2 15 137 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 169 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5041 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. E. L. Arnold Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-09-01 Title A name given to the resource Preprint Extended Abstract: Environmental Fate of TCDD - Conclusion from Three Long-Term Field Studies https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/7f082c6bcfbaa96fb14ce2ddbd3b7b0a.pdf d424c5c3a2dfcf338c9d6248a930bf72 PDF Text Text itemDNumbBr °5274 Author D Young, Alvin L. Not Scanned Corporate Author RODOrt/ArtiClB TitlB Handwritten notes about a call received from Mr. Schroeter, April 14, 1979 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color DOSCriptOD NOtOS n Young is referring to hearings on EPA's Emergency Suspension Order for 2,4,5-T and Silvex. Tuesday, March 05, 2002 Page 5274 of 5363 �___ .xYer^ I . L Vvdt \%XA^V^_C V-J M^UU- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 180 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5274 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Handwritten notes about a call received from Mr. Schroeter, April 14, 1979 ao_seriesVIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 167 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4973 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource Environmental Fate of TCDD -- Conclusion from Three Long-Term Field Studies, Part I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 229 Folder The folder containing the original item. 6578 Series The series number of the original item. Series X Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Environmental Science and Pollution Research Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Title A name given to the resource Vietnam and Agent Orange revisited Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 229 Folder The folder containing the original item. 6577 Series The series number of the original item. Series X Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Environmental Science and Pollution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Title A name given to the resource The volunteers: the first human biopsy studies of TCDD from Agent Orange exposure Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 229 Folder The folder containing the original item. 6564 Series The series number of the original item. Series X Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dioxins in the Environment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Title A name given to the resource Chapter 11: Fate of TCDD in Field Ecosystems - Assessment and Significance for Human Exposures Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 229 Folder The folder containing the original item. 6562 Series The series number of the original item. Series X Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Charles E. Thalken William E. Ward Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: United States Air Force, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Armament Development and Test Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-10-01 Title A name given to the resource Studies of the Ecological Impact of Repetitive Aerial Applications of Herbicides on the Ecosystem of Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 222 Folder The folder containing the original item. 6554 Series The series number of the original item. Series X Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Alvin Young Oral Interview and Transcript, April 27, 2001 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/028cb8f53ca1fdeb2506f3a545a0e1e0.pdf 38344cac81999a91a6379d6a342125ee PDF Text Text Item D Number 04885 Author Young, Alvin L. n Corporate Author RODOrt/ArtidO Title Letter f rom Alvin L. Young to Max Rosenbaum, July 16, 1979 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D ° Some attachments are missing. Thursday, February 14, 2002 Page 4885 of 4919 �16 July 1979 Dr. Max R.osenbaun Office of Biological Safety University of Wisconsin 1552 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 Dear Dr. Rosenbaun In response to your request for information on the safe handling of TCDD, I have attached the following documents: Atch 1. Cover Sheet and Title page for ordering EPA Technical Report EPA-600/2-78-086, At-Sea Incineration of Herbicide Orange Onboard the M/T Vulcanns Atch 2. Safe Handling Procedures for TCDD, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln NE (Dr. Michael Cross) Atch 3. Safe Handling Procedures, Flantmability Research Center,, University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT (Dr. Mason Hughes) Atch 4. Determinations of TCDD in Wipes,, ML-AM 77-51, Dow Chemical Company, Midland MI Atch 5. Sampling and Collection of Particulates, Dow Chemical Company, Midland MI Atch 6. Technical Report OE11L-TH.