1 15 1 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/bc1804a2f6b618ed036aef8922802bbf.pdf 75fa6a836658458bb117ba2fc7d4f971 PDF Text Text Item IDNumber: Author Corporate Author oooe? Oliver, Kelly H. Vitro Corporation of America, Eglin AFB, Florida Report/Article TltlO An Ecological Study on the Effects of Certain Concentrations of Cacodylic Acid on Selected Fauna and Flora ~ Journal/Book Title Year 1966 Month/Day September Color 0 Number of hnauos 34 OeSCrlptOU NOteS APGC-TR-66-54, Contract No. AF08(635)5150, PGVE task no. 394-65 Friday, December 01, 2000 Page 67 of 91 �APGC-TR-66-54 CO An Ecological Study on the Effects of Q Certain Concentrations of Cacodylic Acid on Selected Fauna and Fiora by K e l l y H. O l i v e r . J r . Gary K. Parsons C. T. Huffstetier VITRO SERVICES WISION V I T R O CORPORATION OF A M E R I C A , EGLIN SFB, F L O R I D A SEPTEMBER 1966 of thiy dociunotit is nn.limitod) AIR PROVING GROUND A(« 5Y5TIMS COMMAND • UNITED r»TAYI5 Alfe FORCE BASE, �An Ecological Study on the Effects of Certain , Concentrations of Cacodylie Acid or. Selected Fauna and Flora by Ko.lly i!. Oliver, Jr. Gary li. Parsons C. T. Huffs botier Vitro Services Division, Vitro Corporation of America, Eclin AFB, Florida (Distribution of this document' is uiiliitn'tod) �FORLWOKD Tin's work was carried out !>y the Chemical-Biological Laboratories of Vitro Services Division, Vitro Corporation oi" America, under Air force Contract AF OB (6jJ5)-5150. 'llic w o r k ' i s a result- of IT.VC task 59^-65 performed in tlio period 2'^ April 1965 to 26 July 3965. Tliis ir./estimation was carried out liy Kelly 11. Oliver, Jr., Biological I,,-ibor.'t1 ory t ' l i i o f , 0. II. P.-n-snns, C. T. l!ui't'?t-o.t'ler, !). I]. McSurlfy, and J. II. Sew(?ll. This tcelinioal report lias }><•. . revie«veJ and is approved. X -"s^- •-" — -•—- — - . R. A. SOUKUP, Colonel, USAF Director of Technical Support �ABSTRACT A study has been made of the effects of cacodylic acid on the flora and fauna of specific ecotones.. Approximate lethal dosages have been determined for .specific plants and anir.als-under certain conditions. The five ecotones, sandhills, hammock, grasslands, pond, and stream are briefly characterized and the effects of cacodylic acid on the Inhabitants of each are summarized. Hi ��CONTENTS FOREWORD . ABSTRACT » Section I. Pago Introduction • II. The Sandhill Community 2 III. The Hammock 6 IV. The Grassland or Secondary Succession V. Algal Productivity as a Function of Concentrations of CaucKiylic Acid VI. VII. 1 9 11 Oxygen Analysis 14 Direct Effect of Caccdylic Acid on Local'Pond Fauna. 17 VIII. Summary 22 Selected Bibliography 23 TABLES AND FIGURES Tables I. Dominant Trees of Sandhill Community II. Dominant Vertebrates of Sandhill Community III. Effect of Cacodylic Acid on Sandhill Community IV. Characteristic Trees of a Hammock V. 2 2 4 6 Partial Lifit of Vertebrates in the Hammock. Community 6 VI. Effect of Cacodyljc Add on Grassland Community .... 9 VII. Chlorophyll Analysis Relative to Concentrations .... VIII. Dissolved Oxygen Changss Due to Various Concentrations of Cacodylic Acid . • v 12 15 �IX. Kf foots of Three Concentrations of Cacodylic Acid on Ga.mbua_la .............. ,.......;.... ............. 18 X. Effect of Different Concentrations of Cacodylic Acid on GsJflbURJLa ................ . .................. 19 XT.. XII. Effect of Cacodylic Achi on N. maculatus . '. ---- '. . . . Effect of Cacodylic /Vcid on Bufo Tadpoles 19 ......... 20 1. Chlorophyll production by Algae as a Function of the Concentration of Cacodylic Add ............... 