1 15 5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 126 Folder The folder containing the original item. 3558 Series The series number of the original item. Series VI Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward, Claudia T. F. Matsumura Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 Title A name given to the resource Fate of 2,3,7,8 -Tetrachlorodibenzo -p- Dioxin (TCDD) in a Model Aquatic Environment Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 124 Folder The folder containing the original item. 3464 Series The series number of the original item. Series VI Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Quensen, J. F., III. F. Matsumura Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Title A name given to the resource Oxidative Degradation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by Microorganisms Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 101 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2707 Series The series number of the original item. Series V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Madhukar, B. V. F. Matsumura Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Title A name given to the resource Differences in the Nature of Induction of Mixed-Function Oxidase Systems of the Rat Liver amoung Phenobarbital, DDT, 3-Methylcholanthrene, and TCDD Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 097 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2469 Series The series number of the original item. Series V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brewster, D.W. B.V. Madhukar F. Matsumura Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 16 1982 Title A name given to the resource Influence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the Protein Composition of the Plasma Membrane of Hepatic Cells from the Rat https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/8dd45d44d672ef1c545bc2019d64ceab.pdf dbb36089c3a06149ea2ff579fb93a3a3 PDF Text Text Item ID Number: Author Corporate Author 00054 Boush, G.M. University of Wisconsin, Department of Entomology, Madison, Wisconsin Pesticide Degradation By Marine Algae Journal/Book Title Year 1975 Month/Day A ril Color W Number of linages 23 DeSCrlptOU Notes Contract N00014-67-A-01 28-0023, Task No. NR 306-061 P ' Friday, November 17, 2000 Page 54 of 57 �Boush,G.M., et al 1975 Pesticides Degradation by Marine Algae .AD A 008 275 AD-A008 275 PESTICIDE DEGRADATION BY M A R I N E ALGAE G. M. Boush, et al Wisconsin University P r e p a r e df o r : Office of Naval Research 1 April 1975 DISTRIBUTED BY: Hiflimi TttfciHtil hififiiititi ftftfrt V. 1 BEMRTMENT if C8MMERCE �118104 10 Off lev of Haval Research Contract H0001U-67-A-0128-0023 00 o o Task Ho. HB 306-061 PHIAL REPORT Pesticide Degradation by Marine Algae by G. N. Bousb and F. Matsumura University of Wisconsin Department of Entomology Madison, Wisconsin 53706 April 1, 1975 Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government Approved for public release: distribution unlimited This research was supported in part by the Office of Haval Research, Haval Biology Program, under Contract Ho. H0001U-67-A-0128-OO23, HR 306-061. Reproduced by NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE US (topulnmt ol Comn«« Sprl.gfM<l. VA. 2JI51 �DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R I D l*ll> i <im«l w *nl*n4 wh*r< lh» •rmtmll ttffrl /« «•/««»<«•«) I*. RIPORT f C C U R I T V CLASSIFICATION I. ORIGINATING A C T I V I T Y Department of Entomology University of Wlseouln Madison, Wisconsin 93706 1. HtPMT TITL« Pesticide Degradation by Marine Algae 4. DC«CRIPTIV« NOTCt (Tyf» 01 np*r« and Final report »- »0 TMOMMI rFinf HMwTiiMffi Mail. lm»l MM) George M. Boush and Fumio Matsumura • - RCPOMT OATC If. TOTAL NO. OF FAOU 7». NO. Of KCFI April 1, 197? 0 M. eONTHACT ON CHANT NO ». PHOJ.CT NO. H B HOOO1H-OY-A"0120-0023 M. OMIOINATOITl KCPOHT NUMBCHI*) 306-061 M>. OTHCM HKPOMT NOIII (Any oHm Itwmbfn timt muy b* •• 10. DISTMIC JTION STATKMCNT Standard Distribution List II. SUPPlCMCMTAItV NOTt* 12. SPONSORING M I L I T A R Y A C T I V I T Y Office of Naval Research Rone I AStTRACT Various algae species are tested for their susceptibilities towards chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Deildrin, which is the most frequently found pesticidal contasdnant in the 1)8, and its analogs were found to inhibit the growth of certain of algae species. Anacystis nidulans in particular showed narked susceptibility to endrin dieldrin, ketoendrln sad photodieldrin. This species was also susceptible towards dieldrin metabolites such as metabolite F and 0. Among DDT metabolites DDD (TDE) was found to be the most toxic material) followed by DDE, DDT and FW-152. It has not been mown that DDT should be more toxic to algae. In terms of acute toxiclty phenylmercuri acetate was by far the most alglcidal agent among all pesticidal chemicals tested. This pesticide is toxic to both A. nidulans and A. quadruplicatum at the concentration of 1 ppb. Algae, along with other plankton, are known to bioaccumulate pesticides and thereby play a vital role in the process of food-chain accumulation of these micropollutants Oar studies indicate that the rates of pick-up of pesticides are very rapid. To study the feasibility of constructing a model ecosystem we used algae as a key food chain organism. By this way we could demonstrate that TCDD, the most toxic contaminant of 2, >-T does not really accumulate in the aquatic organisms as compared to DDT. Algae as a whole are not very active in degrading pesticidal chemicals in vivo. They were found to play, however, a key role in the process of environmental alteration of pesticidal residues. The way they participate in such processes was found to be through aynerglstlc actions on photochemical reactions. Algal products, when tested in the form of aqueous extract from dead algal cells, were found to be excellent photosensitizers for DDT and mexacarbate degradation by the sun-light f«ini»-i>t.»rt «»n i«miO 00.