1 15 1 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/9e15e5f09773a0aa98ee0140181c7e97.pdf b2224a743dd75784251e31d5f0d189a8 PDF Text Text Item D Number 02323 Author Benfenati, E. Corporate Author Report/Article Title Typescript: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDF) in Emissions From and Urban Incinerator. 2, Correlation Between Concentration of Micropollutants and Combustion Conditions Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images Dflscripton Notes Monday, September 24, 2001 Page 2328 of 2337 �accepted, Sept, '82 POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS (PCDD) AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDF) IN EMISSIONS FROM AN URBAN INCINERATOR. 2. CORRELATION BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF MICROPOLLUTANTS AND COMBUSTION CONDITIONS E. Benfenati, F. Gizzi, R. Reginato, R. Fanelli, M. Lodi" , R. Tagliaferri° Laboratory of Environmental Pharmacology and Toxicology "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy ° "Ecolab s.r.l." coop., Vignate, Milan, Italy v B E6 I 0 NE L0 M BA RD IA Ufftcso Spaciale di-Ssvoso Via S.Carlo, 4 - 200SG SEViESC /rn INTRODUCTION In a previous paper (1) we. repgrted the average and peak values of PCDD and PCDF emitted from an urban incinerator monitored over a 9-month period. We underlined the wide variability in the different sample concentrations and the need to study the possible correlation between the amount of micropollutants released and several combustion parameters. Three hypotheses are currently supported about the presence of PCDD and PCDF in incinerator emissions.. Lustenhower et al. (2) and Esposito et al. ( ) suggested that these compounds are 3 present in the burned waste and are not destroyed; Rappe et al. (4) considered chlorophenates and other similar compounds as the precursors of chlorinated dioxins and furans. Finally Dow Chemical Company (5) argued that there is a very large series of organic compounds that can be considered as precursors and so chlorinated dioxins and furans occur in all combustion processes. In order to investigate the main parameters which .decomposition of PCDD and PCDF during combustion, temperature, stack flow and tons of refuse burned PCDF, HC1, NOXl S02, CO and particulate were also may be- involved in the formation and/or incinerator operating temperature, fume were recorded and, in addition to PCDD and analyzed. METHODS The method of sampling (effected on two consecutive days each month) and analysis for PCDD and * PCDF have already been described ( ) HC1, S02 and particulate were collected during six hours 1. in isokinetic conditions by a glass probe inside the stack. The analytical method for HC1, adsorbed on 0.1 N NaOH, was -that reported by Zall et al. ( ) SO was analysed according to 6. West and Gaeke (*7), with the addition of sulfamic acid (8) and ethyl enediamine tetraacetic acid ( ) Particulate analysis was gravimetric. 9. �Table 1 - Emissions from the stack and combustion conditions (I PART) Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 PCDD(a) 1064 2618 1474 117180 104308 3019 1593 2026 8951 1563 8581 621 . 846 1130 870 • 2538 1548 5881 PCDF(a) -<«> 8036 5648 .111916 97328 6763 3354 2175 9672 1747 3968 1109 1048 2106 1717 ! 3304 2171 6959 In PCDD 6.970 7.870 7.296 11.671 11.555 8.013 7.373 7.614 9.100 7.354 9.057 6.431 6.741 7.030 6.768 7.839 7,345 8.679 In PCDF Minimal Average combustion combustion temperature(°C) temperature f°c) _(0 8.992 8.639 11.626 11.486 8.819 8.118 7.685 9.177 7.466 8.286 7.011 6.955 7.653 7.448 8.103 7.683 8.848 1000 Jc> _(c) 320 460 1010 . 820 680 740 990 950 960 960 . 940 950 1010 1010 600 1032 _(c) _(c) 627 903 1062 1032 894 902 1041 1016 1012 1030 1010 1027 1039 1038 833 i: pg emitted for one ton of waste combusted Data not available For NO2c six 30-minute samplings were .carried out each day. The NOx was determined with the Saltzman reagent (10); NO was oxidized with KMnO, to N02 and then analyzed as exposed. For CO six spot samples were taken each day and CO was analyzed by GC after methanation ( 1 . 1) Fume temperature and stack flow were recorded several times during each sampling. The combustion chamber operating temperature was recorded by an automatic thermocouple throughout sampling. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the results relative to each sampling; the possible correlation between all the analyzed parameters and PCDD or PCDF concentrations were investigated using a multiple regressiot method. The only significant correlation was found between PCDD or PCDF concentrations (logarithmic values) and the minimal combustion temperature reached during sampling (Fig. 1 2 : ,). �Table 1, - II. PART ample Mean stack flow (Nm3/h) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 • 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 28500 35700 35700 35000 33000 40450 39300 39650 35350 31500 31000 32750 34450 34500 . 38800 35000 33900 32100 Mean stack Waste combusted temperature HCl(b) (tons/day) (°C) 90 90 130 30 80 90 90 70 80 90 90 90 90 90 - 90 90 90 60 so2 co JO JO _(0 JO 203 196 185 200 204 185 143 159 150 159 173 175 172 181 172 173 150 1093 228 1007 .280 7728 304 2592 361 662 444 1824 1455 4356 1033 4666 630 336 294 248 . 