-78-92. If I aan be of future assistance, please call me (512-536-3471). Sincerely ALVIN L. YOUNG, PhD Major, USAF Consultant, Environmental Sciences 6 Atch A/6. TCDD Information � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 163 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4885 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Letter from Alvin L. Young to Max Rosenbaum, July 16, 1979 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/70613bd258c5ad0516c9a7b9e36b17be.pdf cddb21bb854ba0f29ce8c6ca11ae27ef PDF Text Text Item D Number °487o D NotSBannBfl Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author ROPOrt/ArtiClB Title Handwritten note recording phone call Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color D Number of Images ° DOSCriptOO NotflS Note reP°rts on a phone call about disposition of Herbicide Blue. Thursday, February 14, 2002 Page 4870 of 4919 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 162 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4870 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Handwritten note recording phone call https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/ef5bb289e17fe923fe0511f9c9054729.pdf 7247bbf2c88c60d82aee91beaf9d7f67 PDF Text Text Item D Number Q4865 AlltllOP D Young, Alvin L. NotScannBfl Corporate Author Report/Article Title Tr 'P ReP°rt - Davis-Monthan AFB AZ, 10 Nov 77 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images n ° Desoripton Notes Thursday, February 14, 2002 Page 4865 of 4919 �Capt Young/EC/3668/thr/lO Nov 77 10 Nov 77 EC Trip Report - Davis-wonthan AFB AZ Chief,, Consultant Services D1v Commander, USAF OEHL ULJMSi 1. Place: Operations and Siaintenance Division. 355th C1v1l Engineering Squadron (CES)» uavls-Monthan AFB AZ, £. Inclusive Dates of Travel: 25-27 Oct 77 3. Person Making Trip: Capt Alvin L. Young 4, Primary Mode of Transportation: Commercial A1r b. Purpose of Trip; To supervise field applications of Herbicide Blue in support of Project PACER HO. u. Persons Contacted: a. Lt Col Richard C. Zeeck, UEH b. r.r Kenneth i-'iiners, UEM c. sir uavid aarling, uEMP d. rlr Oscar Kodrlguez, UEMP 7. Comments and Observations: 'a. On 9 Sep 77, thirteen 55-qallon drums of dilute Herbicide Blue were shipped (in new double-lined drums) from Johnston Island to 355th CES, Davis-Honthan AFB AZ. The thirteen drums represented the remainder of all non-Orange Herbicide stock on the Island. Because Blue was formulated to contain 13%OCO ppm arsenic (as the organic pentavalent form cacodylic acid, sea Atch 1) 1t was not Incinerated with Orange Herbicide stocks. b. The 355tn CES has used Herbicide Blue as a contact herbicide for vegetation control since 1973. The personnel responsible for Its application (Hr Uavid Darling and fir Oscar Rodriguez, UEMP) had previously completed the pesticide applicators course at Sheppard AFB, Wichita Falls TX. The herbicide has previously been used to control Russian Thistle, ^ . . , i Mil* ancl Russian Knapweed, Centaurea rejjens, in the aircraft JSyl storarjo aTea. �c, Un 26 Get 77, the dilute herbicide was applied as a water soluble spray to six acres of Russian Thistle-infested storage area. The amount of Blue per 500-gallon load was based on the arsenic concentration of the final spray composition. This was determined by using Atch 2 (Memo For The Record - Characterization of the Material 1n the 13 Drums of Herbicide blue, 1 Sep 77, by I.E. Thalken), and calculating the theoretical arsenic concentration for a standard (reconimended) rate of herbicide Blue (Table 1, Atch 3). As noted in Table 1, all thirteen drums, plus Hnseate, were disposed of In two 50G-gallun loads. The herbicide was sprayed using a 1C 'fiozzle, 12-foot spray booM, The rig was calibrated to deliver 15 pounds cacodyllc acid per acre with six acres used for the total operation. Although, some problems were encountered with the formation of a water insoluble precipitate (probably a sodium salt of 2,4-D or piclorarti from drums containing a dilute concentration of Herbicide White},, this was handled by increasing spray pressure and nozzle orifice. d. All thirteen drums were triple-rinsed and the Hnseate Included as diluent in the bOO-gallon loads. The drums were destroyed by puncturing tops, bottoms, and sides flattening with a front loader,, and burying in the approved landfill used by Uavis-Monthan AFB AZ (see Atch.4). An out-briefing on the operation was given to Lt Col Zeeck and Mr Miners, u>mmander and deputy of the Operations and Maintenance Division. Col Zeeck requested data on other herbicides that have potential use for weed control at Uavis-rionthan. I Indicated to him that 1 would prepare and send a recommendation on methods of vegetation control In the aircraft storage area. ALVIN L. YOUNG, Capt, USAF, PhD. 4 Atch Pesticide Consultant 1. 