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                    <text>Item D Number

03722

Author

G

Klingman, D. L.

NotScannfld

Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service

Roport/Artido TitlB

Usin

9 Phenoxy Herbicides Effectively

Journal/Book Tltlo
Year

1971

Month/Day

January

Color
Number of Images

D

26

Doscripton Notes

Monday, December 31, 2001

Page 3722 of 3802

�COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK - - - EASTERN SHORE
Vegetable Research Farm
Rt. 5
Salisbury, Maryland

Dear Friend:

21801

The Cooperative Extension Service of the University of Maryland is pleased to
send you this information. Our purpose is to provide educational programs for the
people of Maryland. These programs are provided jointly by your federal, state and
county governments. Our offices are listed on the opposite side. Please call or
visit whenever we can be of service.
Sent by .-

C. Edward Beste
Extension Weed Specialist
University of Maryland • Local Governments • U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating
• The University of Maryland Is an equal opportunity institution with respect to both education and employment. The university's policies, programs and activities are in conformance with pertinent federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscrimination regarding race, color, religion, age, national origin, sex and handicap. Inquiries
regarding compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended; Title IX of the Educational Amendments; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; or
related legal requirements should be directed to the Human Relations Coordinator, Maryland Cooperative Extension Service, University of Maryland, Room 1214, Symons Hall,
College Park, Maryland 20742.

�COUNTY AND BALTIMORE CITY OFFICES

MARYLAND COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE

STATE OFFICES
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
Maryland Cooperative Extanalon Service
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
454-3742

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR AND COORDINATOR
Maryland Cooperative Extension Service
University of Maryland
Eaalarn Shore
Prlncese Anne, MD 21853
851-2229

PUBLICATIONS OFFICE

Maryland Cooperative Extenalon Service
Unlverally of Maryland

11 Protptct Squara
Cumbarland, MD 211

ANNE ARUNDEL
44 Calvart Strut
Annapolta. MD 91404
224-7111
BALTIMORE CITY
Room Ml Howard Hill
MO W. Radwood Straat
Balllmora, MD 21201

BALTIMORE CITY
Baltlmora Art Towir
21 South lulaw 81ml
Ralllmora, MD 91201

CECIL
County Otllc. Building
Room 7
P.O. Box 321
Elkton, MD 21021
399-3200
CHARLES

Boi 211

WhlH Plalna, MD 50895
941-3903
DORCHESTER
P.O. Bon 1»»
Camblldla, MD J1H3
221-1100

939-9399

FREDERICK
530 N. Markal Slraat
Fradarlak, MO 21701
693-9300

BALTIMORE COUNTY
8111 Van Buran Lint
Cockayavllla, MD 21030
IM-0445

OARRETT
P.O. Building
Olklind. MD21I90
334-2146

CALVERT
Extanalon Sarvlca Building
Prlnoa Fradarlck, MD 20971
139.0440

HARFORD
33 W. Courtland straat
Bal Air, MD 21014
933-9000

College Park, MD 20742
454-3711
CAROLINE
P.O. Box 110
Fadaral Building
Danlon. MD 21IM
4714910

CARROLL
County Oltlca Building Annax
69 N. Court Btraal
Waalmlnalar, MD 21167
(4D-4911

HOWARD
aoimin Plata Building
1990 Rt, 101
Columbia, MO 21040
997-7379

KENT
Agricultural Sarvlca Cantar
203 Calvarl Straet
Chaalarlown, MD 2K20
779-1991

MONTGOMERY
600 S. Frederick Avanua
Oalthwtburo, MD 20760
043-9070
PRINCE GEORGE'S
15209 Marlboro Pike
Upper MirlBoro, MD 20970
952-3312
QUEEN ANNE'S
Box 340
County Building
CanlnvllU, MD 21(17
763-01 »0
ST. MARY'S
P.O. Box 441
Llonirdlown, MO J0650
479-5(21 Ell. 46
SOMERSET
Agricultural • Cl&gt;lo Conlar

P.O. Boi 177

Crliflald Lana
Prlncaaa Anna, MD 21953
951-1351
TALBOr
P.O. Bon 519
Eailon, MD 216
922-1244
WASHINGTON
101 W. Antlatam Slraat
Hagaralown, MD21740
791-1304
WICOMICO
P.O. Bon 1939
Sallabury, MD 21501
749-9141
WORCESTER
P.O. Bo&lt; 218
Snow Hill, MD 21B33
032-1972

�Formers'Bulletin No. 2183

'U.S. D E P A R T M E N T OF AGRICULTURE

USING

PHENOXY HERBICIDES
EFFECTIVELY

''*:.&gt; • ^-^W^Ti fT1'{

•At

.!&gt;,«;;, "»&gt;!!&lt;• '\&gt;!

�COMMON AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES
Common name

2,4-D
2,4,5-T
Silvex
MCPA
2,4-DB

A

Chemical name

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
.. 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic
acid
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid

The U.S. Department of Agriculture has suspended the use of
liquid formulations of 2,4,5-T around the home and of all formulations on lakes, ponds, and ditchbanks. Also, the Department
has cancelled use of all formulations of 2,4,5-T on food crops and
of dry formulations around the home. 2,4,5-T should not be used
in any of the above situations, and inclusion of 2,4,5-T in this
publication does not suggest such uses.

CONTENTS
Page

How plants react
Salts and esters
"Acid equivalent"
Application
General principles
Methods
Testing output of sprayer
Cleaning spray equipment
Susceptibility chart
'

3
3
5
5
5
6
8
10
11

VM,
FOLLOW THE LABEL "
U.S. DfrAIIMENT OF AGIICUUUJE

This bulletin supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 2005, "Using 2,4-D Safely."
Washington, D.C.

Issued May 1962
Revised January 1971

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents

�USING PHENOXY HERBICIDES EFFECTIVELY
2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA, Silvex, 2,4-DB
By D. L.,Klingman and W. C. Shaw, Crops Research Division,
Agricultural Research Service
Phenoxy herbicides—chiefly
2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1 silvex, MCPA, and
2,4-DB—are used widely. They
are used for controlling weeds in
many crops, on grazing lands, on
lawns, and for killing unwanted
brush and trees. These herbicides
are especially useful because—
• They are selective; they kill most
broadleaf plants but do not kill
grasses or grain crops,
• They are potent; many species
of weeds are controlled by less than
1 pound of active ingredient per
acre.
• They are easy to use.
• They are not poisonous to man,
domestic animals, or game when
applied at the recommended rates.
• They do not accumulate in the
soil and they have no harmful
effects on soil organisms.
• They are not corrosive to spraying equipment.

