1 15 1 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/46d7e8c1116de53f865536a8067e89d2.pdf 63a37902c59369ab5873526d5b2db506 PDF Text Text RBDID Number °2193 Author Eadon G > - Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Report/Article TltlB Comparisons of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples From the Binghamton State Office Building Journal/Book Title Year 1982 Month/Day March Color Number of Images D 24 Dascrlpton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2193 of 2293 �Comparisons Of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples From the Binghamton State Office Building G. Eadon, K. Aldous, G. Frenkel, J. Gierthy, D. Hilkerr L. Kaminsky, P. O'Keefe, J. Silkworth and R. Smith Center for Laboratories and Research ( New York\State Department of Health Albany, N^ 12201 March, 1982 �Soot samples from two separate samplings of the Binghamton State Office Building (BSOB) have been the objects of a coordinated interdisciplinary study at the New York State Health Department. On May 26, 1981, replicate soot samples were collected from above the ceiling panels of 16 of the 17 floors of the BSOB. Each sample was subjected to exhaustive soxhlet extraction (benzene). One portion of each extract was analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), another for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and related compounds. A third portion of all extracts not spiked with PCDDs and PCDFs as part of the chemical analysis procedure was examined using the cell keratinization assay. Another set of experiments utilized a much larger soot sample collected by a vacuum cleaner on the 3rd and 4th floors of the BSOB shortly after the fire occurred. The bulk of this sample has been used in animal toxicology studies. However/ portions of this soot were extracted and analyzed for PCBs, PCDFs, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCDF). The cell keratinization assay was also applied to an extract of this sample. The results of each of these studies have been described in detail in separate reports (Smith et al. , 1981a, 1981b, 1982; Silkworth et al., 1982; Gierthy et al., 1982). This paper will seek comparisons among the various chemical and biological data sets generated with these samples, and will attempt to determine whether the results are mutually consistent. �Chemical Data The number of samples which could be analyzed for PCDFs and related trace contaminants is severely limited by the difficulty of the analytical procedure. In contrast, the quantitation of the much more abundant PCBs is a fairly straightforward process; more than 800 PCB analyses have already been reported on BSOB-related samples. If the ratios of PCB to PCDF are approximately constant then the results of the PCB analyses can be used to estimate PCDF levels, with a considerable savings in time and manpower. Table I contains analytical data relevant to the PCB and PCDF (tetra through octa chlorinated) concentrations on soot samples collected from 16 of 17 floors of the BSOB, and on the soot sample used in animal toxicology experiments. The PCB concentrations vary by nearly 3 orders of magnitude, while total PCDF levels vary from not detected approximately 1200 ppm. «1.0 ppm) to For the 11 samples in which the ratio of total PCDFs to total PCBs has been determined, the total PCDFs measured ranges from 51 ppm to 1200 ppm, and the ratio of PCDF to PCB averages .066 * .024 (error limits represent one standard deviation). t Thus, the total PCDF levels correlate with PCB levels. More detailed consideration of the data in Table I indicates that the total concentrations of tetra CDFs, penta CDFs and hexa CDFs (groupings which include the isomers predicted (see later) to be most active with respect to acute oral toxicity and keratinization) relative to the total PCDF concentration is relatively constant (Table II). In the 11 samples for which these ratios have been determined, tetra CDFs constitute 33 + 5% �of the total PCDF mixture, while penta CDFs constitute 40 + 3%, and the hexa CDFs constitute 18 ± 7% of the total mixture. Thus, the PCB concentration can be used to predict approximate concentrations of each family of chlorinated dibenzofurans in these samples. For illustrative purposes, Table III contains the measured and predicted concentrations. Further studies will be required to rigorously validate the use of PCB analysis as a surrogate for the more elaborate analytical procedures. Since concentrations of dibenzodioxins and biphenylenes (Stalling, 