1 15 2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 050 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1326 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lillie, Thomas H. James M. Livingston Mark A. Hamilton Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Title A name given to the resource Recommendations for Selecting and Decontaminating Pesticide Applicator Clothing Subject The topic of the resource agricultural exposure human testing protective clothing safety ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/bfc340b7952643997e4c10d311f48854.pdf 72c9c2d35f4cbcdb842d5b9b92bb7fa1 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01304 Author Lillie Corporate Author United States Air Force Occupational and Environmental Report/Article TitlO ' "Thomas H. Tne Effects of Water Temperature on Decontamination of Pesticide Applicator Clothing Journal/Book Title Year 198 Month/Day September Color ° Ll Number of Images 12 DOSCrlptOD NOtOS ^'v'n L- Young filed this item under the category "Human Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicides and TCDD" report no. OEHL 80-35 Thursday, April 26, 2001 Page 1304 of 1328 �k €iis PESTIC IDE:: AP4PLICATORSCLOTHI Septieniberj^lsbl Approved for public release; distribution unlimited : ' » " PREPARED BY: Thomas H;'LiHie, Captain, USAF, BSC Mark A.iHa'miltqn, 'Captain, USAF,:BSC ''<~^^^\^--:^^^i^^^:^^^^ James Drtv Livingston, Major, USAF, BSCwn••£_.„._'_..-;_^^u_^j^n^rM-r^'i^^ M. | Qv> Kathv "- ' ,f ,,,;,, >?: IMC? ygJ&wliuN TO rUBUCATION ON G.,..-ji-{tj?. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory ^;^5WS^¥^®^Pac« Medicaf. Division (AFSC) '.'::^;;;S||rv'x'.: ^ yj":'if. •-•;:.V;Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235 }^;*{!•;' •; ".. i; V '"'•;. '':-\\.^$-^/-!^'''^'^'^ :^^^:'^^:^i^i^::^- • "'"'••'''i'&J �UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO 1. REPORT NUMBER OEHL READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 3. RECIPIENT'S C A T A L O G NUMBER 80-35 5. TYPE OF REPORT a PERIOD COVERED 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) The Effects of Water Temperature on Decontamination of Pesticide Applicator Clothing Final 6. P E R F O R M I N G ORG. REPORT N U M B E R 7. AUTHORfs; 8. C O N T R A C T OR G R A N T N U M B E R f s . ) " 9. P E R F O R M I N G O R G A N I Z A T I O N N A M E AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA a WORK UNIT NUMBERS Ms Kathy Porter Thomas H. Li Hie, Capt, USAF Mark A. Hamilton, Capt, USAF James M. Livingston, Maj, USAF* US Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory Brooks AFB TX 78235 II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE US Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory Brooks AFB TX 78235 September 1980 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME fl> ADDRESSf/f different {torn Controlling Oltice) 15. SECURITY CLASS, (ot this report) Unclassified I Sa. DECLASSI FIG ATI ON/DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. D I S T R I B U T I O N S T A T E M E N T (of the abstract entered In Block 20, II dltlerent horn Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES *Chief, Environmental Quality Branch •USAFATiRL/THE Wright-Patterson AFB OH 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide H necessary and Identity by block number) decontamination pesticide applicator 20. ABSTRACT (Con(/nue on reverse side If necessary and Identity by block number) The mean quantities of pesticide residue remaining in pesticide treated cloth samples were compared after washing in cold (30°C), warm (43°C), or hot (60°C) water. The pesticides malathion, bromacil, diazinon, chlordane, and propoxur were tested. A significant (p = 0.01) amount of pesticide residue was removed regardless of water temperature; however, there was a trend toward increased residue removal with increased temperature. It is recommended that the wash water temperature be >_ 60°C to achieve maximum decontamination of pesticide applicator clothing. . DD , 1473 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) �TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 1 A. Washing Procedures 1 B. Analytical Procedure 2 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IV. RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES 2 5 6 �TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE. LIST OF TABLES ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 1 A. Washing Procedures 1 B. Analytical Procedure 2 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IV, RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES 2 5 B �LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Detection limit and range of sensitivity for each detector used in the analytical procedure. 