HOW PLANTS REACT
When sprayed with phenoxy
herbicides, leaves, green stems,
twigs, flowers, and fruits usually
absorb the herbicides. Roots absorb herbicides sprayed on the soil.
1
See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T on
page 2.

When they are applied to growing
plants or to the soil, herbicides
rapidly become distributed in the
leaves, stems, and roots and cause
susceptible plants to die.
These herbicides are absorbed
most readily by plants that are
growing rapidly. Annual weeds
are easiest to kill when they are
young. Perennial weeds are easy
to kill while they are seedlings;
after they are established, most perennials are easiest to kill at the
time flower buds appear.
Some broadleaf weeds are killed
by very small amounts of phenoxy
herbicides. Some are almost unaffected by very large amounts.
The chart on pages 12 to 24
lists the susceptibility of many
common weeds and woody plants
to control by 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1
MCPA, silvex, and 2,4-DB.

SALTS AND ESTERS
Phenoxy herbicides are usually
formulated as acids, salts, and
esters. Salt and ester formulations
usually are supplied as liquid concentrates. The purchaser mixes
them before use. The salt concentrates form solutions when mixed
with water. The ester concentrates form solutions when mixed
with oil; they form milky-white

�emulsions when mixed with water.
Heat causes ester formulations to
release vapors. At temperatures
below 90° F., low-volatile esters
are much less volatile than highvolatile esters, and are less likely to
damage susceptible crops. Vapors
from either low- or high-volatile
esters are about equally phytotoxic
at temperatures above 90° F,
Vapors from ester formulations can
kill susceptible plants growing near
the area to which the formulations are
applied. Low-volatile esters are
safer—that is, less likely to harm
susceptible crops by toxic vapors—
than high-volatile esters. Salt formulations are safest—they do not
release enough vapors to cause
damage.
High-volatile esters are less expensive than low-volatile esters and

they can be used effectively and
safely if no susceptible crops are
growing nearby.
Ester
formulations of
the
phenoxy herbicides are generally
more potent, pound for pound, than
salts. They penetrate leaves and
other plant surfaces more readily
than salts. When a range of rates
is recommended for herbicide application, use the lower rate for
esters and the higher rate for salts.
Esters are more effective than
salts for killing weeds that are
growing slowly because of drought
or cold weather. Esters usually
are best for treating weeds in areas
of low humidity; esters are formulated in oils and remain in moist
contact on foliage longer and penetrate better than salts, which are
mixed with water. And, because

BN-13721-X

Weeds in this field of small grain (treated part at right) were controlled with 2,4-D.
The herbicide costs about 25 cents per acre.

�they are oily, esters are less likely
than salts to be washed off foliage
if rain falls soon after their
application.

"ACID EQUIVALENT"
Phenoxy herbicide concentrates
are available in various strengths.
The amount of active ingredient
in the concentrate is indicated on
the container label as the number
of pounds of "acid equivalent" in
each gallon of concentrate.
Usually the strongest concentrates are the most economical to
use; they usually cost less per
pound of acid equivalent than
weaker concentrates. For example, 1 gallon of a 2,4-D concentrate containing 4 pounds of acid
equivalent per gallon usually will
cost less than 4 gallons of concentrate containing 1 pound of acid
equivalent per gallon, and it contains the same amount of active
ingredient.
APPLICATION
General Principles
If herbicides are applied carefully they can save you money and
labor. If they are applied carelessly, they can kill your crops.
Some crops and ornamental
plants are extremely sensitive to
phenoxy herbicides; they are severely injured or killed by small
traces of the herbicides, such as
spray drift or vapors.
The most sensitive of the crops
and ornamental plants include cotten, grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers,
tobacco, mimosa, roses, and dogwood. For more information

about sensitivity of your crops to
phenoxy herbicides, ask your county agricultural agent.
When using phenoxy herbicides
near sensitive plants, observe all
precautions regarding vapors, spray
drift, and cleanliness of equipment.
For safe and effective control of
weeds—
• Get professional advice before
applying herbicides; ask your county agricultural agent, your State
extension weed specialist, or other
local agricultural authorities for
weed-control recommendations.
• Use herbicides wisely: Follow label precautions. Do not apply herbicides for any use for which they
are not registered.
• Avoid spraying on windy days.
Types of Phenoxy Herbicides
Common// Available
SALTS, such as:
Amine (triethanolamine, diethanolamine,
trimethylamine, diethylamine, and isopropanolamine.
Sodium
Potassium
Ammonium
ESTERS
High-Volatile, such as:
Methyl
Ethyl
Isopropyl
Butyl
Amyl
Low-Volatile, such as:
Butoxyethanol
Butoxyethoxypropanol
Ethoxyethoxypropanol
Isoootyl
Propylene glycol butyl ether

�• Do not apply ester formulations
when the temperature is above 90°.
• Check output of your sprayer
frequently to prevent over application of herbicides.
• Avoid sprayer skips or overlapping swaths.
• Clean spray equipment immediately after use.
• Before using spray equipment for
applying insecticides or fungicides
to crops, test it for injurious traces
of herbicides.

Methods
Crop/ant/

You can apply herbicides on
cropland as preemergence sprays
(after the crop is planted but before it or the weeds come up) or
as postemergence sprays (after the
crop and weeds come up).
Most modern spray equipment
is designed for low-volume application—from about 5 to about 20
gallons of spray per acre. With the

Cotton is extremely susceptible to phenoxy herbicides. This plant
was killed when it was accidentally sprayed with 2,4-D.

