1 15 5 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/83963f1b9527c19194edd5ddcc2b5c76.pdf b5fb8444c6a3d1ce3d6abaa03e81eb3a PDF Text Text Item ID Number °2778 Author Palmer, J. S. COTPOratO Author Agricultural Research Service, United States Departmen D Report/Article Title Toxicity of 45 Organic Herbicides to Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens Journal/Book Title Year 1972 Month/Day March Color n Number of Images 43 DOSCrlptOn NOtBS Stock Number 0100-1502 Thursday, November 01, 2001 Page 2778 of 3007 �Toxicity of 45 Organic Herbicides to Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens Production Research Report No. 137 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE �CONTENTS Summary >. Introduction —_'...,—. . ~ „_... Interpretation of hazard Experimental animals Experimental materials and dosages Results . Chlorophenoxy compounds Chlorinated aliphatic acid compounds Amide compounds Phenyl urea compounds Carbamate compounds Thiocarbamate compounds Arsenical compounds Substituted dinitroaniline compounds Dipyridyl compounds Phthalamic acid compounds Miscellaneous compounds Conclusion - ...- r... . , 1 1 2 3 3 5 5 10 13 14 „„.. 17 18 22 24 26 28 29 37 This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Trade names are used in this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or an endorsement by the Department over other products not mentioned. Washington, P.O. Issued March 1972 For Sale by the Superintendent of Document!, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 — Price 40 cents Stock number 0100-1802 �Toxicity of 45 Organic Herbicides to Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens By J. S. PALMER, veterinary medical officer, Veterinary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural Research Service 12 SUMMARY Results of studies of the toxicity of 45 formulated organic herbicides to cattle, sheep, and chickens are presented. These herbicides are used extensively in this country. All such compounds have had registered recommended uses for various agricultural uses with three having this registration currently discontinued. A total of 238 yearling cattle, 333 one- to two-year-old sheep, and 1,430 six-week-old chickens were studied. An arbitrary yield of forage and rate of consumption were selected to evaluate the hazard to cattle, sheep, and chickens likely to exist under the most severe conditions of use. Repeated doses of the herbicides were administered in gelatin capsules or as waterdiluted solutions by drench or pipette. The usual period of study was 10 days, or until toxicologic effects appeared. The signs of poisoning by most of the herbicides included anorexia and weight loss or reduced weight gains. In many instances digestion was impaired by congestion or redness of the intestinal mucosa. Macroscopic lesions on necropsy varied widely between herbicides and occasionally among test animals dosed by varying quantities of the same herbicide. Prominent and distended cranial vessels were often associated with depression and ataxia before death. The liver and kidneys were most frequently involved. The most common or moderate rates of application of many of these herbicide formulations are not a hazard to cattle, sheep, or chickens. The maximum rates of some approach or surpass a hazardous concentration in one or more of the test species. The minimum or single recommended rate for a few of these herbicides would present a similar hazard. INTRODUCTION The Veterinary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, investigates the toxicologic effects of agricultural chemicals to farm animals. It has previously reported on the toxicity of 29 herbicides to cattle, sheep, and 1 J. S. Palmer is at the Toxicological Research Laboratory, Kerrville, Tex. 78028. 2 Acknowledgment is made to personnel of the Plant Science Research Division of ARS and Pesticides Regulation Division, Environmental Protection Agency (formerly of ARS) for their suggestions, revisions, and comments. chickens,3 The procedure used in these studies was generally short term—10 or fewer consecutive daily doses. This regimen was considered a type of exposure that might be expected when these animals consumed relatively large quantities of the organic herbicides for a short time. The likelihood of poisoning was assessed in relation to the toxic dosage to each animal s PALMER, J. S., and RADELEFF, R. D. THE TOXICITY OP SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS. U.S. Dept. Agr. Prod. Res. Rpt. 106, 26 pp. 1969. �PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U S DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE .. species and the amounts of the herbicide recommended for application to vegetation. These same testing procedures were continued for this present report. Thus the same criteria can be used for evaluating each organic herbicide. Forty-five additional herbicides were chosen for the current studies, based on the extent of usage of the herbicides, both past and present, in agriculture. All have been registered for agricultural use and most retain current registration with the Pesticides Regulation Division, Environmental Protection Agency. Therefore, toxicity data from all test animals exposed to each herbicide have been included. This inclusion allows a more complete study of the effects of various chemicals to the test animals. Two or more salt or ester formulations of the commonly used chlorophenoxy herbicides were tried. Other herbicides, grouped as to similarity of chemical structure, were chlorinated aliphatic acid, amide, phenyl urea, carbamate, thiocarbamate, arsenical, substituted dinitroaniline, dipyridyl, phthalamic acid, and miscellaneous compounds. The impetus for toxicologic studies to animals relates ultimately to the direct and indirect influence on man. In a recent review, only eight organic herbicides were proved to have caused human poisoning.4 For every fatal case, however, there are an estimated 100 nonfatal cases because there is no general rule of reporting their occurrence. The degree of hazard to man and animals from exposure to an organic herbicide depends upon many complex factors, in- cluding its extent of misuse. Although the thorough examination of any single factor is not completely reliable, acute oral toxicity studies, involving relatively large doses over a short period of time, lend themselves to an assessment of potential injury from other types of exposure. In studies at the Toxicological Research Laboratory, Kerrville, Tex., an observable sign of abnormal function or behavior of the test animal was considered as an adverse effect or poisoning. This effect was manifested by anorexia (lack or loss of appetite for feed—either partial or complete) in its mildest form to convulsions, sudden death, or both, Other animals during the trial period had no apparent ill effects, including anorexia. However, a decrease in total body weight was attributed to interference with feed utilization. A 5-percent or more weight loss in cattle or sheep or a 5-percent or more reduced weight gain in chickens was considered significant. With the appearance of a mandibular area enlargement in cattle and sheep, following doses by drench, the continuation of the regimen was usually carried out by doses incorporated in gelatin capsules. All such cases were documented under each organic herbicide studied. All of these were classified as "irritation effect only" because others of the same species failed to exhibit adverse effects at the same or the next higher dosage levels. Other animals, more severely affected, were considered poisoned because of other signs and conditions produced. INTERPRETATION OF HAZARD To relate the toxic dosages found for cattle, sheep, and chickens to the application rates recommended for each herbicide,5 the probable amounts that could be consumed daily from * HAYES, W. J., JR. PESTICIDES AND HUMAN TOXICITY. In Biological Effects of Pesticides in Mammalian Systems. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Ann. 160(1): 40-54. 1969. B U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. U.S.D.A. SUMMARY OF REGISTERED AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE CHEMICAL USES. HERBICIDES, DEFOLIANTS, DESSICANTS, PLANT REGULATORS. Ed. 3, v. 1, 227 pp. [Includes replacement pages to Jan. 16, 1970.] 1968. recently sprayed fields or pastures were calculated. In these calculations, neither the influence of environmental factors nor the decomposition rates of the herbicides were considered. An arbitrary, although realistic, yield of 0.1 pound of air-dry forage per square foot of area was selected, which is the equivalent to approximately 2 tons per acre. This quantity would represent a high-quality, improved pasture (with adjustment for local conditions). A sparse cover of vegetation would allow more of the herbicide to reach the ground and be unavailable to animals, whereas a more lush cover �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS would tend to hold more of the material available. In the latter case,, however, less of the forage of the area would be consumed in any one day. Further assumptions were: (1) That an animal would consume, as forage, 3 percent of its body weight each day; and (2) that all the chemical formulation applied would adhere to the vegetation. Although this latter is never actually the case, this assumption gives the maximum exposure to be expected. An application of 1 pound of chemical to 1 acre of land provides 10.4 milligrams for each square foot. We may simplify the whole calculation to a single statement that 1 pound actual of herbicide per acre provides a 7-milligram per kilogram (mg./kg.) dosage to the animal under the conditions here assumed to exist. Each 2.2 pounds of animal weight equals 1 kilogram or 1,000 grams. In turn, 1 pound equals 454 grams. The equivalent of 1,000 mg./kg. is 454 milligrams per pound (mg./lb.). EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS The cattle and sheep treated were obtained directly from local farmers and ranchers or through local auctions and ,were commercial stock. Cattle were of mixed breeding and sex, approximately 9 to 16 months old, and were classified as yearlings. Sheep were ewes and wethers of predominantly Delaine breeding. The cattle and sheep were maintained in open pens and provided with rations of grain concentrates and hay. Mineral supplement and water were allowed as free choice. Most chickens were White Leghorns of mixed sex, hatched from pathogen-free eggs to overcome inherent endemic disease lesions masking those produced by the organic herbicides. All chickens were held in brooder or grower pens for 6 weeks, first on a commercial starting feed and later on a growing mash; then the trials were started. Before each experiment was started, each of the chickens was weighed and legbanded, then placed with four others in isolated cages. All five were treated at the same dosage level of the organic herbicide. An additional chicken in each cage, also weighed and legbanded, served as a control. Cattle and sheep were routinely studied without parallel controls. Animals treated at less than toxic dosages were considered to gain weights at rates comparable with rates for untreated animals with no other alteration of behavior. To investigate these observations further, 10 yearlings and 14 sheep, equally divided as to sex and age, were purchased from a common environmental background (tables 1 and 2). A prolonged period of acclimatization to feed and restricted pens was allowed. Ten-day exposure periods with four organic herbicides in cattle and five in sheep were carried out in which total feed consumption and its effect on weight was measured. Dosage levels were selected as those causing a loss of weight previously in one or more animals. Results of this special trial varied between paired animals or between species exposed to each herbicide. Anorexia, metabolic interference, or increased utilization were the apparent effects of the herbicides. The variance in individual tolerance in this trial appeared to be the greatest single factor to the adverse effects at the minimum toxic dosages. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND DOSAGES The various organic herbicides studied were all in commercially available formulations. Dosages were calculated on a mg./kg. basis for the active ingredient(s) of each chemical formulation to the body weight of the test animals. Dosages were periodically recalculated in chronic studies as the weight of the animals changed. Cattle and sheep were dosed by drench or capsule. Drenching was resorted to because of a shortage of gelatin capsules and fairly large daily doses. It consisted of diluting the calculated formulation with water, administering it by use of a syringe, and following this with a water rinse. This method of dosing was restricted to test animals because of the irritation effects of �PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U S DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE .. the chemical formulations on the mucosa of the upper digestive tract. This was especially evident in cattle, but occasionally in sheep. A balling gun, with the formulations in appropriatesize gelatin capsules, was used where circumstances permitted. Chickens were dosed by water-diluted formu- lation by use of pipettes or by formulations in gelatin capsules. The treated chickens and the control in each cage were handled similarly; the controls were given untreated water or empty capsules. The method used to select the number of doses administered and the dosage rates for each test TABLE 1.—Effects of various organic herbicides administered as minimum toxic dosages to cattle for 10 days as related to feed consumption and utilization Feed consumption Body weight Remarks Daily range Herbicide A... A.. B_. B C.. ._ C.._ D D Control.. Control . ... Total Initial Final Pounds 0.3 - 4.5 .3 - 5.3 3.9 - 5.5 2.5-4.0 4.8-5.3 1.1-2.6 0 -4.5 0 -3.3 3.5 - 4.5 .4 - 5.3 Pounds 20.5 26.2 52.1 46.2 51.3 18.2 8.1 12.6 41.5 33.0 Pounds 275 370 330 295 355 340 340 292 362 365 Pounds 262 365 320 310 355 340 330 284 362 370 Differential Pounds -13 -5 -10 15 0 0 -10 -8 0 5 Percent -5 —1 —3 5 0 0 —3 -3 0 1 Partial anorexia. Do. Metabolic interference. Increased utilization. Metabolic interference. Partial anorexia. Anorexia. Do. No remark. Do. TABLE 2.—Effects of various organic herbicides administered as minimum toxic dosages to sheep for 10 days as related to feed consumption and utilization Feed consumption Body weight Remarks Herbicide A A B__. B.___ . C C... D. . ... . D... . . E E. . Control Control Control Control Dafly range Total Initial Final Pounds 1.1-1.3 1.1-1.4 1.1 - 1.4 1.4 .8-1.1 .1 - 1.3 .1 - 1.0 0 -1.3 0 -1.0 1.3 - 1.4 .7 - 1.0 .5-kO .3 - 0.8 .4 - 1.0 Pounds 12.0 13.3 13.3 14.4 9.7 5.5 3.5 8.1 1.7 13.1 9.1 7.3 5.4 7.4 Pounds 70.5 68.5 60.0 66.0 61.5 61.0 69.0 67.5 63.0 73.0 60.0 65.0 59.0 66.0 Pounds 75.0 74.0 65.0 63.0 65.5 58.5 67.0 69.5 55.5 74.5 62.5 66.0 59.0 64.0 Differential Pounds 4.5 5.5 5.0 -3.0 4.0 -2.5 -2.0 2.0 -7.5 1.5 2.5 1.0 0 -2.0 Percent 6 8 8 -5 7 -4 -3 3 -12 2 4 2 0 -3 Improved utilization. Do. Do. Metabolic interference. Improved utilization. Partial anorexia. Do. None. Anorexia. Metabolic interference. None. Do. No effect. Do. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS animal involved several variables. The initial dosage rate was usually based on trial and error. When a toxic dosage was found, additional dosages above and below this rate were applied to other cattle, sheep, and chickens. Where a step-by-step increase of dosages indicated increased toxicity> repetition of individual dosages was hot considered essential. After each trial was completed, usually 10 days or less, each surviving animal was weighed; the weight change was expressed as the percentage of initial, or preexppsure, weight. Subsequently, each was observed for a minimum period of 60 days for signs of chronic effects. Animals that died or were sacrificed during the course of the dosing or afterwards were necropsied. Those sacrificed were moribund and death was considered imminent. Specimens for histopathological examination were collected for later study. RESULTS Chlorophenoxy Compounds (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), dimethylamine salt Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 3). Cattle had weight loss and chickens had reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg. Although sheep were not affected at 100 mg./kg., one was poisoned and died after four doses at 175, and two died after seven doses at 250. Contrastingly, cattle had only weight losses and chickens only reduced weight gains at these increased dosages. Three of five chickens in a group died at 500 mg./kg., and survivors in the group had reduced weight gains. Sheep showed anorexia and progressive weakness before death; chickens were depressed before death. Other chickens and cattle affected had no notable untoward reactions. At necropsy, lesions were limited to a friable liver and reddened intestinal mucosa in two of three sheep. There were also a swollen spleen, a reddened respiratory mucosa, and congested kidneys in one that died at 250 mg./kg. Chickens had enlarged, congested kidneys. Application rates for 2,4-D salts range from 0.42 to 6 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), 2-ethylhexyl ester All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 4). Three of four yearlings were poisoned after six to 14 doses at 250 mg./kg. One sheep had weight losses at 50 mg./kg. and two sheep at 100. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 250 TABLE 3.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2-4-D), dimethylamine salt1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 8 Number Cattle: 50 50 100 100 175 250 10 10 10 10 10 10 Capsule,. NIE. Do. ..do Do. ..do ..do 7-percent weight loss. Do. do -do 8-percent weight loss. Sheep : 100 100 175 . 250.. 250 10 10 4 7 7 do -do do ..do -.do NIE. Do. Poisoned after 2 and died. Poisoned after 4 and died. Poisoned after 3 and died. Chickens:8 25 50 . 100 . 175 . 250- . 375.. . 500 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Pipette -do -do do do ..do do 59-percent weight gain. Do. 38-percent weight gain. 30-percent weight gain. Do. Do. 3 died after 2 to 7 doses, 26-percent weight gain in survivors. 57-percent weight gain. Controls 1 DMA-4®, 49.6 percent water soluble concentrate, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. * NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �6 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 4.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with ('2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), 2ethylhexyl ester1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 8 Number Cattle: 100 100 250 250 250 250 Sheep : 25 25 50 100 100 100 250 250 250 250 250 250 500 500 Chickens:8 100 250 500 Controls 10 10 9 10 14 6 NIE. Do. Do. 5-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. Do. 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 56 10 16 8 6 10 5 NIE. Do. 7-percent weight loss. NIE. 7-percent weight loss. 8-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. 7-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 14 and died. Poisoned and died. Poisoned after 5 and died. Poisoned and died. Do. 10 10 10 57-percent 42-percent 36-percent 59-percent weight weight weight weight gain. gain. gain. gain. , 1 Weed Rtiap®, 69.47 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del. 2 3 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. Average results of 5 treated chickens. and 500 mg./kg. The biochemical effects of this herbicide in cattle and sheep were studied in conjunction with these trials. The alterations of the magnesium :calcium ratios and blood urea nitrogen levels after repeated daily doses have been described.8 « HUNT, L. M., GILBERT, B. N., and PALMER, J. S. EFFECTS OF A HERBICIDE, 2-ETHYL HEXYL ESTER OP 2,4-D ON MAGNESIUM:CALCIUM RATIOS AND BLOOD UREA NITROGEN LEVELS IN SHEEP AND CATTLE. Bui. Environmental Contamination and Toxieol. 6(1): 64-60. 1970. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, depression, and ataxia (failure of muscular coordination). At necropsy, the thyroid, kidneys, and liver were generally congested and enlarged. The intestinal mucosa was reddened and there were a number of cases of rumen stasis characterized by bright, undigested feed. In animals having ataxia before death, blood vessels of the brain were found engorged. The lungs were often engorged with blood and the respiratory tract was congested and filled with froth. The spleen was noted to be thickened on occasion. The application rates for 2,4-D esters range from 0.42 to 6 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2-ethylhexyl ester All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 5). A yearling was adversely affected by weight loss at 100 mg./kg., and a sheep was poisoned and died 4 days after 10 doses at 50. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg. The only sign of poisoning in cattle and sheep was anorexia, which became apparent initially on the day before or, in some cases, on the day of death. At necropsy, lesions were generally limited to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, in which the lungs were congested and the mucosa was reddened. The liver was often swollen and the kidneys were engorged with blood. In the yearling that died at 250 mg./kg. and the sheep at 500, hemorrhages were seen in the subcutaneous tissues. The three chickens had swollen kidneys, congested liver, and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for 2,4,5-T esters range from 0.5 to 4.5 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4,5-T), triethylamine salt Cattle were dosed by capsule, sheep by capsule or drench, chickens by pipette (table 6). A yearling had weight loss at 100 mg./kg., and a �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS TABLE 5.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens ivith (2>4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2-ethylhexyl ester 1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 10 10 • ... 175 250 500 Chickens : 3 10 25 . --50—100 ' 250 375 Controls Doses Means of dosing 10 10 7 6 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Do. 8-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. Cattle: 50 50 100 100 175 10 10 10 10 4 Capsule do -do do - do. 250 10 Sheep: 25 . 50 •50 50 50 500 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Results and remarks! Number Number Cattle: SOSO 100 100 250 100 100 TABLE 6.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), triethylamine salt1 4 . -do- Sheep : 25 . . 25 50 50 10 10 10 10 Capsule do do do 100 100 100 - . 10 10 7 do do Drench 4 5 4 Capsule do .-do. 10 10 Pipette do- 100 100 10 10 .. dodo 250 250 10 10 _.do. ..do. 375 375 10 10 ..do NIE. Do. Do. 7-percent weight loss. 12-percent weight loss, died 4 days after last dose. NIE. Poisoned after 2 and died 12 days after last dose. Poisoned and sacrificed. Poisoned after 4 and died. Poisoned after 3 and died. 52-percent weight gain. 51-percent weight gain. 55-percent weight gain. 45-percent weight gain. 39-percent weight gain. 1 died after 9, 16-percent weight gain in survivors. 2 died after 8 and 10, 23-percent weight gain in survivors. 54-percent weight gain. 1 Brush Rhap®, 63.5 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. sheep was poisoned after five doses at 50. One chicken died at 50 mg./kg.> but that dosage had no adverse affects on the survivors in that group. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, depression, and weakness. At necropsy, congestion of the lungs and reddened respiratory mucosa were dominant; the liver and kidneys were enlarged and blood engorged. The thyroid was swollen and con- 175 250 250 Chickens:8 25 50. .-. 500 Controls 1 6 do. do- NIE Do Do 17-percent weight loss Poisoned after 1 and survived. Poisoned after 3 and died 2 days after last dose. NIE Do Do Poisoned after 5 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. NIE 6-percent weight loss Poisoned after 2 and died 2 days after last dose. Poisoned and died Do. Do. 55-percent weight gain 1 died after 10, 55-percent weight gain in survivors. 35-percent weight gain. 1 died after 10, 39-percent weight gain in survivors. 19-percent weight gain. 2 died after 9, 35-percent weight gain in survivors. 30-percent weight gain. 3 died after 2 to 5, 16percent weight gain in survivors. All died after 2 to 6 45-percent weight gain. Veon 245®, 56.1 percent water soluble concentrate, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 6 treated chickens. �8 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE gested and there were petechiae and hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue and «nuscles. The congested intestinal mucosa was associated with rumen stasis. Lesions in chickens involved the liver, kidneys, and intestinal mucosa; all appeared congested and swollen. Application rates for 2,4,5-T amine salts range from 0.5 to 4.5 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species, but a 50-percent increase would be hazardous for sheep. 4- [ ( 4-chloro-o-tolyI) oxy] butyric acid (MCPB), sodium salt Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 7). One sheep was poisoned after five doses at 50 mg./kg. One yearling was poisoned after one dose and another after two doses at 100 mg./kg. One chicken died at 100 mg./kg., and survivors in that group had reduced weight gains. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, depression, uncoordinated gait, and weakness. At necropsy, there were acute reddened respiratory mucosa, friable and engorged liver, congested kidneys, redness of intestinal mucosa, and hyperemic mesentery lymph nodes. The cerebral vessels were engorged and there were petechiae in the subcutaneous tissue. Swollen kidneys and spleen and reddened intestinal mucosa were seen in the two poisoned chickens. The only application rate for MCPB is for peas at 1.5 pounds actual per acre. This rate would not be hazardous for the three test species. [(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy]acetic acid (MCPA), sodium salt Cattle were dosed by capsule, sheep by drench, chickens by pipette (table 8). One sheep was poisoned after five doses at 100 mg./kg. and a yearling after three doses at 175. Two chickens died after one and 10 doses at 500 mg./kg., and survivors in that group had reduced weight gains. One yearling showed diarrhea and anorexia as signs of poisoning, whereas other cattle and sheep showed only anorexia. TABLE 7.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 4-[(4-chloroo-tolyl)oxy~\butyric acid, sodium salt1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks: Capsule .do. do. -do. . NIE. Do. Poisoned and died. Poisoned and survived, 28-percent weight loss. Number Cattle: 50 ... 50 100 100. ... 10 2 1 Sheep: 25 25 50 . . 50. -.. 10 10 10 10 8 100 Chickens:1 50. ... 100 260. 10 .. Controls- 10 10 10 ..do. .. NIE. ..do. .. Do. do 7-percent weight loss. . do. . Poisoned after 5 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. ..do. .. Poisoned after 5 and died. Pipette .. 47-percent weight gain. do. 1 died after 10, 35-percent weight gain in survivors. ..do.. . 1 died after 6, 37-percent weight gain in survivors. 