2 2 Percentage of pesticide residue removed from cloth samples by washing in cold (30°C), warm (43 C), and hot (60°C) washwater. 3 3 Mean retention of pesticide residue (mg), +_ standard error, for the unwashed controls and samples washed in cold (30 C), warm (43 C), and hot (60 C) water. Means followed by a common letter for each pesticide are not significantly differenct at p = 0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. 4 �ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Ms Suzzane Salinas ^or assisting with the washing procedures. iii �I. INTRODUCTION The clothing worn by pesticide applicators is subjected to contamination by both concentrated and diluted pesticide solutions during routine mixing and application activities. Significant levels of pesticide residues in worker clothing have been reported'>2 and the type of fabric has been shown to affect penetration and retention of the residues.3 Pesticide residue in contaminated clothing can be reduced with home laundering techniques;4>5 however, it is not advisable to wash such material with the family wash.6 Finley et al^ have shown that DDT, toxaphene, and methyl parathion residues in contaminated clothing remain toxic to living organisms, even after the clothing has been subjected to repeated washings. A washer and dryer are authorized by the USAF Table of Allowances (TA 483) for USAF pest management facilities but guidance on washing procedures has not been established. Specific procedures for decontaminating the clothing of workers exposed to methyl parathion have been published. Under such procedures, the recommended washwater temperature is 60°C or higher. 1 The USAF has also unofficially recommended the 60°C water temperature. The Department of Energy has recommended a maximum temperature setting of 40°C for general purpose hotwater lines®. This temperature was established for energy conservation. At the request of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, the USAF OEHL evaluated the effects of washwater temperature on decontamination of pesticide applicator clothing. The objective of this study was to compare the mean quantities of pesticide residue remaining in contaminated clothing after washing in cold (30°C), warm (43°C), or hot (60°C) water. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Washing Procedures The concentrated pesticides malathion (91.5%), bromacil (21.9%), : diazinon (47.5%), chlordane (71.5%), and propoxur (13.9%) were tested. Dilute solutions of diazinon (0.5%), chlordane (1.0%), and propoxur (1.1%) were also prepared for testing. Cotton coveralls (NSN 8405-00-082-5529) were obtained through normal government procurement procedures and used as the test fabric. The coveralls were cut into 5 x 5 cm samples and 1 ml of a given pesticide was pipetted directly onto each cloth sample in a manner which prevented runoff from the cloth edges. The treated samples were allowed to air dry for 24 hours following treatment. Four samples of each pesticide and four blanks (untreated cloth samples) were prepared for each wash temperature, 1 '•. All cloth samples, blank or pesticide1 treated, were washed together at a given temperature in a one-speed Whirlpool * washing machine operating at 68 agitations per minute. Fifty grams (1/2 cup) of government procured laundry detergent (Local Purchase No. 7930-L2024-54-3047) were added to each wash. The detergent was a no-phosphorus product which contained sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, silica, and a trace of alky! aryl sulfonate. The pH of a 1% solution of the detergent was approximately 11. After a 14-minute wash followed by two rinses (35-minute total time), the samples were dried for 30 minutes in a Whirlpool gas dryer. The samples were then individually wrapped in aluminum foil and held for analysis. �An unwashed group