�proper attachments, low-volume
equipment can be used for broadcast spraying, band treatments, or
directed spraying.
Apply a broadcast spray if the
crop plants are not sensitive to the
herbicide.
For broadcast application, the
spray rig is equipped with a
multiple-nozzle boom or a single
boomless nozzle.
Apply a directed spray if the crop
plants are somewhat sensitive to the
herbicide.
For directed application, the rig
is equipped with a boom and drop
nozzles, which are adjusted to spray
the weeds but no more than the
bases of the crop plants.
Airplanes often are used for
spraying nonrow crops, such as
small grains and rice.
Non cropland

Use a ground sprayer with boom
to apply low-volume broadcast
spray for the control of weeds,
brush, and trees on grazing land
and along irrigation canals.
Airplanes often are used for applying low-volume broadcast sprays
to noncropland areas that are too
large, too rough, or have too
many obstructions for ground
equipment.
Apply high-volume directed
spray to kill brush and trees along
roads, utility lines, and fencerows,
and aquatic weeds and brush along
irrigation and drainage canals.
Equipment
for high-volume
spraying usually has a largecapacity spray tank (over 100
gallons per acre of spray may be
used) and operates at relatively

high pressure (about 60 to 100
pounds per square inch). The rig
usually is equipped with a spray
hose and adjustable nozzle. The
spray often is applied as a drench
that thoroughly wets the leaves
and stems of the plants that are
to be killed.
Apply sprays of ester formulations in diesel oil or kerosene to
the bark at the base of small trees
or to cuts in the bark at the base
of large trees,
Phenoxy ester formulations with
oil as a carrier can be absorbed by
the bark at the base of trees with
trunk diameters up to about 4

Spray Drift

Wind-carried droplets of phenoxy
herbicides may kill susceptible crops
near the area that is being treated.
To reduce the danger of damaging
crops with spray drift—
• Use nozzles that apply a coarse
spray.
• Use low pressures—no more than
35 pounds per square inch for boom
sprayers, 100 pounds for spray guns.
• Avoid spraying on windy days;
do not spray with ground equipment or from airplanes when the
wind velocity is sufficient to cause
drift to sensitive crops.
• Spray when wind is blowing away
from susceptible crops and toward
the area being sprayed.
• Where special drift hazards exist,
use one of the special drift-control
agents or formulations in properly
designed and adjusted equipment.
Get professional advice before using
these.

�RN-13879-X

Spray drift from a nearby application of phenoxy herbicide
severely injured this Concord grape vine.

inches. The spray usually is applied with a small hand-operated
sprayer and the lower 6 to 12 inches
of bark on t&gt;he trunk is thoroughly
wetted with the solution.
The bark of many trees that are
over 4 inches in diameter is too
thick for the spray to penetrate.
To kill these larger trees, it is necessary to ring the base of the tree
with ax cuts and spray the ester
solution into the cuts. The ax
cuts must go through the bark and
into the sapwood.

TESTING OUTPUT OF
SPRAYER
Before mixing or applying herbicides on cropland, check the output
of your spray equipment. If you
apply too little herbicide, it is ineffective. If you apply too much,
it may kill your crops.

In the test, the tractor speed and
the pump pressure should be the
same as they will be when you
apply herbicide. If your tractor is
not equipped with a speedometer,
it is a good idea to make the test on
the same type of terrain that you
plan to spray and to mark the
throttle setting that you use.
To test the output—
• Fill the spray tank witli water.
• Spray a strip exactly 220 yards
long.
• At the end of 220 yards, stop
spraying and measure, in quarts,
the amount of water needed to refill
the spray tank.
To determine the spray output in
gallons per acre, multiply the number of quarts by 16.5 and divide the
answer by the width, in feet, of the
spray strip.
Example: Your spray rig treats
a strip 20 feet wide. At operating

�BN-13G81-X

The equipment used to apply insecticide to this tobacco plant had been used previously
for applying phenoxy herbicide. The tobacco was injured by herbicide traces that
remained in the sprayer.

speed and pressure, the rig uses 6
quarts of water in 220 yards:
6X16.5 = 99.
99-^-20 = 4.95, or about 5 gallons of spray
per acre.

The output of the sprayer is for
the area treated. If your sprayer
is adjusted to apply spray in bands
to row crops, calculate the total
width of the spray pattern. To do
this, multiply the number of nozzles
by the width that each nozzle treats.
If you are using 6 drop nozzles
and each treats a 20-inch width,
then the total width of the spray

pattern is 10 feet, regardless of the
nozzle spacing.
Output of the spray equipment
may change because of enlarged
nozzle orifices or worn parts in the
pump. Check the output periodically to prevent application at the
wrong rate.
After you know the output of
your sprayer, you can mix the spray
accurately. To calculate the total
amount of spray needed, multiply
the area to be sprayed, in acres, by
the output, per acre. Add the
recommended amount of acid equivalent—in the form of herbicide

�concentrate—to enough carrier
(water or oil) to equal the total
amount of spray needed.
For example: The calculated output is 5 gallons per acre and you
plan to spray 10 acres at a recommended rate of 1 pound of acid
equivalent per acre. Therefore
you will need a total of 50 gallons of
spray containing 10 pounds of acid
equivalent.
The herbicide concentrate contains 4 pounds of acid equivalent
per gallon. Add 2% gallons of
concentrate (10 pounds total acid
equivalent) to 47% gallons of water.

CLEANING SPRAY
EQUIPMENT
Clean your spray equipment immediately after using it for applying herbicides.
Some crops can be damaged or
killed by traces of phenoxy herbi-

cides that are left in the sprayer
after cleaning. Before applying
fungicides or insecticides to crops
with equipment that has been used
for herbicides, test the equipment
for herbicide traces.
Fill the tank witli water and
spray a few of the crop plants.
Sensitive plants such as tomato,
cotton, and tobacco are good test
plants. Wait a day or two after
spraying. If the crop plants show
no distorted growth after this period, the equipment can be used
safely for spraying the crop. If
the plants are distorted, then clean
the spray equipment again. Retest the equipment for cleanliness
before using it on crops.
For greatest safety with sensitive
crops, apply fungicides or insecticides with equipment that has not
been used for applying herbicides.
You can clean spray equipment
quickly with a suspension of acti-

#-.,•

BK-11740-X

The right half of this field was sprayed with 2,4-D before the corn or weeds emerged.
The left half of the field was not treated.

10

�PRECAUTIONS
Phenoxy herbicides are safe when stored, handled, mixed, and used in accordance with label instructions and sound agricultural practices. Most herbicides
are low in toxicity. However, some can cause injury to man, many domestic
animals, and fish and wildlife if improperly used.
Most herbicides are toxic to many crop plants and ornamentals. Many are
volatile and their vapors and spray drift will cause damage to desirable plants.
Avoid spraying when windy conditions exist.
.Keep herbicides away from children, livestock, and pets. Store herbicides in
closed, well-labeled containers in a dry place where they cannot contaminate
food, feed, or water.
When handling herbicides wear clean, dry clothing. Launder clothing
after each spraying operation before wearing again.
Do not inhale herbicides and avoid contact with spray mist and drift. Avoid
repeated or prolonged contact of herbicide with your skin. Avoid spilling
it on any part of your body—especially your eyes, nose, and mouth. If you
spill it on your body, wash it off with soap and water and remove contaminated
clothing.
To protect fish, wildlife, and livestock, do not clean spraying equipment or
dump excess spray material near lakes, streams, or ponds.
Empty herbicide containers may be hazardous. Dispose of them in accordance with label instructions and the recommendations of your State Extension
weed science specialist or other local agricultural authorities. Do not burn
herbicide containers.

vated charcoal in water. Use at
least ono-third of a tank of water.
For each 10 gallons of water add
% pound of activated charcoal and
}« to % pound of laundry detergent.
Agitate this mixture vigorously to
distribute the charcoal through the
water.
Wash the equipment for 2 minutes by swirling the liquid around in
the tnnk so that it reaches nil parts
of the tank. Pump some of the
liquid through the hose and nozzles.
Then drain the tank and rinse the
equipment with clean water.

