1 15 137 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/742fb1feee1a8c20cef0b6e448ebec28.pdf 3884496b05eb23656880f4b3169be2f3 PDF Text Text item D Number °5773 Author Young, Alvin L. D Corporate Author Report/Article Title Handwritten Notes on VA Meeting, Tuesday 3 February Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images u ° Descriptor) Notes Thursday, March 28, 2002 Page 5773 of 5780 �(M >UWLpacts ' A 9-tt$W ,. 7 ��<\ "~ ^ OywUxtrtr\ /vLoSru*^ * ^ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 205 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5773 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Handwritten Notes on VA Meeting, Tuesday 3 February 1981 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/780e6b7a563f6fc25c699dd3a0778fe8.pdf b2960c1ad5b02d1bb2d4b1fe0cbeae42 PDF Text Text Item D Number osyee Author Young, Alvin L. n NfltSBannafl Corporate Author Report/Article Title Tr 'P ReP°rt -TA'16 (3 Jan 8°) Journal/Book Title Year 198 Month/Day January 23 Color ° D Number of Images ° DeSCriptOR NOtBS Attachments are included. Thursday, March 28, 2002 Page 5766 of 5780 �( DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE USAF SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE (AFSC) BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS 78235 RliPLY TO ATTN OF: _., C.K SUBJECT: Trip Report - TA-16 (3 Jan 80) TO: EK CEA CE CD CC TS IN TURN 1. Place Visited Veterans Administration Central Office (VACO), Washington DC, 7-8 Jan 80 2. Personnel Contacted Dr Paul Haber, Assistant Chief Medical Director for Professional Services, VACO Dr Richard Levinson, Deputy for Clinical Support Services, VACO Mr. Alex Kutner, Assistant for Clinical Support Services, VACO Dr Larry Hobson, Assistant for Research and Development, VACO Dr John Castellot, Deputy for Medical Services, VACO Dr Jack Walsh, Office of Emergency Planning, VACO Dr Abraham Lilienfeld, Professor of Epidemiology, The John Hopkins School of Hygiene, Baltimore, MD Dr Raymond Suskind, Director, Department of Environmental Health, Kettering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH �3. Topics Discussed a. The "Veterans Health Programs Extension and improvement Act of 1979" (Atch 1), enacted 20 Dec 79 stated that: The Administrator of Veterans' Affair shall cjesign a protocol for and conduct an epidemiological study of persons who, while serving in the Armed Forces of the United States during the period of the Vietnam conflict, were exposed to any of the class of chemicals known as "the dioxins" produced during the manufacture of the various phenoxy herbicides (including the herbicide known as "Agent Orange") to determine if there may be longterm adverse health effects in such persons from such exposure. Accordingly, the present TOY was taken to VACO at the request of Dr Paul A. Haber, M.D., Assistant Chief Medical Director for Professional Services, VACO. Dr Haber requested that I brief members of his staff and two special consultants (Drs Lilienfeld and Suskind) on the use of herbicides in South Vietnam and on the environmental fate of the phenoxy herbicides and TCDD. Drs Lilienfeld and Suskind have been asked to design the protocol for the epidemiologic study of veterans potentially exposed to Herbicide Orange during combat operations during the Vietnam conflict. Information on how the herbicides were used and how persistent they may have been in the environment, is critical in designing an appropriate epidemiologic protocol. b. Immediately after my briefings, the group discussed the following problems associated with preparing a protocol: 1. The study should focus on ground troopi; preferably on both a group of Army personnel and a group of Mafine personnel. Dr Haber, his staff, and Drs Lilienfeld and Suskind felt strongly that the VA study should in no way conflict with the Air Force study on RANCH HAND personnel (I was surprised that everyone at the meeting thought that the Air Force study had already received White House and Air Force clearance for sjtudy initiation, and was in fact, underway). Dr Lilienfeld had high praise for the Air Force protocol and felt that it was the only st[jdy where a realistic exposure index could be developed. 2. The study should be prospective in nature. The VA would make available 15 hospitals strategically located throughout the United States for use in conducting physical examinations. �3, The VA had recently completed examinations of 10,000 veterans who alleged exposure to Herbicide Orange. Drs Lilienfeld and Suskind were asked to consider (if possible) whether these people and their exam data could be incorporated into an epidemiologic study. 4. Dr Haber stated that the VA was required to present the protocol to the Director of the Office of Technology Assessment no later than 20 Jun 1980. The protocol should have been reviewed by at least a Committee appointed by the National Academy of Science, and the VA Advisory Committees on Health-Related Effects of Herbicides and the Cooperative Studies Guidance Group. c. I was specifically asked to assist the VA in four areas: 1. Provide Dr Lilienfeld with pertinent literature on TCDD toxicology and environmental fate (see Atch 2). 2. Obtain data from the Herbs tape on use of herbicides in South Vietnam by Province, type, quantity, and month. 3. Prepare a literature update on human exposure to the phenoxy herbicides and TCDD. 4. Prepare a model on the environmental fate of TCDD that may provide an estimate of potential exposure, given that ground troops entered a defoliated area at various times after aerial treatment with Herbicide Orange. The last three items will be officially requested from the Air Force by VA. A letter from Dr Haber to HQ USAF/SG should be forthcoming. A letter has been received by SAM/EK from Dr Haber related to my assistance at the meeting of 7-8 Jan 80 (Atch 3). 4. Items of interest to procurement and USAFSAM programming: None 5. Information of interest to other USAFSAM divisions or branches: BRM 6. This TOY was performed in support of EPI Ranch project and at the request of the VA. 7. This report jJo,es not contain information worthy of filing in TSK. ALVIN L. YOUNG,'Major, USAF,"Ph.D. Consultant, Environmental Sciences 3 Atch 1. PL 96-151 2. Ltr to Dr Lilienfeld 3. Ltr from Dr Haber 3 Cy to: HQ USAF/SGES HQ AFSC/SG �Pi, H.E.3892 Binetpftth Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the fifteenth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine an act To amend title 38, United States Code, to extend the authorizations of appropriations for certain grant programs and to revise certain provisions regarding such programs, to revise and clarify eligibility for certain health-care benefits, to revise certain provisions relating to the personnel system of the Department of Medicine and Surgery, and to assure that personnel ceilings are allocated to the Veterans' Administration to employ the health-care staff for which funds are appropriated; to require the Veterans' Administration to conduct an epidemiologies! study regarding veterans exposed to Agent Orange; and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That (a) this Act may be cited as the "Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979". (b) Whenever in this Act (except in section 306) an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of title 38, United States Code. TITLE I—EXTENSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF CERTAIN EXPIRING VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION HEALTH PROGRAMS GRANTS TO STATE HOME FACILITIES SEC. 101. (a) Section 5033(a) is amended by striking out "and a like sum for the succeeding fiscal year" and inserting in lieu thereof "a like sum for each of the two succeeding fiscal years, and such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal years ending September 30, 1981, and September 30, 1982". (bXD Section 641(a) is amended by striking out "$5.50", "$10.50", and "$11.50" and inserting in lieu thereof "$6.35", "$12.10", and "$13.25", respectively. (2) The amendments made by paragraph (1) shall take effect on January 1, 1980, but, with respect to fiscal year 1980, shall take effect only to such extent and in such amounts as may be specifically provided for such purpose in appropriation Acts. EXCHANGE OF MEDICAL INFORMATION SEC. 102. (a) Section 5054 is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: "(c) The Administrator is authorized to enter into agreements with public and nonprofit private institutions, organizations, corporations, and other entities in order to participate in cooperative health-care personnel education programs within the geographical area of any Veterans' Administration health-care facility located in an area remote from major academic health centers.". (b) Section 5055(cXD is amended by inserting "and for each of the three succeeding fiscal years" after "fiscal year 1979". A^ �a R 8892-2 AMBIANCE TO HEALTH MANPOWER TRAINING mBTITOTIONS SBC. 108. (a) Subsection (b) of section 5070 is amended to read as follows: "(b) The Administrator may not enter into any agreement under •ubchapter I of this chapter after September 30,1979. . (bXD Subsection (a) of section 6082 is amended to read as follows: "(a) There is authorized to be appropriated for carrying out programs authorized under this chapter $50,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,1973; a like sum for each of the six succeeding fiscal years; $15,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30,1980; $25,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981; and $30,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30,1982.". (2) Clause (1) of section 5083(b) is amended by striking out "and will result" and all that follows in such clause through "at such school". TITLE H—MODIFICATION OF VETERANS HEALTH CARE AND RELATED BENEFITS BENEFICIARY TRAVEL REIMBURSEMENT SEC. 201. (a) Section lll(eX2XA) is amended byCD striking out "based on an annual declaration and certification by such person" and inserting in lieu thereof "pursuant to regulations which the Administrator shall prescribe"; and (2) striking out "a veteran" and all that follows through "title" and inserting in lieu thereof "a person receiving benefits for or in connection with a service-connected disability under this title, a veteran receiving or eligible to receive pension under section 521 of this title, or a person whose annual income, determined in accordance with section 503 of this title, does not exceed the maximum annual rate of pension which would be payable to such person if such person were eligible for pension under section 521 of this title". (b) Section 601 is amended byCD striking out "transportation" in paragraph (5XA) and inserting in lieu thereof "travel"; (2) striking out subclause (ii) of paragraph (5XO and inserting in lieu thereof "(ii) travel and incidental expenses for such dependent or survivor under the terms and conditions set forth in section 111 of this title"; and (3) striking out "necessary expenses of travel and subsistence" in paragraph (6XB) and inserting in lieu thereof "travel and incidental expenses". (c) Section 614 is amended byCD striking out "necessary travel expenses" in subsection (a) and inserting in lieu thereof "travel and incidental expenses (under the terms and conditions set forth in section 111 of this title)"; and (2) striking out "all necessary travel expenses" in subsection (b) and inserting in lieu thereof "travel and incidental expenses (under the terms and conditions set forth in section 111 of this title)". (d) Section 628(a) is amended by striking out "the necessary travel" and inserting in lieu thereof "travel and incidental expenses under the terms and conditions set forth in section 111 of this title". �H.R. 8892-3 CONTRACT HOSPITAL CARE SEC. 202. Section 601(4XCXiii) IB amended byCD striking out "hospital care" the second place it appears and inserting in Beu thereof "medical services"; and (2) inserting "until such time as the veteran can be safely transferred to any such facility" after "of this paragraph . LIMITATION ON FURNISHING CONTRACT CARE DENTAL TREATMENT SEC. 203. Section 612(b) is amended by adding at the end below the last clause the following new sentence: "The total amount which the Administrator may expend for furnishing, during any twelve-month period, outpatient dental services, treatment, or related dental appliances to a veteran under this section through private facilities for which the Administrator has contracted under clause (i), (ii), or (y) of section 60K4XC) of this title may not exceed $500 unless the Administrator determines, prior to the furnishing of such services, treatment, or appliances and based on an examination of the veteran by a dentist employed by the Veterans' Administration (or, in an area where no such dentist is available, by a dentist conducting such examination under a