^.1473 S/N 0102^)14^600 (PAGE t ) PLATE NO. 21BJ6 Security CUmlTic«tion PWCB SUBJECT TO CHANGE �Ill LINN A • HIV ••no* •OLB *T •»t oblarlmtrt hydrocarbon* ioMMllua quadrupliotiai •icrcfcial tegxmtetion DDT up-tak* t>ceuul»tlon food elmini teniflAl realdue* TCDD •otel •eocystmu i X i • DD (PAGE 2) < BACK » LIMN e LIMN- • N«Ll Security CU»ific«tlofi tt«LI •T �,UA«* /v/ TABLE CT COITOrTS Page or RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED - r - i I. - Effect* of pesticide* on plankton - — . . — . — . 1 . II. - Effect* of degradation products . . — . — . . 2 . . .. III. > Effects of pesticide •icro-contaainaats -— - 6 nm or -nccraiic/u REPORTS -....17 or ALL PUHLICATICHS ..................i? MUOR ACCCMPLISBffiHTS - - 16 DOCUMENT caiTROiL DATA - R & D 19 KEY WORDS . - - - . _ . . . 20 �-1- SttMAHY OF RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED I. Studies relating to the affects of pesticides on plankton. It has been suggested that the varying resistance of marine phytoplankton to effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons could have far-reaching effects in terms of phytoplankton population balance. Studies in this laboratory have also shown varied growth inhibition of planktonic bluegreen algae by chlorinated hydrocarbons. TABLE 1 shows the effects of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin on growth rates (generations per 2U hr.) of Anacystis nidulans (freshwater species) and Agme'nellum quadrupllcatum (marine species).It is noticeable that generally the marine Isolate is more tolerant than the freshwater isolate. This may be due to the influence of the growth medium on the insecticide. The toxiclty of a pesticide in aquatic environments may vary according to the physical characteristics of water. Although much variation is noted in the data, the general trend indicates both algae are tolerant to these insecticides except at concentration* higher than reported in natural waters. Also notable is the sensitivity of A. nidulana to dieldrin, an isomer of TABLE 1 Growth Response of Agmenellum quadruplicate* and Anacystis nidulans to Aldrin*, Dieldrin, and """^ ppb Aldrin A. q u a d r u - A . 0 pllcatum*5 nidulans 950 U75 95 19 0.2 Control 6.2 * 0.7 7.1 * 0.5 6.6 * 1.2 6.8 * 0.3 6.U * i.o 6.6 * 0.5 Dieldrin Endrin A. q u a d r u - A ^ A. q u a d r u - A T plicatum nidulans plicatum nidulans 6.U * O.U 5.8 i 0.9 6.7 * 0.2 6.8 * 0.5 7.1 * O.U 7.2 i 0.3 6.S * O.U 6.0 - 0.8 6.0 - 1.0 6.5 - 0.7 5.3 * 1.2 6.2 i 0.9 3.2*0.8 3.9*1.5 6.9*0.6 7.2*0.9 6.7*1.3 . 6906 .*. 3.5 * 0 9 . U.8 * 1.5 U.9 * 2.2 5.6 * 1.3 *0.3 6.6 * 0.5 2.2 * 0.7 3.2 * 1.0 6.3 * 0.3 6.6 * O.U 7.0 * 0.5 6.6 * O.U Concentrations for aldrin 9 0 U55, 91, 18 and 0.2 ppb. 1, Values reported as number of generations per 2U hours, represents mean of 3 to 5 replicate cultures Aajaenellum quadrupllcatum (strain FR-6), Anacystic nidulans (strain TX20) In preliminary experiments the growth response of these two algae was also tested against phenylaercuric acetate (FHA), an algicide and fungicide once used extensively in 'Industry. The results are summarized in TABLE 2. �-2TABIE 2 Susceptibility of Two Species of Blue-Green Algae Against Fhenylmercuric Acetate 0.10 A. nidulans A. quadruplicatum . 109 Phenylmercuric acetate PPb) 0.75 0.25 0.50 1L.OO 100 109 112to 10 0 8° 7 6* 8 112 1.0 00 0 0 Expressed in % relative growth against controls as 100. Only 3 of U replicates grew during the experiment. *? Only 2 of k replicates grew. Only 3 of 6 replicates grew. Thus results showed A. nldulans to be affected by as little an 0.50 ppb PMA. At this and higher concentrations growth was irregular and vts preceded by lag phases. In view of mercury contamination reported in oceanic environments it was of interest to also consider the toxicity of FHA to A. quadruplieatum. Duplicate cultures in two experiments yielded the growth values as compared to controls (TABLE! 