13 Vigil rot; 2 . Percent Oxygen Reduction......................... . .46 vi �INTRODUCTION Cacodylic aclcl (dimethylaroenic acid or alkargcn) is a pentavalent organic arsenical. It is a,co]crises crystalline compound which is odorlc:.F. ani soluble in wb.ter. Its formula is (C!lo)2AsOO!i; its m<. Ijcular weight, 138.0; its melting point, 2000C. It is a herbicide. compounds of arsenic, such as cacodylic acid, can be separated into three groups according ' • valence. The groups are plus or minus 3 and pluj !3. The pcntavalent t-rsenicals are less toxic to man and animals than the trivalentj organic arsenicals are less toxic to man than inorganic arsenicalc. The flora and fauna of any region are closely related to the nonliving environment. Each environment has specific types of flora and fauna within this relationship whi^h form plant-animal ccffiiiiurilties. Five of lhes;y communities are found in this areaj the sandhills, the hammock, the grass coverod ranges, the pond, and the stream. In each commurV.-y, green plants, as converters of solar energy to fee.,, provide tin foundation for all other forms of life. Any consideration of the effect', of a herbicide on local flora and fauna must encompass not only direct effects to living organisms, but also indirect effects resulting from the destruction or modification of the plant life. This paper descrioe' the indirect as well as direct effects cacodylic acid will have on local communities. These tests were conducted at Eglin Air Force Base, in Northwest Florida. T' �SECTION H ' THE SANDHILL' COMMUNITY The CMndliilla predominate over the Eglin Reservation. Sand hill soil la characterised as lo&cc; and-'-rell drained, lac kin/: a hardpan, and composc-d jf auricl with some organic material. TABLR I: DOMINANT TREES OP SANDHILL COMMUNITY ! cjLaiu.a (Chapm.) Vacey ^ Sand pine Mill Longleaf pine Bai'tr. Blue jack oak Que_rcu£__laeyi_s Walt. Turkey oak Qu g. r c u 3 R t e 1 1 a t a (Aane) oarg. Sandpost oak Qu e j' qu^ vl r $ J nJL 8.n?i (Michx.) S?rf,. Sandlive oak Some of the common undcrctory shrubs and grtissoc, are scotchbroom, gopher apple, deer's tongue, broornsedge, and yucca. The sand' pine and turkey oak;: are the dominant trees; however, stands of live, post, and bDuejack oak are common. Pines are more fire resistant than the oaks; thus, periodic fires have maintained the population predominance of pine? in this community. IVHLK II: DOMINANT VT- .tTEliRATES OF SANDHILL COMMUNITY Ordor Choicnia turtle Gophorus_jKj."..,yi^^nius (Dauain) Gopnei1 tortoise �Suborder Lacertilia ' S_colopo_rur, uiuUUc.tug (latreillu) 5lIl:!I!iiiif?J[i'l££.v'ilJ';<xA:L:l'!Iea^lii'' k. Vence lizard ''^'J' -^•''-nc:^ race runner Suborder Serpenteo Hole rod on f>ij|Hi'j I" Southern nc-nnose snake Coluber conotrlotor (Dunn ana Wood)Black racer Ma r t i c oph i ^ . v ( 1, lujvt (Ghaw) ^nj;: :imajite^u_5 (Peauvoia) Coach whirEastern oiamor.dback Birds Ord^r "Falconirorme:1, :es aimx L- Turkey vulture •ieyer') Black vulture Hl2. (Wilson) Mis'sisaippi kite Red tailed hawk Order Columuiformoo Z^enaidure. n'.aoi'ojjra L, iMou ruing love Order Piciforjnos Yellow shafted flicker Order PasGcriforrnes Tyranny 3>_^?lTHi;^u3 Cor vu s b r a c hy rl i_yn oj i cu, (Howe 11) Eastern kins bird Crow Bluejay Mirnus _po l;.'.'3lotj:._o& L . F.astern mocking bird Pi p 13. o _e r;/_t } i ^JiL'^i?-?1^ ^ Red -eyed trov;hee �0 rd e i1 La^emorpha Eastern cottontfi.il Order Rodentia Eastern fox squirrel L. Order A r t i c d u c ty]a Hog Odo.::oileus virgin ianur. Whitotalled doer METHOD: A survey line was made throuch a typjcal sandhill .-jcrmr,unit,y. Kod squaro plots were i;tak'.--d out and sprayed with ea!,-odylic acid .in water at rates of 2, •>, and 3>) Ibs/acrc. After one month the effects of cacodylic acid on the plotr. were recorded, TABLE III! EFFECT OF CACODYLIC ACID ON SANDHILL COMMUNITY _j? }^2/^--^e ___ 3Q j-fa/^lTj/.