2. 3. 4. Label Memo for the Record Table 1 Container Disposal � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 162 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4865 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Trip Report - Davis-Monthan AFB AZ, 10 Nov 77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 160 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4806 Series The series number of the original item. Series VII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Title A name given to the resource Typescript: A Brief Review of the Use, Environmental Fate, and Toxicology of Herbicide Blue https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/5a2ddcd1585909f20ded8b287bf0b089.pdf 5ed681a3e04823ba0251bb1ec08be742 PDF Text Text item n Number Author °4251 D Not Scanned Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Roport/Artldo TrtlO Phenoxy Herbicides and Microorganisms Journal/Book Title Yoar 000 ° Month/Day Color D 56 DBSOrlPtOn NOtOS Chapter 6. Item includes draft versions of chapter that have not been scanned. Chapter may be included in unknown publication Wednesday, January 16, 2002 Page 4251 of 4258 �1 CHAPTER 6 PHENOXY HERBICIDES AND MICROORGANISMS A. L. Young The soil persistence of herbicides is influenced by many environmental and biological factors. Perhaps one of the most important of these is that of the presence of absence of microorganisms. Studies on the interactions of microorganisms and 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides parallel the release of these chemicals as commercial weed killers. As early as 1945, Smith et al. (31) reported on the effects of 2,4-D to microorganisms. They found that concentrations of 1-100 ppm 2,4-D had no significant effect on total plate counts of actinomycetes, fungi and protozoa in silt loam soil. Similar results were obtained in a sandy soil using 500 ppm 2,4-D. That same year Stevenson and Mitchell ( 3 were the first to report 3) the effects of 2,4-D on individual microbial species. They found that concentrations of 200 ppm 2,4-D in potato-dextrose agar retarded the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Aerobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Phytomonas tumefaciens. However, a concentration of 800 ppm 2,4-D in potato-dextrose agar did not tfetard the growth of Fusarium sp. or Penicillium sp. These two early studies were the first of many studies that have been conducted on microbial interactions with the phenoxy �2 herbicides. By 1977 over 340 research papers had been published on this subject. This did not count the number of excellent reviews that were available. No other group of herbicides has been as well researched on this subject. Because of this, it will be our intent in this chapter to review only some of the available data. Far more complete reviews on the phenoxy herbicides and microorganism have been recently published by Loos ( 0 , 2) 1975, and Kaufman and Kearney (16), 1976. In addition, some older excellent reviews on phenoxy herbicides and microorganisms are available by Alexander ( ) Audus ( ) Cullimore (12), 1, 4, Fletcher ( 4 , Kaufman (15), Loeffler and VanOverbeek ( 9 , 1) 1) Pfister (26), and Upchurch ( 6 . 3) Millions of pounds of phenoxy herbicides have been applied to the environment of the United States. However, in a recent (1969) national survey of pesticide residue in cropland soil for 43 states and noncropland soil for eleven states, Wiersma et al. (38) found that only 3 of 188 soil samples analyzed contained chlorophenoxy herbicides. The herbicide found was 2,4-D, and then only within a concentration range of 0.01 - 0.03 ppm. Moreover, in a survey of soil and crop samples collected from the "Corn Belt" in 1970 ( 0 , no chlorophenoxy herbicides were found although several 1) insecticides were present. The Corn Belt uses about one-fourth of the 2,4-D sprayed annually in the U.S. Although applied extensively �3 to the environment, it is apparent that the phenoxy herbicides are not persistent. Brief Review The interrelationships of soil microorganisms and herbicides are observed in two areas of study: (a) effects of herbicides on microorganisms and (b) effects of microorganisms on herbicides. The first area relates to the effects by direct or indirect action of the herbicide on the growth and physiological processes of the soil microflora. The second area of study deals with the metabolism and breakdown of herbicides into components that are usually less phytotoxic than the original compound. Soil microorganisms have remarkable adaptive power and several people have shown that microorganisms can, through adaptation or mutation, alter their metabolic pathways for a more efficient utilization of herbicides ( ) When microorganisms 8. are exposed to high concentrations