1981) have not yet been determined in these samples, it cannot be demonstrated that the concentrations of these compounds correlate with PCB concentrations. Further, the samples analyzed to date have all been collected before May, 1981 and have been predominantly obtained from the same location on the 17 floors. The validity of the observed correlation must be tested with more recent samples and with samples taken at other locations; the similarity of the ceiling panel samples and vacuum cleaner sample is encouraging in the latter regard. Finally, the validity of the observed correlation in the very slightly contaminated samples likely to be generated during the ! final phases of the clean-up should also be tested. �Biological Data Evaluation of the consistency of the chemical data and the biological data requires knowledge of the concentrations and toxicities of particular congeners believed to be especially active. Because of the very few reference standards available, the laboratories of the Health Department have produced little congener-by-congener analytical data. Therefore, in the following discussions it will be necessary to assume that within a particular isomeric series the relative concentration of a given isomer is comparable to its concentration in a sample earlier subjected to congener by congener analysis (Stalling, 1981; Rappe, 1981). Among the tetra CDFs, the isomer believed to be most toxic is 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDF (Poland et al., 1977). Stalling and Rappe report that this isomer constitutes 68% and 41% of the tetra CDFs. Based on these results it will be assummed that 2,3,7,8-TCDF constitutes 50% of the total tetra CDF concentration in these samples. Given the greater toxicity of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated isomers (Poland et al., 1977) the most toxic penta CDF isomers are predicted to be 1,2,3,7,8- and 2,3,4,7,8-penta CDF. Stalling and Rappe report that these congeners comprise together 47% and 53% of the penta CDF mixture. A value of 50% will be assumed in subsequent discussions. Given the greater toxicity of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated isomers (Poland et al., 1977), the most toxic hexa CDF isomers are predicted to be 1,2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,6,7,8-, 1,2,3,7,8,9- and 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexa CDF. Rappe reports that the total concentration �of three of these isomers in a BSOB sample was 49% of the total hexa CDF concentration. A value of 50% will be assumed here for the four isomers. Knowledge of the relative concentrations of dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans will also be required for these discussions. In the soot sample used in animal toxicology experiments, the 2,3,7,8-TCDD/2,3,7,8-TCDF ratio was determined to be .025 (Smith et al., 1981b). this sample. This ratio will be used in connection with However, since analytical data on the dioxin levels in the remaining samples is not yet available, an estimate of these concentrations must be made. In a sample analyzed by Rappe and Stalling, Rappe concluded that the tetra through octa PCDD/PCDF ratio was about .01, and Stalling concluded that it was less than .02. In a heavily contaminated soot sample, Smith et al (1981a) concluded that the 2,3,7,8-TCDD/2,3,7,8-TCDF ratio averaged .015. The average ratio observed in the three samples was .017; this value will be assumed for the ceiling panel derived soot samples. Based on Stalling's report (1981), the biphenylene/dibenzofuran ratio in a sample was less than .067. This value will of i necessity be used in subsequent discussions. Efforts are presently underway to obtain experimental data on the soot samples currently under discussion to place these estimates on a firmer basis. a. Animal Toxicology Experiments It is difficult to rigorously demonstrate consistency between results obtained via chemical analysis and acute toxicity data for a number of reasons. The chemical data is incomplete; �7 not all classes of toxicants have been quantified,and the concentrations of individual congeners have not been established. More important, however, very limited data is available on the acute oral toxicities of individual PCDFs, PCDDs or Polychlorinated Biphenylenes. Nevertheless, despite these and other difficulties, crude comparison of this data will be attempted. A useful first step is to express the observed acute oral toxicity of the soot in terms of "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents", i.e., the concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, that, in an inert matrix, would produce the observed LDgQ. An extract of soot when administered to guinea pigs in aqueous suspension exhibited an LD5Q equivalent to 327 mg soot/kg. When 2,3,7,8-TCDD was administered under identical conditions, it exhibited an LD50 of 19 ug/kg. If the soot in fact had contained only 2,3,7,8-TCDD at 58 ug/g, its extract would be predicted to exhibit an LD,-n of 327 mg soot equivalents/kg. Therefore, the "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" contamination of the soot is 58 ug/g. The chemical data can then be used to "predict" the "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration of the soot, based on known toxicities of the components. This is a complicated task, since no data is available on the LDcris of dibenzofurans in bu guinea pigs other than 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF, and since very limited data is available on the PCDDs. The following assumptions will therefore be made about the I<DCQS of these compounds: (1) The ratio of the LDcQs of a particular PCDF congener and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF will be the same as the ratio of the LD5Qs oE the correspondingly substituted PCDD congener and 2,3,7,8-TCDD. �8 There is no direct experimental data to support this assumption. (2) The LD50s of PCDFs and PCDDs lacking chlorines on all four lateral positions will be sufficiently high that their influence can be ignored in this calculation. This assumption is based on the LD5Qs in guinea pigs of 2,8-diCDD, 2,3,7-triCDD, and 1,2,4,7,8-penta-CDD. All have LE> s more than 450 times higher than that of 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD itself (Table IV). (3) Introduction of a single additional chlorine substituent on a 2,3,1,8-substituted congener has essentially no effect on the congener's guinea pig LD . This assumption is based on comparison of the LD5Qs of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,3,7,8~tetra-CDD (Table IV). (4) Introduction of two additional chlorine substituents on a 2,3,7,8-chlorinated congener raises its LD,-0 by a factor of at least 29. The assumption is based on comparison of the LD5Qs of 1,2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,6,7,8-, and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexa CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Table IV). (5) The LDf-QS of compounds with more than 6 chlorines will be sufficiently large that their influence can be ignored in this calculation. This assumption is based on comparison of the LD5Qs of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Table IV). These assumptions require that attention be focussed only on the tetra, penta, and hexasubstituted PCDDs and PCDFs. The concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDF in the sample used in animal toxicology experiments was measured at 48 ppm; since the data in Table IV indicates that the LD5Q of 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF is about three times that of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, this is equivalent in terms of acute toxicity to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of ca. 16 ug/g. �Based on assumption (2), other tetra CDFs can be neglected in this calculation. The penta CDFs were measured at 120 ug/g. If 1,2,3,7,8- and 2,3,4,7,8-penta CDF together constitute 50% of the penta CDFs, and if their LDcQS are equal to that of 2,3,7,8-TCDF, this is equivalent in terms of acute toxicity to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of ca. 20 ug/g. Based on assumption (2), other penta CDFs can be neglected in this calculation. hexa CDFs have been measured at 70 ug/g. The The isomers believed to have the lowest LD5Qs (1,2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,6,7,8-, and 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexa CDF) are expected to comprise 50% of the total hexa CDF mixture. Since, based on assumption (4), their LD^s are 29 times higher than that of 2,3,7,8-TCDF, this is equivalent to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 0.4 ug/g. calculated Thus, the PCDFs are to constitute a "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration of 36 ug/g. The concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD itself has been measured at 1.2 ppm in this sample. Other tetrachlorinated dibenzodioxins are predicted to have much higher LD,-QS and can be ignored. The concentration of