^-. Sand pine Leaves dead Dead Turkey oak l ^Q% leaf brown Dead Gand post oak •50$ leaf brown Dead Blue jack oak Dead Dead Fern 30$ leaf brown 3.:otohbroom Living but defoliated Deer tongue • Li. vine. Yui'ca Living Wire, 1 rnn a J.Jvine, I.on^leaf piiio Ceind live oak Dead Dead Dead Partially defoliated Dead �A 6 Ib/acre concentration, sprayed . . July'19'^j in the sand16 hJll area, produced | 0 browning of loaves of the plants sprayed. ;$ Two weeks later no change in the effects had occurred. In the 30 Ib/acrc plot all pines were dead after 14 days, and the oaks were 75','i defoliated. In the 2 Ib/acre plot no damage .to the plant? occurred. DISCUSSION A single application of ?. Ib/acre cacodylic acid on the sandhills did not greatly modify the community. Repeated applications at this rate of the herbicide, or applications of heavier concentrations, would mod if;: the community. A complete kill would require applicatlone on the order of ^Q Ib/acre. The plots were sprayed during a period of heavy and frequent rain, which reduced the effect of the herbicide since much of it was washed from the leaves of the plants. Sandhill fauna would not be directly affected by field concentrations of cacodylic acid. Any change in the plant community will indirectly affect the fauna, especially the species which are highly specialized and unable "o adapt to environmental modification. Naturally, a denuded area such as the southern portion of the grid will support only those organisms which decompose the dead plant material. The predicted p/cgression of a sprayed sandhill community would be as follows: Following the initial kill, fast growing legumes and grasses would be the dominant inhabitants. Gradually the oaks and pines would grow back and the area would again become a sandhill community. Tho complete cycle would take an estimated 20 - 30 years. �• • ;. • '- SECTION III '..THE HAMMOCK The hammock Is rhavactorl st'i c of nt-ream hpri s and low ares.? throughout the reservation. The soil is vury moist, poc \y ^drained, and composed of organic material. Hammocks rai -ly burn and fire resistant pines do not become established. The canopy is very dense with the understory consisting of ferns, mosses, and vines. Young hardwoods are found in areas where the canopy is open. TABLE IV: CHARACTERISTIC TREES OF A HAMMOCK Magnolia.^ ^randjlf lora L, • Magnolia Msffn_p_liam virgin iana L. Swamp magnolia Myrica •inodora Bartraru Bayberry Myrica cerj-fera L. Wax myrtle Qs;t r y a v i_rg i nl ana (Mill) Koch 1 ^ _ _ Hop-hornbeam k- r f lojiclajmni Watet' oak Ellis H_y s s a gylv a U.£a L. Polecat tree ' •'-'• Ilex opaca Alt. Swamp tupelo •? Sv?amp cyrilla American holly Wild ftrape, smilax, ferns, and mosses form the understory and ground vep.etat.ion in the hammock. TABLE V: PARTIAL LIS1 OF VERTEBRATES IN THE HAMMOCK COMMUNITY Order Urodela Eir^^G^^'lH.^Xymiyil (Stejneger) Dusky salamander Plethodon glutinosus (Allen and ~ ~ : ~ ~ Slimy salamander �-4 Order Anura Hyla squirella^ (' Latrellle ) Green tree frog cineiea (LeConte) Reptiles Rain frog Barking tree frog '' Suborder Lacort-ilia Lygosoma late rale (Say) Brown skink ^iol3.s^c£irolrj.,nen_sjis ( Vo i g t ) Green anole Eumeco^ laticeju' (Sctoeider) Broad headed skink Suborder Serpentes E^pjTe_jybscleta (Holbrook) Rat snake Birds Order Falconi formes But_G_o__linca.t_us (Ridgway) ' Red shouldered hawk Order Strigiformes Common screech owl Otus a bio L. Order Passeriformes Thryotho rus ludoyic ianu_s (Lat>Vani)~~ Carolina wren Toxostoma rufum L. Brown thrasher Pyrrhuloxia cardinalls L. Cardinal Mammals Order Marsupialea L. Opossum Order Rodentia S^ciurus caj;oj.inensj.s (Gmebin) Gray squirrel Glauc_onys___yolang_ L. Flying squirrel �Order Camivora Procyon Jlot£r L. ' . ' Raccoon. Hog Odocoilcus virginianus (Zimmennann) Whitetailed deer The boundary between the sandhill and hammock communities , termed ecotone, has some characteristic plants not common to cither community. Gallbcrry, palmetto, and blackberry brambles are common alon^ this boundary. METHOD: A survey lino was constructed through ecotone into the hammock. Species distribution of plants was not uniform, so individual plants wore sprayed at rates corresponding to 2 and 30 Ib/acre. Evaluation of spray was made two weeks after application. RESULTS: Heavy rains minimized the effects of the 2 Ib/acre spray rate on the harjr.ock flora. The 30 Ib/acre concentration was sprayed during a dry period and after two weeks all treated plants wore defoliated or the leaves were completely brown. DISCUSSION Heavy concentrations of cacodylic acid greatly modify the hammock