of a foreign material, there is usually a lag period before utilization of the material begins. This lag period represents the time required for the microorganism to become adapted. Once breakdown is initiated and completed the soil then retains a capability for rapid breakdown. For example, Audus (4) treated a soil with 100 ppm of 2,4-D and 20 days were required for 80% detoxification but when the soil was treated again only three days were required for 80% detoxification. Colmer ( 1 found that 5,000 ppm of 2,4-D. 1) �4 was at first inhibitory to a bacterium, but after subculturing three times the organism grew rapidly in the 5,000 ppm concentration. Newman et al. (23) and Rogoff and Reed (29) discovered that 2,4-D disappeared from soil more rapidly with the second application. Walker and Newman (37) found in laboratory tests that three to five days were required for decomposition of 100 ppm, 2,4-D; but when the same soil was treated again with 1,000 ppm then only 10 to 14 days were required for decomposition. Stojanovic et al. (34) added a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (similar to the military formulation of Orange) to soil at a concentration of 5,000 ppm. Seventy-eight percent of the herbicide 2 carbon was given off as CO in 56 days. It also appeared that mixtures of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were more rapidly degraded than were the single compounds. There is considerable evidence available to show that 2,4-D is rapidly decomposed in soils ( ) Concentrations of 2,4-D at 4. 100 to 200 times the amounts normally used for weed control usually have no appreciable effect on the soil population of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes ( 5 . Reduced bacterial counts 2) have been observed with 2,4-D concentrations as low as 100 ppm, but in several experiments 500 ppm have not altered bacterial counts. More is known about the effects of 2,4-D on soil microflora than about any other herbicide, and some interesting �5 interactions have been observed ( 5 . The herbicide is more 2) toxic to microorganisms in acid than in alkaline soils and more toxic to aerobes than facultative anaerobes. Spore-forming bacteria appear to be more sensitive than nonspore-formers to 2,4-D. Bacteria are more sensitive than fungi to the herbicide. Even closely related species differ in response to 2,4-D. If 2,4-D were applied to a moist loam soil under summertime temperature at a rate of 0.56 to 3.36 kg/ha, it would disappear in 7 to 30 days ( 7 . If applied at rates of 4.5 to 61.6 kg/ha, 1) it would probably disappear in one to three months ( 3 . If 1) 2,4-D were applied to the soil at a concentration of 500 ppm and disappeared at a rate proportional to the breakdown of 61.6 kg/ha, the calculated time would be 5.6 years. However, there is evidence that a more realistic time for inactivation of 500 ppm would be less ( ) 3. Persistence of 2,4,5-T in soils is usually two to three times longer than 2,4-D ( 3 , and very few organisms have been 1) identified as having the ability to breakdown the 2,4,5-T molecule ( ) Newton (24) has calculated from studies on the ki2. netics of degradation by microorganisms that 2,4,5-T has a halflife of seven weeks in the forest floor. Blackman et al. (5) have noted that in tropical soils, phytotoxic residues from 28 liters/ha application of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and �6 2,4,5-T at 30 kg active ingredient/ha disappeared within 4 weeks. Leopold et al. (18) found that increasing chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid decreased its water solubility whiel increasing its adsorption onto activated carbon and organic matter, thus making it less available for microbial degradation. Moreover, Thiegs (35) noted, from reviewing the literature, that 2,4,5-T was less susceptible to attack by microorganisms because the aromatic nucleus of halogenated phenoxyalkyl carboxylic acids and phenols are more biologically inert in compounds containing the halogen (chlorine) in a position meta (the 5 position) to the phenolic hydroxy. There are some microorganisms that are susceptible to phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) at concentrations of ~.i about 50 ppm ( ) However, most microorganisms are resistant 8. to high concentrations. Shennan and Fletcher (30) subjected 38 species of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes to 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T at concentrations of 100 to 10,000 ppm. Twenty-six species were not inhibited by 10,000 ppm 2,4-D. Twenty-four organisms required 10,000 ppm 2,4,5-T for growth restriction to occur. Stojanovic (34) added a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to soil at a concentration of 5,000 ppm and the bacteria and actinomycetes were inhibited but the total number of