contract or fee arrangement), that the furnishing of such services, treatment, or appliances at such cost is reasonably necessary.". HEALTH BENEFITS FOR VETERANS OF MEXICAN BORDER PERIOD AND WORLD WAR I AND FOR CERTAIN SEVERELY DISABLED VETERANS SEC. 204. Section 612(g) is amended by— (1) striking out "Where any veteran" and inserting in lieu thereof "In the case of any veteran who is a veteran of the Mexican border period or of World War I or who"; and (2) adding at the end thereof the following new sentence: "The Administrator may also furnish to any such veteran home health services under the terms and conditions set forth in subsection (f) of this section.". AMENDMENTS TO CHAMPVA PROGRAM SEC. 205. (aXl) Section 613(a) is amended by— (A) striking out "wife" in clause (1) and inserting in lieu thereof"spouse"; (B) striking out "and" at the end of clause (1); (C) striking out "widow" in clause (2) and inserting in lieu thereof "surviving spouse"; (D) inserting "and at the end of clause (2); and (E) inserting after clause (2) the following new clause: "(3) the surviving spouse or child of a person who died in the active military, naval, or air service in the line of duty and not due to such person's own misconduct,". (2) Section 613 is further amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:' "(c) For the purposes of this section, a child between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three (1) who is eligible for benefits under subsection (a) of this section, (2) who is pursuing a full-time course of instruction at an educational institution approved under chapter 36 of this title, and (3) who, while pursuing such course of instruction, incurs a disabling illness or injury (including a disabling illness or injury incurred between terms, semesters, or quarters or during a �H.R. 8892-4 vacation or holiday period) which is not the result of such child's own willful misconduct and which results in such child's inability to continue or resume such child's chosen program of education at an approved educational institution shall remain eligible for benefits under this section until the end of the six-month period beginning on the date the disability is removed, the end of the two-year period beginning on the date of the onset of the disability, or the twentythird birthday of the child, whichever occurs first.". (b) The amendments made by subsection (a) shall take effect with respect to fiscal year 1980 only to such extent and for such amounts as may be specifically provided for such purpose in appropriation Acts. DATE SEC. 206. Except as otherwise provided in section 205(b), the amendments made by this title shall take effect on January 1,1980. TITLE HI—VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL PERSONNEL AMENDMENTS AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS MEDICAL PERSONNEL STAFFING LEVELS SEC. 301. (a) Section 5010(a) is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph: "(4XA) With respect to each law making appropriations for the Veterans' Administration, there shall be provided to the Veterans' Administration the funded personnel ceiling defined in subparagraph (D) of this paragraph and the funds appropriated therefor. "(B) In order to carry out the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall, with respect to each such law (i) provide to the Veterans' Administration for the fiscal year concerned such funded personnel ceiling and the funds necessary to achieve such ceiling, and (ii) submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States certification that the Director has so provided such ceiling. Not later than the thirtieth day after the enactment of such a law or, in the event of the enactment of such a law more than thirty days prior to the fiscal year for which such law makes such appropriations, not later than the tenth day of such fiscal year, the certification required in the first sentence of this subparagraph shall be submitted, together with a report containing complete information on the personnel ceiling that the Director has provided to the Veterans' Administration for the employees described in subparagraph (D) of this paragraph. "(C) Not later than the forty-fifth day after the enactment of each such law, the Comptroller General shall submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress a report stating the Comptroller General's opinion as to whether the Director of the Office of Management and Budget has complied with the requirements of such subparagraph in providing to the Veterans' Administration such funded personnel ceiling. "CD) For the purposes of this paragraph, the term 'funded personnel ceiling' means, with respect to any fiscal year, the authorization by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to employ (under the appropriation accounts for medical care, medical and prosthetic research, and medical administration and miscellaneous operating expenses) not less than the number of employees for the �H.R. 3892-5 employment of which appropriations have been made for such fiscal (b) The amendment made by subsection (a) shall take effect with respect to Public Law 96-103, but, with respect to such Public Law, the certification and report required by subparagraph (B) of paragraph (4) of section 5010 of title 38, United States Code (as added by sucn amendment), and the report required by subparagraph (C) of such paragraph (as added by such amendment) shall be submitted to the appropriate committees of the Congress not later than January 15,1980, and February 1,1980, respectively. QUALIFICATIONS OF CERTAIN HEALTH PROFESSIONALS EMPLOYED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY SEC. 302. (a) Section 4104(2) is amended by inserting "psychologists," after "Pharmacists,". (bXD Subsection (a) of section 4105 is amended by— (A) striking out the period at the end of clause (9) and inserting in lieu thereof a semicolon; and (B) adding at the end the following new clause: "(10) Psychologist— "hold a doctoral degree in psychology from a college or university approved by the Administrator, have completed study for such degree in a specialty area of psychology and an internship which are satisfactory to the Administrator, and be licensed or certified as a psychologist in a State, except that the Administrator may waive the requirement of licensure or certification for an individual psychologist for a period not to exceed two years on the condition that such psychologist provide patient care only under the direct supervision of a psychologist who is so licensed or certified,". (2) Subsection (b) of such section is amended by inserting "podiatrist, optometrist," after "dentist,". (c) The amendment made by subsection (bXD to require that a psychologist appointed to a position in the Department of Medicine and Surgery of the Veterans Administration be licensed or certified as a psychologist in a State shall not apply to any person employed as a psychologist by the Veterans' Administration on or before December 81,1979. REDUCTION OF PROBATIONARY PERIOD FOR CERTAIN HEALTH PROFESSIONALS EMPLOYED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY SEC. 303. Section 4106(b) is amended by striking out "three years" and inserting in lieu thereof "two years". COOPERATIVE USE AGREEMENTS FOR SPECIALIZED MEDICAL RESOURCES SEC. 304. Section 5053(a) is amended by inserting "or organ banks, blood banks, or similar institutions" after "facilities". SPECIAL MEDICAL ADVISORY GROUP AMENDMENTS SEC. 305. Section 4112(a) is amended by— (1) inserting in the first sentence "and a disabled veteran" after "professions"; and (2) inserting in the second sentence "and, not later than February 1 of each year, shall submit to the Administrator and �H.R. 3892-6 the Congress a report on its activities during the preceding fiscal year" after "Administrator". TECHNICAL AMENDMENT SEC. 306. (a) Section 601(aX2) of the Veterans' Disability Compensation and Survivors' Benefits Amendments of 1979 (Public Law 96-128) is amended by striking out "clause (1)" and inserting in lieu thereof "clause (11)". (b) The amendment made by subsection (a) shall take effect as of November 28,1979. AGENT ORANGE STUDY SEC. 307. (aXl) The Administrator of Veterans' Affairs shall design a protocol for and conduct an epidemiological study of persons who, while serving in the Armed Forces of the United States during the period of the Vietnam conflict, were exposed to any of the class of chemicals known as "the dioxins" produced during the manufacture of the various phenoxy herbicides (including the herbicide known as "Agent Orange") to determine if there may be long-term adverse health effects in such persons from such exposure. The Administrator shall also conduct a comprehensive review and scientific analysis of the literature covering other studies relating to whether there may be long-term adverse health effects in humans from exposure to such dioxins or other dioxins. (2XAXi) The study conducted pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be conducted in accordance with a protocol approved by the Director of the Office of Technology Assessment. (ii) The Director shall monitor the conduct of such study in order to assure compliance with such protocol. (BXi) Concurrent with the approval or disapproval of any protocol under subparagraph (AXi), the Director of the Office of Technology Assessment shall submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress a report explaining the basis for the Director's action in approving or disapproving such protocol and providing the Director's conclusions regarding the scientific validity and objectivity of such protocol. (ii) In the event that the Director has not approved such protocol during the one hundred and eighty days following the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall (I) submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress a report describing the reasons why the Director has not given such approval, and (II) submit an update report on such initial report each sixty days thereafter until such protocol is approved. (C) The Director shall submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress, at each of the times specified in the second sentence of this subparagraph, a report on the Director's monitoring of the conduct of such study pursuant to subparagraph (AXii). A report under the preceding sentence shall be submitted before the end of the six-month period beginning on the date of the approval of such protocol by the Director, before the end of the twelvemonth period beginning on such date, and annually thereafter until such study is completed or terminated. (3) The study conducted pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be continued for as long after the submission of the report under subsection (bX2) as the Administrator may determine reasonable in light of the possibility of developing through such study significant new information on the long-term adverse health effects of exposure to dioxins. �H.R. 3892-7 (bXD Not later than twelve months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress a report on the literature review and analysis conducted under subsection (aXl). (2) Not later than twenty-four months after the date of the approval of the protocol pursuant to subsection (aX2XAXi) and annually thereafter, the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress a report containing (A) a description of the results thus far obtained under the study conducted pursuant to such subsection, and (B) such comments and recommendations as the Administrator considers appropriate in light of such results. (c) For the purpose of assuring that any study carried out by the Federal Government with respect to the adverse health effects in humans of exposure to dioxins is scientifically valid and is conducted with efficiency and objectivity, the President shall assure that— (1) the study conducted pursuant to subsection (a) is fully coordinated with studies which are planned, are being conducted, or have been completed by other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Federal Government and which pertain to the adverse health effects in humans of exposure to dioxins; and (2) all appropriate coordination and consultation is accomplished between and among the Administrator and the heads of such departments, agencies, and instrumentalities (that may be engaged, during the conduct of the study carried out pursuant to subsection (a), in the design, conduct, monitoring, or evaluation of such dioxin-exposure studies. (d) There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for the conduct of the study required by subsection (a). Speaker of the House of Representatives. Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate. �DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE USAF SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE (AFSC) BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS 76235 11 Jan 80 Dr Abraham Lilienfeld, M.D. Professor Epidemiology The John Hopkins School of Hygiene 615 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 Dear Dr Lilienfeld It was a pleasure to have again met with you on the Herbicide Orange issue. I hope my discussions with you on the use of herbicides in South Vietnam, and on the environmental fate of dioxin, were of value in developing ideas for designing the epidemiologic study. I have attached the following source material for potential use in the protocol: Atch 1. IRAC Report of PCDD and PCDF. Atch 2. Chapter III, Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam. Atch 3. Position Paper on Criteria for Estimating Exposure. Atch 4. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92 (3 copies). If I can provide you further assistance in the development of a protocol, please contact me. Sincerely ALVIN L. YOUNG, Major, USAF, Ph.D. Environmental Sciences Consultant 4 Atch 1. IRAC Report 2. Effects of Herbicides 3. Position Paper 4. OEHL-TR-78-92 Cy to: Dr. R. Levinson U t. �Department of Medicine and Surgery Washington, D.C. 20420 Veterans Administration January 9, 1980 Col. George B. Lathrop, USAF, MC C h i e f , Epidemiology Division USAFSAM/EK Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235 Dear Colonel Lathrop: I wish to express my deep appreciation to you for permitting Major Alvin Young to participate in our January 7th meeting on the design of our Agent Orange epidemiology s tudy. Major Young's detailed knowledge about the scope and purpose of the Agent Orange spraying missions and on the environmental fate of dioxins was invaluable to our deliberations. In fact, I can unequivocally state that as a result of Major Young's consultations, we will be able to significantly expedite the study's development. I sincerely hope that we might be able to make use of Major Young's services again in the future. In addition, I would like to invite you to give us the benefit of your personal epidemiological expertise when we have proceeded further in the study's preliminary design. I confidently predict that the epidemiological studies being planned by the Air Force and the Veterans Administration will resolve the question of Agent Orange effects on human health. By combining resources, we should be enabled to meet our respective goals sooner. Best wishes. Sincerely yours, PAUL A. L. HABER, M.D. Assistant Chief Medical Director for Professional Services In Reply Refer To: A.4, flu � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 205 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5766 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 23 1980 Title A name given to the resource Trip Report - TA-16 (3 Jan 80) ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/e86931d45def0e5f1068220773166136.pdf e4b48eb9e5c492bc858713558d52f20f PDF Text Text Item D Number °5761 Author Young, Alvin L. D Not Scanned Corporate Author Report/Article HUB Letter from Alvin L. Young to C. P. V. DeJesus, November 6, 1979 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color D Number of Images ° DOSGrlptOn Notes Enclosures missing. Thursday, March 28, 2002 Page 5761 of 5780 �EKS/Major Young/dd/3471/6 Nov 79 6 Nov 79 Or. C.P.V. DeJesus Neurology Service Audie L. Murphy Memorial Hospital Veterans Administration 7400 Merton Mlnton San Antonio, TX 78284 Dear Dr. DeJesus In reference to your request for literature on human and animal effects of 2,4,5-T and TCDD, please find enclosed a recent A1r Force Technical Report and two bibliographies that may be of Interest to you. If I can provide additional Information, please contact me at 536-3471. Sincerely ALVIN L. YOUNG, Major, USAF, Ph.D. Consultant, Environmental Sciences 3 Atch 1. OEHL-TR-78-92 2. Bibliography MP-1323 3. Bibliography MP-1343 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 204 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5761 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Letter from Alvin L. Young to C. P. V. DeJesus, November 6, 1979 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/d6e49ce9e0a641e5b22f0b159a09e5f3.pdf 31bea5e58a70823473226d7992e89157 PDF Text Text item D Number °5727 Author Young, Alvin L. Ll Not Scanned Corporate Author Report/Article Tltte Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1961 -1971 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of hnagee n ° Descrlpton Notes Tuesday, March 26, 2002 Page 5727 of 5743 �USE OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1961-1971* Alvin L. Young MAJOR, USAF, PHD Epidemiology Division USAF School of Aerospace Medicine Brooks AFB, San Antonio TX 78235 Herbicides used in support of tactical military operations in South Vietnam from 1961 to 1971 are today, ten years after the last herbicide mission, the center of intense scientific debate involving not only medical but also legal, political and ecological issues. This paper reviews the historical and operational concepts and some potential human exposure considerations involving the military use of herbicides in the Southeast Asian Conflict. Herbicides Used in South Vietnam Synthesis technology, efficacy data, and field application techniques were developed for the two major phenoxy herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenpxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) during World War II at Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. Following World War II, the iAcoij^rcial use of these two "synthetic" organic herbicides revolutionized Ameri.cJiKagri culture. In 1950, more than 10 million pounds of these materials were used annually for weed and brush control in the United States. By 1960, in excess of 36 million pounds were used. In May 1961, the Office of the Secretary of Defense requested the Fort Detrick personnel to determine the technical feasibility of defoliating jungle vegetation in the Republic of Vietnam. By early fall, 1961, 18 different aerial spray tests (defoliation and anticrop) had been conducted with various formulations of commercially-available herbicides. The choice of these herbicides was based upon the chemicals that had had considerable research, proven performance, and practical background at that period in time. Also, such factors as availability in large quantity, costs and known or accepted safety in regard to their toxicity to humans and animals was considered. The results of these tests were that significant defoliation and anticrop effects could be obtained with two different mistures of herbicides. The first was a mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and the iso-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T. This mixture was code-named "Purple." The second "military" herbicide was code-named "Blue" and consisted of the acid and sodium salt of cacodylic acid. The colored bands which were painted around the center of the 55-gallon drums served as aid to the identification by support personnel. The first shipment of Herbicides Purple and Blue was recieved at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, on 9 January 1962. These were the first military herbicides used in Operation RANCH HAND, the tactical military project for the aerial spraying of herbicides in South Vietnam. Two additional phenoxy herbicide formulations were received in limited quantities in South Vietnam and evaluated during the first two years of Operation RANCH HAND. These were code-named Pink and Green. By January 1965, two additional military herbicides, code-named Orange and White, had been evaluated and brought into the spray program. Herbicide Orange *A synopsis of Information from Chapters I and III of The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92, USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. (Authors: A. L. Young, J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and J. W. Tremblay.) 1978. �Herbicides used in support of tactical military operations in South Vietnam from 1961 to 1971 are today, ten years after the last herbicide mission, the center of intense scientific debate involving not.only medical but also legal, political and ecological issues. This paper reviews the historical and operational concepts and some potential human exposure considerations involving the military use of herbicides in the Southeast Asian Conflict. Herbicides Used in South Vietnam Synthesis technology, efficacy data, and field application techniques were developed for the two major phenoxy herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) during World War II at Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. Following World War II, the commercial use of these two "synthetic" organic herbicides revolutionized American*agriculture. In 1950, more than 10 million pounds of these materials were used annually for weed and brush control in the United States. By 1960, in excess of 36 million pounds were used. In May 1961, the Office of the Secretary of Defense requested the Fort Detrick personnel to determine the technical feasibility of defoliating jungle vegetation in the Republic of Vietnam. By early fall, 1961, 18 different aerial spray tests (defoliation and anticrop) had been conducted with various formulations of commercially-available herbicides. The choice of these herbicides was based upon the chemicals that had had considerable research, proven performance, and practical background at that period in time. Also, such factors as availability in large quantity, costs and known or accepted safety in regard to their toxicity to humans and animals was considered. The results of these tests were that significant defoliation and anticrop effects could be obtained with two different mistures of herbicides. The first was a mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and the iso-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T. This mixture was code-named "Purple." The second "military" herbicide was code-named "Blue" and consisted of the acid and sodium salt of cacodylic acid. The colored bands which were painted around the center of the 55-gallon drums served as aid to the identification by support personnel. The first shipment of Herbicides Purple and Blue was recieved at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, on 9 January 1962. These were the first military herbicides used in Operation RANCH HAND, the tactical military project for the aerial spraying of herbicides in South Vietnam. Two additibnal phenoxy herbicide formulations were received in limited quantities in South Vietnam and evaluated during the first two years of Operation RANCH HAND. These were code-named Pink and Green. By January 1965, two additional military herbicides, code-named Orange and White, had been evaluated and brought into the spray program. Herbicide Orange *A synopsis of Information from Chapters I and III of The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92, USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. (Authors: A. L. Young, J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and J. W. Tremblay.) 1978. �replaced all uses of Purple,.Pink, or Green, and eventually became the most widely used military herbicide in South Vietnam. The composition of the three major herbicides used in South Vietnam were as follows: 1. Herbicide Orange Orange was a reddish-brown to tan colored liquid soluble in diesel fuel and organic solvents, but insoluble in water. One gallon of Orange theoretically contained 4.21 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4-D and 4.41 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4,5-T. Orange was formulated to contain a 50:50 misture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The percentages of the formulation typically were: n-butyl ester of 2,4-D free acid of 2,4-D n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T Free acid of 2,4,5-T inert ingredients (e.g., butyl alcohol and ester moieties) 49.49 0.13 48.75 1.00 0.62 2. Herbicide White White was a dark brown viscous liquid that was soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of White contained 0.54 pounds of the active ingredient of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2.00 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4-D. White was formulated to contain a 1:4 mixture of the triisopropanoamine salts of picloram and 2,4-D. The percentages of the formulation were: triisopropanolamine salt of picloram triisopropanolamine salt of 2,4-D inert ingredient (primarily the solvent triisopropanolamine) 10.2 39.6 50.2 3. Herbicide Blue Blue was a clear yellowish-tan liquid that was soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of Blue contained 3.10 pounds of the active ingredient hydroxydimethyarsine oxide (cacodylic acid). Blue was formulated to contain cacodylic acid (as the free acid) and the sodium salf of cacodylic acid (sodium cacodylate). The percentages of the formulation were: cacodylic acid sodium cacodylate surfactant sodium chloride water antifoam agent 4.7 26.4 3.4 5.5 59.5 0.5 As previously noted, not all of the herbicides used in South Vietnam were used throughout the entire 10 years (1962-1971) encompassed by the Department of Defense defoliation program. In addition, 2,4,5-T formulations used early in the program are believed to have contained higher levels of the toxic contaminant TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or "dioxin") than did the formulations used in the later years. The three time periods shown in Table 1 can be differentiated on the basis of specific herbicides used and the mean dioxin content. 