community. Direct damage to flora has the indirect effect . rf a reduction and modification of associated aniral population. Direct effects of cucodylic acid on fauna will be outlined in a separate part of this paper. �. : '.SECTION iv THE GRASSI/^D OH SECONDARY SUCCESSION Ranges on the Egliu Reservation, are In a stage of secondary succession due to human modification of the sandhill community. Vegetation in these areas "consists of broomsedgcs, wiregrass, palmettos, and yucca. The older ranges have typical sandhill dominants. i,c., oaks and pines with a heavy ground cover of grasses. The fauna of these areas ace not all characteristic of the sandhill community. Exceptions include populations of quail, meadowlarks, and field sparrows. • METHOD: A total of five plots were sprayed on the grassland. The 2 Ib/acre, 15 Ib/acrc, and 3° Ib/acre plots were one rod scuare and were sprayed 22 June 1965. Two 10 foot square plots were treated at a rate of 6 Ib/acre on 16 July 19&5. After two weeks photographs were taken of the rod square plots. On 22 July 1961;; a four-week evaluation of these plots was made. TABLE VI: LFFECT OF CACODYLIC ACID ON GRASSLAND COMMUNITY 6 July 1965: The 2 Ib/acre plot had a 50$ kill overall. 22 July 1965: 6 July 1965: 22 July 1965: 6 July 196"5: 22 July 1965: The 2 Ib/acre plot showed almost complete Recovery. The vegetation had riot grown to normal height. Broomsedgfcs, wiregrass and oaks were living. The 30 Ib/acre plot showed 3.00$ kill overall. The 30 Ib/acre plot showed little recovery with the exception of wiregrass , The 15 Ib/acre plot produced a 75 - 90$ kill overall. The 15 Ib/acre plot showed limited recovery. Ten to 15$ of the surface area was covered with green vegetation. The vegetation was below normal height. Wiregrass, oaks, and broomsedges were living. The 6 Ib/acre plots were observed 22 July 1965 and showed damage to exposed leavers, i.e., those on upper half of plants. 2 August 1965j the lower leaves were brown. On �DISCUSSION . . . . The grassland showed ino'e recovery from a heavy application of cacodylic acid than tither the sandhill or hammock community, since the vegetation consists of fast growing grasses and legumes Heavy rains during June and early July also tended to hasten recovery. 10 �SECTION. V ' ALGAL PRODUCTIVITY AS A'FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATIONS OF CACODYLIC ACID Algae, the most important single link in the life process of the pond, have the dual function of oxygen and primary food production. A reduction in either of. these factors would decrease the number of consumers supported by the pond. Chlorophyll, extracted from vilgao, etui be used as an indicator of primary productivity and varies with the amount of algae present. A study of the effect::; of a herbicide on algae productivity can be accomplished by comparing the amount of chlorophyll in a controller! sample with the amount of chlorophyll In samples containing various concentrations of the herbicide. The some holds true f~>r an oxygen analysis. o CHLOROPHYLL ANALYSIS MKTHOD: Six 300 m.l. oxygen sampling bottles were filled with pond water containing heavy but equal concentrations of algae. One bottle was used as a control while the other five were inoculated wjth varying field concentrations of cacodylic acid. The sample bottles were then placed in the pond from which the water samples were taken to maintain field environmental conditions. After 2^; hours the saixples were returned to the lab for analysis. The above process was repeated for a ^8 hour comparison. ?J\- Hour Series; The contents of each bottle were filtered through 07;t"5" nifcrorfMlllipore filters at the rate of one filter for -ivory 100 ml. of liquid. Each of three filters with their algae content collected from each of these water samples was placed in 25 rcl. of acetone to extract the chlorophyll from the algae and to dissolve the fil'cer. The samples were then centrifuged and the supernatant liquid pour«d into Spectronic-20 tubes for reading.. The Spectronic-2C