2). Thus it is evident that A. quadruplicatum is more tolerant to FMA than A. nldulans; however, neither organism showed any growth at 10 ppb IMA. ~~ Much research has shown that in addition to growth, beneficial activities of microorganisms can be affected by pesticides as well. Bacteria in soil which convert organic matter to ammonia, and several herbicides have been seen to influence soil nitrification. II. Effect of degradation products. Pesticides, as they may adversely affect microorganisms, involve not only the parent compound, but the intermediate and terminal residues of these compounds as well. Recent investigations have pointed out the potential of certain "terminal" residues to be as Ijxic as the original pesticides. Data from this laboratory alco support this obeservation. Anacystis nidulans and Agmenellum quadruplieatum were grown in media containing microbial degradation products of aldrin, dieldrln, and endrin. The data in TABIE 3 show that A. nldulans continues to be sensitive to photcaldrln and ketoendrin, two metabolites of aldrin and endrln, respectively. Agmenellum quadruplicatum appears resistant to both compounds. However, both organisms show of dieldrin, as shown in TABI£ U. formed microbially, photodieldrin by the action of UV or sunlight. continued sensitivity to metabolites While metabolites P and G are only is also known to form on plant surfaces Hence, it was of interest to assay the �-3- Qrowth Response* of Agmenellum quadruplicatum and Anaeystis nidulans to effects of Metabolites of Aldrin and Kndrin, toB-i»ll Photoaldrtn A. quadruplicatum A. nidulans ppb 950 *75 95 19 0.2 Control Ketoendrin A. quadrupllcatun A. nidulans 6.2 6.U 6.5 5.9 6.0 6.6 7.U - O.U 6.8 ± 0.2 7.3 * 0.3 7.1 * 0.8 7.3 * 0.6 6.6 i 0.5 * 1.0 * O.U * 0.7 ;0.7 * 0.6 t 0.5 5.3 -0.8 6.3 * 0.7 6.U 1 0.7 7.0 i 0.6 7.0 i 0.6 6.8 ± O.U fc.5 * 1.1 3.5 - 0.1 6.0 - 0.8 6.6 ;* 0.2 6.3 - 0.1 6.8 t O.U Conditions as in 1AHUE 1. TABLE Growth Response of Agmenellum quadruplicatum and Anaeystis nidulans to Metabolites of Dieldrin Metabolite F A. A. quadrunidulans ppb 950 475 95 19 02 . Control 5.* I 0.7 5.9 ±0.9 6.1» - 1.2 6 8 - 0.8 . 6.2 ±0.9 3.5 U.8 6.5 7.2 6.7 6.9 *Q.k ±0.3 ± 0.5 ±0.5 ±0.3 ±0.6 Metabolite 0 A. quadruA. plicatum nidulans Photodieldrin A. quadruA. plicatum nldulans M - 1.0 k.Z - l.U 6.U ±0.8 5.9 * 0.6 6.U * 0.9 6.7 * 0.1 6.U i 1.2 6.7 * 0.5 6.5 ± 1.1 6.U ± 0.1 6.2 ±0.9 6.9 * 0.6 5.6 - 1.0 6.9 ±0.5 6.6 ±O.U 6.U ±0.6 7 1 ± 0.2 . 6.2 ± 0.9 u.o Jo.u 5.3 7.2 7.1 71 . 6.9 ±0.8 ± 0.1 ±0.9 ±0.8 ± 0.6 response of other algal species to photodieldrin. TABUS 5 shows that of the algae tested, Hostoc sp. and the green alga Chlorella spporensis appeared only slightly affected by photodieldrin at high concentration, while A. nidulans was most inhibited. Continued growth of A. nidulans in successive cultures in medium plus various levels of photodieldrin did not improve initial growth rates. Other attempts to improve the organisms' tolerance by varying growth conditions and dark incubation intervals were unsuccessful. �ft. TABLE 5 Growth Response of Several Blue-Green Algae* to Photodieldrin*»c Alga* I II III V VI* VII3 Control 2.6 * 0.1 5 0.2 3.5 * 0.2 7.0 * 0.7 - v.i(,\ 6.2 * 0.6}? 3.3 * 0.3* ' 6 5 - I°- 2 /l! 3.6 * 0.5<6> 0.2 ppb 2.7 * 3.6* 6.7* 6.9* 3 3 7.1 * "-I""/^ 3.7 * 0.7<6> - ; 19ppb >..& * 0.2J3J - 950 ppb 95 PPb tf\ 2.7* 3.6* 7.1 - w.«/_\ SilitjSl I:!!?:!?! 3.5 * 0.5<6> k'.O * 2.9 * 0. 3.3 * 0. 5i2 3.2 7.1 3.fc * 0. * 0. * 0. * 0. * I • Anabaena variabilia; II » Hostoc «p. ; III » Anacyitig nidulana; IV Chlorella • _^___^ V * Agpenellum quadruplicatua (strain BS-l); VI » Agaenellua quadruplicatum' ( train PR-6J; VH Coceochloris elabans. a All algae tested here are blue-green species, except C soproensis, a gre* * b Values reported as number generations per 2k hours. ~ e Rubbers in parentheses indicate replicate cultures. d Indicates marine isolate; others are freshwater isolates. �-V ' S"*-^ •'' ,;;,•'*:tBT*1S, ". '!.-:i,"i £"«?£ i«*3. ':r E'-f».V< ;<*--;---;; ^m •BHI |J£J2*g|nlB£gB!|»Dxg ^Sf^^i^HKi^s^i^SiSfff^iHSH9^tMfUffS^HniSSo^3i^^SISKSS^SSS3^S^SSSESS3^Si^ Vjjpirfhi'^H -5ThHl£ 6 Growth Response of Agnenellum quadrupllc '.turn and Anacystis nidulans to DDT and its Metabolite** »» ppb DDT A. quadruplicatua 885 442 88 18 0.2 (13) 12) »0 0.0 5.3 5."» G.2 6.2 6.7 6.3 * 1.0 6 * 0.9 5 * 0.4 3 ± 0.3 ( 4 * 0.4 ( 4 * 0.6 ( 8 791 395 79 8 0.8 0.0 ODD I 1.1 J 1.3 * 0.6 ± 0.4 * 0.6 ± 0.7 791 395 79 8 0.8 0.0 DDE 5.1 5.* 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.1 3.4 5.3 6.7 6.8 7.0 6.k * 0.0 ( * 0.8 ( i 0.1 ( i 0.3 [ * Q.k * 0.7 1[ 6.9 * 0.2 ( 6.7 - 0.0 ( 7.k * 0.2 [ 7.1 * 0.0 7.k * 0.2 6.9 * 0.2 700 350 70 7 0.7 DBA ' 0.0 DBF 6.5 * 0.3 720 6.9 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.9 360 72 7 0.7 0.0 FW 152 ( 4) ( 4) (16) • 0.3 - 0.1 * Q.k * 0.1 * 0.2 8 0.8 0.0 5.8 - l.l 5.8 * 0.8 6.5 * 0.6 <f M "gUSjTaiJl-i-liai 2)c 2c k 2 2) 2) 6) 4.2 * 0.3 5.3 * 0.3 6.2 t 0.3 6.8 ± 0.3 6.4 * 0.3 7.0 4 0.3 ( j^ C 2) 2) 2) 6.2 * 0.1 2 5.9 * 0.2 2) 6.5 * 0.4 2 2) 3) 6.8 ± 0.0 6.0 ± 0.3 2 2 2 2 2 3) 6.4 t o.l 6.2 i 0.0 6.8 * 0.2 7.1 £ 0.»» 6.6 ± 0.1 6.0 ± 0.3 ( 2) 6.8 * O.I* ( 3) 6.6 * 0.3 ( »») •AM «t^«%v^ srn^t**^ •••••ilia •• 5 6.2 * 0.2 4 6.8 J 0.7 4 6.8 t 0.5 16) 5.4 - 2.0 6.5 * 1.5 U 6.5 * 0.4 ( 2) 7.2 * 0.0 ( 2 6.8 * 0.5 ( 7 6.6 i 0.6 i. 6) o o 7) 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3) 6.3 i 0.4 2) 7.2 t 0.2 2) 7.4 * 0.2 ( 2) 7.2 ± 0.1 ( 2) 7.«» * 0.2 ( 2 7.0 * 0.3 ( 3 • Values expressed as number of generations/24 hours. • 16 4.6 * o.O 6.1 - 0.1 4) 6.8 * 0.3 3) 6.6 * 0.* 3) 6.3 * 0.