliation, as shown by Table III, but Agent White made up 69 percent of the gallons sprayed, Agent Orange comprising the other 31 percent. Missions using Agent White were carried out in both wet and dry months; Agent Orange was used essentially only in dry months. The crop sequence in both provinces, according to Hickey, is as follows. February. The fields are prepared during January and Depending on the beginning of the rainy season, the planting of crops occurs from mid-April to early May. The harvesting of most crops takes place from mid-July to the end of October—depending on when planted and time required for ripening—but some fruits and vegetables are harvested into November and December. With respect to the possible spray damage of crops, it is of interest to note that MACV established the following ral:es for herbicide agents used in crop destruction missions in Kontum and Pleiku: 3 gal/acre; rice, Agents Blue or Orange, broadleaf crops, Agents Blue or Orange, 1-1/2 gal/acre; The established rate for defoliation missions was 3 gal/acre. 10 �WERE TIE INFORMANTS SPRAYED? A comparison of spray runs with areas inhabited by the informants suggests that they were living in relatively close proximity to areas targeted for defoliation and/or crop destruction. The most distant any group of settlements appear to have been from target coordinates is about 15 km. However, because at the time of spraying the location of the informants and their settlements and swiddens cannot be precisely determined, and because there is no way of proving that the spray runs were made exactly along the paths outlined by the coordinates given, there is no way of determining whether Hickey's informants were or were not exactly in the paths of actual spray missions or whether they were or were not close enough to have been affected by spray drift. As noted above, the major objective of the relevant spray missions in Kontum and Pleiku was defoliation. Judging from the herbicide proposals made by the province chiefs and the memorandums of U.S. officials, an effort was made to prevent the sprayed chemicals from affecting the crops of "friendly" Highlanders. Contained in every province proposal was a signed pledge by the province chief "....to pay compensation for damages to the crops of the people affected by the spraying of defoliants." This was meant to apply, however, only to the crops of people living in RVNcontrolled areas. In several RVN herbicide proposals this was explicitly stated. Judging from the herbicide proposals and memoranda in the mission files, it was a known fact that Highlander settlements and swiddens were located in or near the targeted areas. 11 The decision to go ahead with a �given defoliation mission in spite of the Highlanders present was based on a belief generally held by RVN and U.S. officials that the importance of the mission outweighed the consequences to the human inhabitants. The decision was also rationalized in part by the fact that the target areas were believed to be sparsely populated. And, as one U.S. official put it, not only are the target areas sparsely populated but the Highlanders "... living in or adjacent to the targets are under enemy control and have been for a number of years." The implication of being controlled by the NLF/NVA, as one RVN province official noted, is that the Highlanders were being encouraged "...to increase production of rice and foods for them." As there was an existing herbicide program which targeted the destruction of crops in NLF/NVA territory, the fact that the inhabitants in a defoliation target might lose their crops was perhaps considered a bonus for such missions. Finally, it is relevant to note that neither RVN nor U.S. officials believed the sprayed chemicals to be harmful in any way to human beings or their domestic animals. This was explicitly stated in all province herbicide proposals and in a MACV directive "525-1" dated February 15, 1966. FACTORS OTHER THAN HERBICIDES Assuming that the settlements and swiddens were directly in the paths of herbicide runs or were hit by spray drift as described by the informants, their perceptions of what happened as a result of exposure to chemicals must be evaluated by a number of possible factors, the effects of which cannot be known v/ith any certainty at this point in time. 12 Hickey �notes for