10 �TABLE 1 THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE TIME PERIODS DURING THE US MILITARY DEFOLIATION PROGRAM IN SOUTH VIETNAM AND MEAN DIOXIN CONTENT PERIOD HERBICIDES USED (CODE NAMES) MEAN DIOXIN CONTENT (PARTS PER MILLION)* January 1962 June 1965 Purple, Pink, Green Blue July 1965 June 1970 Orange White, Blue 2+ 0 July 1970 October 1971 White, Blue 0 32** 0 *Found only in 2,4,5-T containing formulations. **Value based on analyses of five samples. •fValue based on the analyses of 488 samples. Herbicide Orange was the most extensively used herbicide in South Vietnam. Orange accounted for approximately 10.7 million gallons of the total 17.7 million gallons of herbicide used (Table 2). It was used from mid-1965 to June 1970. However, as noted in Table 2, Orange was not the only 2,4,5-T containing herbicide used in the defoliation program. Small quantities of Purple, Pink, and Green, all containing 2,4,5-T were used from 1962 through mid-1965. In subsequent sections of this document, the term "herbicide Orange" will refer to all of the 2,4,5-T containing herbicides used in Vietnam (Purple, Pink, Green, and Orange). TABLE 2 NUMBER OF GALLONS OF MILITARY HERBICIDE PROCURED BY THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND DISSEMINATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM DURING JANUARY 1962 - OCTOBER 1971 Code Name Quantity Herbicide Period of Use Orange 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 10,646,000 1965-1970* White 2,4-D; Picloram 5,633,000 1965-1971** Blue Cacodylic Acid 1,150,000 1962-1971** Purple 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 145,000 1962-1965 Pink 2,4,5-T 123,000 1962-1965 Green 2,4,5-T 8,200 1962-1965 Total 17,705,200 *Last fixed-wing mission of Orange 16 April 1970; last helicopter mission of Orange 6 June 1970. **Last fixed-wing mission 9 January 1971; all herbicides under US control stopped 31 October 1971. 11 �Use Patterns of Individual Herbicides Each of the three major herbicides (Orange, White, and Blue) had specific uses. Ninety-nine percent of Herbicide White was applied in defoliation missions. It was not recommended for use on crops because of the persistence of Picloram in soils. Because the herbicidal action on woody plants was usually slow, full defoliation did not occur for several months after spray application. Thus, it was an ideal herbicide for use in the inland forests in areas where defoliation was not immediately required, but where it did occur it would persist longer than if the area were sprayed with Orange or Blue. Herbicide Blue was the herbicide of choice for crop destruction missions involving cereal or grain crops. Approximately 50 percent of all Blue was used in crop destruction missions in remote or enemy controlled areas with the remainder being used as a contact herbicide for control of grasses around base perimeters. Ninety percent of all Herbicide Orange was used for forest defoliation and it was especially effective in defoliating mangrove forests. Eight percent of Herbicide Orange was used in the destruction of broadleaf crops (beans, peanuts, ramie, and root or tuber crops). The remaining 2 percent was used around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communication lines. Table 3 shows the number of acres sprayed with herbicides in South Vietnam within the three major vegetational categories. TABLE 3 THE NUMBER OF ACRES TREATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971, WITH MILITARY HERBICIDES WITHIN THE THREE MAJOR VEGETATIONAL CATEGORIES Vegetational Category Areas Treated* Inland forest 2,670,000 Mangrove forests 318,000 Cultivated crops 260,000 Total 3,248,000 *Areas receiving single or multiple coverage. Certain portions of South Vietnam were more likely to have been subjected to defoliation. Herbicide expenditures for the four Combat Tactical Zones of South Vietnam are shown in Table 4. These data were obtained from the HERBS tape (a computer listing of all herbicide missions in South Vietnam from 1965 through 1971). Total volume is in close agreement with the actual procurement data shown in Table 2. 12 �TABLE 4 US HERBICIDES EXPENDITURES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971; A BREAKDOWN BY COMBAT TACTICAL ZONE* Herbicide Expenditure (gallons) Orange White Blue Combat Tactical Zones CTZ I 2,250,000 363,000 298,000 CTZ II 2,519,000 729,000 473,000 CTZ III (includes Saigon) 5,309,000 3,719,000 294,000 CTZ IV 1.227.000 435.000 62.000 11,305,000 5,246,000 1,127,000 Subtotals Grand Total 17.678.000 *Source: HERBS tape In addition to the herbicides, numerous other chemicals were shipped to South Vietnam in 55-gallon drums. These included selected fuel additives, cleaning solvents, cooking oils, and a variety of other pesticides. The insecticide Malathion was widely used for control of mosquitoes and at least 400,000 gallons of it were used from 1966 through 1970. In addition, much smaller quantities of Lindane and DDT were used in ground operations throughout the war in Southeast Asia. The distribution of the herbicides within Vietnam after their arrival did not occur randomly. About 65 percent was shipped to the 20th Ordnance Storage Depot, Saigon, and 35 percent was shipped to the 511th Ordnance Depot, Da Nang. Military Aircraft and Vehicles Used in the Dissemination of Herbicides Numerous aircraft were used in the air war in Vietnam, but only a few of these aircraft were used for aerial dissemination of herbicides. The "work horse" of Operation RANCH HAND was the C-123, "Provider." This cargo aircraft was adapted to receive a modular spray system for internal carriage. The module (the A/A 45 Y-l) consisted of a 1,000-gallon tank pump, and engine which were all mounted on a frame pallet. Ah operator's console was an integral part of the unit, but was not mounted on the pallet. Wing booms ( . inches in diameter, 22 feet long) extended from the 15 outboard engine nacelles toward the wing tips. A short tail boom (3 inches in diameter, 20 feet long) was positioned centrally near the aft cargo door. Each aircraft normally had a crew of three men: the pilot, co-pilot (navigator), and flight engineer (console operator). During the peak activity of RANCH HAND operations ( 9 8 1 6 ) approximately 30 U C-123K aircraft were employed. However, 16-99, many other squadrons of non-RANCH HAND C-123 aircraft were routinely used throughout South Vietnam in transport operations. 13 �The control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases in South Vietnam necessitated an extensive aerial insecticide application program in order to control these vector insects. From 1966 through 1972, three C-123 aircraft were used to spray Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide. These aircraft could be distinguished from the Herbicide-spraying aircraft because they were not camouflaged. These aircraft routinely sprayed insecticide adjacent to military and civilian installations, as well as in areas where military operations were in progress, or about to commence. Approximately 10 to 12 percent of all herbicides used in South Vietnam was disseminated by helicopter or ground application equipment. Generally, helicopter crews were not assigned to herbicide spray duties on a full-time basis and rotated the spraying duties with other mission requirements. The military UH-1 series of helicopters, deployed by the Air Force, the Army, and Navy units, generally sprayed the herbicides. The most common spray system used was the AGRINAUTICS unit. This unit was installed in or removed from the aircraft in a matter of minutes because it was "tied down" to installed cargo shackles and aircraft modifications were not required for its use. The unit consisted of a 200-gallon tank and a collapsible 32-foot spray boom. The unit was operated by manual -controls to control the flow valve and a windmill brake. Generally, each helicopter had three crew members. A summary of the aircraft used in herbicide and insecticide operations is shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 US MILITARY AIRCRAFT USED IN THE DISSEMINATION OF HERBICIDES AND INSECTICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM Aircraft Camouflaged Chemical Disseminated UC-123/UC-123K Yes All Herbicides UC-123K No Malathion Yes Orange, Blue Helicopter Air Force UH-1 Army UH-1B/UH-1D Navy UH/1E Various ground delivery systems were also used in South Vietnam for control of vegetation in limited areas. Most of these units were towed or mounted on vehicles. One unit that was routinely used was the Buffalo-turbine. It developed a wind blast with a velocity up to 150 MPH at 10,000 ft /minute volume. When the herbicide was injected into the air blast, it was essentially "shot" at the foliage. The buffalo turbine was useful for roadside spraying and applications of perimeter defenses. The herbicides of choise in these operations were Blue and Orange. �Exposure Considerations; Applications and Environmental Parameters There were relatively few military operations that involved the handling of herbicides by military personnel. A review of operations involving Herbicide Orange in South Vietnam from January 1962 to April 1970 revealed that there were essentially three groups of US military personnel potentially exposed to Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin contaminant. These three groups were: * 1. "Operation RANCH HAND" personnel actively involved in the defoliation program. This group included aircrew members and maintenance and support personnel directly assigned to the RANCH HAND squadrons. 2. Personnel assigned to selected support functions that may have resulted in exposure to Herbicide Orange. This group included, for example, personnel who sprayed herbicides, using helicopters or ground application equipment; personnel who may have delivered the herbicides to the units performing the defoliation missions; aircraft mechanics who were specialized and occasionally provided support to RANCH HAND aircraft; or, personnel who may have flown contaminated C-123 aircraft, but were not assigned to RANCH HAND (e.g., during the Tet Offensive, all RANCH HAND aircraft were reconfigured to transport supplies and equipment, and were assigned to non-RANCH HAND squadrons). 3. Ground personnel who may have been inadvertently sprayed by defoliation aircraft or who, during combat operations, may have entered an area previously sprayed with Herbicide Orange. The total number of US military personnel exposed to Herbicide Orange is not known. Approximately 1,200 RANCH HAND personnel were exposed in direct support of the defoliation operations; however, there are no data on the number of non-RANCH HAND personnel who may have been exposed. The actual number of people may be in the thousands since at least 100 helicopter spray equipment units were used in South Vietnam, and most military bases had vehicle-mounted and backpack spray units available for use in routine vegetation control programs. The number of military ground personnel who may have inadvertently been sprayed by RANCH HAND aircraft, or who may have entered areas recently sprayed with Herbicide Orange during combat operations is not known. Approximately 10 percent of South Vietnam was sprayed with herbicides, and most of this area was contested and/or controlled by enemy forces. Most areas sprayed were remote, unpopulated and forested. Because of the dense canopy cover, the target of the defoliation operation, the amount of herbicide penetrating to the forest floor would have been small. The exposure of personnel could have occurred by essentially three routes: 1. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors/aerosols by direct exposure to sprays. 2. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors by exposure to treated areas following spray application, and 3. Ingestion of foods contaminated with the material. The chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange and the spray, as it would have occurred following dissemination from a C-123, are important factors in assessing relative exposure to the Herbicides and TCDD. 15 �Table 6 reviews the pertinent chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange. Table 7 reviews both the application parameters, of the spray system used in the UC-123K aircraft and the characteristics of the spray itself. Generally, herbicides were sprayed in the early morning or late afternoon, so as to minimize the effects of air movement on particle dispersion. TABLE 6 PERTINENT CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HERBICIDE ORANGE Formulation Concentrated ( . Ib ai/gal)* 86 Water Insoluble Density « 1.28 -4 o 3.6 x 10 mm Hg at 30 C Vapor Pressure NBE** 2,4-D : NBE 2,4,5-T : 1.2 x 10~A -4 0.4 x 10 TCDD : 1 x 10~4 Viscous 40 centipoises at 20 C 4 Noncorrosive to metal Deleterious to paints, rubber, neoprene Long Shelf life *Pounds active ingredient (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) per gallon. **NBE - Normal Butyl ester. 16 �TABLE 7. APPLICATION PARAMETERS AND SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE C-123 MODULAR INTERNAL SPRAY SYSTEM Aircraft speed 130 KIAS* Aircraft altitude 150 feet Tank -volume 1,000 gallons Spray time 3.5-4 minutes Particle size: 100 microns: 1.9% 100-500 microns: 76.2% 500 microns: 21.9% 87% impacted within 1 min 13% drifted or volatilized Mean particle volume 0.61 microliters Spray swath 260 + 20 feet Mean deposition 3 gallons/acre Total area/tank 340 acres *Knots indicated air speed 17 �Ground combat forces norjnally would not have been expected to have enter.ed a previously treated area for'several weeks after treatment, during which time numerous environmental factors would have reduced the potential for exposure to military personnel. An indepth review of the environmental fate of Herbicide Orange and TCDD concluded that the vast majority of the phenoxy herbicides would have impacted forest canopy, the intended target. Rapid uptake (e.g., within a few hours) of the ester formulations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T would have occurred. Most of the herbicide probably would have undergone rapid degradation (weeks) within the cellular matrix of the vegetation. However, some of the herbicide may have remained unmetabolized and would have been deposited on the forest floor at the time of leaf fall.. Soil microbial and/or chemical action would likely have completed the degradation process. Herbicide droplets that impacted directly on soil or water would have probably hydrolyzed rapidly (within hours). Biological and nonbiological degradative processes would have further occurred to significantly reduce these residues. Some volatilization of the esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T would have occurred during and immediately after application. The volatile material most likely would have dissipated within the foliage of the target area. Photodecomposition of TCDD would have minimized the amount of biologically active volatile residues moving downwind of the target area. Accumulation of phenoxy herbicides in animals may have occurred following ingestion of treated vegetation. The magnitude of this accumulation would have likely been at nontoxic levels. Herbicide residues in animals would have rapidly declined after withdrawal from treated feed. Most TCDD sprayed into the environment during defoliation operations would have probably photodegraded within 24 hours of application. Moreover, recent studies suggest that even within the shaded forest canopy, volatilization and subsequent photodecomposition of TCDD can occur. Since translocation into vegetation would be minimal, most TCDD that escaped photodegradation would probably have entered the soilorganic complex on the forest floor following leaf fall. Soil chemical and microbial processes would have further reduced TCDD residues. Bioconcentration of the remaining minute levels of TCDD may have occurred in liver and fat of animals ingesting contaminated vegetation or soil. However, there are no field data available that indicate that the levels of TCDD likely to have accumulated in these animals would have had a biological effect. The environmental generation of TCDD from 2,4,5-T residues, through thermal or photolytic processes, would have been highly unlikely and of no consequence. SUMMARY The choice of herbicides used in South Vietnam in Operation RANCH HAND, 1962-1971, was based upon those herbicides that had been widely used in world agriculture, shown to be effective in controlling a broad spectrum of vegetation, and proven safe to humans and animals. The major herbicides used in South Vietnam were by phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These two herbicides were formulated as the water insoluble esters and code-named by the military as Purple, Orange, Pink and Green. A water soluble amine formulation of 2,4-D was used in Herbicide White. Two other herbicides were extensively used by the military, picloram (in White) and cacodylic acid (in Blue). 18 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 202 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5727 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1961-1971 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/7d688575442ef67331f7383d47262704.pdf 8e9b36fb46a2781c2f19d8641718ecf8 PDF Text Text item D Number °5591 Author Young, Alvin L. D Not Scanned Corporate Author RBDOrt/ArtiGlB TltlB Outline Report of the Agent Orange Working Group Science Panel Subcommittee on Exposure, November 1982 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D ° Desorlpton Notes Tuesday, March 19, 2002 Page 5591 of 5611 �Outline Report of the Agent Orange Working Group Science Panel Subcommittee on Exposure Alvin L. Young VA/AOPO November 1982 Factors that must be considered m the development of an exposure index model include nature of the chemical and target, time after application of the herbicide and distance from application site. I. Factors that Influenced Exposure to Herbicide: 0 Herbicide Formulation Chemical/Physical Characteristics Solubility Vapor Pressures 8 Dissemination of Herbicides Application Parameters Target Vegetation 0 Route of Exposure Dermal Inhalation Ingestion 0 Environmental Fate In On In In Air Vegetation Soil Water II. Dissemination System 1. RANCH HAND KC 123/A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Internal Defoliant 2. UH-1B/D Helicopter Spray System (Agrinautics) 3. Buffalo Turbines �4. Power-Driven Decontamination Apparatus (PDDA) 5. Back-Pack Sprayers ( 2 and 5 gallons) 6. "Jerry-Rigged" or Field Expedient Devices. III. Factors described by Weighted Systems A. Toxicity of Herbicide B. Fate of TCDD Location of Mission Jungle Mangrove Crop Other C. Type of Mission RANCH HAND Perimeter Herbicide Abort occurrence D. Time After Exposure Days e 0 0 within 1 within 2 within 3 E. Distance from Exposure Type (Application Site) 0 0 0 0 within 0.5 km within 1.0 km within 1.5 km within 2.0 km IV. Assignments of Weights 0 Toxicity of Herbicides Orange Weight Score 600 mgAg 5 Blue 2600 mgAg 2 White 3100 mg/kg 1 �Location of Mission Defoliation Jungle (Heavy Canopy) Mangrove (Light Canopy) Crop/Abort Missions Perimeter Applications 10% Penetration 1 32% 3 100% ' 10 70% 7 Time/Distance Matrix* Distance (km) Time Days <0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 70 15 10 5 i 1 ,l ' 2 35 8 5 3 3 18 4 3 RANCH HAND Application 1 t. t Perimeter Application * Values in Time/Distance matrix established in percent of herbicide particles falling within specified distance from height of release (RH Mission) and impact of environmental degradation or binding over specified time intervals. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 198 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5591 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Outline Report of the Agent Orange Working Group Science Panel Subcommittee on Exposure, November 1982 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/bc954d5aecbc16ca436bf74ceeacf154.pdf 100e6761144f1183ede1aad0e6cf4457 PDF Text Text Item n Number Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Report/Article Titlfl Handwritten Notes: Cu CHi Base Camp, 1969 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images D ° Alvin L. Young filed these documents together with others under the label, "Agent Orange Exposure Project." Tuesday, March 19, 2002 Page 5556 of 5611 �N ^Q -d f 0V- — —Q o .O) ss a^ S O t^5r^ ^> f fB%»9*§ : - fj A I w ^ i^. !=~ N ^ i -^ ft ^s. rf^ n^ i ^ « : 5 TO I i* J V^^ f * K C f �a of ^ __ (/ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 197 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5556 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Handwritten Notes: Cu CHi Base Camp, 1969 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/9bb9d9a34e82843d8fddb8cc95e99020.pdf 0b87e9207e8d9b01c2efca48c486bde5 PDF Text Text Item D Number °5552 Author Young, Alvin L. D not scanned Corporate Author Report/Article Title Handwritten Notes: Testimony to 2,4,5-T Hearings Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D ° Descrtpton Notes Tuesday, March 19, 2002 Page 5552 of 5611 �i ' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 197 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5552 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Handwritten Notes: Testimony to 2,4,5-T Hearings ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/5fd6587209638a281cdc8803d14645b4.pdf 2b553900c0bc0093d5c1f652854f1468 PDF Text Text ItemDNumber 05483 Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author RBpOPt/ArtlClB TItiB Typescript: Hazardous Wastes: Problems, Perspectives and Policy Journal/Book Tttla Yoar 000 ° Month/Day Color D Descrlpton Notes Friday, March 15, 2002 Page 5483 of 5571 �HAZARDOUS WASTES; PROBLEMS, PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY ALVIN L- YOUNG, PH.D. SENIOR POLICY ANALYST FOR LIFE SCIENCES OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESENTATION TO: HAZARDOUS WASTE LITIGATION SYMPOSIUM GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK SEPTEMBER 24, 1984 THE PAST TWO DECADES HAVE USHERED IN A SHIFT OF ALMOST REVOLUTIONARY PROPORTIONS IN THE STUDY OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. THE PREOCCUPATION WITH INFECTIOUS DISEASE HAS BEEN REPLACED WITH A HEAVY COMMITMENT TO THE STUDY OF CHRONIC, LIFE THREATENING ILLNESSES. INCREASINGLY, MORE INVESTIGATORS HAVE RECOGNIZED THAT BEHAVIORS THAT PLACE AN INDIVIDUAL AT R I S K FOR DEVELOPING PHYSICAL I L L N E S S SELDOM ACTIVITIES. ALTHOUGH OCCUR IN ISOLATION FROM OTHER P A T H O G E N I C THE PUBLIC ACKNOWLEDGES THAT LIFE STYLE AND DISEASE ARE RELATED (E'G« SMOKING MAY BE DETRIMENTAL TO YOUR HEALTH), THE FEAR OF M A L I G N INFLUENCES IN OUR E N V I R O N M E N T IS SO WIDESPREAD TODAY THAT THE GENERAL PUBLIC BELIEVES THAT IT IS THOSE FACTORS THEY CANNOT CONTROL THEIR EARLY DEMISE* THAT WILL B R I N G ABOUT THE PRESENCE OF ANY TRACE OF DIOXIN, PESTICIDES, R A D I A T I O N (EVEN BACKGROUND RADIATION), OR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PRODUCT IS TAKEN AS AN OMEN OF DEATHSTATING PUBLIC THIS PERHAPS, I'M OVER- ISSUE - HOWEVER AS A SCIENTIST NOW CONCERNED WITH POLICY ITS BECOMING I N C R E A S I N G L Y A P P A R E N T TO ME THAT WE ARE F A C I N G A C R I S I S AS TO W H E R E WE EXPEND R E S O U R C E S FOR GENERATING S C I E N T I F I C DATA HEALTH RISKS- USEFUL IN THE M A N A G E M E N T OF E N V I R O N M E N T A L AND �As AN E N V I R O N M E N T A L SCIENTIST, I AM ACUTELY PUBLIC'S CONCERN A W A R E OF THE OVER THE POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER BECAUSE OF COMMUNITY EXPOSURE TO C A R C I N O G E N S IN LOW DOSES FROM A W I D E V A R I E T Y OF SOURCES SUCH AS HAZARDOUS WASTE DEPOSITS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, AIR POLLUTANTS AND FOOD ADDITIVESREPORTS TWO RECENT P R E P A R E D BY THE N A T I O N A L RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC) OF THE N A T I O N A L ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ARE NOTEWORTHY- THE F I R S T REPORT "GROUNDWATER C O N T A M I N A T I O N " EMPHASIZED THAT T H E W I D E S P R E A D U S E O F C H E M I C A L PRODUCTS, C O U P L E D W I T H T H E DISPOSAL OF LARGE VOLUMES OF WASTE M A T E R I A L S POSES THE FOR WIDELY DISTRIBUTED GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATIONPOTENTIAL SOURCES OF C O N T A M I N A T I O N OF G R O U N D W A T E R OF SOLID AND L I Q U I D WASTESPROTECTION AGENCY I N 1980, T H E U - S - (EPA) ESTIMATED POTENTIAL THE LARGEST IS THE DISPOSAL ENVIRONMENTAL THAT THERE W E R E 200,000 LANDFILLS AND DUMPS R E C E I V I N G 150 M I L L I O N TONS PER Y E A R OF M U N I C I P A L SOLID W A S T E S A N D 240 M I L L I O N S T O N S P E R Y E A R O F I N D U S T R I A L S O L I D W A S T E S I N A D D I T I O N T O L A N D F I L L S , 176,000 S U R F A C E IMPOUNDMENTS RECEIVE 10 T R I L L I O N GALLONS PER YEAR OF L I Q U I D I N D U S T R I A L WASTESNOT ALL WASTES ARE HAZARDOUS, THE EPA HAS ALTHOUGH I D E N