was pet on a wave length of ^30 millimicrons and was zeroed with an ace;lone blank. Variables were read and recorded below. Ji8 Jiour £eries_: Modification of the above procedure was necer,"sTiry ducf'To "Heavy concentrations of algae present in the water samples. Two standard BOD bottles were used for each variable. The two bottJc-o for uauh concentration were thoroughly mixed and 100 ml. from each bottle was placed in two centrifuge tuber, resulting in a total of four tubes per concentration of cacodylic acid. The four s-.ur:ples were centrifuged for ten minutes anJ the supernatant liquid discarded. The samples' of algae from each bottle were then :r:ixc-r.i with ?',i ml.'of acetone resulting in one mixture of acetone and algae from each of the two samples. The II • �amount of alf.ae prnnerit 1n r-,i?h mixture .it this-'time Weiss equal to the-amount of alnjae present in .100 ml. of the original sampler;. The acetone-algae mixture was then centrifuged for ten minutes to clear the supernatant of debris. The clear supernatant filtrant containing acetone and chlorophyll was placed in Spectronic-20 tubes for reading. This process was duplicated for the above two samples as a check on procedure. Each concentration of cacodylic acid war, processed in this manner. The Spectronic-20 readlncs below were made with a wave length of ^30 millimicrons and an average of the four camples from each' concentration of cacodylic acid recorded. TABLK VII: CHLOROPHYLL ANALYSIS RELATIVE TO CONCENTRATIONS OF CACODYLIC ACID ^8 Hour Group Percent Li^ht Control Percent Light Transmitted 31$ 5.i;3 ppm 42^ ppin l t - 83.0 ppm 162.0 . 20$ ppm 5.53 ppni is equivalent to a spray rate of 2 Ib/acre over a surface of water fone foot in depth. A spray rate of 15 Ib/acre will result J.n a jU% reduction in pond productivity after 48 hours. 1,? �'. v-f ;••*-• Or 10 •p •p •H S w § •p 'tiO 20 25 ^ 30 •*.— w I"" (1) *««...— — — ' 50 55 I Control 5.53 27.6 55-3 83-0 Concentrations of cacody.lic acid in pprn FIGURE 1 Chlorophyll Production by Algae as a Function of the Concentration of Cacodylic Acid 13 162.0 �SECTION VI ' .- . - OXYGEN ANALYSIS MKTIIOD: For each tiorios of tesU, six 300 ml. BOD bottles wore filled with pond water containing equal amounts of alr.ae. One of thor.o water camples was used ay a control ami the reniainini', five were mixed with cacodyllc acid in concentrations of S.''3> ''?•''> 'j^'3> &3.0, and Iu2.0 ppm respectively. These con''cntrutlon:* were barfed on field spray rates varying from 2 to 60 pounds per acre. The cample bottles wore placed in the pond from which the samples were taken to maintain normal temperature and l.li'.ht condition!*,. Analysis of the oxygen content was made at ?J>, •'.B, 'ftl, and 96 hours. Another ^roup of samples was made with dlstilled water and war. analyzed after 2^ hours to check tl'ie off-:.:l o:' cacodylic acid on the free oxygen in the water. Analysis war, ..-anvU-'j out in the laboratory. ANALYSIS: Two n:l. of N'jiSO;t were added to each water sample, followed by 2 >rl. o.'1 alkaline iodi.de azide well below the surface of the water. The bottles were stoppered- and inverted to mix the reagents. A precipitate was formed. Two ml. of -.'oncentratcd H;xjO;f were allowed to run down the neck of the bottle. Once a^ain the bottles were inverted to assure a complete fixation of the oxygon. Then 200 ml. of ch-'- supernatant liquid were decanted into a beaker an'I 2 ml. of a starch indicator were added. This solution was t'r.on titrated with 0,2[3N sodium thiosulfate. The amount of sodium thiosulfate used in m.illiliters in equivalent to the amount of dissolved oxygen in the original sample in milligrams per litev or parts per 'aililon. �TAliLK VIII: Concentrations Cacodylic Acid Control DIGKOLVKTJ OXYGKM CiiAMGf-;:; RELATED TO SEVERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CACODYI/IC ACID Distilled Mrs. Ji8 llrs . 6.9 '.9 5.53 27.6 ' ppm 6.8 .9 • 6 .7 t\ .8 .s 6.5 .'5 '_; 55«3 ppm 83.0 ppm <>.<i 6.6 .5 .2 5.8 U.7 ppm 6.6 .3 72 H r s . 96 Hrs . 