* 4) 821 410 82 A. nidulans *«w* «MMt1 4 t^+^m Growth occurred in only one or two of several replicates. �-6TABUE 6 Incorporates data of several growth-response experiments of A. quadruplicatum and A. nidulans to DDT and five DDT-analogs. Again, although much variation occurred, the data show little growth-rate depression of either alga at concentrations below 100 ppb insecticide. Both species show continued, perhaps greater, sensitivity to the two analogs DDE and ODD, as well as DDT. However, the more polar compounds DDA, DBF, and FW 152 apparently have little effect as seen in these experiments. III. Microbial uptake and accumulation. Toxicants, one taken up by primary producers such as marine algae, can be passed up the food chain to higher trophic levels. In addition, many toxicants can, depending upon the environmental conditions and species involved, be accumulated within the cell to levels many-fold higher than ambient. From the few studies available, accumulation appears to be primarily by inactive surface adsorption. However, Glooschenko found that dividing marine diatom cells in light accumulated 2 °3Hg longer than did non-dividing cells, thus indicating the possibility of some active uptake mechanism. The exotic and demanding minor-element nutritional requirements of many organisms would tend to support active uptake in some instances. We have found that yeast cells of Rhodotorula gracilis rapidly accumulated yii> of the DDT in a 2-ppm aqueous solution! Likewise, another yeast, Torulopsis utilis, took up 9^6 of the DDT in 3 minutes. In TABLE 7, showing the percent radioactivity of the ^C-DDT in the cellular fraction, the control values showed a random distribution of DDT between the medium and the cellular fractions, ranging from 21 to 56£. These results were obtained by centrifuging, decanting, and filtering the aqueous medium, and the distribution of i^C-DDT between the medium and cellular fractions was determined by liquid scintillation counting. In contrast to the erratic control values, the cellular fractions accumulated DDT at a constant rate over the <X)£ level after 3 minutes. An extract of R. gracilis was prepared by sonicating the cells before the additior~of the ^C-DDT. The sonicated pellet was found to accumulate an average of 96£ of the DDT. We also attempted to correlate cellular lipid content with the uptake of DDT. Rhodotorula gracilis when grown on a medium rich in carbohydrates and deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus will produce approximately 6o£ lipids, whereas when not deprived of N and P, lipid production is reduced to approximately UOjt. When cultures were grown under both circumstances, no differences in DDT pick-up were noted. It is apparent that the complexities of pesticidal-microbial in- �-7- terrelationahips warrants continued study. It has been amply demonstrated that members of the microbial world vary widely in their response to pesticides and that several factors may influence the toxicity of pesticides. Likewise, the microbial tolerance of pesticides may be affected by growth conditions, physiological condition of the cells, and various stress factors which might exist in natural populations (e.g., temperature, limited nutrients, competition). For example, growth experiments with A. nidulans established separate tolerances of 1% NaCl and 800 ppb DDT (Batterton, Boush and Matsumura, 1972). However, growth of this alga is severely inhibited in meul^u containing both 1% NaCl and 800 ppb DDT. Figure 1 illustrates relative growth of A. nidulans in various concentrations of DDT r.nd NaCl. The resulting growth pattern indicates the combined stresses of NaCl and DDT significantly changes the tolerance of A. nidulans to either substance. However, in similar experiments with test-tube cultures, growth inhibition was contraindicated when the calcium concentration of the growth medium was increased fivefold. It is particularly interesting to note the similarities in nearly all c the uptake-accumulation studies. First, pick-vp of the toxicant is extremely rapid—varying from a matter of seconds to a few minutes. And secondly, removal of the toxicant from the medium is quite high— usually more than 90jt of the total being removed by the cells (dead or alive), even when ambient levels were many-fold higher than those usually encountered in nature., However, one factor should not be ignored. Few, if any, studies have included competitive adsorptive substrates. Might not DDT, for example, readily aifsorb to organic matter, silica, etc., if available? The apolarity, affinity for lipids, and low water solubility of virtually all of the persistent insecticides make studies in aqueous substrates difficult. Of even greater importance, cau we extrapolate from our work, even to a United degree, to conjecture as to what occurs in nature? It is doubtful if we can overstress the important of microbial accumulation. After more than 25 years of world-wide use and study, the real threat from persistent pesticides is in their unfortunate ability to concentrate with food chains. This would not occur were the toxicants not picked up from low background levels, concentrated in the cell, and finally, stable for considerable periods of time. The results shown in Figure 2 indicate the general susceptibilities of brine shrimp, Artemia salina, to various terminal residues and analogs of DDT. It can be seen that these analogs, though many of them have been regarded as non-insecticidal, are indeed toxic to this species. IV. Effects of chlorinated insecticides on NaCl-tolerance mechanisms. Since Na+, K -ATPases have been known to serve as the enzyme re- �-8sponaible for Na+ and K+ exchanging across many biological membranes, we have decided to study first the effect of DDT on the salinity regulatory mechanism of a blue-green algae (Batterton et al., 1972). The initial experimental results indicate that the susceptibility of a blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans, against DDT varies greatly under different salt concentrations. At high NaCl concentrations the bluegreen alga becomes extremely sensitive to DDT. It is clear from the result that this fresh water species loses its NaCl-tolerance capability in the presence of a low level of DDT: the level normally would not affect the specie. . A spearate experiment in vitro showed also that DDT was indeed an inhibitor of Na+, X+-ATPases of A. nidulans. blocking all ouabain sensitive ATPase activities. The most important indication that the ATPase is related to the Nad-tolerance mechanism comes from the in vivo finding that Ca , when added externally to the medium, can antagonize the effects of DDT. TABLE 7 Percent Radioactivity of lJ*C-DDT in Yeast Cells Time (minutes ) 17.5 32.5 Culture 2.5 7.5 12.5 Control Torulopsis utilis Rhodotorula gracilis Extract-R. gracilis Protein producing medium-R. gracilis Lipid producing medium-R., gracilis 21 92 97 98 U2 96 98 56 91 97 38 95 98 Average 39 96 97 96 97 96 97 95 98 . 97 In another set of experiments, the brine shrimp, A. salina, was subjected to various chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides under different salt concentrations (Figure 10). The results clearly indicate that the effects of these chlorinated hydrocarbons are strongest at either extremely low or high salt concentrations. The brine shrimp is noted for its great capabilities of tolerance on different salt concentrations. It is often found in abundance in inland salt lakes (e.g., salt ponds and lakes in Utah) where the salt concentration is so high that no other organism can survive. The loss of salt tolerance mechanisms for this species by the presence of these insecticides is, therefore, quite a surprising phenomenon. The examples illustrate only one aspect of pesticidal pollution. It is important to note, however, that such a finding comes from fundamental knowledge of the chemical interactions with biological materials. �-9AN'ACYST.'S _N!PULANS FIGURE 1. Relative growth of Anacystis nidulane in response to varied DDT and NaCl concentrations. Liquid culture (15 ml) in 60 mm petri dishes inoculated ( 2 , 0 cells/ml) and incubated 72 hr. under 1000 200 ft-c fluorescent lamps at 37° C. After correction for evaporation growth was measured as optical density at 660 run. All O.D. values normalized to 1.0. «* 0.4 a* u> CONCENTRATION xo IN PPM FIGURE 2. Differential toxicities of DDT analogs and metabolites on brine shrimp, Artemia salina; 2k hours exposure at 2l*° C. �" •• ' • > , • • - . -10- It is aJ.so necessary to stress that those stable terminal residues and contaminants would not have been detected from the environments if not for the specific knowledge accumulated through basic researches in the laboratory as to their chemical characteristics and behavior. Factors involved in the interactions of pesticides with variouii ecosystems are numerous and complicated, but it certainly is hoped that there are a number of rate-limiting, key factors that can be analyzed through controlled laboratory experiments. V. Effects of pesticide micro-contaminants: Model ecosystem study. While the problem of pesticidal contamination of the environment is far from beirg solved, considerable useful information has emerged from the research efforts made by many scientists in recent years. First, we now know by experience that the chemicals that cause environmental problems are the ones which are extremely persistent in nature, biologically active, and easily concentrated in biological systems. Compounds which lack any of the above qualifications usually do not play any significant role in pesoicidal pollution no matter how acutely toxic they are. The above analysis becomes more important, when one insiders other aspects of pesticidal pollution. For instance, we are concerned about only biological effects in considering pollution, with particular emphasis on the effects on non-target organisms. In the case of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the question of bioactivity is indisputable, as it is one of the most toxic compounds known to occur as a pesticidal impurity. Its chemical stability is also questionable. Thus the central question of its hazard to the environment must be studied from the viewpoint of bioconcentration in various ecosystems. Published data on environmental fate of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins are scarce at present. For instance, residues of dioxins were not found in several aquatic animals at detection limits of 0.01-0.01* pg/g. In the study reported herein we have made efforts to measure the degree of bioaccumulatior. of TCDD in relation to well established pesticides by using several model ecosystems. The data are still preliminary, In that several model ecosystems are still being compared for their relative merits in assessing the actual impact of pesticides in nature. 