SUSCEPTIBILITY CHART
The chart that follows lists the
effects of phenoxy herbicides when

applied as foliage sprays on a number of common weeds. Normal
rate of application for 2,4-D, 2,4,5T,1 MCPA, or silvex is 1 pound per,
ucre; normal rate of application for
2,4-DB is 2 pounds per acre.
The control ratings for the herbicides are interpreted as follows:
Excellent.—One application at normal rate kills the weed.
Good.—Several applications at normal rate needed to kill the weed.
Fair.'—Repeated applications at
normal rate or application at
higher rates needed to kill the
weed.
Poor.—Weed kill is erratic, even
at high rates of application.
1
See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T on
page 2.

11

�Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by @,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB
Control '
Plant name
Alder (Alnus spp )
Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Alyssum, hoary (Berteroa incana)
Amaranth :
Green (Amaranthus hybridus)
_ .
Palmer {A pdl-ineri}
See also Pigweed.
Arrowgrass seaside (Triglochin maritimci)
Arrowhead:
Annual (Sagittario, calycina)
Perennial (S longiloba,}

Type of plant

2,4-D

MCPA

Woody
Perennial
Perennial3 .

Good
Poor__
Fair ...

Annual

Excellent ._ Excellent
do . .
do

do

Perennial

Fair

Annual
Perennial
Woody

Excellent
Fair
.
None

Aster :
Perennial _ _ j
Many-flowered (Aster ericoides)
do Western (A occidentalis)
do .. .
White heath (A pilosus)
do
Woody (XyloTrhiza parryi)
Woody _ _ _
Baccharis, coyote brush (Baccharis salicina)
Perennial
Baileya desert (Baileya multiradicUti)
Annual
Bassia five-hook (Bassid hyssopifolia)
Cornflower:
do .
Batchelor's button (Centdurea cyctnus)
Bedstraw:
do
Cleavers (Gallium aparine)
Perennial.
Smooth (G mollugo)
Beeplant, Rocky Mountain (Cleome serrulctia) Annual
do . .
Beggartick, devils (Bidens frondosa)
Perennial
Florida betony (Stdckys floridana)
Bindweed:
do
Field (Convolvulus arvensis) ..- do . .
Hedge (C sepiuiri)
do

Good
None
Fair.

_. .

2,4,5-T2
Excellent
Fair
. . Excellent
.. do
do

Silvex
Excellent
Fair
Excellent

2,4-DB

Poor.
Excellent

Fair
Excellent
Fair.
None

Good. . _
Poor _ .
Fair__
Poor .
None
Excellent.
Good
Fair. . _

Excellent
Poor

Excellent

do

Poor

Poor
Fair
Poor

Fair
Poor

Do

Do
Do

Good

Excellent
Poor
None. .
Fair
Excellent
Poor
Fair ...
Good _
Fair

do .
do
Bistort, American (Polygonum bistortoides)
Blaekberrv (Rubus SDD.)- -- -- - — Woody ._ ._ None

None
do

Poor
. do

Good

Do
Do

do

Excellent

Excellent
Poor

Fair
Good

Fair
Good

Fair

None_.

Fair
Good

Fair

Fair

do

. ..

Do.

�Blackeyed susan (Rudbeckia serotina)
Bloodweed (Ambrosia aptera)
Blueweed Texas (Helianthus ciliaris)
Bouncingbet (So-ponaria officinalis)
Boxelder (Acer negundo)
Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)
_ __ _
Broomweed common (Gutierrezia dracunculoides) .
Buckeye California, (Aesculus californica)
Buckwheat:
Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum)
Wild (F convolvulus)
Buffalobur (Solatium rostratum)
Bulrush (Scirpus spp.)
Burdock common (Arctium minus)
Buckbrush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus)
Western (S. occidentalis)
Burroweed (Haplopappus tenuisectus)
Buttercup :
Celery leaf (Ranunculus sceleratus)
Corn (R. arvensis)
Creeping (R repens)
Tall (R acris)
Carpetweed (Mollugo verticillato)
Carrot wild (Daucus carota)
Catehfly night flowering (Silene noctiflora)
Catsear spotted (Hypochoeris radicata)
Catnip (Nepeta cataria)
Cattail :
Broadleaf (Typha latifolia)
Ceanothus (Ctxtnothus spp )
Chickweed:
Field (Cerastium arvense)
Mouseear (C. vulgatum)
See footnotes at end of table.

Perennial
Annual
Perennial
do
Woody
Perennial
Annual

Good
Excellent
Fair
Poor
Good
None
Good

Woody
do

do
Fair

Annual
. do
__do
Perennial
Biennial
Annual
Woody
do_. .
Perennial
do _

do
Excellent

None

Poor
Excellent
Fair
Fair
NoneNone
Fair
Fair
Excellent _ Excellent
do
do
Good
Fair
None
Fair
Good
_ do

Annual
Fair
_ _ do . - . GoodPerennial
do
do
- do
do
None
Annual
Excellent
Biennial __
Fair
Annual
None
Perennial
Good
_ -do_ -.
. do

Excellent
do
do
None
Fair.
None
Excellent

. _ do do
Woody
do
do

Fair-. - do
. do
Good
Fair - -

Poordo
Fairdo
Poor

Annual
Perennial
do

do
do
- do
- do
. do - .- -do-

Poor
Good
None
Good

Poor
Good
None
Good

do
Poor

None

Excellent

None

Fair
Good
None
Fair
Excellent do
Fair
Poor
Good
Excellent

Do.
Do.

Fair

Good.

Fair
Excellent
do
None

None.
Excellent.

Fhrfwllpnt,
do
do
None
do
Fair
None
Excellent
do

Excellent
do
do
None
do
Fair
None
Excellent

Excellent
Good.
Excellent.
None.
Excellent.
Fair.
None.
Excellent.