example, that: i "A difficult area of inquiry concerned possible deaths due to the herbicides. Sickness and death are common occurrences in highland villages, and infant mortality is particularly high." Wiersma (1970) suggests another factor: "A complicating factor in Vietnam is the possibility that the Vietnamese peasants are less resistant to toxins in their environment than people who are living on proteinrich diets." PROPAGANDA Still another factor is propaganda. The Highlanders have been subjected to conflicting stories about the effects of chemicals both by the RVN and the NLF since 1962 when herbicides were first tested in the field in SVN. In response to an RVN/U.S. test of Agent Blue on 750 acres of crops in the Highlander province of Phuoc-Long on November 21 and 23, 1962, the NLF on the 29lh of November reported the destruction of 1,000 hectares of crops because of the spraying and claimed "...more than 100 people suffered from sore eyes, that many persons were afflicted with beriberi, and that a child had died." Later, on December 1, the DRVN broadcast that: "[the RVN/U.S.] spread noxious chemicals to destroy crops, kill cattle, and poison the people with the aim into concentration camps." of forcing them A North Vietnamese professor, Tran-Huu-Tuoc, in an article published in Nhan-Dan in December 19G2, set forth the basic belief held about the effects of herbicides on human beings and domestic animals: "Persons affected by the chemical are asphyxiated, vomit, faint, or fall sick for 20 hours, and some even four days. 13 �Affected children are seriously ill, suffer hemorrhages, or die. Poultry, pigs, dogs, and other animals that drink chemical-poisoned water die, too." Another DRVN/NLF assertion dealing with the use of chemicals was that "poison was put into the people's water jars for the purpose of killing them." The RVN countered with their own propaganda about herbicides. Every province herbicide proposal contained a "Psywar/Civic Action Annex" which outlined a plan of action. The basic objective of the plan was to explain and demonstrate the harmlessness of the chemical agents on human beings and animals. A countercharge was also supposed to be made to the NLF/NVA "poison" charge. In a Kontum herbicide proposal it was stated as follows: "The population will be urged to be vigilant against the enemy schemes: he may secretly put poison into the wells or in the food, then charge the' government with using poisonous defoliants when some local residents are killed by the poison." OVERVIEW Judging from the available evidence, there can be no dispute about the fact that Hickey's informants came from areas in Pleiku and Kontum Provinces that were severely affected by the military compaigns which took place between the beginning of 1965 and the end of 1970. As reported by the RVN government, 51,474 refugees in Kontum and 58,477 refugees in Pleiku had been resettled as of the end of 1970. As shown by the mission files, large areas of the relevant parts of both provinces were sprayed with herbicides: little over 123 000 gal close to 438,000 gal in Pleiku. in Kontum and a However, because of the uncertainties �involved in locating the settlements of the informants at the time cf spraying and in locating the spray run tracks, the question of whether or how much the informants were directly or indirectly exposed to the sprayed herbicides cannot be definitively answered. REFERENCES Wiersma, G.B. 1970. Ecological impact of antiplant agents and implications for future use. U.S. Army, Combat Development Command, Institute of Land Combat. Vietnam statistical yearbook, Vol. 16. 1970. Number of war refugees, 1967 to 1970, Table 324, p0 391. National Institute of Statistics, Republic of Vietnam. 410 ppn Delmore, F«Jo and C.E. Minarik. 1962„ Destruction of Viet Cong crops, RVN: attack of target 2-1, 21 and 23 November 1962. US/MACV, 3110, Ser. 00333, 26 Dec. 1962. Hanoi. 