T I F I E D AN ESTIMATED 50,000 S I T E S T H A T H A V E B E E N U S E D , A T S O M E T I M E , F O R T H E D I S P O S A L OF H A Z A R D O U S W A S T E S - OF T H E S E , 1200 TO 2000 ARE T H O U G H T TO P O S E THREATS TO THE E N V I R O N M E N T W H E R E WASTE-DISPOSAL SOME OF THESE LATTER SITES ARE A R E A S P R A C T I C E S H A V E RESULTED C O N T A M I N A T I O N OF G R O U N D W A T E R . IN I R R E V E R S I B L E THE E X A M P L E S OF LOVE CANAL, NEW YORK AND THE ROCKY M O U N T A I N A R S E N A L , COLORADO, I N D I C A T E THE M A G N I T U D E OF THE R E S U L T I N G G R O U N D W A T E R C O N T A M I N A T I O N PROBLEMS WITH P O S S I B L E HEALTH HAZARDS AND OTHER D E L E T E R I O U S E F F E C T S - THE R E P O R T NOTED �3 THAT THE COST ESTIMATED FOR D E C O N T A M I N A T I O N OF JUST THE ROCKY M O U N T A I N A R S E N A L R A N G E FROM $800 M I L L I O N TO $1 BILLION. THE QUESTION OF COST/BENEFIT TRADEOFFS TO SOCIETY IN THESE CASES NEEDS TO BE E X A M I N E D C A R E F U L L Y j SOME SITES MAY PROVE TO BE SO E X P E N S I V E TO RESTORE THAT THEY MAY HAVE TO BE DESIGNATED AS PERMANTLY CONTAMINATED- THE SECOND REPORT RECENTLY RELEASD BY THE NRC WAS "TOX1CITY TESTING - STRATEGIES TO DETERMINE NEEDS AND PRIORITIES." N A T I O N A L TOXICOLOGY P R O G R A M ASKED (1) NRC: To C H A R A C T E R I Z E THE TOXIC ITY'TESTING NEEDS TO W H I C H THERE FEDERAL A G E N C I E S R E S P O N S I B L E FOR THE To DEVELOP AND VALIDATE U N I F O R M L Y APPLICABLE AND W I D E - R A N G I N G To D E F I N E TOXICITY-TESTING NEEDS E N V I R O N M E N T , IT WAS NECESSARY FOR THE OF THE U N I V E R S E THAT WOULD THE C O N S T R U C T I O N OF THIS THAT W O U L D SEARCH BE THE FOR SUBSTANCES IN THE HUMAN NRC TO SELECT A M A N A G E A B L E I N C L U D E MOST OF THE SUBSTANCES IN THE U N I T E D STATES- "SELECT U N I V E R S E " OF SUBSTANCES"A R E F E R E N C E FOR THE S T U D Y " R E L I ED ON A FOR LISTS OF SUBSTANCES POTENTIAL AND COMPUTERIZED LISTS USED SUBSTANCES IMPACT. TO WHICH H U M A N S ARE L I K E L Y TO BE EXPOSED CORE HEALTH NEEDS- POTENTIALLY ADVERSE PUBLIC-HEALTH SUBSET SO THAT NEEDED TO ANTICIPATE THE C R I T E R I A BY W H I C H TO SET P R I O R I T I E S FOR RESEARCH ON WITH SUBSTANCES PROTECTION OF PUBLIC WILL HAVE THE APPROPRIATE INFORMATION (2) FOR IS K N O W N OR A N T I C I P A T E D H U M A N EXPOSURE, EXTENT OF TESTING THE PRESELECTED FOR REASONABLY INCLUDED THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES FOR HUMAN EASY EXPOSURE ACCESS- CONTROL ACT THE (TSCA) �INVENTORY OF 48,523 CHEMICAL SUSTANCES IN COMMERCE; A LIST OF 3,350 PESTICIDES (ACTIVE AND INERT I N G R E D I E N T S ) R E G I S T E R E D FOR USE BY THE EPAj A LIST OF 1,815 PRESCRIPTION AND NONPRESCRIP' TION DRUGS A P P R O V E D BY THE FOOD AND DRUG A D M I N I S T R A T I O N (FDA) AND E X C I P I E N T S USED IN DRUG F O R M U L A T I O N S ; AND A LIST OF 3,410 COSMETIC I N G R E D I E N T S FROM THE COSMETIC, TOILETRY AND F R A G R A N C E ASSOCIATION- THIS SELECT U N I V E R S E DID NOT SYSTEMATICALLY I N C L U D E ENVIRONMENTAL D E C O M P O S I T I O N PRODUCTS, M A N U F A C T U R I N G OR N A T U R A L SUBSTANCES ( E - G - , PLANT CONTAMINANTS, POLLENS AND FOODS). THE SUM OF THE ABOVE, 65,725 E N T R I E S FROM THE LISTS, WAS T A K E N AS THE SELECT U N I V E R S E FOR THE PURPOSES MENT FOR D U P L I C A T I O N S OF STUDY- STATISTICAL ADJUST- I N D I C A T E D THAT THE SELECT U N I V E R S E CONTAINED ABOUT 53,500 DISTINCT ENTITIES- OBVIOUSLY, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO E X A M I N E I N F O R M A T I O N ON ALL 53,500 SUBSTANCES, T H E R E F O R E U S I N G A S T R A T I F I E D R A N D O M PROCESS, 675 SUBSTANCES WERE SELECTED- A RANDOM SUBSAMPLE OF 100 SUBSTANCES WAS F U R T H E R SELECTED THAT R E P R E S E N T E D C A T E G O R I E S OF S U B S T A N C E S ACCEPTED STANDARDS IN THIS W H E N JUDGED SEVEN AGAINST CURRENTLY FOR TOXICITY TESTING, ONLY 8% OF THE TESTS F I N A L SUBSAMPLE MET THE STANDARDS OF THE R E F E R E N C E PROTOCOL G U I D E L I N E S AND A N O T H E R 19% OF TESTS P E R F O R M E D W E R E JUDGED TO BE A D E Q U A T E - ON THE GREAT M A J O R I T Y OF THE SUBSTANCES, DATA C O N S I D E R E D TO BE E S S E N T I A L FOR C O N D U C T I N G A HEALTH-HAZARD ASSESSMENT W E R E L A C K I N G - SO WHAT IS THE POINT OF THE TWO WE H A V E G E N E R A T E D V E R Y LITTLE REPORTS THAT I JUST CITED? S C I E N C E ABOUT THE C H E M I C A L S IN �OUR E N V I R O N M E N T AND WE H A V E L I T T L E OR NO IDEA W H A T R I S K S THEY POSE! 0 THE S I T U A T I O N is COMPLEX: THERE ARE 4-2 M I L L I O N COMPOUNDS REGISTERED THAT N U M B E R TOXIC IS G R O W I N G BY 10% A Y E A R . EFFECT INFORMATION TODAY, AND OF T H E S E , S O M E IS A V A I L A B L E ON 100,000- IS L I M I T E D I N F O R M A T I O N ON LONG-TERM TOXIC EFFECTS THERE FOR ALMOST 4000 COMPOUNDS. 0 THERE ARE 220 SEPARATE TOXIC WASTES. A RECENT C O O R D I N A T I N G EFFORT R E Q U I R E D 18 D I F F E R E N T DATABASES. ON TOXIC 0 I N F O R M A T I O N SYSTEMS C O N C E R N I N G SUBSTANCES STATE AND LOCAL THERE IS NO C E N T R A L DATA BANK TO O R G A N I Z E THIS A G E N C I E S PRESENTLY INFORMATION- H A V E NO WAY TO Q U I C K L Y OBTAIN INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE TO RESPOND IN AN OPTIMAL * FASHIONTHE T I M E R E Q U I R E D FOR P U B L I C POLICY D E C I S I O N AND THE TIME R E Q U I R E D FOR G E N E R A T I N G S C I E N T I F I C INFORMATION ARE R A R E L Y THE SAME. 0 THE FEDERAL EFFORT TO COPE WITH THE PROBLEMS POSED BY HAZARDOUS WASTE HAS, H I S T O R I C A L L Y , BEEN DEVELOPED ALMOST C R I S I S - B Y - C R I S I S B A S I S R A T H E R THAN EFFICIENT MANNER. IN AN ON AN ORDERLY, As A RESULT THERE ARE O V E R 30 S E P A R A T E STATUTES, A D M I N I S T E R E D BY 10 FEDERAL A G E N C I E S T H R O U G H AT LEAST 0 30 B U R E A U S , I N S T I T U T E S , AND CENTERS. COORDINATION, NIGHTMARE MUCH IS ALMOST LESS MANAGEMENT, OF THIS BUREAUCRATIC I M P O S S I B L E AS E V I D E N C E D BY THE 80 I N T E R A G E N C Y COMMITTEES A N D F I V E SEPARATE, HIGH-LEVEL, C O O R D I N A T I O N ATTEMPTS M A D E IN THE LAST DECADE. �0 OF THE ALMOST B I L L I O N DOLLARS W H I C H GOES INTO RESEARCH ON T O X I C S U B S T A N C E S , C O N D U C T E D BY 12 D I F F E R E N T A G E N C I E S , 55% GOES TO THE D I S C O V E R Y OF POSSIBLE NEW PROBLEMS R E S U L T I N G F R O M C H E M I C A L E X P O S U R E , 45% T O T H E D I S C O V E R Y O F T H E M E C H A N I S M OF HOW THESE C H E M I C A L S ACT AND ALMOST N O T H I N G TO S O L V I N G ALREADY 0 THERE IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS- is LITTLE OR NO G O V E R N M E N T A L EFFORT DIRECTED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF A C O O P E R A T I V E APPROACH C O M B I N I N G THE OF INDUSTRY, ACADEMIA, PUBLIC TO R E S O L V E THE INTEREST GROUPS, AND EXPERTISE GOVERNMENT P R O B L E M S POSED BY THE D E L E T E R I O U S EFFECTS OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES. 0 T H E R E is LITTLE OR NO PREPARATION AT FEDERAL, STATE OR LOCAL LEVELS FOR THE RATIONAL TREATMENT OF PERSONS I N V O L U N T A R I L Y EXPOSED TO TOXIC WASTES, AND THE FOLLOWUP OF THESE PERSONS IS H A P H A Z A R D AT BEST- PERHAPS THE GREATEST F R U S T R A T I O N TO THE S C I E N T I S T is THAT THE SCARCE RESOURCES A V A I L A B L E FOR PROBLEM S O L V I N G GO INTO CHEMICALS W H E R E THE R I S K TO THE POPULATION IS M I N I M A L , NOT BECAUSE THESE C H E M I C A L S ARE NOT TOXIC BUT R A T H E R BECAUSE H U M A N EXPOSURE JJ5 M I N I SUCH AN EXAMPLE DIOXIN)' IS 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZQ-p-DIOXIN D l O X I N IS A HIGHLY TOXIC CHEMICAL AND (TCDU OR IS A CONTAMINAN OF PRODUCTS MADE FROM T R I C H L O R O P H E N O L AND FROM LOW T E M P E R A T U R E I N C I N E R A T I O N O F WASTES C O N T A I N I N G CHLORINATED PRECURSORS* IS AT THE CENTER OF C O N T R O V E R S I E S OVER ORANGE DlOXIN (1) THE USE OF A G E N T IN V I E T N A M AND THE HEALTH OF V E T E R A N S , (2) THE USE OF 2,4,5-T H E R B I C I D E IN A G R I C U L T U R E , AND (3) THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR THE I N C I N E R A T I O N OF M U N I C I P A L AND I N D U S T R I A L �7 WASTES. IT HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE E V A C U A T I O N OF HUMAN POPULATIONS IN SEVESQ, iTALYj TlMES BEACH,, M I S S O U R I ; AND LOVE CANAL, NEW Y O R K - THE UNITED STATES G O V E R N M E N T HAS I N I T I A T E D AN EXTENSIVE LONG'TERM RESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE CHEMISTRY, TOXICOLOGY, AND E N V I R O N M E N T A L FATE OF D I O X I N OF THIS WORK IS INTENDED TO HELP E V A L U A T E THE ALL IMPACT OF D I O X I N ON H U M A N HEALTH- T H I S P R O G R A M ENCOMPASSES FEDERAL A G E N C I E S - S C I E N T I F I C RESOURCES FROM TEN WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE: 0 S I N C E 1970, THE UNITED STATES G O V E R N M E N T HAS SPONSORED RESEARCH RESULTING IN MORE THAN 500 M A J O R P U B L I C A T I O N S ON TOXICOLOGY, E N V I R O N M E N T A L FATE AND H U M A N R I S K S OF DIOXIN. 0 THE F E D E R A L G O V E R N M E N T HAS U N D E R T A K E N A $130 RESEARCH P R O G R A M ON H U M A N HEALTH EFFECTS MILLION I N C L U D I N G STUDIES ON B I R T H DEFECTS, MORTALITY, M O R B I D I T Y , C A N C E R , AND D I O X I N IN H U M A N TISSUE. ° IN A S S O C I A T I O N WITH STATE G O V E R N M E N T S , FEDERAL A G E N C I E S HAVE I N I T I A T E D E X T E N S I V E PROGRAMS TO DEVELOP FOR CLEAN-UP WITH D I O X I N . OF HUNDREDS TECHNOLOGY AND D E C O N T A M I N A T I O N OF A R E A S C O N T A M I N A T E D CLEAN-UP EFFORT MAY WELL INVOLVE E X P E N D I T U R E S OF M I L L I O N S OF DOLLARS. HOW HAS ALL OF THIS " G E N E R A T I O N OF SCIENCE" CONTRIBUTED THE RESOLUTION OF THE D I O X I N C O N T R O V E R S Y HAVE SHOWN THAT ACTUAL FlRST, THE TO STUDIES E X P O S U R E TO D I O X I N S IS M I N I M A L , THAT IS, �8 HUMAN EXPOSURE TO DIOXIN OCCURS P R I M A R I L Y IN "HOT SPOTS", AND THE N U M B E R OF I N D I V I D U A L S EXPOSED IS V E R Y LOW. SECONDLY, THE DATA COLLECTED TO DATE N E I T H E R IMPACTS ACTIONS ON PROPOSED CLEAN-UP (E.G., TIMES BEACH) NOR IMPEDES CONGRESSIONAL TO LEGISLATE P R E S U M P T I V E C O M P E N S A T I O N OBTAINED DIOXIN FROM COMBUSTION ACTION THIRDLY, THE DATA STUDIES SHOW THAT THE PRODUCTION IS M I N I M A L AND E A S I L Y CONTROLLED YET THE FEAR OF D I O X I N HAS PARALYZED WITH OF PRESENT TECHNOLOGY, INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS A P P L I C A T I O N . IT IS A P P A R E N T THAT OUR F A I L U R E TO PROPERLY APPLY SCIENCE HAS CREATED A C R I S I S OF CONFIDENCE IN OUR ABILITY TO NOT ONLY DEAL WITH PROBLEMS BUT ALSO TO B E L I E V E THAT SCIENCE, IDENTIFY THEM- NEVERTHELESS, I GOOD S C I E N C E , MUST BE USED BY THE D E C I S I O N MAKERS••.. *.• BBSO HOW DO WE PROVIDE R A T I O N A L E G U I D E L I N E S FOR H A N D L I N G THE ISSUE OF TOXIC C H E M I C A L S MUST S I M U L T A N E O U S IN OUR ENVIRONMENT? I S U G G E S T THAT WE I N I T I A T E AND ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY INTO THE M A N A G M E N T OF TOXIC WASTES WHILE AT THE SAME TIME E D U C A T I N G THE PUBLIC AND LAW M A K E R S ON THE ASSOCIATED ISSUES° LET ME ADDRESS THE LATTER A R E A FIRST: THE P U B L I C M U S T U N D E R S T A N D THAT USE OF THE P R O D U C T S OF TECHNOLOGY C A R R I E S WITH IT THE R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y FOR SAFE D I S P O S A L OF THAT T E C H N O L O G Y ' S W A S T E WITH WASTE DISPOSAL A PERVASIVE DIFFICULTY IS THAT I N D I V I D U A L S DO NOT WANT THE W A S T E S , E S P E C I A L L Y T O X I C WASTES, D I S P O S E D O F I N T H E I R NEIGHBORHOODOCEAN I AM R E M I N D E D OF THE INCINERATION RECENT ACTION IN THE tULF OF M E X I C O - WlTHIN INVOLVING THE �PAST FEW MONTHS, EPA REFUSED TO ISSUE THE NECESSARY B U R N I N G PERMITS FOR THE DISPOSAL OF 80 M I L L I O N GALLONS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE BY OCEAN 6000 PEOPLE PRESENTED I N C I N E R A T I O N P R I M A R I L Y BECAUSE INTENSE OPPOSITION TO THE B U R N I N G - THIS IN SPITE OF THE O V E R S H E L M I N G S C I E N T I F I C DATA SHOWING THAT THE I N C I N E R A T O R SHIP WAS CAPABLE OF DESTROYING THE WAST AT AN E F F I C I E N C Y OF 99-9999%, AND HAD DONE SO ON MANY OCCASIONS IN THE SAME A R E A - THE PERCEPTION THAT WASTES CANNOT BE SAFELY HANDLED HAS BEEN AN IMPORTANT C O N S I D E R A T I O N IN WASTE M A N A G M E N T - IN THE CASE OF HIGHLY TOXIC WASTES, T R A N S P O R T A T I O N BY R A I L OR ROADWAY I N V O L V E S R I S K S THAT CANNOT BE N A T I O N S NEED TO MOVE TOWARD IGNORED- P O L I C I E S R E Q U I R I N G STATES OR R E G I O N S TO DISPOSE OF WASTES W I T H I N THE REGION/STATE IN W H I C H THEY ARE G E N E R A T E D - THUS G O V E R N M E N T A L AND I N D