7 .0 6 .8 5 .0 1Jt • 6 .5 5 .H ^.5 162 . . ;fi- ' .5 n.o Oxygen in mg/liter 5-53 pPm is equivaler.t to a cpray v-ate of 2 Ib/acre over a surface of water end foot in depth. Cacoclylic aciJ did not reduce the 02 content in distilled water; therefore, the- reduction of 02 in pond water is a result. of the detraction of alf.ae. The 2't, ^8, 72., and Q6 hour tests were all made with different water ja. pies, thus they contained varied amounts of dissolved oxygen and alf.aej however, within the groups the same trend is evident. DISCUSSION Any condition which approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance for a given organism is sc.id to be a limiting factor. Oxygen, in small lentic habitats, is relatively scarce 'and tends to become one of the major limiting factors to aquatic animal life. Algae, in many of the small ponds found in this area, are a primary source of oxygon for the aquatic animals .supported by these pond.?, communities. Cacodylic acid, when introduced in field concentrations into a pond, reduces the amount of algae which may reduce the amount of oxygen belcrf the tolerance of -the pond' z inhabitants. Thi.--- condition could result in a decrease of the number of aquatic organisms for any given area. 1'. �100 Distilled water :\T\ ppm Cacodylic acid FIGURE 2 Percent Oxygen Reduction �N viz DIKKCT EFFECT OF CACODYLIC; ACID Oil LOCAL PONT) FAUNA Although the main effect of cacodya-ic acid on pond fauna is indirect through the removal of primary producers suet, as algae, there is an immediate direct effect only when concentrations greater than 30 Ib/acre arc used. Testing has been limited to representative phyla which could be obtained In quantity. Following is «• Hat of the more eoirimon fauna found in the area of the experimental pond ificxuding those spe~ci.es tested: • Fishes Order CyprinodonitJ.tor Gambusia afi'inis GTra'rd) Gambu.sia (Mosquito fish) 0 r d e r Cy p r 1 n i t o rm c s Not rop i s mac u la tu^s (Hay) Tailligiit shine r Order Percifonnes Mlcroptorus salmoldes [Lacepede Largemouth black bass Amphibians Order Urodela Notophythalmu:•> viridesceris (Rafinesque") Order Anura B.uf^J^err^jitt^ig^ (Bonnature) Newt Southern toad Acris Bryll^_s (Lc Gonte) Cricket frog ^f^jL-P^.ASIHL (Schreber) Leopard frog Re p_ti ] e S| Suborder Serpentcs Florida banded watersnake Cottoninouth moccasin Ancistrodon 17' �Or.ler OroeoclilJa xs P- j-.s s. J-PP *-c'-n.s- i: Allir.ator Order Odonata Pant, a la. r.p. ' ! Sprawling nymph - Dragon fly • GvTi;v.:anr.ha nervosa ClirnbinjT nymph - Dragon fly e ru >a. 3 no 1 d cs !'lH~ r> ^ lC 22L-Q no; Th.1r\y f i s h were placed in each of four 6-litor IjTleT'imoy/'er 7Ta:;kr, , throe of wiiie'n c o n t a J n e d 100, 1000, arid 30,000 pp'ii cu •O'.lyllc acid, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The fourth f l a n k was used as a c o n t r o l . Counts 01' the livhif, f i s h were made at;' 1, ?., '!-, ?•», -'18, and 72 hours. T!io wator volume in each cane was four liter. 1 ;. TAB.LK IX: EFFECT OF THREE CONCENTRATIONS OF CACCDYLIC ACID ON GAM:>U_GIA Live Fisi-. at Indicated Time 1 Ilr. Control 30 100 pprn 30 1000 ppiti 30 1:3 10, DOG ppm 2 Hrr,. ; i Hrs. 2'1 Ill's. . ; -l8 Mrs. 72 Mrs. 30 30 30 30 . 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Hi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 At ' 8 hours the lethal -.lose of caoodylic acid which kills ' 30;' uf I. hi-: i£«i£V,lif-;J:i1L^l.1Jjli£ •'G 'jet,waen 100 and 3000 ppm. l i . - ' ^ ' ' ' ^ ^ Twenty I'ifc'-h were placed in each: of seven 6-liter iO^?'''^-'' Krji7nir.oy?r Tlar.k;; ...icntainin-: 300, lr_-8, 2-,-l., 398, 631, and 1000 ppm, rc'L-.pfvtivoly. The s'-vnajnin*; flar.k wa:: a i-GMtro] . The rjounts were ir,ad>:' at 1, 2-:i-, ^h, and 72 :\our^. 18 �TABLE X: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CACODYLIC ACID 'ON GAMBUglA . Live Fish at Indicated Time " Hour 24 Hours '0 20 20 19 100 ppm 20 4 0 158 ppm 20 13 18 251 ppm 20 393 pprn Control 48 Hours • 72-Hours 18 .' 17 18 16. 20 18 . . . 