1962. VNA broadcast in English to Europe and Asia 0639 GMT 10 Dec. 1962, concerning an article in Nhan-Dan by Prof. Tran-Huu-Tuoc. �j'&j , ,% .f f*d cotton seedlings from. 2.25 kg/ha. Wheat and cucumber seedlings were unharmed. BE ANALYSIS AND RESIDUES 328 McKoNE, C. E.; COTTERILL, E. G. Extraction of picloram residues from a sandy loam soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (1 974) 11 (3) 233-237 [En, 8 ref.] ARC Weed Res. Org., Yarnton, Oxford 0X5 IFF, UK. The recovery was examined of low levels of picloram (0.01 to 0.1 ppm.) at pll levels > 7 from soil fortified in the laboratory and from the same soil containing residues from a dose of 1.5 Ib/acre applied 67 weeks before sampling. A series of KOII conc,,s. were prepared in IG% KG! as extractant. Aliquots were shaken with 25 g of. the soil to give filtrate pH's in the range 7.2 to 11.6. The filtrate was acidified to adjust the pH to < 2,, partitioned into chloroform containing 5% ethanol (see WA 21, 477) and methylated • with diazomethane. The methyl ester was determined using a 1.5 m X 4 mm (internal diam.) glass column packed with 1.5% XE 60 on Chromosorb W and fitted with a 63Ni electron capture detector. Operating conditions were [temps. in °C\: column 180, injection port 215, detector 300, carrier gas 80 ml/min oxygen-free Nj. The quantities of picloram extracted were below the limit of detection (0.001 ppm.) where the KOH solution was <pH 8. Above pH 8 the extractable picloram increased almost linearly to 0.038 ppm. at the highest pH. With the fortified soil recovery was obtained at all pH levels which ranged from 60% at pH 7.2 to 96% at pH 11.6. In another experiment using Ca(OH)2 as extractant, selected as it conveniently buffered soils of varying pH to pH 12.4, recovery from soil fortified with picloram in the range 0.01 to 1 ppm. slightly exceeded 100%; Ca(OH)3 (at pH 12.4) also accounted for a considerable increase in extractable picloram in field weathered residues compared with KOH at pH 9.35. JLM 329 ZAWADZKA, H.; ADAMCZEWSKA, M.; ELBANOWSKA, H. [Determination of simazine, atrazine and prometryne in natural water and sewage by thin-layer chromatography.] • Health Aspects of Pesticides 73 - 3003. The best conditions for the detection of small amounts of simazine, atrazine and prometryne were determined in a series of experiments. Abbott's method for the determination of triazine herbicides [see WA 14, 1273] did not lend itself to the detection of these substances in natural waters and municipal sewage because of interfering impurities. The method was modified by introducing an intermediate step of extract purification consisting of column chromatography with basic Al2Oa as the stationary phase and elution with ethyl ether. The thin layer chromatographic results were improved by the addition of fluorescein to the silica gel used for coating of plates, u.v. irradiation of plates and reading under a quartz lamp with a 254 nm filter. Detection of 2.5 ppb. of atrazine and simazine and of 0.5 ppb. prometryne was possible. 330 BRUNS, V. F.; CARLILE, B. L.; KELLEY, A. D. Responses and residues in sugarbccts, soybeans, and corn irrigated with 2,4-D or silvex-treated water. Technical Bulletin, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (1973) No. 1476, 32 pp. [En, 28 ref.] Irrig. Agric. Res. Ext. Cent., Prosser, Washington 99350, USA. See also WA 22, 2690. Analytical methods for determining 2,4-D and silvex (fenoprop) residues in water, soil and plant material were studied, tested, and modified in preliminary laboratory experiments. The basic method used involved the conversion of the alkanolamine salts of 2,4-D and the propylene glycol butyl ether (PGBE) ester of fenoprop to the methyl ester by esterification with boron trifluoride in methanol, and the derivatives were measured on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Residues detected were as low as 0.000 01-0.00004 ppm. in water, 0.0005-0.002 ppm. in soil and 0.005 ppm. in plant material. In field trials, herbicides at 0.22-5.51 ppmw. in 2 acre-inches of water (0.1-2.5 Ib/acre) were applied by furrow irrigation on a fine sandy loam soil and concns. of 0.02-2.21 ppmw. were also applied by sprinkler irrigation. In general, no edible purls of crops treated with 0.22-1.1 ppmw. by furrow irrigation or with 0.02-0.22 ppmw. by sprinkler irrigation contained detectable amounts of free 2,4-D or fenoprop residues at harvest time. At the highest concns. Weed Abstracts 1975 Vol. 24 No. 2 residues were detected but were many times less than the official tolerance limits; irrigation with fcnoprop-treated water before adequate degradation has occurred should probably be avoided. From summary. « PK TOXICOLOGY See also abst. 298. 