containing control samples and blanks was also prepared for analysis. The control samples were treated with pesticide in the manner previously described. B. Analytical Procedure The bromacil samples were soaked for 30 minutes in 100 ml of methanol while all other pesticide samples were soaked for the same duration in TOO ml of pesticide grade hexane. The solulIon was then analyzed by either gas chromatography or ultraviolet absorption.. An external reference solution of each pesticide was used as a standard for all analyses. The type of detector employed was dependent upon the chemical structure of a given pesticide. The detection limit and range of sensitivity for each detector used is given in Table 1. Table 1. Detection limit and range of sensitivity for each detector used in the analytical procedure. PESTICIDE(S) DETECTOR Diazinon and Malathion Flame Photometric" 200 ng Electron Capture 40 ng Ultraviolet 50 yg Chlordane and Bromacil Propoxur : , LIMIT SENSITIVITY + 200 ng + 40 ng + 50 yg The columns used in the gas chromatographs were 3% Dexsil 300 on 80/100 Chromosorb W/AW on the electron capture instrument and 5% 0V 210 on 80/100 Gas Chrom Q for the flame photometric instrument. A 5 yl injection volume was used on the gas chromatograpliic instruments. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION * The analytical results for each pesticide at each temperature and the control samples were compared using an analysis of variance.^ A significant (p - 0.01) amount of residue was removed regardless of water temperature : (Table 2). There was a tendency for increased residue removal with increased temperature but the difference was not significant (p = 0,05) for all pesticides when the data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test (Table 3)JP Diazinon removal was the most sensitive to changes in water temperature (Table 2). For the concentrated material, 85.3% of the residue was removed in the cold treatment whereas 96.1% was removed in the hot treatment. The effect of water temperature was more noticeable for the dilute solution. The amount of residue removed by the hot water wash (99.4%) was significantly (p = 0.05) greater than the amount removed by the cold (68.2%) or warm (79.1%) water treatments. �Table 2. Percentage of pesticide residue removed from cloth samples by washing in cold (30°C), warm (43 C), and hot (60°C) washwater. PESTICIDE (%) % REMOVED BY WASH COLD WfiRMHOT Diazinon (47.5) ( 0.5) 85.3 68.2 a 79.1 96.1 99.4 Propoxur (13.9) (1.1) 81.9 ND 99.6 ND ND ND Chlordane (71.5) ( 1.0) 99.9. 63.0 96.2 51.7 97.9 56.0 90.4 96.6 99.97 93.0 95.4 97.1 Bromacil (21.9) ; Malathion (91.5) ND = No residue detected a = analytical error The degree of propoxur removal was also influenced by water temperature (Table 2). The amount removed varied from 81.9% in the cold water to 99.6% in the warm water. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.05). The amount of propoxur residue, if any, remaining in the hot water samples was below the detection limit. Essentially all of the propoxur residue was removed by the washing process from all samples treated with the dilute solution. The pesticides bromacil and malathion followed the same trend of increased residue removal with increased temperature (Table 2). The results, however, were not significantly different (p = 0.05) when the data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The primary factor contributing to a lack of significant difference was that over 90% of the residue from both pesticides was removed by all wash temperatures. Results from the chlordane tests did not follow the trend observed for the other pesticides (Table 2). Chlordane was more stable with regards to water temperature. The persistence of chlordane, like many other chlorinated hydrocarbons, is well documented.'! The blank (untreated) cloth samples were even found to be contaminated with chlordane for this study. The degree'of contamination ranged from 0.99 to 16.8 yg of chlordane when 16 samples were examined. The mean contamination rate was 7.41 yg/sample. �F Table 3. -Mean retention of pesticide residue (mg), +_ standard error, for the unwashed controls and samples •'washed in cold (30QC), warm (43°C), and hot (60°C) water. Means followed by a common letter for . each pesticide are not significantly different at' p = 0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. PESTICIDE (%} UNWASHED ' COLD ; 360.00 + 80.963 53.35 +_ 2.75 b 11.18+ 0.939 3.51 + 0.69 b Propoxur (13.9) 167,00+ 18.00* 3 0 . 