other PCDDs in this sample are unknown, but are likely to be comparable to the TCDDs. Thus, the dioxins as a whole probably have a negligible influence on the soot's "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration. Stalling (1981) has reported on the presence of polychlorinated biphenylenes in a soot sample from BSOB; he cites unpublished results by Dr. Alan Poland that suggests that the toxicity of the 2,3,6,7 congener is comparable to that of 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD. If Stalling's ratio of biphenylene to dibenzofuran is (.067) is assummed to hold for all of these �10 compounds, and if it is assummed that the biphenylenes have acute oral toxicities three times that of the corresponding dibenzofurans, it can be calculated that the biphenylenes will contribute about 0.2 times as much "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity as the dibenzofurans. Thus, to a very crude approximation, the polychlorinated biphenylenes account for a "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration of 7 ppm. In summary, the dibenzofurans and the tetra CDDs are estimated to constitute a "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity of 37 ug/g. Together, the remaining dibenzodioxins and the biphenylenes probably provide a significant but smaller "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity. This calculation is in good, probably somewhat fortuitous agreement with the observed activity in the soot-equivalent to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 58 ug/g. Since considerable effort has been devoted to animal toxicology experiments on a single large sample of soot, it is important to assess whether this sample is reasonably typical. The data in Table I indicates that the average PCB concentration in 16 samples collected above the ceiling panels at the BSOB is ( 7200; the PCB concentration in this sample is 5,000 ppm. " The average total PCDF concentration on 14 such samples was ppm; the total PCDF concentration in this sample is 320 ppm. The average ratio of total PCDF to PCB in the 12 samples for which this is well defined is .066; the ratio for this sample was .063. The proportions of tetra- penta-, and hexa CDFs in this sample are similar to those in the ceiling panel samples (Table II). the sample used in animal toxicology experiments appears Thus, �11 comparable to the samples collected from above the ceiling panels, based on presently available data. b. Cell Keratinization Assay Development of the cell keratinization assay based on an in vitro keratinization model (Knutson et al., 1981) has been pursued because of its potential use as an alternative or supplement to chemical analysis. Both applications demand that the biological and chemical methods generate mutually consistent results. One question can be answered fairly readily. Do the two methodologies agree which samples fall into particular broad categories of contamination? The samples and blanks run as part of this program exhibit four broad categories of contamination. Blanks did not exhibit positive responses in this assay. A single sample (floor 1) exhibited activity equivalent to 0.01 0.10 ppm 2,3,7,8-TCDD; chemical analysis detected only 0.2 ppm Tetra-CDF. Three samples (floors 4,6, and 14) exhibited activities near 0.10 - 1.0 ppm; chemical analysis confirmed low levels of PCDFs in these samples (total PCDFs of 51, 76, and 87 ppm). The remaining samples in which PCDFs were detected chemically exhibited activities ranging from 1.1 - 11 ppm to 5.3 ! - 53 ppm. Chemical analysis confirmed that these samples were more heavily contaminated (total PCDFs of 410 , 200, 320, 1200, 400, 750, and 670 ppm). Table V. These results are collected together in They suggest that the keratinization assay results correlate with chemical data. It is markedly more difficult to determine whether the activity observed in the cell keratinization assay is quantitatively consistent with chemical analysis. Little �12 published information exists to relate the keratiniation activities of the various compounds present in the soot to one another. However, the following assumptions will be made to permit a crude calculation: (1) The ratios of the activity of a particular dibenzofuran congener to 2,3,7,8-TCDF is equal to that of the ratio of the activity of the corresponding dibenzodioxin congener to 2,3,1,8-TCDD. assumption. (2) There is no direct support for this 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDF is 1/20 as active as 