Fair
do
Good
Excellent
Fair

Fair
do

Poor.
Do.
Fair.

Poor

Poor.

Good
do
do

Excellent
do
do

Fair.
Poor.
Do.

�Susceptibility of common weeds to control by %,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and ®,4-DB—Continued
Plant name

Control '

Type of plant
2,4-D

Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Perennial- - Woody

Good
Poor

Cinquefoil:
Blueleaf (Potentilla diversifolia)
Common (P canadensis)

Perennial

Fair
Good
Excellent
Good

Sulfur (P recta)
Cockle :
Corn (Agrostemma githago)
White (Lychnis alba)
Cocklebur common (Xctnthium pensylvanicum).
Coffeeweed (Daubentonia texana)
Coyote brush (Baccharis pilulftris)
Cranebill cutleaf (Geranium dissectum)
Cress hoary (Cctrdaria draba)
Croton :
Lindheimer (Croton lindheimeri)
Texas (C texensis)
Wolly (C capitatus)
- Dandelion (Taraxacum

officinale)

Foothill (Z paniculatus)
Devil's claw (Proboscidea louisianica) -

do

3

Annual
Perennial
8

Annual _ .
Perennial
Annual
Woody
do

Perennial
Annual 3
Perennial
Annual
_ .do .
do
do

Annual
Perennial
- - -do 3
Annual
Perennial
do . .
Woody
Annual _

--

Poor - _
do

Excellent
do

Good
Fair
Excellent
- -do .- _ do
Fair
None
Fair
Excellent
Poor
Fair
Good- .
Excellent
_-_do

MCPA
Good

2,4,5-T 2
Good Fair

Silvex
Good
Fair

do
do

Fair

Fair

Good
None

None

Fair.
None

Fair

Poor
None
Fair - -..

2,4-DB

Fair

_. -.

do

Excellent
do

Fair
Excellent

Excellent
Fair- _ . Fair

Do

None

Do

Good
Good
Excellent
Fair

Excellent- - Good
Good
Excellent ._ Excellent _
._ do
_ _ do
Excellent-

Fair.
Good.
Excellent.

Fair
Good
Fair
None
Excellent - Excellent _ _ Excellent _ _ Good.
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Excellent

�Dock:
Broadleaf (Rumex obtusifolius)
Curlv (R&gt; crispus)
Fiddle (R. pulcher)
Pale (R altissintus)
Veiny (R. venosus)
Dodder:
Ijargeseed (Cuscuta indecora)
Smallseed alfalfa (C. pentagona) _ _ _
Duckweed common (Lemna minor)
Elm (Ulmus spp.)
Eveningprimrose common (Oenothera biennis)
Falseflax smallseeded (Camelina microcarpa)
Fennel dog (Eupatorium capillifolium)
Fiddleneck coast (Amsinckia intermedia)
Filaree, redstem (Erodium cicutarium)
Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium)
Fleabane:
Annual (Erigeron dnnuus)
Oregon (E. speciosus)
Rough {E. strigosus)
Flixweed (Descurainia sophia)
_ Franseria:
Bur (Franseria discolor)
Woollyleaf (F tomentosa)
Galinsoga, hairv (Galinsoga ciliata)
Garlic, wild (Allium vineale)
Geranium, Carolina (Geranium carolinianum)
Goatsrue (Galega offinalis)
Goldenrod (Solidago spp.)
_ _
Gooseberry, sierra (Ribes roezli)
Goosefoot:
Jerusalem-oak (Chenopodium botrys) -- _
Nettleleaf (C. murale)
Oakleaf (C. qlaucuiri)
Gooseweed (Sphenoclca zeylanica)
Gourd, buffalo (Cucurbita foetidissia) _
Goutweed, Bishops (Aegopodium podagraria)
Grapehyacinth (Muscari botryoides)
Greenbrier (Smilax bona-nox)
_ _
Common (S. rotundifolia) _
_
_ _
Gromwell (Lithospermum officinale)
See footnotes at end of table.

Perennial
do
do
do
do - .

Fair
Good
do
do
Excellent
Good
Good
Fair .. ..
Poor
-_do
do
..do
Excellent
- do
Good

Annual
. -do
_ do
Woody
Biennial
Annual
do

Annual
PerenniaL - _
Annual 3
.do

Fair
Fair__do
Good
Excellent. _ Fair.

AnnuaL.
do
_.do
do
Perennial
-_do do
Woody
_do
Perennial

_ _ Fair
do
Good
- Fair .
Good.
Fair
__do . .Excellent
Fair .. .
Excellent
-do
Fair
Poor
None
None
--dodo

Fair.
Fair.

Good

Good

Poor.

None
do
None
Fair
Excellent

None.
Do.

Excellent
Good

Excellent
do

Good

Fair

do
Good
do

Perennial
do
Annual
Perennial
Annual 3
Perennial
_.do
Woody

Good
Poor

Excellent

Do.
Do.
Poor.

None
None
- do. . . do
do
None
Fair
Good

do
Annual 3
Perennial

- -

Good
do

Poor
Excellent
Poor
Excellent -

do

do

Excellent

Excellent

Poor
Excellent
Poor
Good

Poor
Excellent
None
Good

Do.

Excellent.
Good.
Poor.

Do.
Excellent.

Good
Excellent
do
Poor
Poor
None

Excellent
do
Fair

Fair
Poor

Poor
. do

Poor
do

Do.
Do.
None.

�Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—'Continued
Control i
Plant name
2,4-D

Groundcherry:
Clammy (Physalis heterophylla)
Purple flower (P lobotct)
Smooth (P subglabratct)
Wrights {P wrightii)

Woody
do
do
Annual
Perennial
do - .
Annual
do
Perennial. _
do

Groundsel:
Arrowleaf (Senecio triangularis}
Common (5. vulgaris*)
_
Riddell (S riddellii)
Threadleaf (5 longilobus)
Gum:
Sweet (Liquidambar styracifluci)
Tupelo or black (Nyssa sylvaHca)
Gumweed (Grindelio, SQU&amp;TTOSCL)
Halogeton (Halogeton glomsratus)
_Hawksbeard smooth (Crepis capillaris)
Hawkweed:
Orange (fUeracium auruntiacuvri)
Yellow (H. pratense) ~
-

- -

None
do
do
Excellent
Fair

Woody
do
Perennial
Annual 3
Annual

MCPA

2,4, 5-T 2

Silvex

2,4-DB

Fair

Fair

Poor
Excellent
Fair

Poor
Excellent
Good

- do
Poor
. . Poor .-_
Excellent
Excellent
do.. -.
Fair

do
None
Excellent

None
Good

Poor None
Excellent
Fair_ . .. Poor
Poor
do

Good .
Fair

Fair
do

Poor
None

Poor
None

None
Poor

Poor
do --.
Fair
Poor

Poor
do

None
Do

Fair
Good

Excellent

Excellent
Good.