16 12 12 631 ppm 20 18 18 12 1000 ppm 20 16 12 0 A partial explanation for the fluctuation in the percent kill versus concentrations was the larger size of. the Gambusia in Experiment Two. . . ' " The LD50 for Gambujsj.a aff Jni_s at '48 hours approached 1000 ppm. , ma£ulajbu£ - Taillight shiners Experiment Three: Ten Taillight shiners were placed in each of Five 6-liter ErTenmeyer flasks containing 158, 398, 631, and 1000 ppm respectively with the remaining flask being a control. Live fish counts were made at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours. TABLE XI: EFFECT OF CACODYLIC ACID ON NOTROPIS MACULATUS 1 Hour 24 Hours 72 Hours 48 Hours 8 10 9 158 ppm 10 9 9 9 398 ppm 10 10 10 9 6 631 ppm 1000 ppm 10 10 10 5 10 7 6 2 Control At; 48 hours the LD[30 for shiners approaches 1000 ppm. 19 ' �Expe.rimont Four; Tests vrere also eonduc'.ed on small (4 H - 5") MlcrVpt"fus saTraoidjss - Lar^emou'th black bass. Gambusia were pTa"Ju.Tti ICiOO ppm cacodylic acid for 24 hours, tlien f"ed~ to the bass. .-This test was carried out. over a period of two weeks with no apparent e f f e c t on the bass. Amphibians; Fifty fiufo tadpoles were placed in each of four 6-liter Erlenmeyer TTas'ks containing 100, 1000, and 10,000 ppm cacodylic acid respectively with the remaining flask being used as a control. Live counts were made at 2, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours. TABLE XII; EFFECT OF CACODYLIC ACID ON gUFO TADPOLES 2 Mrs. 18 Hrs. 50 50 • 100 ppm 50 50 1000 ppm 50 '50 10,000 rpm 50 Control 24 Hrs. 72 Hrs. 50 . 48 Hrs. 50 50 50 50 50 29 0 - 0 0, 0. 0'. 0 The LD50 for jjufjo larvae at 48 hours is between 100 and 1000 ppm. Insec^ts; Tests were attempted, to determine the direct effects of cacodylic acid on the iirjuature sta(r,e of two species of dragon fly, Pantala__sp. and Gy7ia_cant_ha_: nervosa. This was not an extensive ("xpcrl.ment and due~To~Tne'"c anrial>aTistic nature of insect lai^va, valid results were not obtained. In the time limits of this test series, no deaths directly attributed to cacodylic acid (in 1000 ppm) occurred. These data indicate that whnn concentrations of cacodylic acid approaching 1000 ppm are reached in a pond, a reduction of at least 50$ of the small animals can be expected within 48 hours. . 20 �• . :; DISCUSSION • . • Cacodylic acid can be expected to produce environmental modifications in local communities when sprayed at concentrations exceeding 2 Ib/acro. 'The high, solubility of this chemical v/ill hasten, recovery of the plant llf.c. Cacodylic aci.i had a low toxicity to the animals tested in an 18 hour period. It is not possible, to predict tho effects of this herbicide on local i'lora and fauna who:i the basis of the prediction is the direct effects of the herbicide on each species. A realistic prediction must be based on a knowledge of the total ecology of a community. This paper has stressed the ecological approach in an attempt to predict the effects of cacodylic acid. A complete evaluation can be made only when large areas are sprayed and studied for a period of several months. A quantitative study of Lh« effects of cacodylic acid on a stream community, and choctawhatchee Bay is both difficult, and costly. No attempt has been made to predict- what the effects will be. Known characteristics of arservicals include 'a cumulative effect which may be misleading. Spector (1J5'3) states that rabbits are killed when injected intravenously with 250 mg/kg of cacodylio acid; thus, animals eating contaminated plants could conceivably be killed in an area where a lev; area concentration has been applied. 21 �SECTION VIII Th-i sandhills, the predominant biotic community on the Ef.lin Reservation, would undergo mcdiricatj.cn .of the riora at spray rates of 6 Ib/aere or creator. Three weeks after the application o.f '30 lb/acro eacodylie acid on the hammock community, all exposed plants were defoliated or Gi-a.