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Knutson et al., 1980). (3) Congeners not substituted at all four lateral positions are sufficiently inactive to be neglected. This assumption is based on comparison of the activities of 2,3-, 2,7-, 1,6-, 1,3,6,8-, 1,3,7,8-, and 2,3,7- chlorodibenzodioxins to 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD. al., 1980) (Table VI). (4) (Knutson et Introduction of a single additional chlorine on a 2,3,7,8 chlorinated nucleus decreases activity by a factor of 2. This assumption is based on a comparison of the activities of 1,2,3,7,8-Penta CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Knutson et al., 1980) (Table VI). (5) Introduction of two or more chlorines depresses activity sufficiently to make the activity of such compounds negligible. This assumption is based on comparison of the activities of 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexa CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Knutson et al., 1980) (Table VI). (6) Polychlorinated biphenylenes are 1/2 as active as the corresponding dibenzodioxin. This generalization is based on comparison of the activities of 2,3,6,7-tetra CB and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Knutson et al., 1980) (Table VI). As a direct result of assumptions (3) and (5), the bulk of keratinization activity will reside in tetra- and penta- �13 chlorinated compounds. As already discussed, 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF is predicted to be by far the most active tetra CDF, and expected to constitute 50% of the tetra CDF mixture. Since 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF is 1/20 as active as 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity due to this compound can be obtained by dividing the total tetra CDF concentration by 40. Similarly, the "TCDD equivalent" activity of the two most active penta CDFs can be estimated by dividing the total penta CDF concentration by 80. The calculated "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity due to PCDFs is compared to the experimentally observed value for a number of samples in Table VII. The PCDDs will make a significant contribution to the cell keratinizing activity of these samples; although they are estimated to be 1/50 to 1/100 as abundant as the PCDFs, they may be 20 times as potent in the assay. The polychlorinated biphenylenes may be even more important factors in this analysis. Stalling's data suggests that they may be 1/10 to 1/20 as abundant as the PCDFs. as active. However, they are reported to be 10 times Thus, the calculated values in Table VII are likely to be below the values that would be calculated if more complete t analytical data were available. However, in view of the large uncertainties present in these calculations and the data upon which they are based, the calculated and experimental data are in fair agreement. It should be noted that the soot sample used in the animal toxicology experiments exhibited a cell keratinizing activity of 2-20 ppm "2,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents", and a calculated activity of 4 ppm due to PCDFs. This differs from the "2,3,7,8-TCDD �14 equivalents" calculated and observed in the animal toxicology experiments This does not represent a discrepancy in the data. Rather, it is due primarily to the large difference between the ratios of the guinea pig LD5Qs for 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and the corresponding ratios of cell keratinization activity. Conclusions (1) Available chemical data indicate that the relative concentrations of PCBs, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-CDFs, and total PCDF are similar in soot samples taken from above the ceiling panels of the BSOB, and in a sample collected by vacuum cleaner during the early stages of the clean-up. If this relationshiip is valid for samples collected at other times and from other locations, the PCB analysis can serve as a useful surrogate for the more difficult analytical procedures. (2) A soot sample exhibited an LDcQ in guinea pigs equivalent to 58 ppm 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD. If certain assumptions are made about the chemical composition of this sample and the LD s of the compounds therein, it can be calculated that the PCDFs, tetra CDDs, and the biphenylenes should account for ca. 45 ppm "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity. Since this calculation ignores other chlorinated dioxins, it is in good (probably fortuitous) agreement with the observed