U S T R I A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N S NEED TO A G R E E THAT V A R I O U S CLASSES OF WASTES SHOULD BE DISPOSAL OF LOCALLY OR IN REGIONALLY DESIGNATED REPOSITIES° PUBLIC C O N F I D E N C E IN WASTE DISPOSAL T E C H N I Q U E S W I L L BE ENHANCED IF WASTES ARE R E S P O N S I B L Y AND SAFELY HANDLED, IF THE LAWS ARE STRICTLY A D H E R E D TO AND IF THE C O M P A N I E S / A G E N C I E S INVOLVED IN THE O P E R A T I O N S KEEP THE PUBLIC A W A R E OF THE ACTIVITIES. WE CANNOT DELETE THE PUBLIC'S OVERSIGHT OF WASTE DISPOSAL- THE FEAR OF THE " M I D N I G H T HAULERS" IS STILL FRESH IN THE M I N D S OF M A N Y P E O P L E - �10 LET ME NOW ADDRESS AREAS OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTTHE CHALLENGE IS BEFORE US' IN THE UNITED STATES, WE HAVE I D E N T I F I E D AND P R I O R I T I Z E D MORE THAN 1800 ABANDONED OR I N A C T I V E SITES THAT HAVE BEEN USED TO IMPROPERLY DISPOSE OF TOXIC WASTESVIE ARE NOW I N I T I A T I N G AN EFFORT WHICH WILL EXTEND OVER THE NEXT 10 YEARS AND W I L L COST M O R E THAN $9-7 M I L L I O N PER SITE- $10-5 B I L L I O N DOLLARS - ROUGHLY IN ORDER TO SUCCESSFULLY TASK WE WILL NEED TREMENDOUS SUPPORT COMPLETE THIS FROM THE S C I E N T I F I C COMMUNITY. NEW METHODS OF CLEAN'UP TECHNOLOGY WILL BE R E Q U I R E D * NEW METHODS OF M O N I T O R I N G AND M O D E L L I N G E N V I R O N M E N T A L POLLUTANTS WILL BE NEEDED. FOR EXAMPLE, M O V E M E N T OF TOXICS THROUGH THE GROUND A Q U I F E R S IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT, IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE, OR IN TO PREDICT- MOREOVER, HOW DO WE D E C O N T A M I N A N T AN A Q U I F E R - WE WILL NEED TO ESTABLISH GREATEST HAZARDS. OBVIOUSLY P R I O R I T I E S ON WHAT CHEMICALS THE INTENSE C O N C E R N OVER THE OF C H E M I C A L S IN THE E N V I R O N M E N T CENTERS ON PUBLIC HEALTHI D E N T I F Y E N V I R O N M E N T A L POLLUTANTS POSE THE IMPACT WE CAN W I T H I N C R E D I B L E A C C U R A C Y BUT AS TO T H E I R S I G N I F I C A N C E AS POTENTIAL THREATS TO H U M A N HEALTH, WE H A V E ONLY VAGUE S U G G E S T I O N S - A C C O R D I N G L Y WE MUST BETTER DEVELOP THE CONCEPT OF R I S K ASSESSMENT' LET ME FOCUS ON THIS SUBJECT FOR A M O M E N T IS IMPORTANT THAT WE B R I N G SCIENCE BACK RISKS? HOW DO WE DO THIS? OF R I S K ASSESSMENT- As I NOTED B E F O R E IT INTO THE MANAGEMENT OF THE A N S W E R HAS TO BE THROUGH THE USE �11 0 WE MUST STREN6HTEN THE QUALITY OF S C I E N C E TO THE POINT THAT R I S K C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N S ARE R E L I A B L E AND C R E D I B L E * THIS IN T U R N WILL I N C R E A S E THE DEGREE TO WHICH DECISION M A K E R S ARE W I L L I N G TO ACCEPT THESE CHARACTERIZATIONS AS THE P R I N C I P A L BASIS FOR REGULATORY D E C I S I O N S THE BEST WAYS OF S T R E N G T H E N I N G THE SCIENCE THE USE OF CONSENSUS WORKSHOPS- IS AN EVOLVING PROCESS WHERE ONE OF IS THROUGH THE CONSENSUS WORKSHOP SCIENTISTS FROM ACADEMIA, GOVERNMENT,, INDUSTRY, AND PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS CAN MEET AND R E S O L V E S C I E N T I F I C QUESTIONS ON THE BASIS OF THE BEST S C I E N C E C U R R E N T L Y A V A I L A B L E - RECENTLY THIS OFFICE SPONSORED A CONSENSUS WORKSHOP ON FORMALDEHYDE. MORE THAN 70 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L Y RENOWNED SCIENTISTS MET AND DISCUSSED IN AN OBJECTIVE AND NON'ADVERSIAL F A S H I O N THE RELEVANT S C I E N T I F I C E V I D E N C E ON FORMALDEHYDE IN THE G E N E R A L A R E A S OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, EXPOSURE, TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ESTIMATIONEMPHASIS OF THE WORKSHOP WAS TO DEVELOP CONSENSUS ON THE S C I E N T I F I C ISSUES C O N C E R N I N G FORMALDEHYDEj H O W E V E R , THE RESULTS USED TO ASSIST PLEASED THE MAY ALSO BE IN F U T U R E REGULATORY D E C I S I O N M A K I N G - TO A N N O U N C E THAT THE REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP, I AM ENTITLED D E L I B E R A T I O N S OF THE CONSENSUS WORKSHOP ON FORMALDEHYDE. WILL BE PUBLISHED THIS FALL IN THE S C I E N T I F I C J O U R N A L E N V I R O N M E N T A L HEALTH PERSPECIVIES- 0 WE MUST DEVELOP U N I F O R M G U I D E L I N E S FOR USE IN THE R I S K ASSESSMENT PROCESS- A C C O R D I N G L Y , THE NAS 1983 REPORT, �12 "RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: MANAGING THE PROCESS/' is A START IN THE RIGHT D I R E C T I O N MAJOR ISSUE LEFT UNADDRESSED IN THIS REPORT A IS HOW WE ESTABLISH THE A P P R O P R I A T E WAY OF OVERSEEING THE GOVERNMENT'S USE OF RESEARCH IN THE "EVOLVING* FIELD OF R I S K ASSESSMENT. THIS R E M A I N S TO BE DETERMINED: FOUR AGENCIES ARE ACTIVELY R E S E A R C H I N G "RlSK ASSESSMENT" METHODOLOGY* ° IN A S I M I L A R V E I N , REGULATORY A G E N C I E S U S I N G R l S K ASSESSMENT MUST USE THE SAME S C I E N C E IN THE D E T E R M I N A T I O N OF THE R I S K S * MANY OF YOU ARE ONLY TOO A W A R E THAT THIS IS ESPECIALLY A PROBLEM IN THE E S T I M A T I O N OF CANCER R I S K S - A C C O R D I N G L Y , THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A NEW DOCUMENT TITLED "CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND ITS ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENS! PRINCIPLES-" A R E V I E W OF THE THE T H I R D DRAFT W H I C H IN THE MAY 22, 1984 ISSUE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER UPDATE OF THE I N F O R M A T I O N AND A C H E M I C A L COMPOUND IDEAS USED IS TO H U M A N S - HAS RELEASED APPEARED PROVIDES AN IN E S T A B L I S H I N G HOW D A N G E R O U S IT DEVELOPS FROM THESE DATA A C U R R E N T AND BALANCED SET OF P R I N C I P L E S TO BE R E F E R R E D TO IN E S T A B L I S H I N G THE POTENTIAL C A N C E R - C A U S I N G D A N G E R FROM C H E M I C A L S - LOOKING TO THE FUTURE, THE D O C U M E N T ALSO OF SCIENCE EXPECTED TO PLANNED PREDICTS THE E M E R G I N G AREAS IMPACT ON REGULATORY ACTIONS, A L L O W I N G I N C O R P O R A T I O N OF THESE DEVELOPMENTS R A T H E R THAN MERELY A REACTION TO T H E M - THE REPORT REFLECTS THE C O M B I N E D EFFORTS OF S E N I O R FROM N I N E FEDERAL HEALTH-RELATED D I R E C T I O N OF MY O F F I C E - SCIENTISTS U N I T S O P E R A T I N G UNDER T H E THE PUBLIC C O M M E N T S ARE NOW B E I N G �13 INCORPORATED INTO A F I N A L REPORT TO BE RELEASED LATE THIS FALL0 INDEED, TO R E I N T E R A T E , IT is THE PUBLIC'S P A R T I C I P A T I O N AND EDUCATION THAT CONSTITUTE MY C O N C E R N U N D E R S T A N D I N G AND CONFIDENCE PUBLIC IN E N V I R O N M E N T A L R E G U L A T I O N S R E Q U I R E S THAT S C I E N T I F I C L I T E R A C Y IS ESSENTIAL CITIZEN IS TO CHOOSE WISELY. THE EDUCATIONAL IF THE PROCESS MUST ALSO EXTEND TO THE NEWS MEDIA AND LAW M A K E R S ° ON ISSUES OF SCIENCE THAT HAVE SOCIETAL CONCERNS AND E M O T I O N A L ) WE MUST DEVISE A BETTER THEM THAN IN THE COURTROOM- THAT C U R R E N T L Y EXISTS (REAL WAY OF R E S O L V I N G THE ADVERSAL R E L A T I O N S H I P W I T H I N THE WHOLE SYSTEM IS A H I N D E R A N C E TO THE RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS- IN SUMMARY, THE SCIENCE O F F I C E OF THE PRESIDENT IS DEDICATED TO THE TASKS OF P L A C I N G THE VERY BEST S C I E N C E INTO THE HANDS OF DECISION MAKERS- THESE TASKS I N V O L V E THE I D E N T I F I C A T I O N OF RESEARCH NEEDS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE R I S K ASSESSMENT CONSENSUS PROCESS, THE WORKSHOP AND THE EFFORTS OF A G R O U P OF DEDICATED PUBLIC SERVICE-ORIENTED SCIENTIST- THE NEXT TEN YEARS, W I L L BE C R I T I C A L YEARS TO THOSE OF US CHARGED WITH THE R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y OF D E T E R M I N I N G THE D I R E C T I O N AND SUPPORT FOR THE PROPER H A N D L I N G OF TOXIC M A T E R I A L S BY OUR SOCIETIES �THE C H A L L E N G E S ARE GREAT! A GREAT EFFORT WILL BE REQUIRED 1 , THIS REMINDS ME OF THE TWO MEN WHO FIND THEMSELVES FACING A WIDE R A V I N E WITH SOME DANGER RAPIDELY A P P R O A C H I N G FROM BEHIND* THEY HAVE THE CHOICE EITHER OF ATTEMPTING TO LEAP THE R A V I N E OR OF T U R N I N G TO FACE THE DANGER. A GOOD CASE CAN BE MADE FOR BOTH, BUT THEY CANNOT A G R E E W H I C H TO CHOOSE' tACH F A I L I N G TO C O N V I N C E THE OTHER, THEY RESOLVE THEIR DIFFERENCES BY DECIDING TO JUMP HALFWAY* TASK- WE MUST NOT DO THE JOB HALFWAY- WE MUST COMPLETE THE � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 194 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5483 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Hazardous Wastes: Problems, Perspectives and Policy ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/6120d57649c8ba8db8b570075d209158.pdf 651f91607242ddd9ef5ae98075ea89f1 PDF Text Text Item D Number 05«2 Author D MotScannBfl Young, Alvin L United States District Court, Eastern District of New Yor RODOrt/ArtlOlO Tltlfl Declaration of Alvin L. Young, In re: "Agent Orange" Product Liability Litigation, All Cases, August 30,1984 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of bnagos D ° Descrlpton Notes Friday, March 15, 2002 Page 5482 of 5571 �UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK I-» "RE T|fAGENT ORANGE ) PRODUCT LIABILITY LITIGATION ) ALL CASES ) fc DECLARATION OF ALVIN L. YOUNG I, Alvin L. Young, being duly sworn, depose and state that based on the records, files and documents to which I have access, control and supervision, the following is true to the best of my knowledge, information and belief: (1) I am a Senior Staff Scientist (AFSC 2616) with the United States Air Force, currently detailed as Senior Policy Analyst, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C. Since 1968, I have served as an expert for the government in areas of science related to the military herbicide Agent Orange. Specific areas of expertise include formulation, equipment design, application, military use, dioxin contamination, environmental fate, toxicology and human risks to exposure. (2) Agent Orange, as formulated and procurred for the Department of Defense, consisted of approximately a 50:50 mixture of the normal-butyl esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. acid The product was formulated to contain approximately 8.6 pounds active ingredient (acid equivalents of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) per gallon of liquid. Thus the product contained roughly 4 pounds of each herbicide in the acid form. �(3) The herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T have been commercially available and widely used since the late 1940's. Numerous formulations including the iso-butyl and normal-butyl formulations were used commercially ester in the United States prior to, during, and after the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam. In the 1960 Farm Chemicals Handbook, formulations of the normal-butyl ester of 2,4-D containing 4 and 6 pounds per gallon active ingredient were recommended control in wheat and other field grains. for weed In the same handbook, formulations of the normal-butyl esters of both 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (as a mixture) were recommended for brush control on rangelands and in reforestation. Typically these latter formulations contained the active ingredient at 4 and 6 pounds per gallon. As late as 1980 normal-butyl esters of 2,4-D were commercially available (DOW ESTERON 76BE) containing 6 pounds (acid equivalents) per gallon. 