Fair
do

Good
Fair

Poor
None.

None
Fair
Good
Poor

None

Do

None.
Poor

Fair
__ do- Perennial.
.. -do -- - ___do
- do
Woody
None
None
Good
._ do
Healall (Prunella vulgaris)
- - - Perennial
do
Hellebore false western (VeratTum californicutri)
do
Biennial .
do
Excellent
Hemlock poison (Conium maculatum)
Annual
___do
Hemp (Cctnnabis sativa)
Poor
do
Fair
. -do
Poor
do
Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule)
__-do
Woody
Fair .
Hickory (CaTya spp )
Perennial
Excellent
do .
None
None
Hogpotato (HoffmanseggiO'
densiflora)
Poor ... .
Woody _
Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
Fair
do
Excellent
Poor
do
Horsebrush. littleleaf (Tetradvmia alabraia) _

Good

None
Do

Do
Do.
Good

�Horsenettle, Carolina (Solanum carolinense)
Horsetail, field (Equisetum arvense)
Horseweed, marestail (Erigeron canadensis)
Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
Indian-hemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata)
Iris, Rocky Mountain (Iris missouriensis)
Ironweed, Western (Vernonia baldwini). _ _
Ivy, English (Hedera helix)
Jerusalem-artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) _
Jewelweed (Impatiens pallido)
Jimmyweed (Haplopappus pluriflorus)
Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) _
Jointvetch, Northern (Aeschynomene virginica) .
Juniper:
Alligator (Juniperus deppeana)
One-seed (&lt;T monosperma)
Utah (J. osteosperma)
Knapweed:
Brown (Centaurea jacea)
Diffuse (C. diffusa)
Russian (C repens)
Spotted (C. maculosa)
Squarrose (C. virgata var. squarrosa) _
Knawel (Scleranthus annuus)
_
_ _
Kochia (Kochia scopario)
_- -_
Knotweed:
Japanese (Polygonum Cuspidatum)
Prostrate (P aviculare)
Sakhalin (P sachalinense)
Silversheath (P. argyrocoleon) _ _
__
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
Lambsquarters, common (Chenopodium album)
Larkspur:
Little (Delphinium bicolor)
Menzies (D menziesii)
Tall (D. barbeyii)
Duncecap (D occidentale)
Lettuce:
Blue (Lactuca pulchella)
Wild (L. scariola)
See footnotes at end of table.

do
Annual

None
Pair

do
do

Perennial

Fair.

-

_.

Biennial
do
Perennial _
Poor ..
Fair
Annual
Perennial _ _
do. . do . . Good- -.
do

Woody _ _ _
do
do

Perennial
Annual

Perennial
Annual _
Perennial

.do
Annual

Poor.

- Good
Excellent

Fair

Excellent.
None.

None

None
do
do

Do.
Do.
Do.

Poor

Poor

Fair

Good

Do.
Do.

None
Good

Excellent

Excellent

Poor

Poor
Fair

Fair

Poor.

Fair
Excellent

Fair
Excellent

Excellent.

do

Excellent
Fair

..

_

Poor
Fair
Good
Fair .

..

None
Poor
Excellent

. _
Fair
Excellent- _ Excellent
do

None _
Fair
„ None
do

Fair

do

None

Perennial
Annual

Fair.

None

do

-. do - -- - Excellent

do

Poor
Good
Excellent

Poor- _

Annual

Poor.

None

None. _ _

Perennial .
Fair
Biennial _ _ _ Excellent
Poor
Perennial
Biennial
Fair - ...
Perennial
_-_do

do

None

Poor
Good

Poor

Annual
Excellent
PerenniaL - - Fair- ...
Annual
Good- --_
Fair _
do

do

do

Good- -.

do.. _

Fair

Poor
Good

None

Fair
. .. Fair
_ _ _ Excellent. -

do

do

do

None
Fair
None
Fair

Fair

do

Fair

Excellent.

None.

Fair.

�Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—-Continued
Plant name

Control i

Type of plant

2,4-D

MCPA

Annual 3 -- -.
Perennial
Woody
Annual
Perennial- _
Woody
Perennial
_ _do
Woody--

flora) .

Mallow:

Excellent
Fair
Good- Fair

3

Annual
Perennial
Annual
.- _do
Woody
do
Annual
do
do

Mesquite :

Broadleaf (A

Excellent __
Fair _ - _
do _
Excellent
Excellent
None
None

latifolia)

Monevwort (Lvsimachia nummularia) --

None

Silvex

2,4-DB

Fair
Good
Excellent
None

Fair
Good
Excellent
None

Excellent
None

Excellent
do

Excellent

T^Tffllfnt

Fair

Poor
None
Fair
do
None
Good__
Excellent
__-do
Poor
Poor
None
Excellent .- Good
Fair
Poor
do
Fair

Poor
Woody -do -- - None _
Excellent -Annual
do
Fair
_
Good_Perennial
do
Fair__ ...
do
None
do
--do
do
-__do-_ - Woody - .
Perennial
Excellent