331 WIESE, A. F. Are herbicides environmental contaminants? In Proceedings 27th Annual Meeting Southern Weed Science Society. (1974) 1-7 [En, 28 ref.] Texas Agric. Exp. Stn., Bushland, USA. The author refutes assertions that herbicides cause longterm contamination of the environment by outlining behaviour patterns of herbicides in the air, plants, soil and water, and submits that the economic and other benefits accruing from their use outweighs any possible undesirable short-term effects. JLM 332 BLASZYK, P. [Chemical weed control in and near drainage ditches from the point of view of agriculture.] Schiftenreihe des Vercins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene (1972) ,37, 187092 ,[De] Pflanzensch.utzamt Oldenburg, Landwirtschaftskammer Weser Ems, German Federal Republic. From Pesticides Abstracts 74 - 0609. See also WA 22, 2077. The complex effect of chemical weed control in and near drainage ditches in the Weser-Ems region is assessed. The use,of herbicides over 10 years did not result in any damage to domestic animals even though such animals were given water exclusively from drainage ditches with chemical weed control. The use of herbicides in unfavourable conditions or not in the proper manner caused a few fish deaths and adverse effects on birds. 333 HICKEY, G. C. Perceived effects of herbicides used in the highlands of South Vietnam. The effect of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B: Working papers. Washington, D.C., USA; National Academy of Sciences. (1974) 23 pp. [En] SE Asia Program, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York 14850, USA. Local informants on herbicide effects were interviewed. were not anticipated; informants suggested that there were some harmful effects on humans, animals and fish. The study has been preliminary, however, and considerably more investigation should be conducted. PK 334 CARRIER, J. M. The location of herbicide missions and Hickey's informants in South Vietnam: an appraisal. The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B: Working papers. Washington, D.C., USA; National Academy of Sciences. (1974) 15 pp. [En, 4 ref.] 17447 Castellammare Drive, Pacific Palisades, California 90272, USA. Appraisal of the data on herbicide effects collected in the area surveyed by G.C. Hickcy in the above paper stresses the difficulties involved in locating the settlements of the informants at the time of spraying and the uncertainties of ascertaining the degree of direct or indirect exposure to the chemicals. JLM 335 BOLIER, G.; MAAS, H. L. VAN DER; BOOTSMA, R. The toxicity of the herbicide dichlobenil to goldfish (Carassius auratud. [Paper in] 25s1" Internationaal Symposium over Fytofarmacie en Fytiatrie. Part I. Mcdcdelingen Fnkulteit Litndbouwwetcnschappen Gent (1973) 38 (3) 733740 [En, 9 ref.] Inst. Vet. Pharmacology & Toxicology, Univ. Utrecht, Netherlands. Goldfish of average length 10 cm were maintained in aquaria containing 6.4, 1.6, 0.4 and 0 mg dichlobcnil/litre for 3 months. During this period none died but those in the 6.4 mg/litre aquarium lost weight and exhibited abnormal behaviour. Autopsies were carried out at the end of the trial. Serum glutamine-pyruvate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels were unaffected by exposure to the herbicide, except for a significant increase in the level of the latter en/ymc at the 1.6 mg dichlobenil/litre concn. Glucosc6-phosphatase activity of liver homogcnates was significantly decreased at the 0.4 mg/litre eoncn. and significantly though unexpectedly increased at the 0.4 mg/litre concn. Considerable accumulation of residue in the body tissues was found; concns. here were 15-20 times higher than in the water. At the (>.4 ing/litre and 1.6 mg/litre concns., several fish developed ascites which was taken by the authors as the first indication of dichlobenil toxicity and led them to recommend a concn. of 1 mg dichlobenil/litrc as being sale � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0307 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrier, Joseph M. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-02-01 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam, Part B: Working Papers, February 1974: The Location of Herbicide Missions and Hickey's Informants in South Vietnam: An Appraisal Subject The topic of the resource civilian impact Ranch Hand herbicide application