'The data obtained have been, however, useful in assessing the relative tendency of a pesticide in comparison with other pesticides. Materials and Methods—Approximately 100 microbial strains which have previously shown the ability to degrade persistent pesticides were screened for their ability to degrade TCDD. Screening was carried out and the metabolic products were examined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) by the method of Matsumura and Boush. The pesticides (0.1 umole each) were deposited on 1 g of clean sea sand, which was placed on a *7* TS '*" ''' Urn *" '1 �-11column of sandy loam type soil. Water was then slowly dropped onto the surface of the sand at a rate of approximately 2 rnl/hr. The water and sections of soil were extracted with chloroform. Three groups of invertebrates were used for the pesticide accumulation study: Qatracoda species, Artemis, salina, and Aedes aegypti larvae, and one fish species northern brook silverside, Laludesthes sicculus sicculus. Pour pesticides were selected from representative groups of important compounds: dioxin (TCDD), DDT, /-3HC, and zectran. All compounds were l^-labeled in the benzene rings. Three model ecosystems were used to study bioaccumulation. In model I, the pesticides (5 and 10 pmole) dissolved in a solvent were added directly to water along with the primary food organism, such as algae and yeast, and this mixture was then added to the aquarium containing the invertebrate test organisms. In model II, the pesticides (20 pmole) were deposited on the inner surface of the glass container by evaporating the solvent to form a thin film. The primary food organism were grown in the container for 2U hr. and then transferred along with the culture media to the aquarium contairihg the test invertebrate organism. In model III, the pesticides (5 and 10 praole) were deposited on 1 g of sand and the solvent evaporated to form a thin film on the surface of the sand particles. The sand was added to the test aquarium containing invertebrates and/or fish. In all cases the test organisms were maintained in the aquarium at room temperature (2U° C), except for the fish cultures which were maintained at 12° C. Test organisms were either homogenized in counting solution or carbonized (Model 300 Packard Tri-Carb Oxidizer), and the amount of ^C02 measured. Measurements of the amount of labeled material in the water, primary food organism, and on sand and glass surfaces were made by extracting with chloroform. All studies were short-term (k-7 days), in small volume containers (200 ml). As shown in Table 8, the extent of translocation of TCDD from the sand to the organic soil layer is extremely small. Virtually no TCDD was found to leach out from the column. The mobility of TCDD in soil, therefore, must be considered much less than that of DDT. Thus, the mode of translocation of TCDD in the environment would be limited to movement of soil particles or dust-carried dispersion and biological transfer (but not plant-mediated transfer), particularly in aquatic environments. As for the microbially mediated degradation of TCDD, our current survey indicates that such capabilities are rather rare in nature. Approximately 100 microbial strains in which the ability to degrade persistent pesticides has been previously demonstrated were screened for this purpose. Among them, only five strains showed some ability to de- �-12- grade this compound. We ha e not been able to manipulate cultural conditions to increase the rate of degradation of TCDD in any of the microorganisms so far. In studying the extent of biological transfer of TCDD, three different model systems were devised. In model system I, pesticides in acetone were introduced directly into water along with the primary food organisms. In model system II, pesticides were applied to the inner surface of a glass container, and the primary food organisms were grown in the container for 2k hr. and were transferred to the aquarium. In model III, pesticide-coated sands were placed directly in the aquarium contairAig the test organisms. In the model I experiment (Table 9), DDT behaved quite differently from other pesticides, showing high degrees of affinity to each test organism, in close agreement with the phenomenon actually observed in nature. Although this model system is simple and appears to offer a quick straight-forward answer to the general tendency of pesticidal accumulation by biological systems, it has one weakness, i.e., that one is forced to work above the limit of water solubility of some of the compounds. TCDD for instance was measured at a level 100 times its water solubility. Also the extent of direct pick-up due to partitioning and food intake is uncertain. In the model II experiment, where only the portion of pesticide picked up by the primary food organisms and the media were introduced into the test aquarium, the levels of total pickup were further reduced in the case of TCDD (but not DDT) (Table 10). To circumvent the problem of solubility, the model III system was devised. In this way, only that portion of pesticide that is soluble should be present in water at any time. The results shown in Table 11 indicate that the rate of TCDD pick-up is extremely low in brine shrimp and fish under the experimental conditions. Mosquito larvae, which are bottom feeders, showed a surprising rate of TCDD pick up. The reaction is not at its maximal rate, since further increase in the level of the pesticide apparently increases the pick up by the larvae. Also noted is the difference between the bioconcentration pattern in fish as compared to other