2,4,5-T 2

Poor

Poor

Excellent
Fair
do
Good
Fair
do

Fair
Good
Excellent
Poor
Good

Poor
N"one
Excellent
N"one
Poor

None
Excellent
Fair

do
Good
Excellent
Good

Fair
do
Good
do

Fair

None
do
do

Poor
do
do
do

Fxppllpnt,

Fair
do
Good

.None
Excellent
None
Do

Do
Do
Do
Poor

�Morningglory:
Annual
Common (Ipomoea purpurea)
do
Ivyleaf (7. hederacea)
Woolly (/. hirsutula)
do
Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) Woody
Mudplantain (Heteranthera limosa)
Annual
Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
Perennial
Woody
Mulberry (Morus spp.)
Perennial
Mulesears (Wyethio, amplexicaulis)
Mullein:
Biennial
Common (Verbascutn thapsus)
Moth (V. blattaria)
Perennial
Mustard:
Black (Brassica nigra)
Annual
do
Blue (Chorispora tenella)
do__ _ _ _
Haresear (Conringia orientalis)
.
do
Hedge (Sisymbrium ojficinale)
Indian (Brassica juncea)
.do.
do
Tumble (Sisymbrium altissimum)
Wild (Brassica kaber)
do 3
Wormseed (Erysimum cheiranthoides)
Annual
Nettle:
Stinging ( Urtica dioica)
Perennial
Tall (U. procera)
. . _ _Annual.
Niggerhead (Rudbeckia occidentalis)
Perennial
Nightshade:
Black (Solanum nigrum)
Annual
Cutleaf (S trifloruiri)
do
Silverleaf (S. elaeagnifoliitm)
Perennial
Norcal bean (Sophora secundiflora)
do
Nutsedge:
do
Purple (Cyperus rotundus)
do
Yellow (C. esculentus)
Oak:
Woody
Black (Quercus velutina)
do. ...
Blackjack (Q. marilandica)
do
Blue (Q. douglasii)
do
Gambel (Q. gambelii)
.do.
Interior live (Q. wislizenii)
do
Post (Q stellata)
do
Scrub (Q dutnosa)
.do
Shinnery (Q. havardi)
See footnotes at end of table.

do
dodo

Excellent

Excellent
do
do
Poor
Good
None
Poor
Good

Excellent.
Do.
Excellent
Poor.
Fair.

Excellent
Poor
None
Good

Good
None _

Poor
Fair.

Poor

Excellent

Excellent
Poor
Good
Excellent
do
Good
Excellent
do

Excellent
Good

Good
do

Excellent.
None.

Excellent

Excellent
Good

Excellent.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Fair
do
Poor

Fair

Fair

Good

Poor
Excellent

Poor
Excellent

Poor
do

None
do

None
do

None
do

None.
Do.

None
Poor

Fair
do
Poor
Fair

Fair
do

Do.
Poor.

Poor
Good
Fair
Excellent

Do.
None.
Poor.

do
do.
do
do
do

None.

Fair

do
do
do
do

Good

..

do
do.
do

Poor
None
Poor

Poor.

Fair
Poor.
Fair.

Fair

do

Fair.
Excellent.

Good
do.
do

Good

._

Poor

Good
Fair
Excellent

Fair.

�K&gt;

O

Susceptibility of common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, sttvex, and 2,4-DB—Continued
Control &gt;
Type of plant

Plant name

2,4-D

Oak—Continued
Turbinella (Q turbinella)
White (Q alba)
Onion wild (Allium canadense)
Orache (Atriplex hastata)
Osage-orange (MacluTa pomifera)
Parsley desert (Lom&amp;tium gTayi)
Partridgepea (Cassia fasciculata)
Passionflower Maypop (Passijlora incarnata)
Pellitoryweed (Parietaria floridana)
Penny cress field (Thlaspi arvense)
Pennywort, lawn {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides)
Penstemon Rydberg {Penstemon TydbeTgii)
Pepperweed:
Field (l/epidiutn campestre)
Yellowflower (Z/

perfoliatuiri)

Texas (Z) texana}
Pigweed:

Annual
Perennial
Annual
- doWoody
do
Annual
do
do
do

Tumble (A albus)
Plantain:
Blackseed (Plantago rugelii)
Buckhorn (P lanceolate,)
Poison-ivy (Rhus Tadicans)
Poison-oak (Rhus diversiloba)

Woody
do -._
Perennial
AnnualWoody
Perennial _
Biennial
Annual _ _
Perennial _
Annual
do
do
Perennial
do

._

Perennial
do
do
Woody
__ . _
do

Fair
...do
Good
Poor
_ .
Excellent
do
do
Fair
Good
None
Excellent _
Good
Fair
Excellent
Fair
Excellent _
do
Poor
Excellent-

MCPA

None
Poor
Excellent
Excellent

2,4,5-T 2

Poor
Good
Poor ExcellentGood
Excellent
do

Good
None
Excellent
Excellent —
do
do
Poor
Excellent. - Good.
Fair
Excellent
do Excellent
Poor

do
do
.. do
Fair

Excellent
Excellent
-do
do
do- - - .doPoor
None

Excellent- .
do
do
Fair_
___do

Excellent
do
Good
Fair Poor

_ Excellentdo
do
do
_—do

Silvex

2,4-DB

Fair

Poor
None.
Poor

Fair
Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Good
Excellent
Fair
Excellent
Fair
Excellent
Excellent
do
Poor
Good
Excellent
do
do
_..do

None
Good
None
Excellent
Do

Do
Do
Do.
None

Excellent.
Do
Do
None.
Do.

�Yellow (C. viscidiflorus)
Ragweed:
Common {Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Giant (A. trifida)
Western (A. psilostachya)
Rape Bird (Brassica rapa)
Raspberry (Rubus spp.)

Rose:

See footnotes at end of table.

Good
Poor

Fair

Good

Fair

Fair.

Excellent

Good
Fair

Good.
Do.

Poor
do
Excellent

Poor
do Excellent

Excellent.

do
do
do
Fair
Excellent
Good

Do.
Do.
Do.
Poor.
Excellent.
None.

Poor
Excellent

Do.
Good.

Perennial
Annual
do
do
do
Perennial _

Excellent
Fair
Good
Excellent
None

Woody
_ .do.- Annual

Fair
-do
Excellent

Poor
. .do
Excellent

do
do
Good
do
Excellent
Poor
do
do
None
Excellent

do

Woody
-do
...dodo
- do- do
Annual
Perennial
do __

Good
Poor

do
do
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Poor

do
do
Perennial. _
Annual

Redvine (Brunnichia, cirrhosa)

Cherokee (R laevigata)
Macartney {R bracteata)
JMultiflora (R multiflora)
Prairie {R pratincold)
Woods (R. woodsii)
Rubberweed:
Bitter (Hymenoxys odorata)
Colorado (H richardsoni)
Rue, African (Peganum harmctla)
Sage:
Creeping (Salvia sonomensis)
Purple (S. leHcophytta) _

Fair
None

Perennial
do
.do _.
Annualdo
Woody . . .
.

...do
do
Perennial 3
Perennial
Biennial
Woody .

Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)
Pondweed (Potamogeton spp.)
Ponyfoot (Dichondra repens) Poorjoe (Ttiodia tares}
Poppy Roemer (Roemeria refractct)
Prickly-ash Northern (Xanthoxylutn arnericanum) .
Pricklvpear (Opuntia spp.)
Pricklv poppy (Argemone intermedia)
Purslane common {Portulaca oleracea)
Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris)
Pusley Florida (Richardia scabra)
Queensdelight (Stillingia sylvatica)
Rabbi thrush:

_ __

do .
do

Fair
do

Fair
do

do

Fair
Excellent
None
None
Excellent

None
Fair

do
Poor
Fair
None

Fair

Excellent
Good
do
Poor
do
Excellent

Fair

Fair
do
Good
Fair
Excellent
Fair

^None

Fair
do

None
do

Excellent
Good
Good
- _do

do
do
do

Fair

Good

do

Excellent
Good
Fair
None.