50-percent weight gain. 1 Can-Trol®, 23.5 percent water soluble concentrate of MCPB, Rhodia, Inc., Chipman Division, New Brunswick, N.J. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. At necropsy, the one sheep had reddened small intestinal mucosa and swollen edematous adjacent lymph nodes, and its spleen was thickened. Chickens had congested liver and kidneys, enlarged spleen, and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for MCPA range from 0.13 to 3 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. [(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy]acetic acid (MCPA), dimethylamine salt Cattle were dosed by capsule, sheep by capsule or drench, chickens by pipette (table 9). �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS 9 TABLE 8.—Results of multifile oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with [(4-chloro-otoly I) oxy] acetic acid, sodium salt1 TABLE 9.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with [(4-chloro-otolyl)oxy]i acetic acid, dimethylamine salt1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 10 10 10 250 10 100 Capsule NIE. Do. do --do. .. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 11-percent weight loss. do Poisoned after 8 and survived, 18-percent weight loss. Sheep : 50 100 100 10 10 10 10 175 175 250 10 10 4 50 Drench _. NIE. ..do Do. .-do Do. do survived, 11-percent weight loss. do NIE. -do 6-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and died. do Chickens:8 100 250 500 Controls 10 10 10 Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number Number Cattle: 100 J75 Doses Pipette— - 51 -percent weight gain. 47-percent weight gain. do 2 died after 1 and 10, ..do 30-percent weight gain in survivors. 50-percent weight gain. 1 MCPA Sodium Salt®, 24.2 percent water soluble concentrate, Rhodia, Inc., Chipman Div., New Brunswick, N.J. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Cattle: 100 100 175 175 . . 250 _ . 10 10 10 10 10 Capsule do do do do. NIE. Sheep: 50 50 100 100 175 250 250 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 do do do Drench Capsule do Drench 375 3 Capsule NIE. Do. Do. 7-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Poisoned after 5 and died. « Poisoned and died. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Pipette do do do do do do 250 10 do 500 10 do Chickens : 4 10 10 25 25 50 50 100 Controls Do. 5-percent weight loss. Do. Poisoned after 8 and survived, 16-percent weight loss. 56-percent weight gain. 33-percent weight gain. 28-percent weight gain. 26-percent weight gain. 27-percent weight gain. 26-percent weight gain. 1 died after 5, 38-percent weight gain in survivors. 1 died after 7, 35-percent weight gain in survivors. 3 died after 4 to 8, 36-percent weight gain in survivors. 43-percent weight gain 1 Although one sheep had a weight loss at 100 mg./kg., two others were unaffected at 175 and 250. However, other sheep were poisoned and died at 250 and 375 mg./kg. Two yearlings had a similar weight loss at 175 mg./kg. One group of chickens had reduced weight gains at 10 mg./kg., but that dosage had no adverse effects on another group. One chicken died at 100 mg./kg. Mildly affected cattle and sheep had a metabolic interference with feed utilization as ap- Chipman MCPA Amine ®, 52.2 percent water soluble concentrate, Rhodia, Inc., Chipman Div., New Brunswick, N.J. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal niucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. petite appeared to be normal during the trial periods, but with loss of weight. Other more severaly affected test animals showed anorexia. �10 PRODUCTION RESEAKCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE A sheep was poisoned and died, but before this, it had a mandibular swelling caused from chemical irritation due to drenching. This was considered to have little, if any, effect on MCPA toxicity to sheep. In a sheep that was acutely poisoned and died, convulsions preceded death. At necropsy, the abomasal and intestinal mucosa was reddened, the liver was congested and friable, and the cranial vessels were engorged. Application rates for MCPA range from 0.13 to 3 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. 4-(2,4-dich!orophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB), dimethylamine salt Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 10). One sheep was poisoned after five doses at 50 mg./kg. but survived 10 doses, with weight loss. Another sheep was not affected by the same dosage. Two yearlings were poisoned after two doses at 100 mg./kg. and one died. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 250 mg./kg. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, weakness, and depression. In the one yearling that was acutely poisoned and died, diarrhea followed by muscular spasms preceded death. At necropsy, lesions were limited to the digestive system, with congestion of the intestinal mucosa and engorged mesenteric vessels. Application rates for 2,4-DB range from 0.22 to 2 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. TABLE 10.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens'with 4-(2,4,-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid, dimethylamine salt1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks * Number Cattle: 25 50 50 100 10 10 10 10 Capsule - NIE. Do. do Do. do Poisoned after 2 and do survived, 7-percent weight loss. -do Poisoned and died. 100. - . 2 Sheep: 25. 25 50-. 50 10 10 10 10 do do do . do 10 . do 10 10 10 Pipette. __ 46-percent weight gain. -_do. 45-percent weight gain. _.do 3 died after 1 or 2, 45-percent weight gain in survivors. 50-percent weight gain. 100- Chickens:' 100 250 - 500- - Controls. NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 5 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 5 and died 3 days after last dose, 25-percent weight loss. 1 Butoxone Amine®, 26.3 percent water soluble concentrate of 2,4-DB, Rhodia, Inc., Chipman Div., New Brunswick, N.J. 2 NIE 3 indicates no ill effects apparent. Average results of 5 treated chickens. Chlorinated Aliphatic Acid Compounds 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) ethyl 2,2-dichloropropionate and related compounds (erbon) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 11). Two yearlings and two sheep had weight losses at 25 mg./kg., but two other sheep were not affected by this dosage. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 175 mg./kg., with weight loss or death occurring at higher dosage levels. A metabolic study of erbon was carried out in conjunction with these trials.7 Diarrhea was the intial sign of poisoning in most affected sheep; in other sheep and cattle, 'WRIGHT, F. C., RINER, J. C., and GILBERT, B. N. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ERBON AND TWO METABOLITES IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Jour. AgT. Food Chem. 17(6): 1171-1173. 1969. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS the only sign was anorexia. In one sheep, conjunctivitis and ataxia were evident before death, At necropsy, involvement of the respiratory and digestive tracts were characterized by congested mucosa. The liver and kidneys were enTABLE 11.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2(2,4>5-tnchlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2-dichloropropionate and related compounds1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Results and remarks2 Doses Number Cattle. 10' 10 10 Do. 13-percent weight loss. 14-percent weight loss. 21-percent weight loss. 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Do. 10 10 25 NIE 10 10 10 25 23-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 10 13-percent weight loss. 10 50 Sheep: 10 25 25 — 25 50 UJI —- 50 -. 50 7-percent weight loss. , 7 Poisoned and died. 7 Do 50~. 34 100 6 100 — . 7 100 6 100 8 250 4 500 •_•--_ 2 Chickens:3 Do. Do. Poisoned after 5 and died. Poisoned after 3 and died. Poisoned after 2 and died. Poisoned after 2 and died. Poisoned and died. 25 10 51-percent weight gain. so 10 42-percent weight gain. 10 10 10 , 9 1 1 gorged with blood and the spleen and adrenals were often enlarged. Chickens had swollen, congested liver and kidneys and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for erbon for grass and broadleaf weed control in noncrop areas range from 40 to 160 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be highly hazardous for the three test species. 2- [ ( 4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy] propionic acid (mecoprop), diethanolamine salt Cattle were dosed by capsule, sheep by drench, chickens, by pipette (table 12). One yearling was poisoned after five doses at 175 mg./kg., and one sheep was poisoned after two doses at 250 and died after three doses. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 25 mg./kg. Five chickens died at 250 mg./kg. or higher. One yearling was affected only by weight loss at 1^5 mg./kg. Although the appetite was apparently normal during' the trial period, the weight loss was due primarily to metabolic interference. ,.,f neCr °^ °« th « y™^> *e «™ ™* kidneys were congested, the adrenals and spleen were swollen, and petechiae were seen in the subcutaneous tissue. At necropsy on the sheep, the liver and kidneys were congested and the i • j. a •,-,abomasali andi intestinali mucosa was reddened., Lesions in chickens were generally limited to engorged liver and swollen, congested kidneys. Application rates for mecoprop for broadleaf weed control in noncrop areas range from 1 to ., ,, , , , m, , .. 1.5 pounds actual per acre. These rates would n °t be hazardous for cattle and sheep, but a modest increase to 3 pounds per acre would be hazardous for chickens. 32-percent weight gain. 4-percent weight loss. AllfJlrL'T All died after 6 to 9. 44-percent weight gain. 100 _. 175 °0 ---S"500 Controls 2 ~~ 1 ~~~ 10 " 44-percent weight gain. ~ , trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sodium salt All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 13). One yearling and one sheep had weight loss at 50 mg./kg., but.only one animal for each . „, , . ,, . , , , species was affected by this dosage. A sheep was poisoned after two doses at 175 mg./kg. and a ~ ~ ~ y e a r l i n g after three doses at 375. Dosages up Baron®, 41 percent emulsinable concentrate of erbon, Dow Chemical Co, Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. , , . , ,. „ , , , CAA mcluding 500 mg./kg. had no adverse effects on chickens. The loss of weight resulting from relatively to and �12 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 12.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2-[(4-chloroo-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid, diethanoktmine salt1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks a 250 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks * Number Cattle: 25 Number Cattle: 100 100 175 175 TABLE 13.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sodium salt1 10 10 10 8 2 Capsule.. NIE. Do. ..do 9-pcrcent weight loss. do do •_ Poisoned after 5 and survived, 14-percent weight loss. do . Poisoned and died. Sheep : , 50 100 . . 100 175 175 250 10 10 10 10 10 3 Drench _. NIE. Do. ..do Do. do Do. do Do. do Poisoned after 2 and died do 4 days after last dose. Chickens : s 10 25 50 50 100 100 250 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Pipette..do do do do do do 375 10 do 500 10 do 40-percent weight gain. 20-percent weight gain. 27-percent weight gain. 31-percent weight gain. 29-percent weight gain. Do. 1 died after 5, 36-percent weight gain in survivors. 2 died after 2 and 4, 34-percent weight gain in survivors. 2 died after 4 and 9, 26-percent weight gain in survivors. 44-percent weight gain 1 Chipco Turf Herbicide®, 32.8 percent water soluble concentrate of mecoprop, Rhodia Inc., Chipman Div., New Brunswick, N.J. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 6 treated chickens. low dosage levels in the two affected test animals was due to metabolic interference because 50 50 100175 250 . 375 Sheep: 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 175 10 10 10 10 10 250 2 50 100 100 . Chickens:1 100 250 500 . Controls 10 10 10 NIE. Do. 6-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. NIE. 13-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 11-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived, 12-percent weight loss. 47-percent weight gain. Do. 51-percent weight gain 50-percent weight gain 1 Sodium TCA Grass Killer®, 95 percent pellets, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 6 treated chickens. the appetites were not impaired. The poisoned yearling had severe diarrhea and ataxia. The sheep dosed at 175 mg./kg. had anorexia, whereas the sheep dosed at the higher rates had anorexia and depression before prostration. Application rates for TCA range from 3.3 to 45 pounds actual per acre. Rates in excess of 25 pounds would be hazardous for sheep, and the maximum rate would be hazardous for cattle. Chickens should not be adversely affected by these rates. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HEKBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS 13 Amide Compounds 0,0-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with ]Y-(2"inercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 14). One yearling was poisoned after two doses at 50 mg./kg. and one sheep after three doses at 100. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 50 mg./kg. The only sign of poisoning in sheep was anorexia, but salivation, diarrhea, prostration, and ataxia also were seen in cattle. At necropsy, there were congested lungs and redness of the upper respiratory mucosa in both sheep. In one sheep the only other lesion was a reddened pancreas, and in the other there were engorged kidneys and congested intestinal mucosa. Chickens had swollen liver and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for bensulide range from 2 to 6 pounds actual per acre. The maximum rate would be hazardous for cattle and chickens, but not for sheep. TABLE 14.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 0, 0-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate tester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide * Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks * Number Cattle: 25 25 50 50 100. . Sheep : 50 10 NIE. 10 10 2 2 Do. Do. Poisoned and survived. Poisoned and survived, 9-percent weight loss. 10 10 8 3 NIE. 375 10 10 10 10 10 500 10 51-percent weight gain. 31-percent weight gain. 30-percent weight gain. 1-percent weight gain. 3 died after 8 to 10, 36-percent weight loss in survivors. 2 died after 5 and 7, 34-percent weight loss in survivors. 44-percent weight gain. 50 100 100 Chickens : ' 25 50 100 250 2,6-dichlorothiobenzamide (chlorthiamid) All test animals were dosed by capsule. One yearling was poisoned after five doses at 10 mg./kg., and one sheep had weight loss at 25 (table 15). One group of chickens had reduced weight gains at 5 mg./kg., but that dosage had no adverse effects on another group. Poisoned cattle had various degrees of anorexia, with accompanying depression and weakness. Similarly, the sheep that survived the 50-mg./kg. regimen had almost complete anorexia after being initially affected. The other two affected sheep had no observable signs before the completion of the trial or until the death of one was imminent. At necropsy, the sheep had congested liver and kidneys, distended cranial vessels, and swollen lymph nodes related to reddened intestinal Controls - - Do. Poisoned after 5 and died. Poisoned and died. 1 Betesan 4-E®, 45.2 percent etnulsifiable concentrate of bensulide, Stauffer Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 8 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Average results of 5 treated chickens. mucosa. The chicken had a congested intestinal tract. There is no current registration for chlorthiamid in agriculture. An application rate of 1 pound actual per acre would be hazardous for cattle and chickens. A 3-pound-rate equivalent would be hazardous for sheep. �14 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U S DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE .. Pheiiyl Urea Compounds Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule or drench, chickens by capsule (table 16). A yearling was poisblied after two doses at 175 mg./kg. and & Sheep after five doses at 250. A greater dosage (500 mg./kg.) had no adverse effects on chickens. An enlargement, developed in the mandibular area of the drenched yearling, gave evidence of the irritating effects of this chemical on the mucous membrane. It was not considered a part of norea toxicity to cattle. Other cattle had ataxia, vomition (forceful expulsion) of rumen contents, anorexia, and diarrhea. One yearling developed acute urticarial lesions in the cervical area. These smooth, slightly elevated, skin erup- TABLE 15.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2,6dichlorothivbenzatfiidel TABLE 16.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 3-(hexahydro4,7-ineihanoindan-5-yl)-l ,1 -dimethylurea* 3- (hexahydro-4,7-methanoiiidan-5-yl) 1,1-dimethylurea (norea) Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) 10 10 10 10 25 7 25 - 6 Sheep : 10 10 . 25 25 50 . 10 10 10 10 10 50 2 Chickens:' 5 5 10 10 25 50 100 Controls 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Means of dosing Results and remarks * Number Number Cattle: 5 5 10 10 - Doses NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 1 1-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 20-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Do. 13-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 1 and survived, 26-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. 49-percent weight gain. 36-percent weight gain. 43-percent weight gain. 36-percent weight gain. 28-percent weight gain. 15-percent weight gain. 1 died after 10, 6-percent weight loss in survivors. 48-percent weight gain. Prefix®, 7.5 percent granules of chlorthiamid, Shell Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Cattle: 100 100 175 175 250 250 10 10 10 9 1 2 Capsule _ _ NIE. Do. do Do. do . do .- Poisoned after 2 and survived, 18-percent weight loss. do .- Poisoned and survived. 7-percent weight loss. * Sheep: 50 100-- -100 . .175 175 250 250 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 Capsule - - NIE. do Do. do Do. Do. do -Do. do Do. do Drench Poisoned after 5 and survived, 19-percent weight loss. Chickens:4 250 500 Controls. 10 10 Capsule. do 1 49-percent weight gain. 50-percent weight gain. Herban®, 80 percent wettable powder of norea, Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �, TOXICITY OF 45 OJRQANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS tions disappeared soon after dosing was discontinued. The poisoned sheep had only anorexia. Application rates for norea range from 1.8 to 3.2 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. 3-[p-( p-chlorophenoxy ) phenyl]1,1-dimethylurea (chloroxuron) Cattle and chickens were dosed by capsule, sheep by capsule or drench (table 17). One yearling was poisoned after five doses at 25 mg./kg. and a,sheep after eight doses. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 50 mg./kg. The onset of poisoning in test animals was TABLE VI.—Results of 'multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 3-[ rophenoxy)phenyl] -1,1-dimethylureal Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses IVJeans of dosing Results and, remarks 2 Number Cattle: 10 10 25 25 50 . _. 50 100 10 10 10 Capsule.- NIE. .do. . . Pp. ".'.do. " . . Do. 5 • do . Poisoned and died. 10 ..do..-,. NIE. •• Poisoned and survived. 2 ' do 1 do . Do. Sheep : 10 10 25 25 50 50 100 10 10 10 8 10 3 2 .do. ... NIE. do do do do. Do. Do. Poisoned and survived. 8-percent weight loss. .do Poisoned and survived. Drench _. Poisoned and died. Chickens:8 10. -_- 25 50 100 250 500 Controls. 1 Capsule _. (Mr-percent weight gain. do- . . 59-percent weight gain. 51-percent weight gain. 10 " do do 1-percent weight gain. 10 6 All died after 4 to 6. do 6 Do. •' • do 61-percent weight gain. 10 10 Tenoran®, 60 percent wettable powder of chloroxuron, Ciba Agrochemical Co., Ciba Corp., Summit, N.J. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. ,15 , usually severe and without preliminary signs. The sudden appearance of ataxia and prostration was followed by anorexia, dyspnea, and depression. Cessatiqn of further dosing usually resulted in survival and complete recovery. At necropsy, lesions in the yearling and the sheep were reddened abomasal and intestinal mucosa and congestion of the pancreas and kidneys. The cranial vessels were distended and prominent; Lesions in the chickens were congestion of the intestinal mucosa, enlarged lightbrown liver, and swollen kidneys. Application rates for chloroxuron range from 3 to 4 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be hazardous for cattle and sheep, but not for chickens. 1,1 -dimethyl-3- ( a,«,a-trifluorom-tolyl) urea (fluometuron) All test animals were dosed by capsule except one sheep, which was dosed by drench (table 18). One yearling was poisoned after two doses at 100 mg./kg. and one sheep after six doses at 50. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 50mg./kg. ; : : Poisoning in its mildest form Was shown in test animals by anorexia and diarrhea. Acute poisoning was shown in sheep by the sudden appearance of ataxia, depression, and anorexia* followed by death within 24 hours from onset. Chickens were depressed, with weight ,}oss at.the highest dosage level. : : < At necropsy, the sheep had reddened abomasal and intestinal mucosa; swollen1, edemic lymph nodes; friable, light-brown liver; congested kidneys; and distended cranial vessels. Application rates for fluometuron for cotton range from 1 to 2 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three /test species. , ; • . • . • . - , . , 3-(p-bromophenyl)-l-methoxy-lmethylurea (metobromuron) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 19). Chickens were the most susceptible species and had reduced weight gains at 25 mg./kg. One yearling had weight loss at 50 mg./kg., one sheep was poisoned after two doses at 100, and another sheep after five doses at 100. �16 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 18.—Retnttt of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 1,1-dimethyl3-(&,a&-trifiuoro-m-tolyl)ureal Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Dosei Means of dosing Results and remarks ' TABLE 19.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sketf, and chickens with 8(p-bromophenyl) -l-mffthoxy-l-methylureal Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) 10 10 10 10 100 100 Sheep: 26 . . 26 60 50 176. 260 Capsule.. NIE. Do. ..do 7-percent weight loss. ..do Poisoned 2 and survived, ..do 16-percent weight loss. 10 10 10 10 NIE. ..do Do. ..do-.:— Do. ..do Poisoned after 6 and sur..do vived, 5-percent weight loss. NIE. ..do Poisoned after 3 and sur..do vived, 8-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. ..do Drench .. Do. 10 10 100 100 -- Chickens:' 25 50.. .. 100 260 600.. .. Controls 2 2 10 10 10 10 10 Results and remarks * Number Number Cattle: 60 60 Doses Capsule.. ..do ..do ..do ..do 65-percent weight gain. 54-percent weight gain. 47-percent weight gain. 35-percent weight gain. 8-percent weight loss. 61-percent weight gain. 'Coto'ran*, 80 percent wettable powder of fluometuron, Ciba Agrochemical Co., Ciba Corp., Summit, N.J. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 8 treated chickens. Signs of poisoning were absent in cattle having weight losses at 50 mg./kg., indicating probable metabolic interference. The one yearling and one of the sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. had anorexia only. The other sheep dosed at 100 had severe depression and hematuria (blood Cattle: 25 26 25 SOOT 100. 10 10 10 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Do. 6-percent weight loss. Do. Poisoned after 7 and survived, 12-pereent weight loss. Sheep: 50 50 100 10 10 10 NIE. 100 4 Chickens:1 10 25 50. . 100 250— 600 Controls 10 10 10 10 6 4 Do. Poisoned after 6 and survived, 17-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. 76-percent weight gain. 51-percent weight gain. 32-percent weight gain 35-percent weight loss All died after 4 to 6. All died after 2 to 4. 61-percent weight gain. 1 Patoran®, 60 percent wettable powder of metobromuron, Ciba Agrochemical Co., Ciba Corp., Summit, N.J. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. in urine). However, there were no deaths in these animals. Chickens were depressed before death and at necropsy had swollen Hv«r and kidneys and congested intestinal mucosa. The application rate for metobromuron for potatoes is 3 pounds actual per acre. This rate would be hazardous for chickens, but not for cattle or sheep. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS 17 Garbamate Compounds 3,4-dichlorobenzyi methylcarbamate (dichlormate) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 20). One yearling had weight loss at 10 mg./kg., but another was not affected at 50. A similar observation was made with sheep at either 50 or 100 mg./kg. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 175 mg./kg. Cattle and sheep dosed at 50 mg./kg. or lower had no observable signs of poisoning, but weight losses of 5 to 9 percent were recorded during the trial periods. Similarly, a sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. had no observable signs, but weight losses of 10 percent were recorded; however, there was a delayed alopecic effect (loss of hair or wool—either partial or complete) beginning 2 days after the last doge. Other sheep dosed at higher rates had anorexia and diarrhea, and cattle had anorexia, diarrhea, tympanites (distended with gas), and ataxia. At necropsy on the yearling, the upper respiratory system and abomasal and intestinal mucosa were congested; mesenteric lymph nodes were swollen; there were hemorrhages on the epicardium, on the kidney cortex, and in the subcutaneous tissue; the liver was enlarged; and the gall bladder was distended. Chickens had congested liver, swollen, edematous kidneys, and reddened intestinal mucosa. There are no current registrations for dichlormate. An application rate of 1 pound actual per acre would be hazardous for cattle, but not sheep or chickens. isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate ( chlorpropham ) Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule or drench, chickens by capsule (table 21). Three of four yearlings had weight losses at 100 mg./kg., with two poisoned after two and five doses. One of three sheep had a weight loss at 100 mg./kg., but the other two, in addition to two sheep at 175, were not affected. All species were adversely affected after two to 10 doses at 100 mg./kg., but larger dosages had no greater TABLE 20.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 3,4dichlorobenzyl methylcarbamate1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 5— 10 10 25..50... 50- . 100 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 250 .. 2 Sheep : 25 50 50 50.. 100 . 100 - 10 10 10 10 10 10 100-.- 10 250 - 10 Chickens:8 100 175 250 375 10 10 10 10 500. _ Controls 1 6 NIE. Do. 5-percent weight loss. 8-percent weight loss. NIE. 9-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. NIE. Do. Do. 7-pcrccnt weight loss. NIE. 10-percent weight loss, delayed alopecia. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 17-pereent weight loss. 63-percent weight gain. 38-percent weight gain. 22-percent weight gain. 2 died after 7 and 10, 15-percent weight gain in survivors. All died after 2 to 6. 55-percent weight gain. Rowmate 4E®, 45 percent emulsifiable concentrate of dichlormate, Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �18 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE effect on weight gains of chickens than the lOO-nig./kg. dosage had. The only sign of poisoning was anorexia, except for the sheep that was acutely poisoned and died. No forewarning signs were observed in this animal. One yearling developed a mandibular enlargement following two consecutive drenches. This enlargement was considered to be due to chemical irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa. It was not considered part of chlorpropham toxicity to cattle. At necropsy, the sheep had congested lungs, liver, and kidneys. The spleen was swollen and its contents were brownish red. Application rates for chlorpropham range from 2 to 20 pounds actual per acre. Rates of 12 pounds or more would be hazardous for all three test species. Thiocarbamate Compounds S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 22). A yearling was poisoned after one dose at 50 mg./kg. and a sheep after three doses at 175. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg. Anorexia was the initial sign of poisoning. As additional doses were given to cattle and sheep, first there were diarrhea and increased salivation, then usually depression and prostration. Ataxia was seen occasionally in poisoned cattle and either tympanites or dyspnea in poisoned sheep. At necropsy on cattle and sheep, there were hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue and muscles, congested lungs and thyroid, and reddened gastrointestinal mucosa. The liver was enlarged and friable and the kidneys were engorged with blood. Chickens had swollen kidneys with a yellowish cast, reddened intestinal mucosa, and enlarged liver. Application rates for pebulate range from 4 to 6 pounds actual per acre. The maximum rate would be hazardous for cattle, but not for sheep or chickens. 5-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (veraolate) All animals were dosed by capsule except two sheep, which were dosed by drench (table 23). Two yearlings were poisoned after three and four doses at 100 mg./kg. Two of four sheep died after eight and 10 doses at 250 mg./kg., but the other two were not affected by this dosage. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg. Anorexia was the most general sign of poisoning in cattle and sheep; however, weakness, muscular spasms, and ataxia were delayed effects in one of the yearlings. At necropsy, the liver was light brown, the lungs were usually blood engorged, the respiratory mucosa was reddened, and the tract was filled with froth. There were 2 to 4 liters of excess fluid in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The thyroid and the intestinal mucosa were congested. The adrenals were swollen in one sheep. Application rates for vernolate range from 2.5 to 3 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 24). Three yearlings were poisoned after one and four doses at 50 mg./kg. Two sheep were poisoned and died after two doses at 100 mg./kg., but another sheep was not affected by this dosage. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 50 mg./kg., but larger dosages had no greater effects on weight gains of chickens than the 50mg./kg. dosage had. The severity of poisoning to cattle and sheep could not be forecasted by the signs of poisoning observed. Anorexia, either partial or complete, was the only deviation from normal in all animals except one yearling dosed at 50 mg./kg. In that yearling an ataxic condition developed, associated with prostration and convulsions. Further dosing was discontinued, and the yearling survived. At necropsy, the most prominent lesion was �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS TABLE 21.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with isopropyl mchlorocarbanilatel Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 4 TABLE 22.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with Spropyl butylethylthiocarbamatel Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) 100 10 10 10 10 10 10 Capsule -. NIE. da Do. .do Do. 5-percent weight loss. do Drench _ _ Poisoned after 5 and survived, 9-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and sur_.do vived, 9-percent weight loss. * Sheep : 50 100 100 100 175 175 250 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 Capsule ._ do.. Drench _. Capsule .. ..do.. . Drench .. do.. NIE. Do. Do. 9-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Poisoned and died. Chickens: 4 50 100 250 500 Controls 10 10 10 10 Capsule ._ . do.. do ..do 69-percent 52-percent 58-percent 56-percent 64-percent weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. 1 Chloro IPC®, 47 percent emulsifiable concentrate of chlorpropham, Chemical Div., PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Doses Results and remarks 2 Number Number Cattle: 50 50 100 100 100 19 Cattle: 10 25 25 50 100 100 100 10 10 10 1 6 5 3 Sheep : 50 100 100 175 - 10 10 10 10 • 250 10 250 250 250 8 g 4 Chickens : 3 50. 100 250 375 500 Controls _ 10 10 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned and survived Poisoned after 2 and died. Do Poisoned and died. NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 9-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and died. Do. Poisoned after 3 and died. 40-percent weight gain. 24-percent weight gain 16-percent weight gain. 4-percent weight gain. 2 died after 7 and 9, 1-percent weight loss in survivors. 33-percent weight gain. 1 Tillam 6E®, 76 percent emulsiflable concentrate of pebulate, Agr. Chem. Div., Stauffer Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Average results of 5 treated chickens. an enlarged, light-brown, friable liver. The lungs and upper respiratory tract and the kidneys were congested. There were hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue and muscles, and the large intestines were congested, with reddened mucosa. Applipation rates for EPTC range from 1.5 to 7.5 pounds per acre. The maximum rate would be hazardous for cattle and chickens, but not for sheep. S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EFTC) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), iso-octyl ester All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 25). One yearling had a weight loss at 25 mg./kg., but another was not affected by this dosage. Two sheep were poisoned after four and five doses at 100 mg./kg., but another was not affected by this dosage. Chickens had reduced weight gains only at 500 mg./kg. �20 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE TABLE 23.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 TABLE 24.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with Sethyl dipropylthiocarbamate * Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Number Number Cattle: 50 50 100 100 Sheep : 100 100 250 250 250 250 375 375 - .. Chickens : 3 25 50 100 250 500 Controls. 10 10 10 4 Capsule _ _ NIE. Do. do do Poisoned after 4 and survived, 6-percent weight loss, delayed toxicity after 8 days. do Poisoned after 3 and died 2 days after last dose. 10 10 10 10 10 do do do Drench _. Capsule ._ do Drench . Capsule _ do do. do do do NIE. Do. Do. Do. Poisoned and died. Do. NIE. Poisoned after 3 and died. 68-percent weight gain. 57-percent weight gain. 28-percent weight gain. 23-percent weight gain. 2-percent weight gain. 49-percent weight gain. 1 Vernam 6E®, 75.9 percent emulsifiable concentrate of vernolate, Agr. Chem. Div., Stauffer Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 2 3 Cattle: 25 25 - 25 50 50. . 50 100 Sheep: 50 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 6 Results and remarks * . 50 100. 100 100 . 250 250 Chickens:' 25 . .. 50 100 250.. 500 . Controls 10 10 10 4 4 3 3 NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned and survived. Poisoned after 1 and died. Do. Do. 10 10 10 2 2 2 1 NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned and died. Do. Poisoned after 1 and died. Poisoned and died. 10 10 10 10 10 57-percent weight 32-percent weight 30-percent weight 33-percent weight 29-percent weight 52-percent weight gain. gain. gain. gain. gain. gain. 1 Eptam 6E®, 75.5 percent emulsifiable concentrate of EPTC, Agr. Chem. Div., Stauffer Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. Average results of 6 treated chickens. Signs of poisoning were anorexia and diarrhea in cattle and sheep. Depression and prostration preceded death. At necropsy, the liver was enlarged and friable and the kidneys were congested. The abomasal and intestinal mucosa was reddened and associated with rumen stasis characterized by bright, undigested feed. The sheep had swollen spleen and congested pancreas and thyroid. The yearling had hemorrhages on the epicardium and congested lungs, with bloodtinged froth in the respiratory tract. The application rate for this EPTC and 2,4-D mixture for annual grasses and broadleaf weed control in corn is 2 quarts per acre. This would be the equivalent of 2 pounds of EPTC and 1 pound of 2,4-D per acre. This rate would be hazardous for cattle, but not for sheep and chickens. 2-chloroallyldiethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC) Cattle were dosed by drench or capsule, sheep by drench, chickens by pipette (table 26). Two yearlings were poisoned after one and three doses at 25 mg./kg., and one sheep was poisoned �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS TABLE 25.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with Sethyl dipropylthiocarbamate and (2,4"dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, iso-octyl ester1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 50 50 - 100 Sheep : 50 50 .- 50 50 100 100 100 250 250 Chickens : 4 100 250 500 Controls TABLE 26.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks * Number Cattle: 10 10 . . Number Cattle: 10 25 3 25 3 21 10 10 10 10 7 2 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 NIE. Capsule -doDrench Do. 5-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 1 and died. 10 10 10 10 10 25 8 .do 25 10 5 .do do do do 25 25 50 10 10 10 10 3 4 .do. -do. .do 50 7 do do NIE. Do. Do. Do. Do. Poisoned Poisoned Poisoned Poisoned Sheep : 10 and died. after 4 and died. and died. after 3 and died. 64-percent weight gain. 58-percent weight gain. 39-percent weight gain. 49-percent weight gain. 1 Knoxweed 42®, 82.3 percent emulsifiable concentrate (46.9 percent EPTC and 35.4 percent 2,4-D), Agr. Chem. Div., Stauffer Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 25 mg./kg. is equivalent to 14.25 mg./kg. EPTC and 10.75 mg./kg. 2,4-D. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. after three doses at 25. One yearling developed a mandibular swelling after six doses at 10 mg./kg. by drench, but this was not considered a part of CDEC toxicity to cattle. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg. Although two chickens in one group died and there were weight losses in three survivors at 175 mg./kg., no chickens died and there were slight weight gains in another group at 250. Interstitial keratitis developed in one of three sheep dosed at 25 mg./kg. and in both sheep at 10 25 Chickens:5 50 100 175 250. Controls- 10 10 10 10 NIE Do. Do Irritation effect after 6 and survived, 15-percent weight loss. * Poisoned after 3 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 1 and sacrificed 5 days after last dose. NIE. ' Do. Do. 15-percent weight loss. ... Poisoned and survived. 4 Poisoned after 1 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. * Poisoned and survived, 5-percent weight loss. * Pipette... 56-percent weight gain. do 46-percent weight gain. do 2 died after 7, 6-percent weight loss in survivors. do 13-percent weight gain. 51-percent weight gain. 1 Vegadex®, 46.4 percent emulsifiable concentrate of CDEC, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Bilateral, interstitial keratitis. 5 Average results of 5 treated chickens. 50. Both eyes of each affected sheep were involved, with opaqueness of the cornea and conjunctivitis, associated with pain, photophobia, and lacrimation. This condition was corrected �22 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE with appropriate therapy. All made a complete recovery except one sheep (poisoned after one dose at 50 mg./kg.) that developed a partial alopecic condition with loss of wool. Other signs of poisoning shown in these and other sheep and cattle were anorexia, dyspnea, ataxia, and salivation. However, one sheep with 15percent weight loss at 25 mg./kg. appeared normal throughout the trial. At necropsy, the yearling that was chronically affected and sacrificed had a light-brown, friable liver and excessive quantities of clear fluid in the subcutaneous tissue, joints, and abdominal and thoracic cavities. The two chickens had congested liver and kidneys and reddened intestinal mucdsa. Application rates for CDEC range from 3 to 8 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be' hazardous for cattle and sheep, but not for chickens. Arsenical Compounds monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 27). A yearling was poisoned after two doses at 10 mg./kg. Two sheep were poisoned after TABLE 27.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with monosodium methanearsonatel Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks * Number Cattle: 5 . 5 10 . 25 50 Sheep : 25 25 50 50 50 100 Chickens:' 25 50 . 100 . 250 Controls 10 10 5 7 4 NIE. Do. Poisoned after 2 and died. Do. Do. three and four doses at 50 mg./kg., but another was not affected by this dosage. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg. or greater. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, hematuria, diarrhea, and depression. At necropsy, the most notable lesions involved the gastrointestinal tract in which the mucosa of the rumen, abomasum, and intestines was hemorrhagic, with distended and prominent vessels. The liver and kidneys were usually congested, the spleen bulged, and there were excessive quantities of edematous fluid in the abdominal cavities. In two animals, the liver appeared pale and friable. The application rate for MSMA for cotton is 2 pounds actual per acre. This rate would be hazardous for cattle, but not for sheep and chickens. disodium methanearsonate (DSMA) --. 10 10 10 6 7 2 10 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 4 and died. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 18-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. , 62-percent weight gain. 60-percent weight gain. 57-percent weight gain. 53-percent weight gain. 64-percent weight gain. 1 Ansar 170®, 51.3 percent emulsifiable concentrate of MSMA, The Ansul Co., Marinette, Wis. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 28). A yearling was poisoned after two doses at 25 mg./kg., and two sheep were poisoned after five doses. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 375 and 500 mg./kg. The initial sign of poisoning was anorexia, either partial or complete. Subsequently, diarrhea and depression were seen. The sheep that was poisoned and survived had a prolonged recovery period. At necropsy, the yearling and the sheep had hemorrhagic mucosa of the abomasum and intestines and swollen, edemic mesenteric lymph nodes. The kidneys were congested and petechiae were on the cortex surface. The sheep had excessive . edematous fluid in the abdominal �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS TABLE 28.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with disodium methanearsonatei Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) .Doses Results and remarks 2 TABLE 29.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with hydroxydimethylarsine oxide acid * Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Number Cattle: 10 10 25 Sheep: 10 . 10 25 25 Chickens:3 25 50 100 250 375 500 . Controls 10 10 6 Doses 10 10 10 10 10 10 Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number NIE, Do. Poisoned after 2 and died 3 days after last dose. Cattle: 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Poisoned after 5 and died. Poisoned and survived. 67-percent weight gain. 62-percent weight gain. 55-percent weight gain. 64-percent weight gain. 47-percent weight gain 40-percent weight gain. 59-percent weight gain. 1 Ansar 184®, 63 percent wettable powder of DSMA, The Ansul Co., Marinette, Wis. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. cavity and in the distended pericardia! sac. The yearling had swollen, bright-orange adrenals. Th'e application rate for DSMA for cotton is 3 pounds actual per acre. This rate would be hazardous for cattle and sheep, but not for chickens. hydroxydimethylarsine oxide (cacodylic) acid Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule or drench, chickens by pipette (table 29). One yearling was poisoned after eight doses at 25 mg./kg., and one sheep had weight loss after 10 doses at 25; but three other yearlings and four other sheep were not affected by this dosage. A yearling dosed by drench developed a mandibular enlargement after two doses at 10 mg./kg., but this was not considered a part of the toxicity of this herbicide to cattle. One 25 25 25 25 10 10 10 50 10 10 6 5 23 7 Sheep: 10 25 25 25 25 25 50 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 10 Chickens:4 50 100 100 175 250 500 Controls- 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Capsule - _ NIE. Do. do Drench _ _ Irritation effect after 2, 5-percent weight loss.8 NIE. do Do. Capsule Do. do Poisoned after 8 and surDrench vived, 5-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 1 and died do 4 days after last dose. do do Capsule - do do do do do Pipette— do dodo do do NIE. Do. Do. Do. Do. 14-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 21-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 22-percent weight loss. 55-percent weight gain. 63-percent weight gain 42-percent weight gain. 33-percent weight gain. 36-percent weight gain. 13-percent weight gain. 53-percent weight gain. 1 Phytar 560®, 26.5 percent emulsifiable concentrate of hydroxydimethylarsine oxide (cacodylic) acid with 12.7 percent total arsenic, The Ansul Co., Marinette, Wis. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. group of chickens had reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg., but that dosage had no adverse effects on another group. �24 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S< DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE Signs of poisoning were anorexia and diarrhea in all animals except the sheep dosed at 25 mg./kg. No abnormal behavior was observed in that sheep during the course of the trial, but a 10-percent weight loss occurred. At necropsy, the yearling had hemorrhagic mucosa of the abomasum and intestines, with distended vessels, an enlarged, congested liver, swollen kidneys, and reddened mucosa of the bladder. The spleen was irregular in shape and thickened. Application rates for this cacodylic acid for noncrop areas range from 7.7 to 8.4 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be hazardous for cattle and sheep, but not for chickens. Substituted Dinitroaniline Compounds a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-]V,7Vdipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 30). A yearling and a sheep were poisoned after TABLE 30.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with a,a,ei,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine 1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 100 100 175 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 9-percent weight loss. _- -- 10 10 10 10 10 175 . ----- 10 NIE. Do. Do. Do. Poisoned after 4 and survived, 17-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 20-percent weight loss. Sheep: 25 50 100 100 175 - - Chickens : ' 50 100 250 500 Controls 1 10 10 10 10 55-percent 55-percent 48-percent 25-percent 55-percent weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. Treflan®, 44.5 emulsifiable concentrate of trifluralin, Elanco Products Co., Div. of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. . two doses at 175 mg./kg. and another sheep after four doses. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 250 mg./kg. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia and diarrhea. With the termination of the trials, a prolonged recovery period of approximately 1 month followed before the affected animals had regained their original body weight. During this period, the signs of poisoning continued, but gradually decreased in severity. Application rates for trifluralin range from 0.5 to 2 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. 6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 31). One yearling was poisoned after six doses at 25 mg./kg., but another was not affected by this dosage. Two other yearlings similarly were not affected at 50 mg./kg., indicating possible increased individual susceptibility at the lower level. One sheep was poisoned after two doses at 50 mg./kg. and died, and another had weight loss at 50. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 50 mg./kg. One died after nine doses at 250 mg./kg. , The usual sign of poisoning in cattle and sheep was anorexia; however, tympanites, depression, and prostration also were seen in the two sheep before death. At necropsy, involvement of the gastrointestinal tract was paramount, with congested mucosa of the abomasum and intestines. The vessels to these affected areas were distended �25 TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS TABLE 31.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with Nbutyl-N-ethyl-a, a, a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-ip-toluidine l Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 10 10 25 25 10 10 10 10 50 . 50 100 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 6 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 11-percent weight loss. 4- (methylsulf onyl) -2,6-dinitro-WJVdipropylaniline (nitralin) Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 32). A yearling was poisoned after two doses at 250 mg./kg., and a sheep died after two doses at 375. Dosages of 500 mg./kg. had no adverse effects on chickens. The poisoned yearling initially had vomition of the rumen contents, associated with depression within 2 hours after dosing, but conTABLE 32.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 4-(methylsulfonyl) -2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Sheep : 25 _ . 25 50 50 100 10 10 10 4 10 NIE. Do. 9-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and died. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 26-percent weight loss, sacrificed. Cattle: 175175s. 250 Chickens : 8 25 50 100 175 175 250 10 10 10 10 10 10 57-percent weight gain. 51-percent weight gain. 44-percent weight gain. 52-percent weight gain. 50-percent weight gain. 1 died after 9, 39-percent weight gain in survivors. 56-percent weight gain. Sheep : 50 100.. .. 175. 250. 375. 500- Controls _ Doses Means of dosing Number 10 . 10 10 Capsule do do NIE Do. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 13-percent weight loss, died 7 days after last dose. 10 10 10 10 2 10 do -do do do do do NIE Do. Do Do. Poisoned and died after 2. Poisoned after 4 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. 10 10 10 Pipette do do 51-percent weight 50-percent weight 50-percent weight 54-percent weight 1 Balan®, 19.4 percent emulsifiable concentrate of benefin, Elanco Products Co., Div. of Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. and the lymph nodes were swollen. The liver was enlarged and friable. The chicken had swollen, edematous kidneys and redness of the mucosa of the small intestine. The application rate for benefin is 1.5 pounds actual per acre. This rate would not be hazardous for the three test species, but a modest increase to 3 'pounds actual per acre would be hazardous for cattle. Results and remarks * Chickens: 4 100. 250. 500.. Controls. gain. gain. gain. gain. 1 Planavin 75®, 75 percent wettable powder of nitralin, Agr. Chem. Div., Shell Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Planavin Herbicide WDL®, 43.6 percent emulsifiable concentrate of nitralin, Shell Chemical Co., used to supplement doses. See, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. U.S.D.A. SUMMARY OF REGISTERED AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE CHEMICAL USES. HERBICIDES, DEFOLIANTS, DESSICANTS, PLANT REGULATORS. Ed. 3, v. 1, 227 pp. [Includes replacement pages to Jan. 16, 1970.] 1968. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �26 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE tinued to consume feed. Following the sixth dose, anorexia was seen and continued until the 10-day regimen was completed. An incrfeasing degree of depression and weakness terminated in death. Signs of poisoning in sheep were weakness, tympanites, increased respiration, and a staggering gait. At necropsy, the mucosa of the abomasum and intestines was reddened and associated lymph nodes were swollen and blood engorged; the kidneys were congested; the liver was enlarged; and a distended gall bladder was filled with thick, yellow bile. Application rates for nitralin range from 1.25 to 1.5 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. Dipyridyl Compounds 1,1 '-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridium ion (paraquat), methylsulfate salt Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 33). A yearling and a sheep had weight losses at 10 mg./kg. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 25 mg./kg., and one died after nine doses. No lesser dosage was tried. One group of chickens at 100 mg./kg. made gains comparable with those of the controls. From single oral doses of paraquat to cattle and sheep in another study, the toxicity (expressed as LD5o) was reported between 50 and 75 mg./kg.8 Our trials indicated death caused by 25 mg./kg. to cattle and sheep after six and seven doses, respectively. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, depression, and diarrhea. Recovery of those poisoned usually was prolonged, extending to 2 months after the trials were terminated. Deaths occurred unexpectedly, with no increase in severity of signs. At necropsy, hemorrhages were seen in and on the heart and in the thyroid and adrenals. The lungs, liver, and kidneys were usually congested. The cranial and mesenteric vessels were distended and prominent, and swollen, edemic lymph nodes were associated with reddened intestinal mucosa. One sheep had a notable bulged spleen with darkened contents. Lesions in chickens were congested kidneys and liver, 8 HOWE, D. J. T., and WRIGHT, N. THE TOXICITY OP PARAQUAT AND DIQUAT. New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conf. Proc. 18(105): 106-114. 1966. distended gall bladder, and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for this paraquat salt range from 0.25 to 1 pound actual per acre. The maximum would be hazardous for cattle and sheep, but not for chickens. 