invertebrates. y-HHC, in particular, shows high degree of concentration in fish. To study the effects of food consumption, the same test was repeated in the presence or mosquito larvae. As expected, the level of TCDD (Table 12) in the fish increased in the presence of mosquito larvae, which are the best concentrators of TCDD among the organisms tested. On the other hand, the levels of other pesticides did not significantly change, indicating that the route through ingestion of mosquito larvae does not represent the major source of uptake in these pesticides. It is apparent from these data that the reaction of biological concentration is greatly influenced by the external conditions and the design of the experiment, the physical and biological nature of the �,. ,3t;i,,-*,i[*-i*>»^ ',.', "$&•:•" "'' *?• ., *uf. ; '.Tjr • .,!«,. . u. -13organisms, and by chemical characteristics of the pesticides. To facilitate understanding of the role of chemical nature of pesticides in determining the rate of bioconcentration, a comprehensive list has been prepared to illustrate their Important properties (Table 13). It can be seen here that general tendencies of bloaccumulation in invertebrate species follow closely the trend of the partition coefficients. In model II experiments, however, the valuos for TCDD come much lower than expected from this rule. Thus it is likely that water solubility (and solvent solubility) must play an important role where the initial pick-up is the rate-limiting factor. It is apparent that species-specific factors play a much more important role than once suspected. For instance, the pattern of bioaccumulation and concentration in fish is quite different from those in other organisms studies, in that both /"-BUG and zectran snow higher degrees of affinity than DDT and TCDD, respectively. Although the data are not sufficient to permit a definite conclusion, they suggest the possibility that water-soluble pesticides tend to accumulate in fish. TABLE 8 Vertical translocation of pesticides from sand to organic soil.a Pa s t ic ide c on tent, * DDT13 Top sand 0-0.5 cm 0.5-1.0 cm 1.0-1.5 cm 1.5-2.0 cm 2.0-2.5 cm Water 1st 2nd 3rd eluatec 50 ml 50 ml 50 ml Zectran" 90. Ul 7.32 1.0U 0.50 0.26 0.18 65.01 30.75 3.51 0.55 0.26 0.19 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.0*1. 0.02 1*9. U 17.6 29.1 0.09 10 x 1.5 cm glass column Pesticide introduced: 0.1 jamole each (33-8 for DDT, and 22.2 ;ig for Zectran) Water eluted per day, 50 ml for dioxin, 35.5 ;ig �-1UTABLE 9 Bloaccutnulation of pesticides by aquatic invertebrates for model I (pesticides introduced directly into ambient water with the primary food organisms). Test organisms (primary Pesticide food) Original concentration in water, ppb Final concentration found in test organisms, Concentration ppb factor Paphnia (algae) Dioxin DDT Zectran 32. ** 35.8 22.2 1,592 Ijl»,l6>» 1,969 '•9 123U 89 Ostracod .Tfalgae ) Dioxin DDT Zectran 32. k 7,069 50,771 7,265 218 1U18 327 Brine shrimp (yeast) Dioxin DDT /•-BHC Zectran 35.8 22.2 16.2 If 956 12,336 2,688 17.9 1U.7 11.1 121 689 183 1U 155 TABIE 10 BJ©concentration of pesticides by aquatic invertebrates for model II (primary food organisms allowed to pick up pesticide from glass surface and then given to the test organisms). Test organism (primary food) Pestici-ie Original amount, jig (theoretical concentration, ppb) Daphnia (algae) Dioxin DDT Zectran 6.U8 (162) 3.58 (179) 2.22 (111) Ostra :od (algae) Dioxin DDT Zectran 6.U8 (162) 3.58 (179) 2.22 (111) of the test. Final concentration found, ppb Water Test aquarium organisms O.U 22.9 15.1 2.6 50.8 H:.<, 879 U3.123 37,l»99 279 36,391 6,177 Concentration factor* 2,198 1,883 2,U88 107 716 1U2 �TABI£ 11 Bioconcentration of pesticides by aquatic organisms for model III (pesticides introduced into system in the form of rp-iuues on sand). Amount of pesticide Concentration found, ppb Test Water (including food) organisms Test organism Pesticide Brine shrimp Dioxin DDT V-BHC Zectran 1.62 1.79 1.47 1.11 0.1 0.5 5.2 5-0 Dioxin 1.62 O.U5 2.1+0 0.85 1.40 Mosquito larvae PC DDT /-3HC Zectran 3.24 1.79 3.58 1.47 2.9k 1.11 2.22 Fish (silverside) Dioxin DDT y^-SHC Zectran 1.62 1.79 1.47 1.11 6.6 13.1 5.45 10.8 0 2.1 1.8 4.7 157 Concentration factor 1,570 3,092 495 89 6,184 95 18 " 4,150 0 9,222 5,000 16,765 21,571 220 221 0 89 8 2 458 2,904 *?• 218 12,000 14,250 30,200 1,450 2,900 213 —. 1,613 U5 w* �-16'CABLK 12 Two-step bioconcentrution of pesticide by mosquito larvae, and northern brook silverside (model III). Pesticide 1.62 Dioxin DDT /•-BHC Zectran Water (including Hood) 1.3 1.1 1.79 l.U? 1.11 1.9 5 Concentration factor Mosquito Fish larvae 3,700 17,900 690 0 Amount of pesticide jig Concentration found, ppb Mosquito Fish larvae 2.8U6 16,273 708 337 1080 76 383 0 5^ 306 600 15 TABIB 13 Physiocochemical characteristics of dioxin in comparison with other insecticides. Water solubility Solvent solubility Water solubility 0.2 1.2 100 10 ioio 1 Dioxin DDT Zectran /•-BHC 5 ppb ppb ppm ppm Partition coefficient (vs. hexane) 106 10 * 105 100 ,0* 1000 0,0 100* 1,700 Benzene solubility, g/10Q g O.OU7 80 80 - Estimates The data indicate that TCDD is not likely to accumuhte in as many biological systems as DDT. This is likely because of TCDD's low solubility in water and lipids as well as its low partition coefficient in