value. Based on these results, there appears to be no basis for proposing unusual synergistic or antagonistic effects among the components in this mixture. (3) The cell keratinization assay can reliably distinguish among samples containing widely differing concentrations of PCDFs. If certain assumptions are made about �15 the chemical composition of compounds therein, it can be calculated that the observed keratinizing activity in these extracts is generally plausible. (4) Chemical analysis and the cell keratinization assay suggest that the soot used in animal toxicology studies is fairly typical of the soot samples collected from above the ceiling pannels of the BSOB. �TABLE I Concentrations (ppm) of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in. Soot Samples Taken From the Binghamton State Office Building Floor # PCBsa PCDFsb Tetra CDF 2 28 3 4 1300 1 6 5 840 7 8 9 2800 6600 1800 23000 10 11 12 9600 21000 11000 13 3400 14 15 930 10000 16 9200 17 Ave 3-4* 6500 7200 5000 0.2 <8g 16 220 23 190 70 320 140 250 d d 32 300 h 220 145 100 Penta CDF <0.2g <9g 21 280 36 180 79 440 170 360 d d 31 310 150h 260 165 120 Hexa CDF <0.3g <llg 13 180 14 35 32 290 84 260 d d e 56 89h 140 86 70 Hepta CDF <0.3g <12g 1.2 62 3 3.7 14 100 6.5 97 d d 5.8 71 33h 32 31 20 Octa CDF <0.3g <14g 1.2 21 0.5 -- 3 35 2 31 d d 2.8 17 llh 15 11 4 51 760 76 410 200 1200 400 1000 — 87 750 670 438 310 .027 .062 .11 .052 .042 .048 .094 .075 .103 .066 .062 Total PCDF Ratio Total PCDF cone. PCB c o n e . . 0 6 1 (a) quantitated as Arochlor 1254; data uncorrected for recovery (b) correction for recovery incorporated ( ) not sampled because of dissimilar ceiling construction c (d) data not used because of poor recovery of internal 37 C1-Tetra CDF standard (<10%) (e) data lost because of instrumental malfunction; for purposes of calculation of total PCDF, it is assummed that hexa CDF is % the concentration of penta ( f Table 2) c. (f) soot collected by vacuum cleaner and used in animal toxicology studies (g) detection limits are per congener, not per chlorination number data not corrected for recovery. Instrument malfunction caused loss of data on 37C1-Tetra CDF recovery �Table II Relative Proportions of Tetra-, Penta-, Hexa-, Hepta- and Octachlorodihenzofurans in Soot Samples Taken from the Binghamton State Office Buildinga Floor # 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 17 Aveb Tetra CDF 31 29 30 46 35 27 35 25 37 39 33 33 ± 5 32 Penta CDF 41 37 47 44 40 37 41 36 36 41 39 40 ± 3 38 Hexa CDF 25 24 18 9 16 24 21 26 -- 7 21 18 ± 7 22 2 8 4 1 7 8 2 10 7 10 5 6 ± 3 6 Hepta CDF 3-4° _ Octa CDF <1 3 1 <1 1 3 <! 3 (a) Expressed as percent of total PCDF in sample.' (b) Error limits represent one standard deviation. (c) Soot sample used in animal toxicology studies. 3 2 2 _-— 1 �CO Table III Comparison of Predicted3 (and Observed) Concentrations (ppm) of PCDFs in BSOB Soot Samples Floor # 1 3 4 9 6 10 11 14 15 17 3-4 Jetra CDF 0.6(0.2) 26( 8) 17(16) 56(23) 133(190) 39(70) 60(320) 190(140) 420(250) 19(32) 200(300) 130(220) 100(100) Penta CDF 0.9(<.2) 30(<9) 19(21) 64(36) 151(180) 45(79) 130(440) 220(170) 480(360) 21(31) 230(310) 150(260) 115(120) Hexa CDF 0.3(<.3) 16(<11) 10(13) 33(14) 79(35) 23(32) 70(290) 115(84) 250(260) 11C") 120(56) 78(140) 60(70) Hepta CDF 0.1(<.3) 5.6(<12) 3.6(1.2) .6(1.2) 12(3) 28(3.7) 8.4(14) 99(100) 41(6.5) 90(97) 5(5.8) 43(71) 28(32) 22(20) Octa CDF .04(<.3) 1.3(<1.2) 4.2(0.5) 10(--) 35(35) 15(2) 32(31) 1.4(2.8 15(17) 10(15) 84 () Total PCDF 1.9 2(<13) 80 51(51) 3(3) .400(1200) (a) Prediction based on PCB levels and average ratio calculated in Table I and II 580(400) 1300(1000) 57(87) 610(754) 400(670) 300(310) �19 Table IV Influence of Structure and Chlorination Pattern on Guinea Pig Oral LD5Qs (Male, Hartley, 200-250g) Compound LD3 U • <f «— cn(ug/kg) 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD 2.5a 2,3,7,8-Penta CDF 5-10b 1,2,3,7,8-Penta CDD 3.1° 1,2,3 ,4,7,8-Hexa CDD 73C 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexa CDD 60-100° 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexa CDD 70-100° 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hepta CDD >600° 1,2,4,7,8-Penta CDD 1,125° 2,3,7-Tri CDD 29,444° 2,8-Di CDD 730,000° a J.B. Silkworth, D. McMartin, A.P. DeCaprio, R. Rej, S. Kumar and L. Kaminsky (1981). Acute toxicity in guinea pigs and rabbits of soot from a polychlorinated biphenyl-containing transformer fire, N.Y. State Dept. of Health Report, January 6, 1982. J.A. Moore, E.E. McConnell, D.W. Dalgard, and M.W. Harris (1979). Comparative toxicity of three halogenated dibenzofurans in guinea pigs, mice and thesus monkeys. NY Acad. Sci. 320, 151-163. °E.E. McConnell, J.A. Moore, J.K. Baseman, and M.W. Harris (1978). The comparative toxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in mice and guinea pigs. Toxi co 1. Pharmacol. 