2 5 + 3.22 b ( T.I) 1.21 + 0.05a ND Diazinon (47.5) ( 0.5) Chlordane(71.5) . 16,675.00 +3,745. 30a b 3 . 8 2 + 0.70 b 10.33+ l.ioa Bromacil (21.9) 321.75+ 18.453 l ' 585.00+ 62.929 40.80 + 13. 27b ND = No residue detected 2.28+ 0.50b 0.68+ 0.33^ ND . b t - : 14.35 +_. 1.85b ND c ND b 344.25 :: 42.96 b ; 4.99+ 0.55b 4.55 + 0.34 b 10.82+ 0.45 b 0.09 +_ 0.03b 27.20 + 3.07b ; "H 0.07 + 0.02 C 636.67 + 205. 99b 30.90+10.35 b " Malathion(91.5) HOT \ analytical error 17.33+ 3.76b ( i.o) WARM tf. 16.70 + 1.97b CXS 4 �REFERENCES CITED 1. Finley, E.L. and J.R.B. Rogillio. 1969. DDT and methyl para, thion residues found in cotton and cotton-polyester fabrics worn in cotton fields. Bull. Environ. Contain, and Toxicol. 4: 343-351. 2. Ware, G.W., D.P. Morgan, B.J. Estesen, W.P. Cahill, and D.M. Whitacre. 1973. Establishment of re-entry intervals for organophosphate-treated cotton fields based on human data: I. Ethyl- and methyl parathion. Arch. Environ. Contam. and Toxicol. 1: 48-59. 3. Livingston, J.M. 1978. Evaluation of cotton and polyester ..,.,...,, coveralls for protection from pesticides. USAF OEHL Tech. Report 78-75: .7 pp. \ . ' ''' 4. Finley, E.L., G.I. Metcalfe, F.G. McDermott, J.B. Graves, P.E. Schilling, and F.L. Bonner. 1974. Efficacy of home laundering in removal of DDT, methyl parathion and toxaphene residues from contaminated fabrics. Bull. Environ. Contam. and Toxicol. 12: 268-274. 5. Satoh, M. 1979. Photochemical reaction, of chlorothalonil in organic solvents. Bull. Environ. Contam. and Toxicol. 2: 590-597. 6. Karches, G.J., W.E. Straub, C.P. Roper, P.A. Froehlich, T.F. Bloom, and M.L. vanMeter. 1977. NIOSH Health and Safety Guide for Pesticide Formulators. DHEW (NIOSH) Pub. No. 77-100. 102 pp. 7. Finley, E.L., J.B. Graves, T.A. Summers, P.E. Schilling, and H.F. Morris. 1977. Some facts about methyl parathion contamination of clothing in cotton fields and its removal by home laundering. La. Agri. Expt. Sta. Circ. No. 104. 7 pp. 8. Federal Register. 1979. Emergency building temperature restrictions. Vol 44(103):39354. 9. Barr, W.H., J.P. Sail, J.H. Goodnight, and J.T. Helwig. SAS User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Raleigh NC. p. 121-130. 1976. 10. Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statisties, with Special Reference to the BiologicaTSciences. McGraw-Hill.New York. p. 107-109. 11. Negherbon, W.O. 1959. Handbook of Toxicology Volume III, Insecticides a Compendium. USAF WADC Tech. Report 55-16: 854 pp. �The notable results, from our study, were the trend toward increased residue removal with increased washwater temperature, and the significant (p = 0.05) effect of washwater temperature on diazinon and propoxur removal. Over 80% of the pesticide residue was consistently removed in all temperatures for all pesticides except the dilute solutions of chlordane and diazinon. Over 96% of the residue was removed by the hot water wash for all pesticides except the dilute solution of chlordane. The amount of propoxur residue was significantly decreased by washing tlie contaminated cloth in water >_43°C and diazinon residue was significantly decreased in water >60°C. Both propoxur and diazinon are commonly used in the military and diazinon is probably the foremost used insecticide in the USAF. Use frequency should be considered when establishing general standards based on our results, IV. RECOMMENDATION The washwater temperature should be >60°C (140°F) to achieve maximum decontamination of pesticide applicator clothing. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 050 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1304 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lillie, Thomas H. Mark A. Hamilton James M. Livingston Kathy Porter Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: United States Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-09-01 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Water Temperature on Decontamination of Pesticide Applicator Clothing Subject The topic of the resource protective clothing decontamination ao_seriesIII