lipids. Since microbial degradation is not expected to be a rcajor factor, the predominant mode of elimination of this compound in the environment is photodecopposition by sunlight. VI. Degradation of pesticides by algae. Three salt water algae, Porphyridium sp., lAinaliella tertiolecta, ard Coccochloris elabans strain Di, were selected and studied for their ability to degrade a number of environmentally important pesticides (2,U-D, 2,U,5-T, mexacarbate, and DDT) and a pesticide contaminant �-17(tetrachlorodihcnzo d i n x i n ) . Pure algae cultures were grown on a dci'initlve raedla under laboratory c o n d i t i o n s . The compounds were studied under the following conditions: (l) growing al|,ao undor 2't hour light, (2) heat killed algae under 2'* hour light, (3) growing algae undor total dark (standard mrdia amended w i t h glucose) and ('0 controls (the medium alone but no algae) under ?.h hour light. The above studies were conducted for 7 days. Three co-npomids, 2,U-D, 2,U,5-T and TODD were reslstent to breakdown under those conditions. Mexn.carba.te, and DDT were readily broken down. Although inexaoarbatc was defended in the presence of light alone, in the presence of algae ( l i v i n g and d e a d ) , over '(0$ of the compound was converted to water soluble materials not fo^nd in controls. These compounds became solvent exl.ractable only after acid hydrolysis. A chloroform soluble metabolite was also dotcc'-ed v/hich was not found in c ntro.ls. This material had an Rf (ethyl ether, hexane, othanol; Y7:?0:3) belween methyl fonaami.do and formamldo mexacarbate derivatives. Tlie degradation of DDT under the above light conditions seem to give a small amount of DDA. In the presence of algae (living and dead), under light conditions, two other compounds were formed. One compound has tentatively been identified as DDE. The other compound using three TT£ systems has been identified as DDOH. Due to the fact that dead algae also forms the metabolites of mexacarbate and DDT it is postulated that a compound is formed by the algae v/hich causes photo-decomposition. The identification of the metabolites and the nature of the photosensitizers are proposed for future study. INDEX OF TECHNICAL REPORTS 1. No Technical Reports have been issued. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ALL PUBLICATIONS 1. Batterton, J. C . , G. M. Boush and F. Matsuraura. 1972. DDT: Inhibition of sodium chloride tolerance by the blue-green algae Anaeystis nidulans. Science 176: llUl-llU3. 2. I'atsumura, F. and H. J. Benezet. 1973• Studies on the bioaccumulation and microbial degradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dloxin. Environ. Health Persp. 5: 253-253. 3. Boush, G. M. . Effects of pesticide terminal metabolites on algae and brine shrimp. (In preparation). �Mt~ *J -18M.JOR Varioi'-. alijue species are tested for i.hclr :iii;;<:opUb1 lities towards chlorinated hydrocarbon Insecticides. D i o l d r l n , which in the rnout frequently found pestlcidal contaminant in the Uf5, and Its analogs were found to Inhibit the growth of certain of algae :;pccles. Anacjfstis nidulans In pai-ticular showed marked susceptibility to endrin, die.l.drin, ketixrulrin and p h o t o d i e l d r i n . This species was also susceptible towards d l o l d r i n metabolites r.uch as metabolite F and (}. Among DDT me tab o I. i to s ODD (TDK) was found to be the most toxic material; followed by DDK, DDT and KW-l'p3. It has not been known that ODD should be more toxic to algae. In terms of acute toxicity phenylmercuric acetate was by far the most algicidal agent among all pesticldal chemi c a l s tested. This pesticide is toxic to both A_. nidulans^ and A. !n,a-lnipj l-.ratvrn at the concentrition of 1 ppb. Algae, along w i t h other plankton, are known to bioaccumulate pesticides and thereby play a vital role in the process of food-chain aoetnaulattnn of these mieruponutants. Our studies indicate that the rates of pick-up of p o s t i c i i l o s are very rapid. To study the feasibility of constructing a model censysl<.3i we u;:ed algae as a key food chain or(7xnism. By this way we could dc-nonntrate that 'WJDD, the most toxic contaminant of 2,'^,5-T does not really accumulate in the aquatic organisms as compared to DDT. Algae as a whole are not very active in degrading pesticldal chemicals iji vivo. They were found to play, however, a key role in the process of environmental alteration of pesticidal residues. The way they participate in such processes was found to be through synerfjistic actions on photochemical reactions. Algal products, when tested in the form of aqueous extract from dead algal cells, were fouiid to be excellent photosensitlsers for DDT and mexacarbate degradation by the sun-light (simulated sun lamp). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 005 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0054 Series The series number of the original item. Series I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boush, G.M. F. Matsumura Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: University of Wisconsin, Department of Entomology, Madison, Wisconsin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1 1975 Title A name given to the resource Pesticide Degradation By Marine Algae Subject The topic of the resource biodegradation dioxin pesticide testing