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[l,2-a:2/,l'.c] pyrazinediium ion (diquat), dibromide salt Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 34). Two yearlings were poisoned after eight and nine doses at 5 mg./kg., and a sheep was poisoned and died after seven doses at 25. No lesser dosage was tried in cattle. One group of chickens had reduced weight gains at 50 mg./kg., but that dosage had no adverse effects on another group of chickens. The results from this diquat toxicity study and another study with cattle are comparable. The LD5o from a single oral dose was reported as 30 mg./kg.9 From our multiple dosing, one yearling was killed at 5 mg./kg., another by 5 doses at 10. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia and depression. Deaths occurred unexpectedly, with no increase in severity of signs after their initial appearance. At necropsy, the lungs were blood engorged and the respiratory mucosa was reddened. Hemorrhages were seen on the external wall of » See footnote 8. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS TABLE 33.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 1 ,l'-dimethyl4,4'-bipyridium ion, methylsulfate salt* Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks z Number Cattle: 5 5 10 25 Sheep: 5 5 10 25 25 50 Chickens : 4 25 10 10 10 6 do. - NIE. 10 10 10 .do do 10 7 10 do do ..do 10 Pipette... 1 died after 9, 47-percent weight gain in survivors, ..do 49-percent weight gain. ..do 34-percent weight gain. 1 died after 8, 30-percent ..do weight gain in survivors. 51-percent weight gain. ..do do 2 died after 6 and 7, 1percent weight loss in survivors. ..do 3-percent weight gain. .do. 2 died after 9 and 10, 15percent weight gain in survivors. 54-percent weight gain. 50 50 100 10 10 10 100 175 10 10 250 500 10 10 Controls Capsule. _ NIE. Do. do 10-percent weight loss, dedo layed recovery. 8 Poisoned after 4 and died. do Do. 10-percent weight loss, delayed recovery. ' NIE. Poisoned after 3 and died. Poisoned after 9 and died. 1 Dual Paraquat®, 42 percent emulsifiable concentrate of paraquat, Ortho Div., Chevron Chemical Co., San Francisco, Calif. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 6 to 8 weeks before regaining original body weight. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. the abomasum, on the cerebellar surface, and in swollen adrenals. The liver was congested, and the intestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic. Chickens had swollen, edemic kidneys, congested liver, and petechiae in the intestinal mucosa. 27 TABLE 34.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[l,2-a:2',l'-c\pyrazinediium ion, dibromide salt* Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks * Number Cattle: 5 5 10 .. 10 25 10 5 3 Capsule . Poisoned after 9, 5-percent weight loss. ..do.. Poisoned after 8, 8-percent weight loss, died 2 days after last dose. _.doPoisoned after 2 and died. _.do-. Poisoned and died. Sheep: 10 - 10 25 25 50 10 10 10 7 4 ..do.. dodo do do Chickens:' 25 50 50 100.. . 100 10 10 10 10 10 Pipette . 54-percent weight gain. ..do 55-percent weight gain. do 49-percent weight gain. ..do.. . 44-percent weight gain. do 1 died after 7, 38-percent weight gain in survivors. do. 4 died after 2 to 9, 15-percent weight gain in survivors. ..do.. All died after 4 to 6. 54-percent weight gain. 175 250. Controls 10 6 NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 3 and died. Poisoned after 1 and died. 1 Diquat Dibromide®, 35.3 percent emulsifiable concentrate of diquat, Ortho Div., Chevron Chemical Co., San Francisco, Calif. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Application rates for diquat range from 0.47 to 1.88 pounds actual per acre and 3 pounds per acre for floating weeds in canals. Rates in excess of 1 pound would be hazardous for cattle, 3 pounds for sheep. The rates would not be hazardous for chickens. �28 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Phthalamic Acid Compounds IV-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (iiaptalam), sodium salt Cattle and sheep were dosed by drench, chickens by pipette (table 35). A yearling was poisoned after six doses at 175 mg./kg. Two sheep were similarly poisoned after three and 10 doses at 100 mg./kg., but three other sheep were not affected by this dosage. One chicken in a group died after one dose at 250 mg./kg., but the survivors made gains comparable with those of the controls. Signs of poisoning were anorexia and diarrhea in one yearling and one sheep. Two other sheep showed no signs of poisoning in the course of the trial, although one had a 17-percent weight loss at 100 mg./kg. and the other had a 4-percent loss at 175. The sheep that had a 4-percent loss became prostrated and moribund with complete anorexia within 12 days after the last dose. It was then sacrificed. The sheep that had the 17-percent weight loss had no signs of poisoning for 45 days after the last dose. During the following 3 weeks, it began to lose weight again, but showed only partial anorexia. During this period a loose, edematous enlargement developed under the mandible, and the sheep died. At necropsy, the sacrificed sheep had a reddened intestinal mucosa and congested kidneys and liver. The sheep that died 67 days after the last dose had clear, edematous fluid in the subcutaneous tissue and pericardia! sac. Petechiae were seen on the kidney cortex and unclotted blood in the muscles. Lesions in chickens were congestion of the liver and intestinal mucosa and hemorrhages in the spleen. Application rates for naptalam sodium salt range from 1.26 to 8 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. yearlings were poisoned after eight doses at 25 mg./kg. One sheep had weight loss at 25 mg./kg., but another sheep was not affected TABLE 35.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, sodium saltl Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule or drench, chickens by pipette (table 36). Two Means of dosing Results and remarks * Number Cattle: 50 100.. . 100 .. 100. .. . 175 Sheep: 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 10 10 10 10 10 Drench _. NIE. .do Do. .do Do. .do Do. do Poisoned after 6 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 do, do. do do do do .do 100 - 10 do 175 10 . do 10 10 10 Pipette... 51-percent weight gain. ..do 45-percent weight gain. ..do 1 died after 1 dose, 49-percent weight gain in survivors. ..do 2 died after 4 and 6, 43percent weight gain in survivors. 49-percent weight gain. Chickens : * 50 100 250 500 Controls JV-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (naptalam) and 2-*ee-butyl-4,6dinitrophenol (dinoseb) Doses 1 10 ... NIE. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 10-percent weight loss. 17-percent weight loss, died 67 days after last dose. NIE during trial (4-percent weight loss), sacrificed 12 days after last dose. Alanap®, 23.7 percent emulsifiable concentrate of naptalam, Uniroyal Chem., Div. of Uniroyal, Inc., U.S. Rubber Co., Naugatuck, Conn. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �TOXICITY OP 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS by this dosage. One chicken died after two doses at 25 mg./kg., and survivors in the same group had reduced weight gains. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were usually anorexia and lethargy and occasionally tympany. One sheep with weight loss appeared normal throughout the trial. At necropsy, a light-brown, friable liver and a distended gall bladder were the most prominent lesions. In the sheep acutely poisoned at 100 mg./kg., lung congestion was marked. In 29 other animals fatally affected after more prolonged dosing, the cranial vessels were prominent and hemorrhages were seen around the pituitary. The yearling had swollen adrenals with a yellowish cast. Lesions in chickens were congested kidneys and hemorrhages in the spleen. Application rates for this naptalam and dinoseb mixture range from 2.25 to 3 pounds actual per acre. The maximum rate would be hazardous for the three test species. Miscellaneous Compounds All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 37). Two yearlings had weight losses at 25 mg./kg. Results from trials with sheep and chickens were highly variable, with weight losses or reduced weight gains at various dosage levels in individual sheep or groups of chickens. Dosages of from 10 to 100 mg./kg. had no adverse effects on some sheep and chickens. Nevertheless, dosages of 10 mg./kg. for sheep and 25 for chickens could be expected to cause some adverse effects. Anorexia was the only sign of poisoning in cattle and sheep, and in a number of instances even anorexia was not evident. At 'necropsy, the lesions in the sheep were general. The lungs, kidneys, and thyroid were congested; the upper respiratory and intestinal mucosa was reddened; and the liver was swollen and friable. Chickens had enlarged kidneys and congested intestinal mucosa. Application rates for 2,4-DEP range from 3 to 6 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be hazardous for the three test species. sidered a part of pyrazon toxicity to cattle. One sheep had a weight loss at 25 mg./kg. and another at 50, but others were not affected by the same dosages. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 250 mg./kg. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were lethargy and convulsions. In one yearling, convulsions were acute, occurring some 4 hours after the third dose at 100 mg./kg., and were followed by death. In contrast, the sheep with weight loss at 25 mg./kg. was chronically affected. After the sheep apparently had made a complete recovery, convulsions occurred 90 days after the last dose and were followed by death 11 days later. At necropsy on the acutely poisoned yearlings and sheep, hemorrhagic intestinal mucosa, congested kidneys, and distended cranial vessels were the most prominent lesions. The yearling also had a light-brown, friable liver. Engorged and prominent cranial vessels were the only lesions in the chronically affected sheep. Application rates for pyrazon range from 4 to 4.8 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be hazardous for sheep, but not for cattle or chickens. 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3 (2H) • pyridazinone (pyrazon) 2,4-dichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) Cattle were dosed by capsule or drench, sheep and chickens by capsule (table 38). A yearling and a sheep were poisoned and died after three doses at 100 mg./kg. Another yearling developed a mandibular enlargement after two doses by drench at 50 mg./kg., but this was not con- Cattle and chickens were dosed by capsule, sheep by capsule or drench (table 39). A yearling and a sheep were poisoned after three doses at 100 mg./kg., and chickens had weight losses at 175. Signs of poisoning were anorexia, diarrhea, tris[2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl] phosphite (2,4-DEP) �30 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE hematuria, and depression, with increasing intensity with continued dosing. The affected yearling was also ataxic, with loss of equilibrium. TABLE 36.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid and 2-sec-butyl-4>6-dinitrophenol1 Results and remarks ' At necropsy, the kidneys were congested and the spleen was irregular and swollen. There were hemorrhages on the external surface of the heart, with clotted blood and edematous TABLE 37.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep; and chickens with Ms \2- (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl] phosphite1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks • Number NIE. Do. Poisoned after 8 and survived, 8-percent weight loss.4 Poisoned and died. NIE. Do. Do. 7-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 25-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. Do. Cattle • 10 10 25 . 25 50 . 10 10 10 10 10 NIE. Sheep: 5 10 . 10 25 „ 25 25 50 50 . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 NIE. 50 10 100 10 5 100 66-percent weight gain. 1 died after 2, 46-percent weight gain in survivors. 3 died after 1 or 2, 6-percent weight gain in survivors. All died after 1. 61-percent weight gain. 1 Dyanap®, 31.3 percent ere ulsinable concentrate of naptalam (20.8 percent) and dinoseb (10.5 percent), Uniroyal Chem., Div. of Uniroj al, Inc., U.S. Rubber Co., Naugatuck, Conn. 2 pparent. NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 16.61 mg./kg. naptalam 25 mg./kg. is equivaler and 8.39 mg./kg. dinoseb. 4 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 5 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Chickens:' 10 25 25 50 50 100 100 250. 250 375 500 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Do. 5-percent weight loss. Do. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. Do. 9-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. 7-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 2 and died. 66-percent weight gain. 48-percent weight gain. 43-percent weight gain. 56-percent weight gain. 32-percent weight gain. 54-percent weight gain.. 42-percent weight gain. 48-percent weight gain. 36-percent weight gain. 1 died after 8, 44-percent weight gain in survivors. 4 died 2 to 7, 8-percent weight loss in survivor. 58-peroent weight gain, 1 Falone®, 44 percent emulsiflable concentrate of 2,4DEP, Uniroyal Chem., Div. of Uniroyal, Inc., U.S. Rubber Co., Naugatuck, Conn. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent, 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS fluid in the pericardial sac. The upper respiratory tract contained froth and edematous fluid. Chickens had congested liver and kidneys and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for nitrofen range from 4 to 6 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. 31 TABLE 38.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 5-amino-4chloro-2-phenyl-3 (#H) -pyridazinone1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks ' Number dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) Cattle and chickens were dosed by capsule, sheep by capsule and drench (table 40). A yearling was poisoned after five doses at 250 mg./kg. Sheep were unaffected by dosages up to and including 500 mg./kg.; however, one sheep had weight loss at 50. The result of this trial should, therefore, be considered as solely due to individual susceptibility. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 250 mg./kg. Anorexia was the only sign of poisoning in the yearling. The sheep appeared normal during and after the trial in all aspects of behavior. Application rates for DCPA range from 7.5 •to 10.5 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. (2,3,6-trichlorophenyl) acetic acid (fenac), sodium salt Cattle were dosed by capsule or drench, sheep by drench, chickens by pipette (table 41). Two yearlings were poisoned after one and two doses at 50 mg./kg., and one sheep was poisoned after two doses at 175. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 175 mg./kg., and one of the five died after seven doses. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, diarrhea, dyspnea, and ataxia. One sheep had partial paraplegia (paralysis of the hindquarters) after three doses at 250 mg./kg., with death occurring the following day. Another sheep was poisoned and died suddenly after four doses at the same dosage. A sheep that was poisoned and survived had alopecia 30 days after the last dose. At necropsy on sheep, the intestinal mucosa was reddened, the liver and kidneys were congested, and the spleen was swollen. In the sheep that was acutely poisoned and died, the res- Cattle: 25 25 10 50 50 10 10 10 100 3 Capsule . NIE. do Do. do Do. Drench Irritation effect after 2, 6-percent weight loss. ' Capsule Poisoned and died. Sheep: 25 10 10 10 10 ..do. do _do do 50 50 100 10 10 3 _-do. --do. ..do 10 10 10 ..do ..do ..do 10 10 25 NIE. Do. Do. 5-percent weight loss, chronic toxicity and death. * NIE. 9-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. Chickens :6 100.. .. 250.. .. 500 Controls 51-percent weight gain. 37-percent weight gain. 39-percent weight gain. 50-percent weight gain. 1 Pyramin®, 80 percent wettable powder of pyrazpn, Amchem Products, Inc., Ambler, Pa. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Apparently recovered, then 90 days after last dose, convulsions and death. 5 Average results of 5 treated chickens. piratory mucosa was congested, the cranial vessels were engorged, and there were petechiae in the subcutaneous tissue. Chickens had edematous kidneys, enlarged spleen, and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for fenac for sugarcane range from 3,6 to 8 pounds actual per acre. The maximum rate would be hazardous for cattle, but not for sheep and chickens. �32 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U S DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE .. TABLE 39.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2,4-dichlorophenyl p^nitrophenyl ether * Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 8 Number Cattle: 50 60 100. 10 .. 10 6 Sheep: 50 50 100 10 10 10 100 10 100 10 Chickens:* 50 100. _ . 175 250 500 Controls Capsule __ NIE. Do. -do Poisoned after 3 and sur..do vived. NIB. do Do. ..do Drench _ _ Poisoned after 5 and survived, 11 -percent weight loss. Capsule .. Poisoned after 8, 13-percent weight loss, sacrificed. .-do. ... Poisoned after 3 and died 13 days after last dose, 15-percent weight loss. 10 10 10 10 do ..do do do 10 ..do 62-percent weight gain. 52-percent weight gain. 19-percent weight loss. 2 died after 9, 30-percent weight loss in survivors. 4 died 6 to 8, 34-percent weight loss in survivor. 54-percent weight gain. 1 TOK WP-50®, 50 percent wettable powder of nitrofen, Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. S-ethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-1carbothioate (molinate) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 42). Two yearlings were poisoned after one and six doses at 50 mg./kg., but another yearling was not affected by this same dosage. One sheep was poisoned after one dose at 75 mg./kg. One group of chickens had reduced weight gains at 25 mg./kg., but the same dosage had no adverse effects on another group. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were salivation, anorexia, diarrhea, and ataxia. One sheep had tympanites and another had lethargy and muscular spasms. At necropsy, the mucosa of the abomasum and intestines was hemorrhagic and lymph nodes were congested. The liver was swollen and often light brown. The spleen was distended and the kidneys were engorged with blood. The respiratory mucosa was often reddened and the thyroid was congested. Chickens had swollen, congested kidneys, light-brown liver, distended gall bladder, and reddened intestinal mucosa. The application rate for molinate for rice is 3 pounds actual per acre. This rate would be hazardous for chickens, but not for cattle and sheep. TABLE 40.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks * 10 10 Capsule do do NIE. Do. Poisoned after 5 and survived, 9-percent weight loss. Sheep: 25 ... 25 ... 50 50 100 , 100 175 250 375 500 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ..do ..do ..do ..do -.do. -.do do Drench do ..do NIE. Do. Do. 8-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Do Do. Do Do. Chickens:' 100 ... 250 .-. 500 ... Controls. 10 10 10 Capsule ..do ..do 51-percent 49-percent 37-percent 54-percent Number Cattle: 100 100 ... 250 10 weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. iDachthal W-75®, 75 percent wettable powder of DCPA, Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects'apparent. 8 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS 7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptaiie-2,3dicarboxylic acid (endothall), potassium salt Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 48). A yearling was TABLE 41.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with (2,3,6-trichlorophenyI)acetic acid, sodium salt1 Animal and dosage received (nag. /kg.) Doses Means of dosing 10 10 10 50 10 100 100 10 10 10 10 10 4 250 250 4 3 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Capsule __ NIE. do Do. Drench Poisoned after 1 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. 3 Capsule _ Poisoned after 2 and survived, 14-percent weight loss. do NIE. Drench . Poisoned after 3 and survived, 10-percent weight loss. do.. . .do .do do . 10 10 Pipette . do 10 ..do 500 10 do 1 Doses NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 2 and survived, alopecia after 30 days, 14-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. Do. 52-percent weight gain. 1 died after 7, 16-percent weight gain in survivors. 1 died after 6, 47-percent weight gain in survivors. 4 died 1 to 6, 69-percent weight gain in survivor. 54-percent weight gain. Penac, 16.1 percent water soluble concentrate, Amchem Products, Inc., Ambler, Pa. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Results and remarks a Number Cattle: 25 25 50 50 10 10 10 10 50 4 100 2 100 1 1 Sheep : 50 50 75 100. . 100... 10 10 10 7 2 250 .do ..do 250 Controls TABLB 42.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with Sethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-1-carbothioate* 250 Sheep : 50 100 100 175 Chickens : 4 100 175 poisoned after two doses at 25 mg./kg., and a sheep had weight loss at 10. One group of chickens had reduced weight gains at 10 and 25 mg./kg., but higher dosages had no adverse effects on other groups. Signs of poisoning in sheep varied. The sheep with only weight loss appeared normal thr,ough- Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 25 25 50 33 1 Chickens:5 10 25 . 25 50 100 175. 250.. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 375 4 500 . 4 Controls 1 NIE. Do. Do. Poisoned after 6 and survived 13-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 1 and survived 5-percent weight loss. Poisoned after' 1 and survived, 11-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived 6-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived 7-percent weight loss. NIE. Do Poisoned after 1 and survived Poisoned after 1 and died. Poisoned after 1 and died 2 days after last dose. Poisoned and died. 55-percent weight gain 54-percent weight gain. 36-percent weight gain. 29-percent weight gain. 28-percent weight gain. 26-percent weight gain. 3 died after 4 to 7, 25-percent weight gain in survivors. All died after 3 to 4. Do. 48-percent weight gain. Ordram 6E®, 71 percent emulsifiable concentrate of molinate, Stauffer Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �34 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U S DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE .. TABLE 43.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, potassium salt1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 10 10. 25 Sheep : 5 5 10 25 .-50 Chickens:8 10 25 50 100 250 Controls 10 10 3 10 10 10 5 2 10 10 10 10 10 Capsule . NIE. Do. .do Poisoned after 2 and died ..do 1 day after last dose. do. do do .do do- Pipette .do ..do ..do ..do NIE. Do. 13-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and died. Poisoned and died. 48-percent 50-percent 57-percent 56-percent 55-percent 55-percent weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. weight gain. 1 Potassium Endothal®, 40.3 percent water soluble concentrate of endothall, Pennwalt Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. 2 3 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. Average results of 5 treated chickens. out the trial, but the sheep more severely affected had anorexia and diarrhea. The yearling had anorexia and ataxia, with vomition and salivation. At necropsy, the abomasal and intestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic, the liver was swollen, and the gall bladder was distended. The kidneys were congested and there was excessive edematous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The adrenals were enlarged, with congested cortex in one sheep. The spleen was thickened with dark, semiliquid contents in the yearling. Application rates for endothall range from 1 to 6.55 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be hazardous for sheep, but not for chickens. Rates of 3 pounds or greater would be hazardous for cattle. 2-chloro-TV-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 44). A yearling was poisoned after three doses at 25 mg./kg. One sheep was poisoned after nine doses at 10 mg./kg., but two others were not affected by this dosage. Chickens had reduced weight gains at 25 mg./kg. Signs of poisoning were anorexia and occasional diarrhea in cattle and sheep. At necropsy on the sheep, there were a friable, congested liver, reddened intestinal mucosa, and hemorrhages in the abdominal wall. In chickens, there were congested kidneys, TABLE 44.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide 1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 10... 10 25 .. 10 10 Sheep: 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 25 25 50 Chickens:' 5 10 25 50 100 Controls 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 NIE. Do. Poisoned after 3 and survived 13-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Do. Do. Poisoned after 9 and survived 6-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 2 and died. Poisoned after 4 and survived, 22-percent weight loss. 53-percent weight gain. 50-percent weight gain. 34-percent weight gain. 32-percent weight gain. All died after 3 to 5. 55-percent weight gain. 1 Ramrod 65®, 65 percent wettable powder of propachlor, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS swollen, engorged liver, and hemorrhagic intestinal mucosa. Application rates for propachlor range from 3.9 to 6 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be hazardous for the three test species. O-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl isopropylphosphoroamidothioate (DMPA) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 45). One yearling and two sheep had weight losses at 10 mg./kg. One group of chickens had reduced weight gains at this dosage level, but that same dosage had no adverse effects on another group. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep varied among the affected animals. The signs were notably absent in most cases that were less severe; however, one sheep in this category died 6 days after the last dose at 25 mg./kg. Other animals had anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, and excessive salivation. One yearling developed swollen joints, followed by paraplegia and unilateral keratitis, and died 26 days after the last dose at 25 mg./kg. At necropsy, the liver and kidneys were congested and the gastrointestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic. The cranial vessels were usually engorged and prominent. In one sheep the pancreas was reddened. There is no current registration for DMPA in agriculture. Application rates in excess of 1 pound actual per acre would be hazardous for the three test species. 3-amino-2,5-dichIorobenzoic acid (chloramben) Cattle were dosed by capsule or drench, sheep by capsule, chickens by pipette (table 46). One yearling was drenched at 25 mg./kg. and developed a mandibular swelling after eight doses, with weight loss. Because other cattle were unaffected by capsule at this and higher dosages, this sign was not considered true toxicity of chloramben to this species. Another yearling had a weight loss at 175 mg./kg. The same reactions followed sheep trials, with weight loss at 25 mg./kg. and evidence of poisoning at 50, but dosages up to and including 500 had no 35 TABLE 45.