44, 335-356. 0 �Table V o CSl Comparison of the Observed Keratinization Activities with Total PCDF Concentrations Observed Floor I "2,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents(ppm) Total PCDF Concentrations 1 . 1 1 0 - 6 0.1-1.0 76 4 .11-1.1 51 14 .12-1.2 87 3 1.2-12 b 9 1.1-11 1200 8 1.6-16 200 3-4a 2-20 310 10 3.2-32 400 15 4.0-40 750 17 4.0-40 670 7 5.3-53 410 a Soot used in animal toxicology experiments •L^ Total concentration not defined, (cf. Table I) b (ppm) �21 Table VI Influence of Structure and Chlorination Pattern on Relative Activity in the Cell Keratinization Assay3. Compound Relative Activity 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD 1 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDF 0.05 2,3/6,7-Tetrachlorobiphenylene 0.5 1,2,3,7,8-Penta CDD 0.5 2,3,7-Tri CDD 0.01 1,3,7,8-Tetra CDD 0.01 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexa CDD 0.005 1,3,6,8-Tetra CDD < .003 1,6,-DiCDD < .001 i 2.7-DiCDD < .001 2.3-DiCDD < .001 (a) Data adapted from J.C. Knutson and A. Poland (1980). Keratinization of mouse teratoma cell line XB produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: an in vitro model of toxicity, Cell 22, 27-36. �Table VII Comparison of the Observed Keratinization Activity in BSOB Soot Samples with Value Predicted based on PCDF Concentrations « Floor # Observed "2,3,7,8-TCDD equi Lents" (ppm) Calculated "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents" (ppm) PCDFs only 1 .Ol-.l (b) 6 0.1-1.0 1 4 .11-1.1 1 14 .12-1.2 1 3 1.2-12 (b) 9 1.1-11 10 8 1.6-16 3 3-4a 2-20 4 10 3.2-32 6 15 4.0-40 10 17 4.0-40 9 7 5.3-53 7 (a) -(b) Sample used for animal toxicology studies, PCDFs not detected in chemical analysis. �; 23 REFERENCES Gierthy, J.P. and Prenkel, G.D. (1982). A preliminary report on the c.,-aluation of an In Vitro assay for the detection of "dioxin-like" activity using extracts of soot from the Binghamton State Office Building. New York State Department of Health Report, January, 1982. Knutson, J.C. and Poland, A. (1980). Keratinization of mouse cell line XB produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: an in vitro model of toxicity. Cell, 22, 27-36. Poland, A., and Glover, E. (1977). Chlorinated biphenyl induction of aryl hydrocarbon hyudroxylase activity: the structure-activity relationship. a study of Mol. Pharmacol., 13, 924-38. Rappe, C. (1981) Report on the analysis of Binghamton soot. Report, University of Umea, Sweden, 1981. Silkworth, J. , McMartin, D., DeCaprio, A., Re j, R. , O'Keefe, P., and Kaminsky, L. (1982). Acute toxicity in guinea pigs and rabbits of soot from a polychlorinated biphenyl-containing transformer fire. January 6, 1982. New York State Department of Health Report, �'> • I A 'i 24 i Smith, R.M., O'Keefe, P.W. , Hilker, D.L., Jelus-Tyror, B.L., and Aldous, K. (1981a). Analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a soot sample from a transformer explosion in Binghamton, New York. New York State Department of Health Report, February 20, 1981. Smith, R.M., Hilker, D.L., O'Keefe, P.W., Kumar, S., O'Brien, J., Jelus-Tyror, B.L., and Aldous, K. (1981b) Analysis of a Binghamton soot sample for tetrachlorodibenzofurans and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. New York State Department of Health Report, October 1, 1981. Smith, R.M., Hilker, D., O'Keefe, P.W., Kumar, S., Aldous, K., and Jelus-Tyror, B. (1982). Determination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins in soot samples from a contaminated office building. New York State Department of Health Report, March, 1982. Stalling, D.L., (1981) Chlorinated dibenzofurans and related compounds in soot formed in a transformer fire in Binghamton, ( N.Y., Preliminary Report, Columbia National Fisheries REsearch Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2193 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eadon, G. K. Aldous G. Frenkel J. Gierthy D. Hilker L. Kaminsky P. O'Keefe J. Silkworth R. Smith Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-03-01 Title A name given to the resource Comparisons of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples From the Binghamton State Office Building Subject The topic of the resource BSOB PCBs analytical studies