-.sland plot;:, sprayed at rates up to 30 Ib/aero eacodylic add showed come recovery after four weeks. Cotton plants showed recovery from a 2 Ib/acrc spray rate 'of cacodylie acid after three woeko. Al^al productivity,' mcar.ured as the amount of chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen was reduced by concentration.1? above 2 Ib/acre. Pond, vertebrat.es tested had an ID'30 at concentrations approach' in^ 1000 ppm in u8 hours. The effects of eacodylic acid on stream and bay habitats were vi ot tested. �• '• " BIBLIOGRAPHY . ' -. . APHA, AWWA, and FSIWA." "WJr.klcr Method, Unmodified and Alcterborc (Azide) Modification." J.n STArmAH_D_N[KTHOD3__pf _the INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 10th ed., pp. 2y2-2';o7~T9T7D • • . Blair, Frank W., Albert P. Blair, Pierce Brodkorb, Fred R. Caglo, George A. Moore. VERTEBRATES of the UN] TED STATES. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. The 'M7fpT('nTtx>ps'" Co". , York/ Pa 7, p. 819, 19'37. Ehinan, P. J. "Much-Maligned Arsenical^ arc a Valuable Class of Herbicides..". .Aer. Chom. (Reprint) Mar. Odunij E. P. F imdj.m e n t a lr. of ECO LOG Y . ?nd ed . W. B. Saundcrs, Col., Philadelphia arid London, p"' J46, Pennak, Robert W. "Odcnata." In Robert W. Pennak, FRESIl-VfATER INVERTEBRATES of the United State n. Ronald Press Co., New ~YorT. " Research Department of the Chemical Products Division, The Ant;ul Company. "Toxicity and Safe Handling of 'Ansar1 Herbicides." The Ansul Co., Marine ttt,-, Wise. 5^1^13. Bull. p. 2.Small, J. K. - MANUAL of the SOUTHEASTERN FLORA. N. C. Press, Chapel liill. p. 155^ 19*33" The Univ. of Spector, William S. Handbook of Toxicology . Vol. I, WADC Technical Report 55-lC, WrTght. "Air Development Center, Air Research and Development Command USAFj, 19135West, E. and Arnold, L. E. TIE MTIVFJ TREES OF .FLORIDA. Rev. ed. Univ. of Fla. Press, Gainesv1TIe7'~pT"2lT5", 115 : 23 ��JIli£LiSSJrlHL Security Classification DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA • R&D (Security rf»*a//tc«tiun of ttttr body ct abttmcl mnd mtttnfng «nnor«rion mult b» «»nlfff«J wtttn Ihe qveraff ttpatt tm rtmmiliftl) I OSIfilNATIN O A C T I V I T Y (CorpaiHt ualhotl - H C t > O H T 1 £ C U R . tY C L Unclassified Vitro .Services;of- America F.glin Air Force I'.ase, Florida GROUP 1 nEPORT T I T L E Ah Ecological Study on. the Effects of Cc.r.tuin. Concentration.^; of Cacodylic Acid on Selected Fauna and Flora 4 O E S C O I P T I V E NOTES fT>p» ol rtpvrl tnd Inttunvt d«<».J . Final report, ?3_April 1965 to 26 July 196[j 5 AUTHORW (Lftl nurne. flr»t n«me, lnlli«/; Kelly H. Oliver, Jr. "Gary H. Parsons " C. T. Huffetetier S REPOHT D A T t . . T ? * TQT*i-''0 oif PASO __^ I * 'ft. . T** -I NO Of nt.f» Nonei_ _ C C N T H A C T OR G R A N T HO. AF 08(63b)!3150 6. PROJtC .' MO APGC-TR-66-5'* PGVE task No. 39^-65 lib O T H E R '•"PORT N(X5; (Any othnmjmbtri tfi*/ m»y 6» tftj* r«po... C, 10 A V A I L AOIU: TV/LIMITATION NOTICES Distribution of this document is unlimited. It. S U P P L E M E N T A R Y NOTES Available in DDC 12 SPONSORING M t L I T A R V A C T I V I T Y Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Air Force Base, Florida J ABSTRACT A study hag been made of the effects .of cacodylic acid on the flora and fauna of 'specific ecotones. ' Approximate lethal dosages have been determined for specific plants and animals under certain conditions. The five ecotones, sandhills, hammock, grasslands, pond and stream, are briefly characterized and the effects of .:acodylic acid on the inhabitants of each are sumuarize.d. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 007 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0067 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oliver, Kelly H. Gary H. Parsons C.T. Huffstetler Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Vitro Corporation of America, Eglin AFB, Florida Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-09-01 Title A name given to the resource An Ecological Study on the Effects of Certain Concentrations of Cacodylic Acid on Selected Fauna and Flora Subject The topic of the resource herbicide blue ecological fate Eglin AFB