4. Analyses in the early 1970's of archived samples of commercial formulations of 2,4,5-T and archived samples of Agent Orange showed similar levels of dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdixoin) contamination (See Young, A.L. et al. 1978. The Toxicology, Environmental Pate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, Air Force Technical Report OEHL - 78-92). I declare under penalty of perjury that the ^above ijs true and correct. �CD ». ( / > ACTIVE INGREDIENT: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, Butyl Esters INERT INGREDIENTS: 2,4-D Acid Equivalent 63.2%-6 pounds per gallon E.P.A. Registration No. 464-279 ^ SB 8 tug USE DIRECTIONS Use ESTERON 76 BE herbicide to control bitterweed, croton, dandelion, docks, galinsoga, henbit, kochia, lambsquarters, morshelder, mustards, peppergrass, pigweed, plantains, ragweed, shepherdspurse, thistles, vetch, wild radish, and many other broadleaf weeds, without injury to most established grasses; also for control of 2,4-0 susceptible woody plants such as coastal sage, sandsage, elderberry, hazel, locust, poison oak, sumac and willow. Use in small grains, corn, sorghum, grass seed crops, pastures, rangeland and in non-crop areas. Apply ESTERON 76 BE as a water or oil spray during warm weather when weeds or brush are actively growing. Application under drought conditions often will give poor results. Use low spray pressure to minimize spray drift. On cropland and along roadsides, do not exceed 20 psi pressure. Apply enough spray volume to provide uniform coverage of weeds and brush, usually 5 to 20 gallons per acre by ground equipment and 3 to 5 gallons by aircraft. Higher gallonage may be used if desired to improve spray coverage and to reduce the hazard from spray drift. Generally, the lower dosages recommended on this label will be satisfactory for young, succulent growth of sensitive weed species. For less sensitive species and under conditions where control is more difficult, the higher dosages will be needed. For crop uses, do not mix with oil or other adjuvants unless specifically recommended on this label. Deep-rooted perennial weeds such as Canada thistle and field bindweed and many woody plants usually require repeated applications for maximum control. Do not apply ESTERON 76 BE where spray drift may contact nearby susceptible crape or other desirable plants or may contaminate water for irrigation or domestic use. Do not apply in the vicinity of 2,4-D sensitive crops or ornamental plants since vapors from this product may cause injury to such crops or plants. Read and follow all Use Precautions given on this label. NOTE: If there are uncertainties concerning special local use situations or specific crop variety tolerances to 2,4-D, consult local Extension Service or University Specialists for advice. TO PREPARE THE SPRAY: (1) Fill the spray tank about half full with water, then add the required amount of ESTERON 76 BE, with agitation, and finally the rest of the water. NOTE: ESTERON 76 BE in water forms an emulsion which tends to separate unless the mixture is kept agitated. (2) If oil is added, first mix the ESTERON 76 BE and the oil and then add this mixture to the water with agitation. However, with adequate agitation, the oil can be added after the ESTERON 76 BE is mixed in the water if strong agitation is provided. (3) If straight oil is used, a solution is formed and separation does not occur. Do not allow any water to get into the oil-herbicide mixture to avoid formation of an invert emulsion. WEED CONTROL IN SMALL GRAINS NOT UNDERSEEDED WITH A LEGUME: NOTE: Water is recommended to make up the spray. If oil is used, there is a greater risk of crop injury and of spray drift. Do not permit dairy animals or meat animals being finished for slaughter to forage or graze treated grain fields within 2 weeks after treatment. Spring Wheat and Barley: Apply Va to % pint per acre by air or ground equipment. A '/2 pint per acre rate of ESTERON 76 BE is an average dosage, effective on many weeds. Spray when grain is in full tiller stage (usually 4 to 8 inches tall) but before the boot stage and when weeds are small. Do not apply before the tiller stage nor from early boot to the dough stage. Higher rates (up to IVs pints per acre) may be required to control certain weeds but crop injury may result. Winter Wheat and Rye: Apply >/3 to Vz pint per acre in the spring at the full tiller stage but before the early boot stage. See more complete use directions under Spring Wheat and Barley. Spring Seeded Oats: Apply '/3 pint per acre at the full tiller stage but before the early boot stage. Oats are less tolerant to 2,4-D than wheat or barley and are more likely to suffer some injury, especially if higher rates (Vi to 2/3 piAt) are used to control difficult weeds. Preharvest Treatment: Apply 3/3 to l'/3 pints per acre when grains are in the hard dough stage to control large weeds that may interfere with harvest. Best results will be obtained when soil moisture is sufficient to cause succulent weed growth. NOTE: Do not feed treated straw to livestock. WEED CONTROL IN CORN: Use one of the following three programs: Preemergence: Apply 1'/3 to 22/3 pints per acre to soil anytime after planting but before corn emerges. Do not use on light sandy soil. Emergence: Apply 2/3 pint per acre just as corn plants are breaking ground. Postemergence: After emergence of corn, use '/3 pint per acre. Application of '/2 to 2/3 pint per acre may be needed for maximum control of some weeds but such rates are more likely to injure the corn. If corn is over 8 inches tall, use drop nozzles to keep the spray off the corn foliage as much as possible. Do not apply from the tasseling to dough stage. Do not use with oil, atrazine or adjuvants. Crop injury is more likely to occur if corn is growing rapidly under high temperature and high soil moisture conditions. To reduce breakage of stalks from temporary brittleness caused by 2,4-D, delay cultivation for 8 to 10 days after treatment. NOTE: Hybrids vary in response to 2,4-D and some are easily injured. Spray only varieties known to be tolerant to 2,4-D. Contact seed company and Extension Service Weed Specialists for this information. 1 U X * "O J3 O £ 0.2 o 130 o oc U J rt "O 4- O rc c o O (0U ££.£ h ( 0 U J a> t: «o to osS. «i« fl) C M) 4= 2 8 SPECIMEN LABEL 79.2% 20.8% � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 194 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5482 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>United States District Court, Eastern District of New York Title A name given to the resource Declaration of Alvin L. Young, In re: "Agent Orange" Product Liability Litigation, All Cases, August 30, 1984 ao_seriesVIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 184 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5343 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Letter from Alvin L. Young to William J. Carter, 1980 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/12ed810b4443c8118ed438d7ec093b1a.pdf d1af85bd738978218563300df430fb85 PDF Text Text Item D Number 05159 G Not Scanned Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Report/Article TItlfl Abstract: Dioxin: A Case Study: Report from the Office of Science and Technology Policy Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color D Number of Images 1 Descriptor! Notes See ltem 139 Monday, February 25, 2002 ° Page 5159 of 5167 �DIOXIN-A CASE STUDY; REPORT FROM THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY. A; L. Young, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C. 20506 The highly toxic chemical 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin) is a contaminant of products made from trichlorophenol and from low temperature incineration of wastes containing chlorinated precursors. Dioxin is at the center of controversies over (1) the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam and the health of veterans, (2) the use of 2,4,5-T herbicide in Agriculture, and (3) the development of technology for the incineration of muncipal and industrial wastes. It has been associated with the evacuation of human populations in Seveso, Italy; Times Beach, Missouri; and Love Canal, New York. The United States Government has initiated an extensive long-term research program to evaluate the impact of dioxin on human health. This program encompasses scientific resources from ten federal agencies. Risk assessments on dioxin are predicated on laboratory animal toxicologic data and on estimated bioavailability, but the reality of actual human exposure suggests that these assessments are too conservative. Moreover, questions remain as to whether science alone can resolve an issue that has attracted enormous societal interest. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 175 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5159 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Abstract: Dioxin: A Case Study: Report from the Office of Science and Technology Policy https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/ae1f37d38bc8f59f3e220de64391dbef.pdf 6b11bf4fb21250dd7a00e7685f19c3e6 PDF Text Text Itam D Number 05139 Author G Young, Alvin L. Gorporita Author ROOOTt/ArttClO TldO Abstract: A Bioassay Technique for Determination of Arsenic and the Differentiation of Cacodylic Acid from Arsenic Trioxide Journal/Book Title ynr 0000 Month/Day Color Number of bnag.es n 1 Dooorlpton Notes Monday, February 25, 2002 Page 5139 of 5167 �A BIOASSAY TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND Till: DIFFERENTIATION OF CACODYLIC ACID FROM ARSENIC TRIOXIDE A. L. Young and B. C. Wolverton Air Force Armament Laboratory (ATMA) Eglin Air Force Base, Florida Determination of arsenic in soils by atomic absorption techniques does not differentiate organic arsenic (e.g., cacodylic acid) from an inorganic form of arsenic (e.g., arsenic trioxide). Since cereal crops arc more sensitive to organic forms of arsenic than to inorganic forms, a bioassay technique was developed. Cacodylic acid or arsenic trioxide, expressed as ppm elemental arsenic, was uniformly mixed (V/V) with soil at rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, CO, 80, 100, 120, and 160 ppm, A Gulf Coast Flatwood soil consisting of 93.9-0 sand, 3.7% silt, 2.4% clay, and 0.3% organic matter was used for all bioassay determinations. Ten seeds of sorghum, Sorghum .vulgarc L. var. Mor-Su, were planted per cup and the experiment replicated five times. All cups were maintained under greenhouse conditions. Number of seeds germinated and height (cm) of all plants (soil surface to tip of longest blade) were obtained after 10 days. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that height (in cm on a per cup basis) responded to a concentration range of 5-20 ppm As from cacodylic acid and 20-120 ppm As from arsenic trioxide. The average height of sorghum at 20 ppm As from cacodylic acid was 0.2 cm, while average height for 20 ppm As from arsenic trioxide was 5.2 cm. Average height of control plants was 6.2 cm. The multiple regression coefficients were .96 and .89, respectively. Equations for predicting concentration of arsenic Were as follows: 1.331 - O.QSh Where T » ppm As from cacodylic acid h = average height (cm) of sorghum (per treatment) Std, Error of Bst. • 0,076 AND Log10T = 2.041 - 0.093h Where T - ppm As from As^O, h = average height (Cm) of sorghum (per treatment) Std. Error of Est. = 0.123 Since there was virtually no overlap in the effective concentration range of the two arsenicals, an approximate value (ppm) could be obtained for the form of arsenic present when combined with data for total arsenic from atomic absorption analysis. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 174 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5139 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. B. C. Wolverton Title A name given to the resource Abstract: A Bioassay Technique for Determination of Arsenic and the Differentiation of Cacodylic Acid from Arsenic Trioxide Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 172 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5114 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Pesticides: Minimizing the Risks Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 Title A name given to the resource Chapter 1: Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use: An Overview https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/8f7f5f2d880a3317a5f8e15c075f62f5.pdf 89155ce2d3152dccc6630cec9b6cdc24 PDF Text Text Rom D Number °5088 Author Young, Alvin L. D Not Scanned Corporate Author RBPOrt/ArtiClB Titlfl Letter from Alvin L -- Young to Raymond A. Freeman, May 3, 1985 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color D Number of linages ° DeSGriptOD NOtBS Young thanks Freeman for his hospitality during a recent visit. Friday, February 22, 2002 Page 5088 of 5115 �EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY WASHINGTON, O.C. 20506 May 3, 1985 Dear Dr. Freeman: Please accept my thanks and appreciation for your gracious hospitality shown to me, Dr. Flicker and to my Italian guests. We thoroughly enjoyed the evening of fellowship and scientific dialogue on the critical science issues associated with the dibenzo-p-dioxins. The work that you, and Mr. Schroy are involved in is essential if we are to understand the environmental fate of TCDD. I applaud you for your scientific zeal and for the dedication to doing the job rightl Sincerely, Alvin L. Young, Ph.D. Senior Policy Analyst for Life Sciences Dr. Raymond A. Freeman Engineering Specialist Engineering Technology Department Monsanto Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis, Missouri 63166 cc: Dr. Will Carpenter � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 171 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5088 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Letter from Alvin L.. Young to Raymond A. Freeman, May 3, 1985 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 170 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5074 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hommage Au Professor Rene Truhaut Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 19 1984 Title A name given to the resource A Case Study in Ecotoxicology: Long-Term Field Exposure of Peromysus Polionotus to Dioxin