—Results of multiple oral dosing by capsule of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 0(2,4-dichlorophenyl) Q-methyl isopropylphosphoroamidothioate 1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 10 10 10 .. 10 25 10 10 10 10 6 6 25... Sheep: 5 10 10 10 10.— 25.25 - . 25— 50 50 Chickens:' 5 ... 10 10 — 25 25 50 .-. 100 Controls 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 NIE. Do. Do. 9-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2 and died 26 days after last dose, 10-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and died 5 days after last dose. NIE. Do. Do. 5-percent weight loss. 5-percent weight loss. 11-percent weight loss. NIE during trial, died 6 days after last dose. Poisoned after 5 and died. Poisoned and died. Poisoned after 2 and died. 55-percent weight gain. 51-percent weight gain. 35-percent weight gain. 48-percent weight gain. 27-percent weight gain. 34-percent weight gain. 1 died after 10, 18-percent weight gain in survivors. 54-percent weight gain. 1 Crab Grass Killer with Zytron®, 35 percent emulsifiable concentrate of DMPA, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. further adverse effects on other test animals. One group of chickens had reduced weight gains at 375 mg./kg., but that same dosage had no adverse effects on another group. Signs of poisoning in one sheep were anorexia �36 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 137, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 46.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 3-avnino-2,5dichlorobenzoic acid1 TABLE 47.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 3-amino-striazole1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 10 ... 25 25 50 100 175 175 250 250 Sheep: 10 --. 25 25 50 50 100 100 175 250 375 500 Chickens:4 100 250 375 375 500 Controls 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Drench .do- - do do do 10 g Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number Capsule .- NIE. Do. do - Drench ._ Irritation effect after 8, 9-percent weight loss. * Capsule. . NIE. Do. do Do. do 6-percent weight loss. do do - - _ NIE. 5-percent weight loss. do. 10 Doses 10 10 10 10 10 10 do _-do do do do do 10 10 10 10 10 Pipettedo do ..do do NIE. Do. 5-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 10-percent weight loss. NIE. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 50-percent weight gain. 49-percent weight gain. 52-percent weight gain. 32-percent weight gain. 2 died after 7 and 9, 51percent weight gain in survivors. 46-percent weight gain. J Vegiben®, 23.4 percent emulsifiable concentrate of chloramben, Amchem Products, Inc., Ambler, Pa. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Average results of 6 treated chickens. Cattle: 10 10 25 10 10 10 25 10 50 6 Capsule do Drench do Capsule1 NIE. Do. Poisoned after 6 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. » Poisoned after 3 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. vived, 16-percent weight loss. Sheep: 5 10 10 25 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 9 Drench do . dodo- do do 50 10 do 50 10 <)o Chickens : * 50 100 250 250 375 500 Controls. 10 10 10 10 7 4 Pipettedo do .do. .. .do .do NIE Do. 9-percent weight loss NIE. 5-percent weight loss Poisoned after 3 and died 2 days after last dose, 24-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 2, 24-percent weight loss, sacrificed 7 days after last dose. 54-percent weight gain 43-percent weight gain 60-percent weight gain 36-percent weight gain All died after 3 to 7. All died after 3 to 4. 51-percent weight gain. 1 Amitrol®, 21.1 percent water soluble concentrate of amitrole, Amchem Products, Inc., Ambler, Pa. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. s �TOXICITY OF 45 ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS and depression. An uneventful recovery followed the dosing regimen. At necropsy on two chickens, there were hemorrhages in the spleen, congested liver and kidneys, and reddened intestinal mucosa. Application rates for chloramben range from 2 to 4.1 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole) Cattle were dosed by capsule or drench, sheep by drench, chickens by pipette (table 47). Two yearlings were poisoned after three and six doses at 25 mg./kg., and one sheep had weight loss 'at 10. Chickens had significant reduced weight gains at 100 mg./kg. 37 Anorexia was seen in cattle and in a few of the sheep at some of the higher dosages tested; two sheep showed weight losses without any abnormal signs. The yearling dosed at 50 mg./kg. also had ataxia and weakness before dosing was discontinued after six doses; a full recovery followed. At necropsy, there were hemorrhages in the abomasal and intestinal mucosa, congested lungs and upper respiratory tract, swollen, friable liver, and blood-engorged kidneys. Chickens had reddened intestinal mucosa and congested liver and kidneys. Application rates for amitrole range from 1 to 4 pounds actual per acre. The maximum would be hazardous for cattle and sheep, but not for chickens. CONCLUSION These data have been abstracted in table 48, "Summary of dosages of various organic herbi- cides that cause significant weight loss, reduced weight gain, or poisoning in cattle, sheep, and chickens." �TABLE 48.—Summary of dosages of various organic herbicides that cause significant weight loss, reduced weight gain, or poisoning in cattle, sheep, and chickens1 Herbicide Least number of dosages for — Dosage rate (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), 2-ethylhexyl ester. 500 250 100 50 (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2-ethylhexyl ester. (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), triethylamine salt. 500 375 250 175 100 50 500 375 250 175 100 50 4-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]butyric acid (MCPB), sodium salt. 250 100 50 [(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid (MCPA), sodium salt. 500 250 175 100 1 W O O 0 3 5 ^ i 10 If!J./kg. 10 10 10 3 2 7 10 3 1 10 1 5 5 10 10 500 250 100 50 10 10 3 6 [(4-chloro-0-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid (MCPA), dimethylamine salt. 500 375 250 175 100 50 25 10 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB), dimethylamine salt. 2 10 10 10 10 8 9 10 4 7 2 10 4 4 2 5 5 5 10 2 2 9 2 5 5 Chlorinated aliphatic acid compounds: 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2-dichloropropionate and related compounds (erbon). 500 375 250 175 100 50 25 2- [ (4-chlor o-o-tolyl) oxy Ipropionic acid (mecoprop), diethanolamine salt. 2 2 3 10 5 , trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sodium salt.2 1 375 250 175 50 '_ 0 10 10 2 5 8 10 .3 <-j 10 2 2 3 '"03 o - — 3 4 2 5 2 - § > 0 t-H - 10 § 10 3 M 3 10 -s 10 1 8 3 a » 6 500 250 200 175 100 50 25 10 10 6 10 8 10 <-i & r-t Chlorophenoxy compounds: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), dimethylamine salt. Sheep Chickens 4 Cattle Mi j./kg. 500 375 250 175 100 Least number of dosages for — RESEARCH REPO Sheep Chickens oo in rH o i—( o t-H o Cattle Herbicide Dosage rate CO 2 2 10 �Mlj./kff. Amide compounds: 0,0-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with JV-(2-mercaptoetb.yl) benzenesulfonamide (bensulide). 2,6-dichlorothiobenzamide (chlorthiamid). 500 375 250 100 50 100 50 25 10 5 Mg./kg. 2 2 2 2 3 1 10 5 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2 jOarbamate compounds: 3,4-dichlorobenzyl methylcarbamate (dichlormate). 2 2 3 2 10 10 10 10 isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham). 2 Phenyl urea compounds: 3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl) -1,1-dimethylurea (norea).2 3-[£-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl |1,1-dimethylurea (ehloroxuron). l-l-dimethyl-3-(a,a,strifluorO-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron). 3-(/>-bromophenyl)-l-methoxy1-methylurea (metobromuron). • 250 175 500 250 100 50 25 500 250 175 100 50 500 250 100 50 25 1 2 1 2 5 2 7 10 10 10 o HH O 5 10 10 10 10 2 2 3 6 2 O » O 5 2 3 8 CT 4 4 10 10 10 10 iThiocarbamate compounds: S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate). S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate). 10 10 2 4 10 10 10 S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC). 500 375 250 175 100 50 (500 I 375 1 250 100 500 250 100 50 7 2 3 10 10 g o w 10 3 8 3 1 1 1 2 H W 10 2 1 O H a CO 10 10 H O O 10 10 10 10 w ffi H S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) j acetic acid (2,4-D), iso-octyl ester. 500 250 100 50 25 10 1 3 4 2 O 10 O K i—( O w See footnotes at end of table. H CO �TABLE 48.—Summary of dosages of various organic herbicides that cause significant weight loss, reduced weight gain, or poisoning in cattle, sheep, and chickens l— (Continued) t Herbicide Dosage rate Least number of dosages for — Herbicide Dosage rate Least number of dosages for — ^_j Cattle Sheep Chickens Cattle Mi Thiocarbamate compounds —Con. 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC). disodium methanearsonate (DSMA)__ -< 500 250 175 100 50 25 hydroxydimethylarsine oxide (cacodylic) acid. •• 250 175 100 50 25 1 3 2 3 10 10 Dipyridyl compounds: l,l'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridium ion (paraquat), methylsulfate salt. 10 10 2 5 10 10 10 10 1 8 2 10 10 10 2 2 6 H 0 2 2 2 2 9 10 10 10 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[l,2-a2',l'-c] pyrazinediium ion (diquat), dibromide salt. 500 250 175 100 50 25 10 250 175 100 50 25 10 5 Phthalamic acid compounds: Af-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (naptalam), sodium salt. 500 250 175 100 Af-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (naptalam) and 2-sec-butyl4,6-dinitrophenyl (dinoseb). 100 50 25 4 10 9 3 10 4 2 7 3 2 8 1 3 10 z 0 23 c! 8 § 4 1 6 """" 0 10 3 2 3 10 o .RICULTURE 500 250 175 2 2 2 o ci 4 2 r-t ^H N Substituted dinitroaniline compounds: «,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitroJV,JV'-dipropyl-/Mx>luidine (trifluralin). JV-butyl-AT-ethyl-a,a,o-trifluoro2,6-dinitro-£-toluidine (benefin). 500 375 25 1 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro7V,JV-dipropylaniline (nitralin). 2 M& i./kg. 500 375 250 01 ei to oo >—< a o i— 250 100 50 25 10 Arsenical compounds: monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA). 10 7 10 # N RESEARCH REPC 250 175 100 50 25 Sheep Chickens �M& '•/kg. M<,r./kg. 500 375 250 100 50 25 10 Miscellaneous compounds: tris[2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl] phosphite (2,4-DEP). 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2/0pyridazinone (pyrazon). 500 250 100 50 25 2,4-dichlorophenyl £-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen). 500 250 175 100 dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA). c' (2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid (fenac), sodium salt. 0) o o < n a z s •4 500 250 50 500 250 175 100 50 2 10 2 2 10 10 2 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 3 10 10 S-ethyl hexahydro-1 ff-azepine1-carbothioate (molinate). 2-chloro-AT-isopropylacetanuide (propachlor). 10 10 O-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl isopropylphosphoroamidothioate (DMPA). 3 5 10 3 2 3 1 1 6 7 50 25 10 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1 jheptane2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall), potassium salt. 6 9 10 3 500 375 250 175 100 75 50 25 3-amino-2,5-dicblorobenzoic acid (chloramben). \ \ 100 50 25 10 100 50 25 10 500 375 250 175 50 25 500 375 250 100 50 25 10 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 10 10 10 10 2 2 2 10 10 10 3 4 2 9 3 10 10 10 2 5 10 10 10 10 10 2 10 O X hH O en O O K H § hH O HH- O M OQ 7 10 10 10 H H f H 2 10 3 3 10 10 2 3 2 3 10 Broken lines indicate that either the herbicide was not tested at that rate or the herbicide was not toxic to the animal at that rate. No toxic dosages found for chickens. W H a o o � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 103 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2778 Series The series number of the original item. Series V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Palmer, J. S. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-03-01 Title A name given to the resource Toxicity of 45 Organic Herbicides to Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 103 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2779 Series The series number of the original item. Series V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Palmer, J. S. D. E> Clarck L. M. Hunt Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1 1964 Title A name given to the resource Toxicologic Effects of Silvex on Yearling Cattle Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 103 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2780 Series The series number of the original item. Series V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Palmer, J. S. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 15 1963 Title A name given to the resource Chronic Toxicity of 2,4-D Alkanolamine Salts to Cattle Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 103 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2781 Series The series number of the original item. Series V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Palmer, J. S. R. D. Radeleff Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Title A name given to the resource The Toxicologic Effects of Certain Fungicides and Herbicides on Sheep and Cattle https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/c208a203b503b8f7ea749a3a1da6986f.pdf 29a45665e583568cbbefd870d0f939a6 PDF Text Text Itom ID Number 03003 Author Palmer, J. S. Corporate Author United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Re ROport/ArtldO Tltlfl The Toxicity of some Organic Herbicides to Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens Journal/Book Title Year 1969 Month/Day Ma Color D Numboroflmagos 28 v Descripton Notes Thursday, November 01, 2001 Page 3003 of 3007 �ircfinsccl tw t!io IJ, K. Dcpnrt'nont of Agriculture for Of'icial Uso The Toxicity of Some Organic Herbicides To Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens Production Research Report No. 106 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE �CONTENTS Interpretation of hazard Experimental animals Experimental materials and dosages . Results _ Chlorophenoxy compounds Amide compounds Phenyl urea compounds TMocarbamate compounds Triazine compounds Benzoic acid compounds Miscellaneous compounds Comment Summary and conclusions Literature cited Page 2 2 3 3 3 7 9 11 13 18 19 23 26 26 FOLLOW THK LABEL, This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all -pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Trade names are used hi this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or an endorsement by the Department over other products not mentioned. Issued May 1969 Washington, D.C. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C.20402 -Price 26 cents �The Toxicity of Some Organic Herbicides To Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens By J. S. PALMBB and K. D. RADELEFF, veterinary medical officers Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, Agricultural Research Servicel * The Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, has conducted studies on the toxicity of various organic herbicides to livestock for many years. Initial studies at Kerrville, Tex., for the most part involved long-term experiments with the more commonly applied chlorinated phenoxy acid compounds (12, 14)* Further studies with cattle and sheep have involved these and other organic herbicides. Results from some of these studies have been reported (6, 7, 8,9,10,13). Complementing all these studies have been additional reports that substantiate our own conclusions that a number of organic herbicides provide a comfortable margin of safety for cattle, sheep, and chickens when these herbicides are used according to directions (1, 2, S, 4> H, 15, 16, 19, «0)> The studies at Kerrville were intensified, beginning in 1963; more cattle and sheep were studied, and chickens were added as experimental subjects. Usually these were short-term studies and were limited to 10, or fewer, consecutive daily doses. This would be a type of exposure that might be expected when these test animals consume relatively large quantities of the organic herbicides, either by carelessness or accident, for a short time. In some instances, however, sheep were exposed to as many as 481 consecutive daily doses. The 29 organic herbicides chosen for our studies 1 J. S. Palmer is at the Toxicological Investigations Laboratory, Kerrville, Tex. 78028, and R. D. Radeleff is at the Southwestern Veterinary Toxicology and Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, College Station, Tex. 77840. 2 Acknowledgment is made to personnel of the Crops Research and the Pesticides Regulation Divisions for their revisions and comments. ' ! Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 26. 4 Also McNamara, B. P. Summary of toxicity data on phenoxyacetates. 1967. [Personal correspondence.] were registered by the Pesticides Regulation Division of the Agricultural Research Service, at the time the studies were conducted. They were selected to allow as much diversification as possible, and correlated in considerable degree to the extent they_ were being used in agriculture. The herbicides in this report have been classified according to chemical similarity as follows: chlorophehoxy, amide, phenyl urea, thiocarbamate, triazine, benzoic acid, and miscellaneous compounds. In this report poisoning was considered to have occurred when any observable sign of abnormal function or behavior was observed. In the mildest form of poisoning with most of the compounds, the signs were not spectacular. In many instances anorexia (lack or loss of appetite for feed—either partial or complete) was the only sign displayed. In these instances either the anorexia limited feed intake or the herbicide interfered with proper utilization of feed, or a combination of both could have affected the test animals. When such factor(s) resulted in fiither a 5-percent or more weight loss in cattle and sheep or a 5-percent or more decreased weight gain in chickens, it was considered significant. A few of the test animals died without previous signs of poisoning. Cattle and sheep were routinely studied without parallel controls. Special tests that have been reported previously indicate that animals treated at less than toxic doses gained weight comparable with that of control animals (9, 21). The behavior and weight changes of cattle and sheep in these and other current studies and of animals in previous studies formed the basis for judging effect. In some measure the assessment of effect upon weight was therefore subjective rather than objective in cattle and sheep. Chickens were studied with parallel controls and fed to make extensive weight gains. Because of the large numbers available, the assessment of effect upon weight gams could be objective. �PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 106, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Weight gains or losses in chickens cannot be directly compared with the same changes in cattle and sheep because the latter were more mature and were being fed to maintain weight.or to gain slightly. Chickens were being fed to gain approximately 40 percent of their initial weight in the test period. INTERPRETATION OF HAZARD To relate the toxic dosages found for cattle, sheep, and chickens to the application rates recommended for each herbicide (17, 18, Iff), we calculated the probable amounts that could be consumed daily from recently sprayed fields or pastures. In < these calculations, we considered neither the influence of environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, and rainfall, nor the decomposition rates of the herbicides being studied (5). "The U.S.D.A. Summary of Registered .Agricultural Pesticide Chemical Uses" was utilized for the application rates (IT). An arbitrary, although realistic, yield of 0.1 pound of air-dry forage per square foot of area was selected, which is equivalent to approximately 2 tons per acre. This would represent a high-quality, improved pasture. The reader must, of course, make adjustments for local conditions. A sparse cover of vegetation would allow more of the herbicide to reach the ground and be unavailable to animals, whereas a more lush vegetative cover would tend to hold more of the material available. In the latter case, however, less of the total forage of the area would be consumed in any one day. Further assumptions were: (1) that an animal would consume, as forage, 3 percent of its body weight each day; and (2) that all the chemical formulation applied would adhere to the vegetation. Although this latter is never actually the case, this assumption gives the maximum exposure to be expected. An application of 1 pound of chemical to 1 acre of land provides 10.4 milligrams for each square foot. We may simplify the whole calculation to a single statement that 1 pound actual oj herbicide per acre provides a ?'-milligram per kilogram (mg.f leg.) dosage to the animal under the conditions here assumed to exist. Each 2.2 pounds of animal weight equals 1 kilogram or 1,000 grams. In turn, 1 pound equals 454 grams. The equivalent of 1,000 mg./kg. is 454 milligram per pound (mg./lb.). EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS The cattle and sheep treated were obtained directly from local farmers and ranchers or through local auctions and were commercial stock. Cattle were of mixed breeding and sex, approximately 9 to 16 months old, and were classified as yearlings. Sheep were ewes and wethers of predominantly Delaine breeding. The cattle and sheep were maintained in _open pens and were provided with rations of grain concentrates and hay. Mineral supplement and water were allowed as free choices. The chickens were White Leghorns purchased from a commercial hatchery as day-old cockerels. One trial, however, included 31 chickens of Cornish-White Rock breeding. All chickens were held in brooder or grower pens for 6 weeks, first on a'commercial starting feed and later on a growing mash; then the trials were started. Before each experiment was started, each of the birds was weighed and legbanded, then placed with 4 others in isolated cages. All 5 were treated at the same dosage level of the organic herbicide. An additional 1 or 2 birds in each cage, also legbanded and weighed, served as controls. �THE TOXICITY OF BOMB ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND DOSAGES The various organic herbicides utilized were isually commercially available formulations; howr, exceptions were the use of: 2,4,5-T equivalent '—pure acid or propylene glycol butyl ether ester— in 2 sheep in which residual effects were also studied (table 3); technical diphenamid in all trials (table 6); and, because of the unavailability of the commercial formulation, technical polychlorobicyclopentadiene isomers in a minority of cattle, sheep, and chickens more recently treated (table 25). JDosages were calculated on a mg./kg. basis for the active ingredient(s) of each chemical formulation to the body weight of the test animals They were periodically recalculated in chronic studies as the weight of the animals changed. Cattle and sheep were dosed with water-diluted formulation by use of a syringe, followed by a water rinse, or by use of a balling gun with the formulations in appropriate-sized gelatin capsules. Chickens were dosed by water-diluted formulation by use of pipettes or by formulations in gelatin capsule's. The treated chickens and the controls in each cage were handled similarly; the controls were given untreated water or empty capsules. The method used to select the number of doses administered and the dosage rates for each test animal involved several variables. The initial dosage rate Was usually based on trial and error. When a toxic dosage was found, additional dosages above and below this rate were applied to other cattle, sheep, and chickens. Where a step-bystep increase of dosages indicated increased toxicity, repetition of individual dosages was not considered essential. After each trial was completed, usually lasting 10 days or less, each surviving animal was weighed; the weight change was expressed as the percentage of initial, or preexposure, weight. Animals that died or were sacrificed during the course of the dosing or afterwards were examined by necropsy. Those sacrificed were moribund and death was considered imminent. Specimens for histopathological examination were collected for later study* RESULTS Chlorophenoxy Compounds 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), alkauolamine salts (of the ethanol and isopropanol series) 7 Cattle and sheep were dosed by drench in all cases except one sheep, which was dosed by capsule (table 1). This sheep lost less weight comparatively (4 percent) at 250 mg./kg. after 10 doses than another (10 percent) at the same dosage by drench. Cattle were poisoned also at the 250 mg./ kg., but after only 1. A sheep on a chronic study at 100 mg./kg. lost significant weight after 8. This loss was subsequently 'regained with no other apparent toxic effects in the following 473 doses. Chickens dosed at 250 or 500 mg./kg. 10 times by capsule had a significant reduced weight gain when compared with the controls. All five cattle were treated on a 5-day per week regimen to arrive at the total doses received (6). The yearling dosed at 100 mg./kg. 86 times became tympanitic (distended with gas) and was medicated for this condition. After 2 additional doses, this yearling was removed from the experiment because of rumen atony (lack of normal tone), and an uneventful recovery followed. One yearling treated at 250 mg./kg. one time developed dyspnea (difficult breathing) and other signs 01 respiratory difficulty with partial anorexia associated with swellings in the mandibular region. As a result of a later experiment discussed on page 5 of this report, we decided that the difficulty was probably caused by the irritation of the duuted formulation on the mucous membrane of the pharynx. Signs of poisoning in. cattle were anorexia, ataxia (failure of muscular coordination), and, in cases of prolonged exposure, ulceration of the oral mucous membranes. Signs in sheep were depression and weight loss. At necropsy on 2 cattle and 1 sheep, lesions hi the animals varied. Hemorrhages on the surface of the epicardium with excessive quantity of peri- �PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 106, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 1.—Results of multiple dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with % ,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), alkanolamine salts (of the ethanol and isopropanol series}1 Animal and dosage Doses Means of dosing received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 50— 100-. Results and remarks 2 Number 112 Drench 88 ---do 200. 44 do 250250. 1 20 do do Sheep: 100- 481 NIE. Poisoned after 86 and survived. Poisoned after 25 and died.8 Poisoned and survived.8 Poisoned after 15 and died.3 do 250. 250500- Chickens:4 100 250 500 Controls.. 