Fair.

�Susceptibility of common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—'Continued

KJ

Plant name

Control !

Type of plant
2,4-D

Sage—C ontinu ed
Sagebrush:

Salsify:
Meadow (T. pratensis)

Perennial
Woody
do
do

do
Excellent
do

Biennial
do, _ .
Woody
Annual

Good
do
_
None
Poor
Fair
Fair
Good
do
Fair
Good
Excellent
None
None
Good
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Good

do

Snake weed:

Sowthistle:

Soanishneedles (Bidens bimnnata) _ _ _ _ - -

2,4,5-T

2

Silvex

2,4-DB

Good

Perennial
do
do
Annual
do
Smart-weed:

MCPA

Poor
Good"

Annual
do
Perennial
do

do
do
Poor
Fair

Fair
do

do
do
Annual
do

do Good
Excellent
Fair

Fair

do
Perennial
Annual
do

Excellent
Fair
Excellent
do

Good
do
do

Fair

None

Good

Poor.

Fair
Poor
Good. -.
do

Good
Poor
Excellent
Fair

None.
Fair.
Do

None
Excellent

Poor
Good

None.
Good

Fair
_ do
___do

Fair

Excellent
Excellent
Fair

. do
Good. .
Excellent
Good

Excellent
Fair
Excellent.
Excellent.. _-.do

Good
Fair ..

_

Do.
Do.

Poor
Poor.
do
Good .. .
Excellent
Good.
Fair.
Fair
Excellent -_

Excellent.
Fair.
Excellent.

�10
w

Speedwell:
Common (Veronica officinalis)
Corn (V. arvensis)
Purslane (V. peregrina)Spikerush (Eleocharis palustris)
Spurge:
Flowering (Euphorbia corollata)
Leafy (E. esula)
Spotted (E. maculata)
_
Spurry, corn (Spergula arvensis)
Squaw-berry (Rhus trilobata)
Starthistle, yellow (Centaurea solstitialis)
Sticktight, European (Lappula echinata)
Strawberry, wild (Fragaria spp.)
St Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)
Spotted (H . punctatum)
Sumpweed, rough (Iva ciliata)
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Sweetclover, annual yellow (Melilotus indica)
Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora)
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgar e)
Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata)
Thistle:
Blessed (Cnicus benedictus). _
Blue (Echium vulgare)
Bull (Cirsium vulgare)
Bristly (C. horridulum) _ Canada (C. arvense)
Russian (Salsola kali)
Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctorial _- -_
Toadflax:
Blue (Linaria canadensis)
Yellow (L. vulgaris) ._ . _ - _
Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)
Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Trumpet creeper (Catnpsis radic&amp;ns)
Velvet-leaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Vervain :
Blue (Verbena hastata)
Hoary (V. stricta)
Prostrate (V. bracteata) Roadside (V bonariensis)
See footnotes at end of table.

Perennial
Annual
do
Perennial

do

Woody
Annual
. _ _ do
Perennial
-do
do

Fair
Excellent
do
do

.do
do

Poor
FairExcellent

Woody
Perennial
Annual

__ do
Biennial

do

Woody
do
do

Annual
Perennial
do

.do
do

-

None.
Do.

Poor

Poor.

None
Poor

Fair
Fair
Fair

None.

do

None

Poor

Fair

None
do

do

Annual

Perennial

Good
Poor

Poor
do

Fair

do

Fair.
Good. Poor

Fair
Poor

None

Fair

do
do
do

Annual

Perennial
Perennial
Annual
do

None
do
doFair

do

Poor

do
do

do

Poor

do

3

Fair
Excellent
Fair.
do

Good
. do
Poor
None.,
Good
Fair
Poor
Excellent
do
Good . ..
Excellent Good

Do.
Poor.
None.
Do.

Fair
Good
Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

None

Poor
Fair

Poor

Excellent.
Do.
Poor.

Fair
Excellent

Fair
Excellent

Excellent

Excellent.

Fair
Good

Fair
Good
Excellent

Fair
Good

Fair.
Good.

None
Fair
Good
Excellent

None.
Fair.
Poor.
None.
Excellent.

None - - _ None
Fair
Fair
None
Excellent
do
Fair
Good
Good

�Susceptibility of common weeds to control by %,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—-Continued

M

Plant name

Control '

Type of plant
2,4-D

Vetch:
T^arrowleaf (Vicia angustifolia}
Milk (Astragalus spp,)
Two grooved (A bisulcatus)
Wild (Vicia spp.)
Violet (Viola spp )
Walnut, black (Juglans nigra) _ _ _ _
Waterhemlock spotted (Cicuta maculatci)
Water-hvacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Waterplantain (Alismci triviale)
Waterweed Canada (Elodea canadensis)
Willow (Salix spp )
Witch/weed (Striga asiatica}
Woodsorrel yellow (Oxalis strictd)
Yarrow :
Common (AchiUea millefolium}
Western (A lanulosa)
Yellow-rocket (Barbarea vulgaris}

1

Excellent
Good
Excellent

Annual
Perennial
do

Annual
Perennial
Woody
Perennial

do

Poor
Excellent
Good

do
do

do

do - - _

Perennial
Woody
Perennial

3

Silvex

Excellent
None

Excellent

2,4-DB

Excellent
Good . _ _ Excellent _

Excellent _

Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
None

Poor.

For explanation of control ratings, see "Susceptibility Chart," page 11.
See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T, page 2.
3
Sometimes biennial.

2

2,4,5-T 2

Fair
do

Excellent
Fair
Good
Excellent
Poor
Good
Fair

_ do
Woody
Annual
Perennial
Annual
Perennial
do

MCPA

Excellent
do
do

Excellent
Good
Excellent
do

_ do
Good _ ._ Good . .
Good -._
Excellent _ Excellent _ Excellent
None_
-- do Fair
Good
Fair

Good
do

Poor
Fair
Good
do

Poor

Excellent

Good.
Excellent.

Poor

None.

Fair

Fair.
None.

do
do

Do.

�</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;"&gt;The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>Klingman, D. L.</text>
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                <text>Using Phenoxy Herbicides Effectively</text>
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