fungi increased during a 56-day incubation period. �7 It seems apparent from the literature that over the millennia, microorganisms have developed unbelievable capabilities for handling organic compounds. Moreover, most microorganisms seem to have a latent ability for decomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons. In a recent review, McNew (22) discussed the degradation of just such organic compounds in the soil. He noted that the degradation of such chemicals are dependent upon the enzymatic capabilities of the microorganisms. There are certain types of enzymes that destroy the molecules by hydrolysis at vulnerable spots such as an oxygen group or ester linkage, oxidation over an unsaturated bond or hydroxyl group, reduction, substitute reaction with a carboxyl or halogen substituent, or beta oxidation of an alkyl chain. McNew illustrated this degradation process by discussing the fate of 2,4-D in soil: In normal loam soils rich in soil microorganisms there is hydrolysis to inactive acetic acid and 2,4dichlorophenol within 2 to 6 weeks, depending upon the moisture and temperature of the soil. The acetic acid is immediately used as an energy source by entering into the Krebs cycle of almost any microorganism. The 2,4- dichlorophenol is further degraded by those organisms that attack phenols through the hydroxyl group. If instead of 2,4-D, an application is made of the inactive �8 ester 2,4-dicHorophenoxyethanol sulfate, Bacillus cereus var « roycoides hydrolyzes off the sulfate group, certain species of Pseudomonas or other bacteria oxidize the resultant alcohol to an acid, thereby producing 2,4-D which then undergoes decomposition by the means described above. In substance, the soil microorganisms can be encouraged to generate the herbicide in situ and then decompose it before excessive residues build up. This is an ideal self-regulant device but it has three drawbacks to discourage its general use: more chemical must be applied per acre, it can be ineffective on some soils with low microbial populations, and the system is extremely susceptible to variations in the environmental conditions. The question can now be asked: "What are the breakdown products from phenoxy herbicides and do they accumulate in the soil?" Loos, et al. ( 1 , and Bollag et al. ( , 7) have ex2) 6 tensively studied in cultures the decomposition of 2,4-D by a soil Arthrobacter. They have suggested that the bacterium first enzymatically converts the 2,4-D to 2,4-dichlorophenol and other chlorophenols. These chlorophenols are further metabolized to catechols (e.g., 3,5-dichlorocatechol and 4-chlorocatechol). At low enzyme levels the chlorocatechols are metabolized completely. �9 At high enzyme levels other compounds are apparently formed. Bollag et al. (6) have identified these as carboxymethylenebutenolides. The butenolides are probably converted to chloromuconic acid and then to chloride ion, acetate and dicarboxylic acid. They concluded by noting that the toxicity of many of these intermediates is unknown and inasmuch as they are found in cultures of a microorganism obtained from soil, they may accumulate during the decomposition of phenoxy herbicides. But do they actually accumulate under field conditions? Investigations by Winston and Ritty (39) and Reigner et al. (27) indicated that both 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are decomposed to form carbon dioxide, inorganic chlorides, and water; objectionable chlorophenols are not end-products of this decomposition. Further supporting evidence has been provided by Reinhart ( 8 . 2) The upper half of a 24 ha timber watershed in northern West Virginia was logged and treated with a 2,4,5-T ester to kill all vegetation. The volume of herbicide that was applied was 5,015 liters on 12 ha (418 liters/ha). Almost 3,000 liters of this were potential contaminating materials: about 2,800 liters of diesel oil and 200 liters of a commercial formulation of 2,4,5-T (142 kg acid equivalent). Reinhart found no odor contaminants (phenols or catechols) in the numerous water samples taken from the stream draining the treated watershed. �10 The Effects of Repetitive Applications of Phenoxy Herbicides In recent years there have been claims that repetitive applications of phenoxy herbicides, especially at rates similar to those applied in South Vietnam, render the soil permanently sterile or at least sterile for a prolonged period. Studies have now been completed that provide results on effects of-such repetitive applications. First, in relation to the effects of herbicides on the soils of South Vietnam, the National Academy of Science published a report by Blackman et al. (5) on persistence and disappearance of herbicides in tropical soils. The 1974 report stated a number of general conclusions, namely: t 1. The behavior of herbicides in the soils of Vietnam (and the Phillippines and Thailand) were similar to that reported for soils elsewhere. 