11-percent weight loss after 8, otherwise NIE. 10 do 10-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule-- 4-percent weight loss. 7 Drench... Poisoned and died. 10 Pipette do 10 10 —do 36-percent weight gain. 31-percent weight gain. Do. 38-percent weight gain. 1 2,4-Dow®, 65 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. cardial fluid were observed. Liver and kidneys were congested and friable and there was rumen stasis characterized by bright, undigested feed. The lungs were generally engorged with blood. Application rates for 2,4-D salts range from 0.07 (1.12 ounces) to 40 pounds per land acre and to 87 pounds actual per water acre on submerged weeds. Application rates above 30 pounds actual per acre are hazardous for cattle, sheep, and chickens. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), propylene glycol butyl ether ester Either capsules or drenches were used for dosing cattle and sheep, capsules for chickens (table 2). Doses by capsule given a few animals resulted in an. apparently greater toxicity than by drench. A yearling and a sheep were poisoned at 250 mg./kg. by drench after 3 and 2 doses, respectively, with death resulting in only the sheep after 9. Doses by capsule_caused poisoning and death at this dosage after 7 in cattle and 5 in sheep. One sheep had no ill effects at 100 mg./kg. by drench after 481. Chickens showed an average reduction in weight gain at 100 mg./kg. after 10. Signs of toxicity in cattle and sheep were increasing depression and anorexia, followed by prostration until moribund. At necropsy the liver was soft and friable and the gall bladder was distended with bile. The kidneys were congested and friable and there were petechiae on the surface of the epicardium and large vessels. The lymph nodes in some animals were enlarged and hyperemic. Application rates for 2,4-D esters range from 0.07 to 40 pounds actual per land acre and to 87 pounds actual per water acre on submerged weeds. Application rates above 30 pounds actual per acre are hazardous for cattle, sheep, and chickens. TABLE 2.—Results oj multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2,4~dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), propylene glycol butyl ether ester1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Cattle: 100 ._ ... 250 Number 10 Drench 10 ...do 250_ Sheep: 100_. 250-. 250- Chickens: 50 100 250 Controls- Results and remarks 2 NIE. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 12-percent weight loss. 7 Capsule.. Poisoned and died. 481 Drench— NIE. 9 do Poisoned after 2 and died. 5 Capsule _ _ Poisoned and died. 10 do 10 —do 10 _ _ _ d o 49ipercent weight gain. 19-percent weight gain. Poisoned after 4, 13percent weight loss. 41-percent weight gain. 1 Esteron 99®, 38 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS 2,4,5-TrichIorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5T), propylene glycol butyl ether ester Either capsules or drenches were used for dosing cattle and sheep, capsules for chickens (table 3). One yearling showed signs of poisoning at 250 mg./kg. after 4 doses by drench, whereas another at the same dosage had no ill effect after 10 by capsule. Although one sheep was poisoned at 100 mg./kg. by drench after 3 and died after 8, another had an initial weight loss at the same dosage by capsule but tolerated 367 before being poisoned and fatally affected. Chickens showed a significant decrease in average weight gain at 250 mg./kg. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were increasing anorexia and progressive weight loss, leading to weakness and prostration before death. At necropsy, the liver was swollen and often friable and the kidneys were congested. There were hemorrhages in the heart musculature. A general congestion of the visceral blood vessels was associated with rumen stasis characterized by bright undigested feed. Hyperemia and enlargement of the lymph nodes were noted in some animals. The two dead chickens showed congestion of the kidneys and intestinal mucosa. Application rates for 2,4,5-T range from 0.5 to 4.5 pounds actual per acre. Such rates of this ester are not hazardous for cattle, sheep, or chickens. 2 - (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (silvex), propylene glycol butyl ether ester Cattle were dosed either orally.by drench or capsule or by rumen fistula, sheep were dosed by either drench or capsule, and chickens were dosed by pipette (table 4). Whereas 1 yearling showed no ill effects at 100 mg./kg. after 10 doses by capsule, another was poisoned after 19 by drench and died after 29. A sheep dosed at 50 mg./kg. by drench was poisoned and survived 10, but another dosed at 100 mg./kg. by capsule was poisoned after 9 and died after 11. In one study to determine the effect of silvex on various enzyme systems, 6 sheep were dosed at 100 mg./kg. by drench for 21 days, with no ill effects. The dosage was increased 50 percent to 150 mg./kg. for 10 days; 1 sheep died after 29, another after 31 (21). Chickens had a significant weight reduction after 10 at 100 mg./kg. Signs of poisoning were only anorexia and weight loss in one sheep at 50 mg./kg., or anorexia with an increasing depressive state until recumbency in other poisoned sheep and cattle. Then a moribund condition developed, followed by death. TABLE 3.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle sheep, and chickens with %,4,6-trichlorophenoxu' acetic acid (2,4,6-T), propylene glycol butyl ether esterl Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 100-_ 250.. 250-. Sheep: 50—. 100-. 100250250. 250*. 250*. Chickens: 100 250 500 Controls- Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks' Number 10 Drench.- NIE. Poisoned after 4 and 7 —-do died 2 days after last dose. 10 Capsule.. NIE. 10 Drench.— Do. 369 Capsule-. 9-percent weight loss after 8, poisoned after 367 and died. 8 Drench... Poisoned after 3 and died. Do. 7 ...do 6 Capsule. Poisoned after 4 and died. Poisoned and sacrificed. .do. _do. Do. 10 10 10 _do. _do. 36-percent weight gain. 18-percent weight gain. 2 died after 5 and 9, 12-percent weight loss in survivors. 32-percent weight gam. 1 Esteron 245 O.S.®, 65.3 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. a NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 2,4,5-T equivalent—pure acid. 4 2,4,5-T equivalent—pure ester. 6 Average results of 5 treated chickens. At necropsy, the liver was enlarged and friable and the* kidneys were congested. There was an engorged rumen indicating stasis. A small abscess was found in the parotid lymph node in one yearling that developed a swelling in this^ region related to the chemical reaction associated with drenching. Other lymph nodes of the body were often enlarged and hemprrhagic. Silvex administered in drench to cattle often caused an enlargement or swelling in the parotid and, in one instance, in the mandibular region. To determine whether this was the result of a systemic effect of silvex, we made a special study in which 6 yearlings were dosed at 50 mg./kg. (See table 4— �PRODUCTION EESEARCH REPORT NO. 106, TT.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 4.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with £-(8,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (sttvex), propylene glycol butyl ether esterx and dosage Doses Means of dosing received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 25 50 50. Results and remarks a Number 73 Drench— NIE, except for irritation effect after 20.» 73 . . do . NIE, except for irritation effect after 8.8 19 _._do NIE, except for irritation effect after 50 27 .—do 50 50 90 —do 56 Rumen fistula. 90 —do NIE. 90 ...do Do. 29 Drench— Poisoned after 19 and died after 29; irritation effect after 4." 10 Capsule.. NIE. 50 50 100 100 Sheep: 25 50 10 Drench 10 do 100 11 100-150 "„ 29 100-150 «.. 31 100-150 s— 100-150B._ 100-150 6— 100-150 5— 250 31 31 31 31 5 Chickens:8 50 100-250-. Controls 1 NIE, except for irritation effect after 27.8 NIE. Poisoned and died.4 Do. Poisoned and survived, 15-percent weight : loss. Capsule. _ Poisoned after 9 and died. Drench..- Poisoned after 28 and died. do Poisoned after 30 and died. —do NIE. _—do Do. —do Do. . do- _Do. — do Poisoned and died. all yearlings dosed at 50 mg./kg. except the first listed.) Three of these were dosed by drench in the customary manner; 1 developed this parotid swelling after 19 and another after 27 doses. Rumen fistulas were prepared in the other 3 yearlings and silvex was introduced directly into the rumen. One of these yearlings died after 56, possibly influenced to some degree by a mild localized infection that developed in the region of the fistula^ Three yearlings in this special study showed no ill effects from the dosage. We concluded that the enlargements were caused by the chemical reaction of the diluted herbicide formulation on the mucous membrane and underlying tissue of the pharyngeal region (&). TABLE 5.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MOPA), alkanolamine salts (of the ethanol ana isopropanol series) 1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 250— 500— Sheep: 50... 100.. 100. 250 250. 500. 10 Pipette 10 _. do 10 do 48-percent 25-percent 28-percent 41-percent weight gain. weight gain. weight loss. weight gam. Kuron®, 46.5 percent emulsiflable concentrate, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on the pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in parotid or mandibular area enlargement accompanied by partial .anorexia and and dyspnea. 4 Mild localized infection developed in region of fistula. 1 21 doses at 100 mg./kg.; then 10 or fewer at 150 mg./kg. 'Average results of 5 treated chickens. Chickens:8 100 Doses Means of dosing Number 10 Drench-. NIE. 10 .—do Poisoned after 8 and survived. 10 Capsule. NIE. 10 Drench.. Poisoned after 4 and survived, 17-percent weight loss. 383 Capsule. Poisoned after 307 and died. Poisoned and survived, 10 --.do 6-percent weight loss. 10 Drench— Poisoned after 6 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. .doNIE. 10 10 Capsule. 250 10— do 500 10 ...do Controls. Results and remarks a 42-percent weight gain.-n 31-percent weight gain. 1 died after 1 dose; 20-percent weight loss in survivors. 41-percent weight gain. 1 MCP Amine®, 69.1 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects app_arent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS Application rates for 2,4,5-TP (silvex) range from 0.13 (61 grams) to 8 pounds actual per acre, usually not more than 5. The higher rates would be no hazard to the three test species. -MethyI-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), alkanolamine salts (of the ethanol and isopropanol series) Cattle were dosed by drench, sheep by either drench or capsule, chickens by capsule (table 5). A yearling was poisoned at 500 mg./kg. after 8 doses, but the regimen _was continued for a total of 10 with no further ill effects observed. Paradoxically, 2 sheep dosed _ at 250 mg./kg. were poisoned after 6 and 10, with a significant weight loss; whereas another showed no ill effects at 500' mg./k|. after 10. This difference^!! reaction could very likely be the result of individual tolerance. In a long-term trial 1 sheep dosed by capsule at 100 mg./kg., was poisoned after 307 and died after 383. In contrast, another sheep was poisoned at 100 mg./kg. after 4 by drench; it survived 10 but had significant weight loss. Chickens had significant reduced weights at 250 mg./kg. Signs of poisoning of the sheep that died were anorexia, ataxia, muscular spasms, and dyspnea. The poisoned yearling became tympanitic and showed partial anorexia. At necropsy on the sheep, the spleen was enlarged, lungs were congested, and Kidneys were swollen and congested. There were hemorrhages on the surface of the epicardium and the liver was friable and light brown. The meningeal vessels were congested. At necropsy on the one chicken, the spleen was enlarged and there was redness of the intestinal mucosa. Application rates for MCPA range from 0.13 to 2:10 pounds actual per acre, which would be no hazard to the three test species. Amide Compounds A^-Dimethyl-^-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) All test animals were dosed by capsule (table 6). One yearling was poisoned at 250 mg./kg. after 3 doses and a sheep after 7. Chickens had a significant reduced weight gain at the same dosage. The poisoned yearling developed an uncoordinated gait after 3 doses and further dosage was discontinued. The poisoned sheep developed ness and muscular spasms after the 7th and dose without forewarning signs. Anorexia, diarrhea, and prostration progressed until a moribund condition brought about the decision to sacrifice the sheep. At necropsy, the ears of the sheep were congested. The subcutaneous tissues and areas delineating the different muscles were filled with yellow gelatinous material. There was rumen stasis characterized by bright undigested feed, the liver was enlarged and light Drown, the kidneys were congested, the bladder contained brownish-tinged urine, and the adrenals were enlarged. Application rates for diphenamid for weed control in various crops range from 3 to 6 pounds actual per acre. These rates would not be hazardous for the three test species. 2-Chloro-tf,]V-diallylacetamide (CDAA) Cattle and sheep were dosed by either drench or capsule, chickens by capsule (table 7). The toxic w effect is evident at 25 mg./kg. in the 3 test species. One yearling was poisoned after 1 dose by drench, another after 2 by capsule, but each survived 10, with weight loss. One sheep was poisoned after 4 by capsule but survived 10, with weight loss, TABLE 6.—Results oj multiple oral dosing oj cattle, sheen, and chickens with N,N-<iime " diphenylacetamide (diphenamid)1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 100_. 250Sheep: 100250Chickens: * 100 250 500 Controls.. Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number ' 10 Capsule.. NIE. 3 do Poisoned and survived, 8-percent weight Iqss. 10 ...do 7 do NIE. Poisoned and sacrificed. 10 10 10 44-percent weight gain. 26-percent weight gain. 3-percent weight gain. 36-percent weight gain. do do do 1 Enide®, 100 percent technical powder, Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. a Average results of 5 treated chickens. �8 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 106, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 7.—Results of multiple _ oral dosing of cattte, sheep, and chickens with 2-chloro-N ,Ndiallylacetamide (CDAA)l Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 10 25 25.. _ - 50 Doses Means of dosing Number 10 Drench NIE. 10 .do ... Poisoned after 1 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule Poisoned after 2 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. 1 Drench Poisoned and died. Sheep: 25 25 10 50. 50 50 2 5 100. 100 250 1 1 1 Chickens:3 10 10 1 NIE. • Poisoned after 4 and survived, 9-percent weight loss. firln T)r h Poisoned and died Do. do Capsule Poisoned after 2 and died. do . Poisoned and died. Do. Drench Do. do ... do Capsule 2-ChIoro-JV,]V-diaIIyIacetaraide (CDAA) and Trichlorobenzyl chloride (TCBC) Dosing was done by drench to cattle, by capsule to chickens, and by either method to sheep. One yearling was poisoned at 50 mg./kg. after 2 doses TABLE 8.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with %-chloro-N,NdiaUylacetamide (CDAA) and trichlorobenzyl chloride (TCBO) l Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 25 s 50 Doses Means of dosing (< Number 10 Drench 10 ...do 10 Capsule 25 10 25 10 50 10 100Controls. - Results and remarks " kidneys were often enlarged and congested. Petecbiae were noted on the surface of the bladder mucosa. Congestion of the intestinal mucosa was the most prominent lesion in chickens. Application rates for CDAA range from 4 to 10 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be highly hazardous for all three test species. 6 46-percent weight gain. _ do 20-percent weight gain. do ... 39-percent weight gain. . .do 2 poisoned and died after 9, no weight change in survivors. _ do . All died after 1 to 6. 50-percent weight gam. 1 Randox®, 47.1 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. whereas another showed no ill effect at the same dosage by drench. Chickens had significant reduced weight gains after 10. Anorexia was the most prominent sign of poisoning. As additional doses were given to the cattle and sheep, there was increased salivation, and depression and prostration usually followed. Chickens were similarly affected by anorexia. At necropsy on the yearling and the 6 sheep, the mucosa of the abomasum and small intestine was hemorrhagic. There was usually congestion of the lungs and the respiratory tract mucosa and the 100. Sheep: 25X. . 25 s 50. 50. _ 100. 100. 250. Chickens:4 37% 75 — .. 100 i 100 250 Controls.. do Results and remarks ' NIE. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 11-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. 10 ...do NIE. 10 Capsule _. Poisoned after 5 and survived, 11-percent weight loss. 10 Drench— Poisoned after 2 and survived, 15-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule.. Do. 2 Drench— Poisoned after 1 and died. 10 Capsule _. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 16-percent weight loss. 1 Drench Poisoned and died. 10 Capsule. 10 ...do 10 ...do 10 ...do 8 do 43-percent weight gain. 37-percent weight gain. 24-percent weight gain. 7-peroent weight loss. All died after 1 to 8. 40-percent weight gam. 1 Randox T®, 85.7 percent emulsiflable concentrate, Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. (28.1 percent CDAA and 57.6 percent TCBC). 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 25 mg./kg. is equivalent to 8.15 mg./kg. CDAA and 16.85 mg./kg. TCBC. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �THE TOXICITY OP BOMB ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS ? •> I - but survived 10, with weight loss (table 8). One sheep was poisoned at 25 mg./kg. after 5 by capsule but survived 10 by drench, with weight loss; another sheep showed no ill effects at the same dosage administered by drench. The only signs of toxicity were anorexia with loss of weight in poisoned cattle and sheep and reduced average gain or loss of weight in chickens. At necropsy on cattle and sheep, the abomasal and intestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic and the liver and kidneys were congested. In one animal, 9 the lungs were engorged with blood and there was blood-tinged froth in the respiratory tract. There were hemorrhages throughout the heart of the yearling that died after 1 dose at 100 mg,/kg. At necropsy on chickens, kidneys were congested as was the intestinal mucosa. Application rates for this combination of CDAA and TCBC range from 3.5 to 7 pounds actual per acre of corn. The 3.5-pound rate would be hazardous for sheep, and the 7-pound rate would be hazardous for cattle but not for chickens. Phenyl Urea Compounds 3- (p-Chlorophenyl) -1,1-dimethylurfea (monuron) Cattle and sheep were dosed by either drench or capsule, chickens by capsule _ (table 9). One yearling was poisoned but survived 1 dose at 500 mg./kg., which resulted in weight loss during the following 10-day period. Diarrhea resulted in cattle after 1 to 5 doses at 50, 100, and 250 mg./kg. by drench; however, diarrhea was not severe enough to result in significant weight loss or other related signs of poisoning. In contrast, another yearling dosed at_50 mg./kg. by capsule had no diarrhea or other ill effects after 10. Sheep were poisoned and survived lOO-mg./kg. dosages, with significant weight losses; however, the sheep dosed by capsule at this rate tolerated the formulation better than the 2 sheep dosed by drench. Although 2 sheep showed signs of poisoning after 4, only the sheep dosed by drench died after the additional doses. Chickens dosed at 25 mg./kg. had only reduced weight gains; chickens at 100 mg./kg. either died or lost weight after 8 to 10 doses. The yearling poisoned at 500 mg./kg. became prostrate and was treated for tympanites^ After 2 days it was ambulatory with an uncoordinated gait.1 One sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. was poisoned and showed signs of excitability and an uncoordinated gait, which preceded prostration and severe weight loss; the 2d sheep dosed at this rate showed depression and anorexia; the 3d showed loss of equilibrium, which preceded prostration. Torticollis (twisted neck and unnatural position of the head) developed in this 3d sheep 2 days before death, which occurred 5 days after the 9th and last dose. At necropsy, the lungs of the sheep were engorged with blood with accompanying congestion of the respiratory mucosa. The liver and kidneys were congested and enlarged. The meningeal vessels of the brain were engorged. Chickens TABLE 9.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with S-(p-chlorophenyl)1,1-dimethylurea (monuron)1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 25... 50-.. 50. __ 100_. 250.500. . Sheep: 25__. SO... 100_. 100. 100. 250. Chickens: * 10 25 50 100 250 Controls. Doses Means of dosing ' Number 10 10 10 10 10 1 Results and remarks2 Drench... NIE. Capsule.. Do. Drench... Do. ...do Do. _._do Do. —do Poisoned and survived, 11-percent weight loss. - NIE. Do. , Poisoned and survived, 19-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule.. Poisoned after 4 and survived, 15-percent weight loss. 9 Drench Poisoned after 4 and died, 20-percent weight loss. 2 do Poisoned and sacrificed. 10 ...do 10 ...do 4 —do 10 Capsule.- 54-percent weight gain. 10 —do 33-percent weight gain. 10 do 20-percent weight gain. 10 do 1 poisoned and died after 8, 1-percent weight loss in survivors. 9 ___do All died after 6 to 9. 47-percent weight gain. 1 Telvar®, 80 percent wettable powder, E. I. DuPont de2 Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. NIE indicates no ill effects apparent; however, see narrative for results to cattle dosed by drench. 8 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �10 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. ,106, U.S. DEPT. ,OF AGRICULTURE generally showed congestion of the intestinal mucosa, with atrophied spleens. Application rates for monuron generally range from 1.2 to 6.4 pounds actual per acre, although it may be used in water ditches at a rate equivalent to 80 pounds actual per acre. Rates in excess of 3 pounds per acre would be hazardous for chickens. A 6.4-pound rate. would not be hazardous for cattle or sheep but the 80-pound rate would be highly hazardous for all three test species. 3-(3,4-Dich1orophenyI)-l-methoxy-lmethylurea (linuron) Sheep were dosed by drench, chickens by capsule, cattle by either method. One yearling was poisoned at 50 mg./kg. by capsule after 10 doses, with a significant weight loss, whereas another yearling had no ill effects after 10 by drench (table 10). Sheep were poisoned at 50 mg./kg. after 1 or 8, with weight loss. Chickens dosed at 10 mg./kg. showed a significant reduced TABLE* 10.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with S-(S ,4-dichlorophenyl)-l-methoxy-l-methylurea (linuron)l Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 25__ . 50... 50.-- 100Sheep: 25--. 50.-. 50- 100. 250. Chickens:3 10 25 50 100 Controls. Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 3 3-Phenyl-l,l-dimethylurea (fenuron) Num10 Drench... NIB. 10 _-_do Do. 10 Capsule.- Poisoned and survived, 6-percent weight loss. 6 Drench..- Poisoned and died 2 days after last dose. 10 ._-do 10 do 10 do 4 do 3 __.do weight gain. No lesser dosage was tried. Four of 5 chickens in the lOO-mg./kg. study group died after 8 or 9. The most general signs of poisoning were anorexia and depression. Cattle had increased salivation and showed a marked weakness. All 4 poisoned sheep had an uncoordinated gait, and hematuria (discharge of blood in the urine) was observed in 2. Of these 2, one was poisoned at 50 mg./kg." after 8 doses and the other at 100 mg./kg. after.4 that preceded death. At necropsy on cattle, there were congestion of the spleen and petechiae on the surface of the epicardium. In sheep there were hemorrhages on the muscle fasciae of the hindquarters and edema between the muscles. There were petechiae on the surface of the epicardium. The pericardia! sac contained blood-tinged fluid. The lungs were engorged with blood and the respiratory mucosa was congested. There was marked congestion of the kidneys and petechiae were found on the surface of the bladder mucosa of both sheep. The liver was friable and swollen and there'was congestion of the intestinal mucosa. At necropsy on chickens there were enlarged livers and congestion of the intestinal mucosa and kidneys. The recommended application rates for linuron range from 1 to 3 pounds actual per acre either as a preemergent or a postemergent spray on crops. At these rates, there would be no hazard to cattle, sheep, or chickens. NIE. Poisoned after 1 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 8 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. Do. . 10 Capsule.. 39-percent weight gain. 10 do 16-percent weight gain. 10 do 20-percent weight gain. 10 ...do 4 died after 8 or 9, 20-percent weight loss in survivor. 46-percent weight gain. 'Lorox®, 50 percent wettable powder, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. 3 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Cattle and sheep were dosed by drench, chickens by capsule (table 11). One sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. was the most susceptible of all the test animals and was poisoned after 8 doses. Both cattle and chickens had ill effects only at 500 mg./kg. Cattle were poisoned by 2, whereas chickens showed decreased weight gains after 10. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, depression, and ataxia. In the one yearling poisoned at 500 mg./kg., tympanites occurred. At necropsy on the sheep, there were hemorrhages on the surface of the epicardium, the lungs and liver were congested, and the liver was enlarged. Fenuron is recommended for4>rush control in pastures and rang_elands. As a spot treatment only, the application rate is 0.0156 pound (2 tablespoonfuls) of a 25-percent pelletized formulation per square foot. This rate could be a hazard to cattle, sheep, and chickens if a large area were to be treated. 3- (3,4-Dichlorophenyl) -1,1-dunethyIurea (diuron) Cattle and sheep were dosed by either drench or capsule, chickens by capsule (table 12). One �THE TOXICITY OF SOME OBGANIC HEKBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS TABLE ill.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle,; sheep\ and,chickens with S-phenyl-l,l-dimethylurea (fenuron) f Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 250. _ 500. _ Sheep: 50... 100.. 250. 500. Chickens: * 250 500 Controls Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 3 Num10 Drench— NIE. 3 do Poisoned after 2 and survived, 20-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule.. NIE. 10 Drenoh Poisoned after 8, with 9-percent weight loss after 10, died 8 days after last dose.8 10 do Poisoned and survived, 13-percent weight loss. 5 do Poisoned after 3 and sacrificed. 10 Capsule. _ 47-percent weight gain. 10 —do 38-percent weight gain. 48-percent weight gain. 1 Dybar®, 25 percent pellets, B. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. 3 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Complications of pneumonia. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. necropsy on chickens, there was congestion of the intestinal mucosa and an enlarged, congested liver. Application rates for diuron most commonly range from 0.2 to 9.6 pounds actual per acre. Rates in excess of 1 pound per acre would be hazardous for chickens. The 9,6-pound rate would not be hazardous for cattle and sheep. A rate of 80 pounds actual per acre is used in irrigation ditches and would be highly hazardous for all three test species. TABLE 12.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with S-(8,4-dichlorophenyl)~ 1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) * Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 50 100 100 Sheep: 25 50 50 50 100 Doses Means of dosing Number 10 10 Drench do 10 Capsule 10 Drench 10 Capsule 10 Drench do 10 2 do 1 250 yearling dosed at 100 mg./kg. by drench, was poisoned; another dosed by capsule'had no ill effects. One sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. by drench was poisoned after 2 doses and had a significant weight loss during the next 8 days. Chickens dosed at 10 mg./kg. showed a significant decrease in. weight gain. One chicken died at 100 mg./kg. after 10; the 4 surviving chickens showed weight loss. Signs of poisoning in the yearling .and the sheep were anorexia, depression, dyspnea, and prostration. In the 2 poisoned sheep, an uncoordinated gait was observed. Both sheep recovered after treatment was discontinued. At 11 Chickens:3 5 10 25 50 100 250 Controls- do Results and remarks * NIE Poisoned and survived, 9-percent weight loss. NIE. Do Do Do Do Poisoned and survived. 12-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived, 8-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule. . 58-percent weight gain. 10 do 37-percent weight gain. 10 _ _ _ d o 37-percent weight gain. 10 —do 14-percent weight gain. 10 do 1 poisoned and died after 10, 17-percent weight loss in survivors. ...do All died after 8 or 9. 50-percent weight gain. 1 Karmex®, 80 percent wettable powder, E. I. DuPont de2 Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. ^ NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Thiocarbamate Compounds iS-2,3-DichloroaJlyl diisopropylthiocarbamate (diallate) Cattle and sheep were dosed by either capsule or drench, chickens by capsule (table 13). The toxic dosage was 25 mg./kg. for cattle and sheep. One yearling was poisoned after 1 dose by drench; another was poisoned after 5 by capsule. In comparison, 1 sheep dosed at this rate was poisoned after 5 doses by drench; another was poisoned after 1 by capsule. One sheep dosed at 25 mg./kg. had no ill effect from 10 by drench; �12 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. I'D 6, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE whereas the other 2 sheep dosed at this rate, 1 by drench and 1 by capsule, were _ poisoned. This, presumably, would be due to individual tolerance. Chickens dosed at 125 mg./kg.. or higher had significant reduction in weight gain. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were muscular spasms, ataxia, and depression, generally followed by prostration. A delayed alopecic effect (loss of hair or wool—either partial or complete) was seen in the more chronically affected animals, at times 60 days after dosing was discontinued. The most prominent sign of poisoning in chickens was anorexia, resulting in decreasing weight gains, weight loss, or death. At necropsy on cattle and sheep, gross lesions consisted of a congested and friable liver, congestion of the kidneys with petechiae on the surface of the bladder mucosa, and, in one sheep, blood-engorged lungs and hemorrhagic intestinal mucosa. At necropsy on chickens, the kidneys were ^ongested, the liver was swollen, and the intestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic. Application rates for diallate range from 1.25 to 2 pounds actual per acre, which would not be hazardous for the three test species. However, only a modest increase to 3 pounds actual per acre would be hazardous for cattle and sheep. 5r-2,3,3-Trichloroallyl diisopropylthiocarbamate (triallate) Cattle and sheep were dosed by either drench or capsule, chickens by capsule (table 14). A yearling was poisoned at 25 mg./kg. after 5 doses by drench but survived 5 additional doses, with significant-weight loss. One sheep was poisoned at 50 mg./kg. after 2 by capsule, but survived 8 additional doses, with severe weight loss. In contrast, 2 sheep dosed at 50 mg./kg. by drench had no ill effects after 10 and 60 consecutive doses. Chickens dosed at 175 mg./kg. had a significant reduction in average weight gains. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia and subsequent large percentages of weight loss. A long recuperative period usually followed toxicosis. Muscular spasms, diarrhea, and ataxia were seen in a poisoned sheep that recovered. At dosages over 100 mg./kg., chickens had anorexia, resulting in reduced weight gains. All chickens were fatally affected at 250 mg./kg., showing congestion of the liver and kidneysjand hemorrhagic intestinal mucosa at necropsy. Application rates 'for triallate range from 1 to 1.25 pounds actual per acre. At such rates it would not be a hazard to the three test species. TABLE 13.—Results of multiple oral dosing oj cattle, sheep, and chickens with S-2,8-dichloroallyl diisopropylihiocarbamate (diallate)1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 10... 25... 25. 50. 50. Sheep: 25... 25... Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks * Number 10 Drench... NIE. 2 do Poisoned after 1 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule.. Poisoned after 5 and survived, alopecia of the tail 60 days after last dose, 17-percent weight loss. 8 do Poisoned after 7 and survived, alopecia of the tail 60 days after last dose, 11-percent weight loss. 6 Drench... Poisoned after 3 and survived, 20-percent weight loss. 10 ...do 10 do NIE. Poisoned after 5 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. 1 Avadex®, 45.7 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. Animal and dosage Doses Means of Results and remarks * received dosing ^ (mg./kg.) Sheep—Con: 25 50_. 100. T 250. Chickens:« 50 100 125 150 175250 Controls1 NIE 1 Number 19 Capsule.. Poisoned after 1 anS survived, 20-percent weight loss, partial alopecia. 8 Drench Poisoned after 3 and sacrificed. 3 —do Poisoned and survived, complete alopecia within 21 days after last dose, 14-percent weight loss. 2 do Poisoned after 1 and died. 10 10 10 10 10 10 Capsule. _ —do —do —do —do ..-do 64-percent weight gain. 51-percent weight gain. 36-percent weight gain. 22-percent weight gain. 9-percent weight loss. All died after 7 to 10. 55-percent weight gain. indicates no apparent ill effects. Average results of 5 treated chickens. �• " THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS 13 TABLE 14.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with S-2,S,S-trichloroallyl diisopropylthiocarbamate (triallate)1 Animal ^and dosage F received (mg./kg.) Doses Means of dosing Cattle: 10 25 Number 10 Drench 10 ...do S O - SO Sheep : 25 50 50 50 Results and remarks8 NIE. Poisoned after 5 and survived, 5-percent weight loss, long recuperative period. 10 Capsule Poisoned after 4 and survived, 12-percent weight loss. 10 Drench _ Poisoned after 3 and survived, 16-percent weight loss. 10 do NIE. Do. 10 do Do. do 60 10 Capsule ._ Poisoned after 2 and survived, 18-percent weight loss. 1 Avadex BW®, 46.3 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. Animal and dosage Doses Means of received dosing (mg./kg.) Sheep— Con : 100 Number 10 Drench 100-. 4 ...do- 250 2 _..do Chickens:8 50 100 175 200 250 Controls 10 do 10 do 10 do 10 do 10 ...do Results and remarks8 Poisoned after 1 and survived, 21-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived, 20-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived, 11-percent weight loss. 59-percent weight gain. 55-percent weight gain. 10-percent weight gain. 17-percent weight gain. All died after 7 to 10. 41-percent weight gain. 2 NIE 8 indicates no ill effects apparent. Average results of 5 treated chickens. Triazine Compounds 2-ChIoro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-striazine (atrazine) Cattle and sheep were dosed by either drench capsule, chickens by capsule (table 15). The toxic dosage for cattle was 25 mg./kg. after 8 doses by drench and 2 by capsule. The toxic dosage for sheep was 5 mg./kg. No lesser dosage was tried. However, one sheep received 199 consecutive doses at 50 mg./kg. before it was poisoned and died. Chickens given 10 at 50 mg./kg. had a significant reduction in weight | gains. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were ! muscular spasms of varying intensity in the hind 'quarters, a stilted gait and stance, and anorexia. ;m 2 sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg., when dosing was continued after moderate signs of poisoning de[Veloped, apparent improvement was observed Until unexpected death occurred after 8 and 10 [doses. At necropsy, lesions of the yearling and the [sheep varied somewhat. Petechiae on the surface* |of the epicardium and congestion of the kidneys, [fiver, and lungs were generally present. On occaj^on, the liver was light brown and friable. Some, [out not all, of the dead animals had enlarged Wrenals, as reported previously (10}. Application rates for atrazine range from 0.4 to 6.4 pounds actual per acre. Rates of less than 1 pound would be hazardous for sheep. Rates of 3 pounds actual per acre would be hazardous for cattle. The 6.4-pound rate would be hazardous for chickens. 2-ChIoro-4,6-bis(ethyIamino)-s-triazine (simazine) Cattle were dosed by drench, chickens by capsule, and sheep by either drench or capsule (table 16). Two yearlings were poisoned at a dosage,pf 25 mg./kg. after 3 and 10 doses. One sheep was poisoned at 50 mg./kg. after 17 and died after 31, whereas another was poisoned after 10 and survived with an 18-percent weight loss. Chickens dosed at 50 mg./kg. 10 times showed a reduced weight gain. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia, depression, muscular spasms, and dyspnea of increasing intensity. Weakness and an uncoordinated gait were commonly observed in severely poisoned animals. At necropsy, lesions in cattle and sheep generally were congestion of the lungs and kidneys; �14 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT NO. 106, U S DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE .. TABLE 15.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with %-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine)l Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Doses ' Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number Cattle: 10 Drench... NIE. 10 ...do Poisoned after 8 and 10 25 survived, 13-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule.. Poisoned after 2 and survived, 13-percent weight' loss. 9 ...do Poisoned after 1 and survived, 19-percent weight loss. 1 _—do Poisoned and survived. 2 DrenchPoisoned after 1 and died. 25. 50 100 250 Sheep: 5 Poisoned and survived, 13-percent weight loss. 10 ________ 10 .—do _____ Poisoned alter 8 and survived, 7-percent weight loss. 25- _______ 10 Capsule— Poisoned after 9 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. 25 ________ 10 DrenchPoisoned after 8 and survived, 15-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 192 and 199 _ _ _ d o died. 10 -—do 50 Poisoned and sacrificed, 19-percent weight loss. 50. 10 Capsule _. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 23-percent weight loss. 100 16 Drench... Poisoned after 3 and died. 100 8 Capsule— Poisoned after 1 and died. 100 10 —.do Do. 250 2 Drench— Do. 10 ...do. 2 ...do 400 Do. 8 Chickens: 2550 100250 -. Controls 10 Capsule— 10 -..do 10 ...do 10 —do 61-percent weight gain. 24-percent weight gain. 20-percent weight gain. 2-percent weight loss. 45-percent weight gain. 1 Atrazine, 80 percent wettable powder. Geigy Agricultural Chemicals, Ardsley, N.Y. 1 NIE indicates no ill effects app_arent. 5 Average results of 5 treated chickens. TABLE 16.—Results of multiple oral dosing oj cattle, sheep, and chickens with £-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triasine (simazine)l Animal and dosage Doses Means of dosing received (mg./kg.) ' Number Cattle: 10 25 10 Drench 6 ...do 10 ...do 25..50 ' 10 _—do 100 7 ...do 250 3 --.do Sheep: 25 50 100 250 250400 Chickens: > 25 50 100 250 Controls NIE. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 5-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived, 12-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 21-percent weight loss, long recuperative period. Poisoned after 3 and sacrificed. Poisoned after 1 and survived, 11-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 17, died 14 days later, 13percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived, 10 .-do 18-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 4 and 14 — .do died. 10 Capsule __ Poisoned, with 13percent weight loss, died 4 days after last dose. 3 Drench-- Poisoned after 1 and survived, 9-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule _- Poisoned after 3 and died. 9 Drench Do. 10 ...do 31 ...do 50, 100 Results and remarks * -- 10 Capsule _do 10 10 _._do 10 —do— 52-percent weight gain. 29-percent weight gain. 20-percent weight gain. 1 died after 8, 10percent weight gain in survivors. 43-percent weight gain. 1 Simazine, 80 percent wettable powder, Geigy Agricultural Chemicals, Ardsley, N.Y. 2 8 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. Average results of 5 treated chickens. �THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS ft swollen, friable, often light-brown liver; and petecbiae on the surface of the epicardium. At pecropsy, one chicken had an enlarged, congested jjver and congestion of the intestinal mucosa. " i Application rates for simazine rangje from 1 to j).6 pounds actual per acre. Bates in excess of 3 pounds per acre would be hazardous for cattle and in excess of 5 pounds for sheep. The 9.6pound rate would be hazardous for chickens. 2,4 - Bis(isopropylamino) - 6 - methoxy -s- triazine (prometone) Both cattle and sheep were more susceptible to doses by drench than by capsule (table 17). Cattle were poisoned at 10 mg./kg., sheep at 25 mg./kg. Chickens dosed at 25 mg./kg. had q, significant reduced weight gain. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia and diarrhea, with increased salivation. At necropsy the sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. had petechiae on the surface of the abomasal mucosa and areas of hemorrhage in the small intestine. The liver was swollen and friable and the kidneys were congested. Application rates for prometone for use on noncrop areas vary from 9.5 to 57 pounds actual per acre. Rates in excess of 1 pound are hazardous for cattle; rates of 3 pounds or greater are hazardous for sheep and chickens. 2-Chloro-4,6-bis(isopropyIamino)-striazine (propazine) 15 the kidneys, adrenals, and liver. The mucosa of the abomasum and intestines was reddened. In sheep that died after long periods of toxicosis, there were often blood-engorged lungs, with froth in the respiratory tract. There were excessive amounts or red-tinged fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The one chicken fatality had congestion of the kidneys and the intestinal mucosa. Application rates for propazine range from 2 to 4 ounds actual per acre. The maximum rate would e a hazard to cattle and sheep but not to chickens. E TABLE 17.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2,4-bis(isopropylamino')6-methoxy-s-triazine (prometone') 1 Animal and dosage Doses Means of Results and remarks 2 dosing received (rng./kg.) — . NumCattle: ber l^_"":" }Q Drench!:'. PoiLed after 8 and survived, 8-percent weight loss.8 25 10 ---do Poisoned after 1 and wdlhUoss.1-percent 50 5 —do Poisoned after 2 and Sheep: survived, e-percent welghtioss. Cattle dosed by drench at 50 mg./kg. showed 25IIIIIIII 10 IlldoIIIII Poisoned after 4 and Evidence of poisoning after 2 doses, but survived 10 survived, 9-percent with significant weight loss (table 18). A yearling „ „ « , - . , weight loss. dosed by drench at 25 mg./kg. was poisoned after »;»;«« }jj gg£» S°ned ^ 2 ^ 3, whereas another dosed by capsule had no ill survived, 10-percent effects after 10. Three of the 5 sheep dosed at weight loss. 25 mg./kg. by either capsule or drench were 50 10 Capsule— Poisoned after 1 and poisoned after 5 to 16. The 4th sheep tolerated 59 wdghTlo'sf "percent by capsule with no ill effect, whereas the 5th IQQ 4 Drench.__ Poisoned after 1 and ; sheep lost weight initially but regained it. Chickens , , died. 4 'were poisoned at 100 mg./kg., with significant Chickens: ,n ~ , ,„ . 10 10 I| rftrin™& wnurht P-fli™ . Capsule.. 48-percent weight gam. reoucea weignt gains. 25 10 — do 29-percent weight gain. feigns of poisoning in cattle and sheep were 50 10 ...do 28-percent weight gain. anorexia and increasing depression and weakness. 106 10 ...do 22-percent weight gain. On occasion, a stilted gait was observed. The 250 10 __.do 13-percent weight gain. Controls sheep dosed at 500 mg./kg. had lost 16 percent of 43-percent weight gam. j its weight by the time it had received 10 doses, and anorexia continued for 14 days after the 10th ' Prometone, 25 percent emulsiflable concentrate, Geigy <jA Tliics sliAAn Inet n tntnl nf 9R percent nf its Agricultural Chemicals, Ardsley, N.Y. se. J.nis sneep_ lost a total at ^8 riATVAnt o: its ,NIE indicates no m effeets appareilt. [ pre-exposure weight before it died. _ s Pneumonia developed 1 day after last dose. 4 At necropsy on sheep, there was congestion tif Average results of 5 treated chickens. �16 PRODUCTION EESEARCH REPORT NO. 106, U S DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE .. TABLE 18.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and 1 chickens with 2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (propazine) Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 10... 25.-25. 50. 100250- Sheep: 10-.. 25... 252525. 255050- Doses Means of dosing Results and remarksJ Number 10 Drench... NIE. 6 do Poisoned after 3 and survived.8 10 Capsule-_ NIE. 10 Drench Poisoned after 2 and survived, 16-percent weight loss. 5 do. Poisoned after 1 and survived, 12-percent weight loss. 7 do Poisoned after 2 and survived, 21-percent weight loss. 10 Drench— NIE. 10 do Poisoned and survived, 5-percent weight loss. 5 Capsule. _ Poisoned and died. 21 ...do Poisoned after 16 and survived, 19-percent weight loss during trial period. NIE. 59 -do. 59 do 7-percent weight loss after 8, otherwise NIE. 6 do Poisoned after 5 and died. 32 ...do Poisoned after 17 and survived, 32-percent weight loss during tria" Animal and dosage Doses Means of Results and remarks * dosing received (mg./kg.) Sheep—Con: 50- Number 59 —do 50- 59 —do 50- 10 Drench 100. 10 250- 10 —do 500. 10 —do Chickens: 50 100 250 Controls- do Poisoned after 8, 11. percent weight loss died 12 days after last dose. Poisoned and survived 22-percent weight ' loss. Poisoned and survived, 13-percent weight loss. Poisoned and survived, 20-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 3 and survived, 21-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 1, 16percent weight loss, died 14 days after - last dose. 10 Capsule. _ 49-percent weight gain. 10 —do 28-percent weight gain. 10 ..-do 1 died after 6, 18: percent weight gain - in survivors. 33-percent weight gain. 1 Propazine, 80 percent wettable powder, Geigy Agricultural Chemicals, Ardsley, N.Y. s NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Complicated by pneumonia, which was successfully treated. * Average results of 5 treated chickens. 2,4-Bis[(3-methoxypropyl)amino]-6(methylthio) -s-triazine at times. A swelling in the mandibular area developed suddenly in a yearling dosed at 50 mg./kg. after the 8th and final dose. This swelling was considered to be caused by the chemical irritation on the pharvngeal mucosa and resulted in dyspnea and partial anorexia. (See p. 5.) A sheep was severely poisoned at 250 mg./kg. after one dose and showed lameness and an uncoordinated gait within one-half hour after it was dosed. It became prostrate, extremely depressed, and moribund during the next 7 hours. Even though we expected the sheep to die, after ft Cattle were dosed by either drench or capsule, sheep by drench, chickens by capsule (table 19). No signs of poisoning were observed in cattle. Signs of poisoning in sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. were observed after 1 and 8 doses. Chickens dosed at 250 mg./kg. had reduced weight gain, and 3 dosed at 500 mg./kg. died. , Anorexia was the most prominent sign of poisoning, but diarrhea and depression were noted �THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS j_.—Results of multiple oral dosing of , sheep, and^ chickens with 2,4-bis [(8oxypropyl) amino]-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine1 dosage Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks3 Number ,,• 100 oo lckens:4 ioo £Controls. 10 Drench— NIE. 8 —do 27-percent weight loss due to irritation effect.8 • 10 Capsule.. NIE. 10 Drench-. Do. 10 —do Do. 10 —do Poisoned after 1 and survived, 12-percent weight loss. 9 do Poisoned after 8 and survived, 10-percent weight loss. 1 —do Poisoned and survived, 10-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule.. 40-percent weight gain. 10 __.do 21-percent weight gain. 10 —do 3 died after 4 to 7, no weight change in survivors. 43-percent weight gain. i Lambast®, 25.5 percent emulsifiable concentrate, Monnto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. * Affected by chemical reaction of the formulation on pharyngeal mucosa, resulting in mandibular area irgement accompanied by partial anorexia and dyspnea. '•'•* Average results of 5 treated chickens. oriod of several days of partial anorexia, it made dow but uneventful recovery. At necropsy on iroe chickens dosed at 500 mg./kg., congestion fpf the intestinal mucosa and the kidneys was seen. sf Registration of this herbicide was cancelled in 1968; however, 10 pounds actual per acre would be^ hazardous for sheep but not for cattle or Hhickens. l-Bis(isopropylamino) -6- (methylthio) -striazine . Cattle and sheep were dosed by drench, with OJsoning at 50 mg./kg. for one yearling after 'doses and at 100 mg./kg. for 2 sheep after 6 17 and 8 (table 20). A significant reduction in weight ain occurred at 50 mg./kg. for chickens dosed y capsule. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia and depression. The severely poisoned yearling that died after 4 doses at 100 mg./kg. had an uncoordinated gait before prostration and death. The sheep given 9 doses at 100 mg./kg. had a similar uncoordinated gait. At necropsy on one sheep, congestion of the respiratory tract mucosa and mood-engorged lungs were seen, with the subcutaneous tissue surrounding the larynx and upper trachea filled with reddish, edematous infiltrate. The liver was friable and light brown, the kidneys w_ere congested, and the adrenals were enlarged. Lesions in the yearling were similar to those in the sheep. Application rates for this herbicide range from 0.64 to 6 pounds actual per acre. The maximum rate would be hazardous for cattle and chickens but not for sheep. § TABLE 20.—-Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with %,4-l>is(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine 1 Animal and dosage Doaes Means of received dosing (mg./kg.) Cattle: 25— 50— 100- Sheep: 25... 50__. 100-. 100- Chickens;3 25 50 100 250 Controls- Results and remarksa Number 10 Drench— NIE. 6 do Poisoned after 2 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. 4 do Poisoned after 1 and died. NIE. Do. Poisoned after 8 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. 10 do Poisoned after 6 and died. ^% 10 Capsule.. 48-percent weight gain. 10 —do 44-percent weight gain. 10 do 34-percent weight gain. 10 do Poisoned after 2, 4percent weight loss_. 49-percent weight gain. 10 ..-do 10 do 9 do « 1 Caparol® or Prometryne®, 80 percent wettable powder, Geigy Agricultural Chemicals, Ardsley, N.Y. 3 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. * Average results of 5 treated chickens. �18 PRODUCTION EESEAECH EEPOET NO. 106;, TT.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUEE Benzoic Acid Compounds 2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba), dimethylamine salts Cattle were poisoned at 250 mg./kg. after 2 doses by drench, whereas sheep were poisoned at 500 mg./kg. after 1 (table 21). Chickens dosed by capsule at 50 mg./kg. had significant average decreased weight gain after 10; however, those dosed at 100 mg./kg. had an average increased weight gain. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were convulsions, tympanites, and prostration. At necropsy on sheep, lymph nodes throughout the body were enlarged and hemorrhagic and there were areas of hemorrhage on the surface of the epicardium. The liver and kidneys were congested, the spleen was enlarged, and there was redness of the intestinal mucosa. Application rates for dicamba range from 0.125 to 1 pound actual acid equivalent per acre. These rates would not be a hazard to the three test species. '• TABLE 21.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 2-meihoxy-S,6dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba), dimethylamine salts 1 Animal and dosage Doses Means of received dosing (mg./kg.) Cattle: 100— 250_ . 250Sheep: 100200-. 250500500-. 1, 000. Chickens:3 50 100 250 500 Controls. Results and remarks * 1 ...do 10 Capsule 10 do 10 do 10 do Cattle dosed by drench at 500 mg./kg. were poisoned by 1 and 2 doses, with one yearling surviving 8 (table 22). Reactions of sheep drenched at different dosage levels varied, although a significant weight loss occurred at 25 mg./kg. after 10. Chickens dosed at 250 mg./kg. by pipette had a significant reduction in weight gain; in contrast, chickens dosed at 500 mg./kg. had an insignificant reduction. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep usually TABLE 22.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheeg, and chickens with 2,8,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (%,8,6-TBA} and related polychlorobenzoic acids, dimethylamine salts 1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 250-. 500.. 500 .. - Number 10 Drench— NIE. 2 do Poisoned and survived. 10 —do . NIE. 10 ...do 7 ...do 10 —_do 2 do 3 do 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA) and related pplychlorobenzoic acids, dimethylamine salts Do. Do. Do. Poisoned and died. Poisoned after 1 and died. NIE. 43-percent weight gain. 55-pereeijt weight gain. 45-percent weight gain. 49-percent weight gain. 53-percent weight gain. 'Banvel D®, 4 Ib./gal. emulsifiable concentrate, Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, 111. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. "Average results of 5 treated chickens. . Sheep: 10-. 25.-. 50. .. Doses Means of dosing Number 10 Drench... NIE. 8 —do Poisoned after 2 and survived. 1 —do Poisoned and died 6}4 months after dose. 10 ...do 10 —do 10 do ...do —do ...do —do 50100. 100250. 10 10 10 10 250. 10 —do Chickens: 8 100 250 500— — Controls- Results and remarks * NIE. 5-percent weight loss. Poisoned, 15-percent weight loss, sacrificed 60 days after last dose. NIE. 5-percent weight loss. NIE. Poisoned after 3, 9-percent weight loss, died 2 days after last dose. Poisoned and died 2 days after last dose, 6-percent weight loss. 10 Pipette— 43-percent weight gain. 30-percent weight gain. 10 ...do do 45-percent weight gain. 10 47-percent weight gain. 1 Trysben®. 