438 778 854 974 686 538 1030 879 1365 908 701 474 958 ™" — 51 28 11477 189 182 121 322 30 < 8.4 < 8.4 < 8.4 < 8.4 < 8.4 < 8.4 < 8.4 < 8.4 TT Wb> Particulate(b) JO 596 285 1434 649 563 607 808 445 664 545 608 698 254 675 374 446 "™ JO 3.2 23.7 264.2 «175.2 713.0 565.0 62.5 107.5 137.8 62.8 250.8 210.4 232.8 336.0 375.1 361.9 ^ (b)g/ton: g emitted for one ton of waste combusted ( )data not available c The correlation between average combustion temperature during sampling and the amounts of micropollutants (logarithmic values) emitted was not significant. This suggests that the lowest temperature reached is the main factor affecting the amount of micropollutants emitted» No significative correlation was found between fume temperature,stack flow, HC1, NOX, S02, CO and micropollutants emitted. The similarity between the amounts of PCDD (ar PCDF) emitted on the two consecutive days every i month (see Fig. 3,4), even.when the other parameters change, stresses the importance of the . materials burned in determining the composition of fumes emitted. In fact, the composition of the waste may wedl be similar on two consecutive days. Combustion temperature and HC1 could play a role even in the formation or destruction of theindividual isomers. However no correlation was found between minimal combustion temperature �15-, r = - 0.8347 p < 0.0001 T F 500 1000 Fig. 1 - x = minimal combustion temperature reached during each sampling (°C). y » PCDD emitted (In jug/ton) 104 r HJ.8386 P< 0.0001 i 500 Fig. 2 t r 1000 x «• minimal combust ion temperature reached during each sampling (°C) y - PCDF emitted (In jug/ton) �r = 0.8368 P<0.01 10- i—r 10 15 Fig, 3 - x =* PCDD' released the first sampling day- of each month (In y * PCDD released the second sampling day of each month (In jug/ton) Samplings 1 and 18 are missing because only one sample was taken in those.7 months. r = 0.8704 p < 0.005 10- T—r 5 i—i—r~ 10 Fig. 4 - x » PCDF released the first sampling day of each month (In jug/ton) y » PCDF released the second sampling day of each month (In |Ug/tpn) Sampling 18 is missing because only one sample was taken in the month.. and the ratios HexaCDD/OctaCDD or Tetra CDF/OctaCDF. HexaCDD and TetraCDF are the most abundant isomeric classes* for PCDD and PCDF, respectively, and OctaCDD and OctaCDF are the least abundant. Similarly it was not possible to find any correlation between the amount of HC1 and the ratios' HexaCDD/OctaCDD and TetraCDF/OctaCDF. Morepver the ratio between' individual classes of isomer.s was not affected by the fume temperature, indicating that selective condensation of individual �classes, does not.occur in the stack at least in these particular operating conditions. Fhe amounts of PCDD and PCDF in the different samplings were very similar (see Fig. 5). This suggests that both PCDD and PCDF concentrations depend on common factors. r = 0.9465 p < 0.00001 10- 10 Fig. 5 - x PCDD emitted during each sampling (In jug/ton) PCDF emitted during each sampling (In jug/ton) The data presented here confirm that the emission of PCDD and PCDF from urban waste incineratorsis inversely related to the combustion temperature; this agrees with observations by other authors, who report that TCDD decomposes at temperatures higher than 800°C (12,13) and that noPCDD can be measured in incinerators operated at high temperatures (< 1200°C) ( 4 . However no? 1) information can be drawn from these results on the mechanism by which the combustion temperature* influences the amount of PCDD and PCDF emitted. A low operating temperature could increase the. probability of formation of polychlorinated compounds, reduce the rate of degradation of these compounds once formed or act in both directions. Further investigations are required to clarify the processes of formation and the destructions of polychlorinated pollutants in urban incinerators, but some practical indications on the possibility of drastically reducing the amount of PCDD and PCDF released into the environment: can already be drawn from the data presented here. i ' . REFERENCES 1. F. Gizzi, R. Reginato, E. Benfenati and R. Fanelli, Chemosphere, 11, 577 ( 9 2 . 18) 2. J.W^A. Lustenhouwer, K. Olie and 0. Hutzinger, Chemosphere, 9_, 501 (1980). 3. M.P. Esposito, T.O. Tiernan and F.E. Dryden," Dioxins", EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio ( 9 0 . 18). �4. ,C. Rappe, S. Marklund, H.R. Buser and H.-P.. Bosshardt, Chemosphere, 7_, 269 (1978). 5. Dow Chemical Co.,"The Trace Chemistries of Fire. A Source of and Routes for the Entry of .Chlorinated Dioxir? into the Environment!1, Midland, Michigan USA (1978). 6. D.M. Zall, D. Fisher and M.Q. Garner, Anal. Chem., 28, 1635 (1956). 7. P.W. West and G.C. Gaeke, Anal. Chem., 28, 1816 (1956). 8. J.B. Pate, B.E. Ammons, G.A. Swanson and J.P. Lodge Jr., Anal. Chem., 37, 942 (1965). 9; N. Zurlo and A.M. Griffini, Med. Lav., _53_, 330 (1962). 10. B.E. Saltzman, Anal. Chem., J26,. 1949 (1954). 11. K. Porter and D.H. Volman, Anal. Chem., 34, 748 (1962). 12. R.H. Stehl, R.R. Papenfuss, R.A. Bredeweg and R.W. Roberts, inl'Chlorodiqxins—Origin and Fate1! Blaire E.H. ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, B.C., p.119 (1973). 13. R.R. Bumb, W.B. Crummett, S.S. Cutie, J.R. Gledhill, R.H. Hummel, R.O. Kagel, L.L. Lamparski, E.'V. Luoma, D.L. Miller, T.J. Nestrick, L.A. Shadoff, R.H. Stehl and J.S. Woods, Science, 210, 385 (1980). 14. G.A. Junk and J.J. Richard, Chemosphere, 10, 1237 (1981). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 093 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2328 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benfenati, E. F. Gizzi R. Reginato R. Fanelli M. Lodi R. Tagliaferri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDF) in Emissions From and Urban Incinerator. 2. Correlation Between Concentration of Micropollutants and Combustion Conditions Subject The topic of the resource incineration