26.1 percent emulsifiable concentrate, E. L DuPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE,. SHEEP, AND CHICKENS meness persisting for 6}£ months before death. • 1 anorexia continued for 6 weeks in 1 sheep With appearances of abdominal pain while eating animal became weaker until prostration and moribund condition developed. Then, 60 days •jar the last dose, the sheep was sacrificed. At necropsy, the chronically affected yearling d edematous infiltration of the brisket, thoracic, nd inner thigh muscles. At necropsy on sheep, 19 edema was found in the tissues surrounding the upper respiratory tract, in the pericardial sac, and in the peritoneal cavity. The liver was friable and enlarged and the kidneys appeared congested, with petechiae on the surface of the cortex. There was congestion of the intestinal and respiratory tract mucosa. The lungs were engorged with blood. Eegistration of 2,3,6-TBA for use on croplands and rangelands was cancelled in 1968; however, rates in excess of 3 pounds actual per acre would be hazardous for sheep but would be no hazard to cattle and chickens. Miscellaneous Compounds jjJromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyIuraciI (bromacil) Cattle and sheep were dosed by either drench capsule, chickens by capsule (table 23). A •earling dosed at 250 mg./kg. by capsule was oisoned after one dose. One sheep dosed at 50 ig./kg. by drench was not poisoned after 10; iother dosed at 50 mg./kg. by capsule was .Jsoned, along with weight loss. Chickens dosed ,t 250 mg./kg. had a significant reduction in aver;e weight gain after 10. Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were anorexia and depression, although tympanites and an uncoordinated gait were occasionally observed In some. Application rates for bromacil range from 1.6 to . j pounds actual per~acre. Kates in excess of 5 pounds would be hazardous for sheep but a rate of 20 pounds would not be hazardous for cattle Hand chickens. intestinal mucosa was congested; in another, petechiae on the surfaces of the liver and kidneys were present. At necropsy, an enlarged and congested liver, capsular hemorrhages in the spleen, and swollen, congested kidneys were seen in the chicken. TABLE 23.—-Results ojmultiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with 5-bromo-8-s&c-butyl-6methyluracil (bromacil) * Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 100-100.. 250-- 5-Bromo-3-isopropyI-6-methyIuracil (isocil) Cattle were dosed by drench, sheep by either drench or capsule, chickens by capsule (table 24). Cattle dosed at 50 mg./kg. were poisoned after 7 doses. Dosing was stopped after 9 when complications of pneumonia developed. A sheep dosed at I 100 mg./kg. by drench was poisoned after 1 but survived 10, with significant weight loss; but a "sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. by capsule had no ill /effects after 10. Chickens dosed at 250 mg./kg. Rhad_ a reduced weight gain after 10. j| Signs of poisoning in cattle and sheep were iL&norexia and depression, which were often acireompanied by tympanites, an uncoordinated ait, and prostration. Convulsions were observed efore death. At necropsy enlarged, hemorrhagic lymph . lodes were found in cattle and sheep. There were ^hemorrhages on the surface of the epicardium and were congested. The upper respiratory mucosa was reddened. In one animal the Sheep : 25_ 50 50... 100. 100 250 250 Chickens:8 100 _ 250 500 Controls Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks * Num10 Drench.. NIE. 10 Capsule.. Do. 10 _._do Poisoned after 1 and survived, 14-percent weight loss. NIE. 10 Drench '10 Capsule- - Poisoned and survived, 8-percent weight loss. NIE. 10 •Drench 10 Capsule. _ Do. 10 Drench-.. Poisoned and survived, 9-percent weight loss. 5 ...do Poisoned after . 3 and survived, 9-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule. . Poisoned after 8 and survived, 8-percent weight loss. 10 __.do 10 ...do 10 ...do 49-percent weight gain. 39-percent weight gain. 24-percent weight gain. 48-percent weight gain. 1 Hyvar X®, 80 percent wettable powder, E. I. DuPont de2 Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �20 PRODUCTION EESEAECH REPORT NO. 106, U S DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE .. TABLE 24.—Results of multiple oral dosing oj cattle, sheep, and chickens with 6-bromo-S-isopropyl-6methyluracil (isocil)1 Animal and dosage Doses Means of dosing received (mg./kg.) Number 10 Drench 9 do Cattle: 25 50 10 2 100 250 NIE. Poisoned after 7, 11- 8 percent weight loss. 6-percent weight loss. Poisoned and died. Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 25 3 50 8 100 250 Sheep: 50 100 10 10 100 100 10 10 250 4 3 250 Chickens: 100 250 500 -. do do Results and remarks2 TABLE 25.—Results oj multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with polychlorobicyclopentadiene isomers 1 do ___ NIE. do Poisoned after 1 and survived, 15-percent weight loss. Capsule NIE. Poisoned and survived, Drench 15-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 1 and do died. Capsule. _ Poisoned and died. 4 Controls 10 10 10 do do do 49-percent weight gain. 38-percent weight gain. 1 died after 7, 12percent weight gain in survivors. 47-percent weight gain. 1 Hyvar Isocil®> 80 percent wettable powder, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 8 Toxicity complicated by pneumonia, which developed during treatment. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. Application rates for. isocil to noncrop areas range from 1.6 to 26 pounds actual per acre. Rates in excess of 5 pounds actual per acre would be hazardous for cattle and 10 pounds for sheep; however, even the maximum rate (26 pounds) would not be hazardous for chickens. Polychlorobicyclopentadiene isomers Cattle and sheep were dosed by capsule or drench, chickens by capsule (table 25). A yearling was poisoned at 100 mg./kg. after 3 doses but survived; a sheep was poisoned at the same rate after 7 but eventually died. Chickens dosed at Sheep : 25 3 50s 100 200 250 1,000 Chickens:4 25 3 _ 50 100 250 Controls- Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks • Number 10 Capsule _ NIE. do 10 Do. 10 _- do Poisoned after 3 and survived, 6-percent weight loss. 3 Drench Poisoned after 2 and died 8 days after last dose. 10 Capsule NIE. 10 _ _ do Do. 10 --.do- . Poisoned after 7 with 13-percent weight loss; died 13 days after last dose, with 34-percent weight loss, 1 Drench NIE. 3 _ do Poisoned after 1 and survived. 1 ._ do Poisoned and died 10 Capsule _ 40-percent weight gain 10 -_ do 27-percent weight gain 10 ._ do 1 died after 10 11-percent weight loss in survivors. 9 do Affected after 3 and died after 7 to 9. 40-percent weight gain 1 Bandane®, 4 Ib./gal. emulsifiable concentrate, Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, 111. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Technical material was used in more recent trials. 4 Average results of 5 treated chickens. 50 mg./kg. showed significant weight gain reduction. Signs of poisoning were anorexia, depression, muscular tremors, and hyperexcitability. In the sheep chronically poisoned at 100 mg./kg., there was an uncoordinated gait, followed by prostration, convulsions, and death. At necropsy on cattle and sheep, hemorrhages were found along the brain stem and in the anterior �THE TOXICITY OF SOME ORGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS region of the cerebrum. Meningeal vessels were congested. The liver was friable and congested, petechiae were seen on the surface of the epicardiuin- At necropsy on the chronically poisoned sheep, the lungs and the respiratory tract mucosa re congested^ The liver was enlarged and friable, j kidneys were reduced in size, and the pancreas s congested. Chickens poisoned had swollen, congested livers and kidneys, and the intestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic. Application rates for polychlorobicyclopentadiene jsomers to noncrop areas, such as lawns and turf, range from 30 to 40 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be highly hazardous for all three test species. TABLE 26.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens with S',4'-dichloropropionaml{de (propanil) * Animal and dosage received (mg./kg-) Cattle: 50 100 250 Sheep: 25 25 50 100 100. 250 Chickens: * 10 25 60 100 250 Controls Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks! Number 10 Drench... NIE. 10 ...do Do. 1 —do Poisoned and survived. _._do NIE. Capsule.. Do. Drench— Do. —do Poisoned and survived, 11-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule.. NIE. 1 Drench Poisoned and survived, 14-percent weight loss. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Capsule-. —do —do _.,do 6 ...do 48-percent weight gain. 19-percent weight gain. 20-percent weight gain. 3 died after 8 or 9, 13percent weight gain in survivors. All poisoned and died after 2 to 6. 48-percent weight gain. 1 Rogue®» 46 percent emulsifiable concentrate, MonBanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. 1 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 1 Average results of 5 treated chickens. 21 3',4'-DichIoropropionanilide (propanil) A yearling was poisoned at 250 mg./kg. after 1 dose by drench (table 26). One sheep was poisoned at 100 mg./kg. after 10 by drench, but another had no ill effects after 10 by capsule. Chickens dosed at 25 mg./kg. 10 times had a significant reduction in weight gain. In cattle and sheep, the signs of poisoning at 250 mg./kg. were anorexia, depression, an uncoordinated gait, and prostration; all were observed over a period of a few hours in the 2 animals receiving 1 dose each. Anorexia was the only sign in the sheep less acutely poisoned at 100 mg./kg. At necropsy, chickens had congested intestinal mucosa, swofien kidneys, and a distended gall bladder. The application rate for propanil to rice crops is 6 pounds actual per acre but not to exceed 8 pounds per season. Such rates would not be a hazard to cattle and sheep, but would be to chickens. 2,6-DichIorobenzonitriIe (dichlobenil) A yearling dosed at 50 mg./kg. by capsule was poisoned after 1 dose (table 27). A sheep dosed at 10 mg./kg. "by capsule had no ill effects after 60. A sheep dosed at 25 mg./kg. by capsule was poisoned after 4; a sheep dosed by drench was poisoned after 10. Chickens dosed at 25 mg./kg. by capsule had significant reduced weight gains. Signs of toxicosis in cattle and sheep were increased salivation, anorexia, and depression. Convulsions were observed before death in some instances. At necropsy lesions in cattle and sheep were extensive as in generalized toxemia. There were swollen, hemorrhagic lymph nodes throughout the body['and hemorrhages in the muscles, chiefly in the thoracic and cervical areas. Petechiae were on the surface of the epicardium. Congestion of the lungs and upper respiratory tract mucosa were commonly seen. The liver was swollen and congested in cases of acute poisoning, but often light brown and friable in prolonged or chronic poisoning. The kidneys were congested and swollen; however, in the sheep that died 30 days after the last dose, they were firm and reduced in size. The mucosa of the abomasum and of the intestinal tract was congested, whereas the mucosas of the more acutely poisoned sheep were markedly inflamed. At necropsy, chickens were notably emaciated, and �22 PRODUCTION EESEAECH REPORT NO. 106, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 27.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens mth 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenU)1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) 25 25 50 50—, 100— Chickens: ' 10_.--_ 25— A 50—^ 100 Controls Results and remarks ' Number Cattle: 10 25 50. Sheep: 5 10 1025 Doses Means of 'dosing 10 Capsule — NIE. Do. 10 —do Poisoned after 1 and 2 —do died. — NIE. 60 —do Do. 60 —do Do. 10 Drench 10 Capsule. - Poisoned and survived, 18-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 4 and 13 —do died, 29-percent weight loss. Poisoned after 10, 10 Drench 15-percent weight loss, died 20 days after last dose. 10 Capsule -. Poisoned after 10, 26-percent weight loss, died 2 days after last dose. 10 Drench.. _ Poisoned after 6 and died, 14-percen.t weight loss. Poisoned and died. 1 ...do 10 Capsule -_ do.- __ 10 10 ...do 10 ...do 62-percent weight gain. 11-percent weight gain. 9-percent weight gain. 2 died, 23-percent weight loss in survivors. 37-percent weight gain. l Casoron®i 50 percent wettable powder, ThompsonHayward Chemical Co., Kansas City, Kans. ! NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. ' Average results of 5 treated chickens. the liver, kidneys, and intestinal mucosa were congested. Application rates for dichlobenil range from 2 to 6 pounds actual per cropland acre and 15 pounds actual per water acre. A 3-pound rate per acre would be hazardous for sheep and chickens and a 6-pound rate for cattle. 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), potassium salt Cattle dosed at 500 mg./kg. by drench were poisoned after 8 doses; sheep dosed at 250 mg./kg. by either drench or capsule were poisoned after 9 or 10 (table 28). Chicken^ dosed at 500 mg./kg. had a significant reduction in average weight gain. In cattle and sheep, weakness, depression, and anorexia were the most prominent signs of poisonrag. A delayed toxicity led to the death of a yearling and a sheep 6 days after the last dose. At necropsy on the yearling and the sheep, lymph nodes of the head, neck, and thoracic cavity were swollen and hemorrhagic. The lungs and the respiratory tract mucosa were congested. TABLE 28.—Results of multiple oral dosing of cattle, sheep, and chickens mth 4-awm0-$,£,<?trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), potassium salt1 Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 100 250 500 Sheep: 100 100 250 . . . . 250 250 500 t Chickens: s 100 250 - 500 Controls Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks ' Number 10 Drench.. _ NIE. 10 -- do . . Do. . 8 Poisoned after 8 and do died 6 days after last dose, 24-percent weight loss. 10 Capsule NIE. 10 Drench Do. 10 Capsule- Poisoned after 9 and died 6 days after last dose. 10 Drench Poisoned and survived 6-percent weight loss. 10 . do NIE. 10 Poisoned after 2 and do survived, 17-percent weight loss. 10 Pipette 10 - . d o 10 .. do 34-percent weight 35-peroent weight 32-percent weight 38-percent weight gain. gain. gain. gain. 1 Tordon®, 24.9 percent emulsifiable concentrate Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 2 NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. 3 Average results of 5 treated chickens. �THE TOXICITY OF SOME OBGANIC HERBICIDES TO CATTLE, SHEEP, AND CHICKENS The rumens were filled with undigested feed and livers were engorged with blood and swollen. The adrenals were enlarged and congested. The yearling had pleural adhesions and a congested pancreas. The sheep had hemorrhages throughout the heart and blood-tinged fluid in the pericardial sac. The kidneys and the intestinal mucosa of the sheep were congested. Registration of picloram for use on cropland was cancelled in 1968; however, a rate in excess of 25 pounds actual per acre would present a hazard to sheep but not to cattle or chickens. 2,2-DichIoropropionic acid (dalapon), TABLE 29.—Results of multiple oral dosing oj cattlei sheep, and chickens with 1 %,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), sodium salt Animal and dosage received (mg./kg.) Cattle: 250.' 50 ° Salt 500 Cattle and sheep were dosed by either drench or capsule, chickens by capsule (table 29). A yearling dosed at 500 mg./kg. by capsule was not poisoned after 10 doses; however, a yearling dosed at 500 mg./kg. by drench, although not poisoned, developed a swelling in the parotid area after 9 days. This swelling was considered to be caused by chemical irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa. (See p. 5.) Sheep dosed at 500 mg./kg. by either drench or capsule were poisoned. One sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. by capsule was • j j i. j rA • ui i jj. in poisoned and nad a 6-percent weight loss after 10. Another sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. by capsule 481 times had a 10-percent weight loss after 86 but suffered no ill effects. A sheep dosed at 100 mg./kg. by drench had no ill elects after 10. Chickens dosed at 250 mg./kg. had a significant average reduced weight gain after 10; whereas chickens dosed at 500 mg./kg, had slightly less reduced weight gain. than the chickens dosed at 250 mg./kg. ' _ _ _ Anorexia and depression were the signs of poisoning in the sheep. Recovery was uneventful after the dosing regimen was completed. Application rates for dalapon. range from 1.1 to 14.8 pounds actual per acre. These rates would be no hazard to the cattle and chickens, but a rate in excess of 10 pounds would be a hazard to sheep. 23 Sheep: 50 10 ° 100 250 500. ,„» «00 Chickens: 4 100 Doses Means of dosing Results and remarks 2 Number 10 Drench.. . NIE. 9 ..do ----- irritation 10 effect after Capsule.. NIE. 10 Drench... NIE. Capsule. 10 I0ga 481 ...do _____ 10-percent weight loss after 86, otherwise Drench _ 10 _ do Do. 10 ..do Poisoned and survived, 17-percent weight 1 oss in Capsule__ Poisoned after T and i T> - ' A « 7 ^ 10 n survived, 6-percent weight loss. 10 do 250 10 - . do 500 10 - . do. , Controls ___ _ 43gpercent weight 27-percent weight gain. 30-percent weight 42-percent weight gain. i Dowpon Grass Killer®, 85 percent wettabie powder, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. " NIE indicates no ill effects apparent. ' ected by chemical reaction of the formulation on Average results of 5 treated chickens. COMMENT These data have been abstracted in table 30, "Summary of dosages of various organic herbicides that_ cause significant weight loss, reduced weight gain, or poisoning in cattle, sheep, and chickens." �I a 1 TABLE 30.—Summary of dosages of various organic herbicides that cause significant weight loss, reduced weight gain, or poisoning in cattle, sheep, and chickensl Dosage Least number of dosages for — rate Cattle Sheep Chickens Herbicide Dosage Least number of dosages for — rate Cattle Sheep Chickens Herbicide Mg.lkg. Chlorophenoxy compounds: 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), alkanolamine salts (of the ethanol and isopropanol series). 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), propylene glycol butyl ether ester. 2,4, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), propylene glyeol butyl ether ester. 2- (2, 4, 5-Trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (silvex), propylene glycol butyl ether ester. 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), alkanolamine salts (of the ethanol and isopropanol series) . Amide compounds: 2V,W-Diinethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) . 2-Chloro-AT, JV-diallylacetamide (CDAA). r 2-Chloro-^,A -diaUylacetamide (CDAA) and trichlorobenzyl chloride (TCBC). f < [ 500 250 100 4 1 ] 250 100 19 ( / 500 \ 250 f 250 I 100 ] 50 1 25 f 250 I 100 1 50 I 25 8 w Mg.lkg. f 500 1 1 250 1 200 25 I 100 86 f 250 3 | 100 500 250 100 B 8 3 1 1 1 2 7 10 8 2 4 3 5 9 6 4 7 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 5 10 10 4 10 5 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 1 9 10 1 10 Phenyl urea compounds: ' 3-(p-Chlorophenyl)-l,ldimethylurea (monuron). k 3-(3,4-Diehlorophenyl) -1methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) . 3-Phenyl-l. 1-dimethylurea (fenuron). 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-l)ldhnethylurea (diuron). Thiocarbamate compounds: S-2,3-Dichloroallyl diisopropylthiocarbamate (diallate) . -*. S-2,3,3-Trichloroallyl diisopropylthiocarbamate (triallate). < 500 250 100 50 25 100 : 2 5 0 50 25 10 500 250 100 ' 250 100 50 25 10 r 1 2 4 3 4 1 6 10 2 10 250 175 150 125 100 50 25 3 1 ! 2 5 200 0 175 100 50 25 3 5 3 10 8 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 6 8 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 7 10 10 o O5 <. CJ m I o I 1 �Triazme compounds: 10 10 10 2-Chloro-4-ethylamino6-isopropylamino-striazine (atrazine). 10 3 1 4 10 2-Chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-striazine (simazine). 10 10 10 10 2,4-Bis(isopropylamino)-6methoxy-s-triaziae (prometone). 1 3 10 5 5 2-Chloro-4,6-bis (isopropylamino)s-triazine (propazine). 2,4-Bis[(3-methoxypropyl)amino]-6- (methylthio)-striazine.1 2,4-Bis(isopropylaminp)-6(methylthio)-s-triazine. 10 10 1 2 6 10 Benzoic acid compounds: 2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlprobenzoic acid (dicamba), dimethylamine salts. 2,3.6-Trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA) and related pplychlorobenzoic acids, dimethylamine salts. Miscellaneous compounds: 5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (bromacil). 5-Bromo-3-isopropyl-6-methyluracil (isocil). Polychlorobicyelopentadiene isomers. 4 10 3',4'-Dichloropropionanilide (propanil). 2 10 10 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil). 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), potassium salt. 2,2-Dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), sodium salt.* 10 10 10 500 250 50 500 250 100 50 25 500 250 100 50 500 250 100 50 1,000 250 100 50 250 100 50 25 100 50 25 500 250 500 250 100 3 10 10 10 3 10 10 2 10 7 10 10 10 7 10 § 1 10 1 6 4 2 9 7 10 3 10 10 2 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 a a w I oo 1 Broken lines indicate that either the herbicide was not tested at that rate or the herbicide was not toxic to the animal at that rate. * No toxic dosages found for cattle. 00 to Or �26 PRODUCTION EESEAECH REPORT NO. 106, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Results of studies of the toxicity of 29 organic herbicides to cattle, sheep, and chickens have been presented. A total of 126 yearling cattle, 190 oneto two-year-old sheep, and 700 six-week-old chick-? ens were studied. Repeated doses of the herbicides were administered in gelatin, capsules or as water-diluted solutions by drench or in pipettes. The usual period of study was 10 days, or until toxicologic effects appeared. However, in a number of instances, longer and shorter term studies were made. The signs of poisoning by most of the herbicides included anorexia and reduced weight gains. In many instances digestion in the rumen seemed to have been impaired. Macroscopic lesions were somewhat variable and nonspecific. The liver and the kidneys were most frequently involved. An arbitrary yield of forage and rate of consumption were selected to evaluate the hazard for cattle, sheep, and chickens likely to exist under most severe conditions of use. The most common rates of application of many of these herbicide formulations are not a hazard to cattle, sheep, or chickens. The maximum rates of application of some approach or surpass a hazardous level in one or more of the test species. LITERATURE CITED (i) •BUCK, .W. .B., BINNS, W., JAMBS, L., and • M G 1961. WILLIAMS, 1958. RESULTS OF FEEDINQ OF HERBICIDETEEATED PLANTS TO CALVES AND SHEEP. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. Jour. 138: 320323. (2) DALGAARD-MIKKELSON, S. V., AND POULSON, E. 1962. THE TOXICOLOGY OF HEEBICIDES. Pharm. Rev. 14: 225-250. (3) GBIGSBT, B. H., and FARWELL, E. D. 1950. (5) - 1966. IN SHEEP AND CATTLE. Amer. Jour. Vet. Res. 27: 821-824. MENZIE, C. M. 1966. METABOLISM OF PESTICIDES. - (15) 1954. 1964. 1964. (16) 1964. 1966. t (10) 1964. 1964. TOXICOLOGIC EFFECTS OF SILVEX IN YEARLING CATTLE. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. Jour. 144: 750-755. and RADELEFF, R. D. THE TOXICOLOGIC EFFECTS OF CERTAIN FUNGICIDES AND HERBICIDES ON SHEEP TOXICOLOGY OF DALAPON SODIUM (2,2DICHLOBOPROPIONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT). Jour. Agr. and Food Chem. 8: U.S.D.A. SUMMABY OF REGISTERED AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE CHEMICAL USES. Ed. 2, Sup. Ill, 836 pp. [See also subsequent preliminary notices of U.S.D.A. pesticide summary entry to Dec. 15, 1967.] U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1967. Assoc. Jour. AND CATTLE. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Ann. Ill: 729-736. (11) PAYNTER, O. E., TUBING, T. W., MCCOLLISTER, D. D., and ROWE, V. K. 1960. (18) THE FATE OF ATRAZINE, KURON, SILVEX AND 2,4,5-T IN THE DAIRY cow. Jour. Dairy Sci. 47: 1267-1270. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (17) TOXICITY OF CABBAMATE, TRIAZINE, DICHLOROPROPIONAN1LIDE, AND.DIALLYLACET- TOXICITY OF METHYLURACIL AND SUBSTITUTED UBEA AND PHENOL COMPOUNDS TO 47-51. SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN 2,4-D AND 2,4,5-T TYPE HERBICIDES AND AN EVALUATION OF THE HAZARDS TO LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR USE. Amer. Jour. Vet. Res. 15: 622-629. St. JOHN, L. E., JR., WAGNER, D. C., and LISK, D. J. 1963. CHRONIC TOXICITY OF 2,4-D ALKANOLAMINE SHEEP. Amer. Vet. Med. 145: 787-789. (9) HERBICIDES AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS. In Veterinary Toxicology, pp. 241257. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. -—-—• and BUSHLAND, R. C. 1960. THE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES FOR LIVESTOCK. In The Nature and Fate of Chemicals Applied to Soils, Plants, and Animals. U.S. Agr. Res. Serv. ARS 20-9, pp. 134-160. Rows, V. K, and HYMAS, T. A. (14) AMIDE COMPOUNDS TO SHEEP. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. Jour. 145: 917-920. (8) 1964. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish and Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. Rpt. 96, 274 pages. PALMER, J. S. SALT TO CATTLE. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoe. Jour. 143: 398-399. (7) (13) SOME EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON PASTURE AND ON GRAZING LIVESTOCK. Mich. AgT. TOXICOLOGIC STUDIES ON A NEW HERBICIDE ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. THE TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES AND HERBICIDES TO LIVESTOCK. IV. pp. 265-276. Academic Press, Inc., N.Y. Expt. Sta. Quart. Bui. 32: 378-385. JACKSON, J. B. (4) (6) RADELEFF, R. D. (12) (19) GROWTH REGULATOR) LABELS. [Prepared by R. L. Caswell, Pesticides Regulation Division, U.S. Agr. Res. Serv.] 154 pages. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1967. (20) (21) ACCEPTABLE COMMON NAMES AND CHEMICAL NAMES FOR THE INGREDIENT STATEMENT ON ECONOMIC POISON (PESTICIDE AND PLANT SUGGESTED GUIDE FOR WEED CONTROL 1967. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handb. 332, 64 pages. WlLLABD, C. J. 1951. THE STATUS OF HERBICIDE POISONING. North Central Weed Control Conf., 8th Meeting, Proc., pp. 86-89. WRIGHT, F. C., PALMER, J. S., and HUNT, L. M. 1966. PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TOXICOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SILVEX ON SHEEP. Amer. Jour. Vet. Res. 27: 172-176. U.S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E i l S B B � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 108 Folder The folder containing the original item. 3003 Series The series number of the original item. Series V Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Palmer, J. S. R. D. Radeleff Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-05-01 Title A name given to the resource The Toxicity of some Organic Herbicides to Cattle, Sheep, and Chickens