2. Only where 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were applied in very massive doses e.g. at the Pran Buri Calibration Grid in Thailand at rates in the magnitude of 1120 kg/ha, were there still residues in concentrations above the threshold likely to induce phytotoxic symptom in some plant species. 3. When applied to mangrove soils at total doses approaching 112 kg/ha of 2,4-D and of 2,4,5-T, the level of herbicide residues at the end of 30 weeks had no effect on �11 the establishment of two major mangrove species. 4. In geographical areas subjected to one or two military herbicide missions 1.5 years before sampling, no soil phytotoxic residues could be detected. 5. Soils that received a directed application of Herbicide Orange (a 50:50 mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) at the rate of 30 kg/ha safely supported the growth of crops sensitive to 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T four to six months following application. 6. Claims that the herbicides rendered the soil sterile were without any foundation. Byast and Hance (9) have studied the degradation of 2,4,5-T studied by South Vietnamese soils incubated in the Laboratory. Although care must be exercised in extrapolating laboratory results to field situations, their results suggested that the four Vietnamese soils studied were inherently capable of degrading 2,4,5-T at levels at least as high as 15 ppm which corresponded to roughly twice the rate of military applications in Vietnam. Young (40) has reported taxonomic and population studies of microorganisms in soils exposed to massive quantities (repetitive aerial applications) of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. In tests performed three years after the last application of Herbicide Orange, soils �12 from Test Area C-52A, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (a 2.6 km area that received over 75,650 kg 2,4-D and 75,380 kg 2,4,5-T from 1962 through 1970) exhibited a population of soil microorganisms no different to that found in an adjacent control area of similar soil and vegetative characteristics. Predominant bacteria isolated from either the control or test areas included species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The predominant fungi were species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium. The predominant actinomycetes were species of Streptomyces and Nocardia. A similar study involving soil microorganisms and exposure to heavy rates of phenoxy herbicides has been reported by Stark et al. ( 2 . In support of feasibility tests for the 3) soil disposal of surplus Herbicide Orange, the Air Force established a field study in 1972 on the Air Force Logistics Command Test Range, Hill Air Force Base, Utah. The study consisted of replicated plots subsurface injected with concentrations of either 1,120, 2,240, or 4,480 kg herbicide/ha. Soil samples were taken by Stark et al. three times throughout 1973, and microbial species present (bacteria actinomycetes and fungi) were determined. Bacterial counts were higher for soils with greater concentrations of the herbicide and with greater moisture content, i.e., those samples collected in midwinter �13 from the 4,480 kg/ha plots. Herbicide Orange, in any concentration, had no significant effect on mycoflora. Arnold et al. (3) monitored the herbicide levels in these plots. They sampled the plots on eight occasions from 1973 through 1975, and determined the concentrations of the n-butyl esters and free acids of both 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. They suggested that at such massive application rates (soil concentrations greater than 10,000 ppm) and in a alkaline desert environment that the half-life of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T appeared to be in the range of 150 to 210 days. The above studies have shown that the'application of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T at massive rates not only did not sterilize the soil, but indeed stimulated the growth of certain microflora. That these bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi proliferated indicated that they probably used the herbicides as a carbon source and, as such, contributed to their degradation. Literature Conclusions The literature on the interactions of microorganisms and phenoxy herbicides supported the following generalities: 1. All microorganisms are not affected to the same degree by a particular phenoxy herbicide. 2. Facultative anaerobes are more tolerant o£ higher concentrations of phenoxy herbicides than aerobic or anaerobic organisms. �14 3. Spore-forming bacteria are more susceptible to phenoxy herbicides than nonspore-formers. 4. Fungi are more resistant to the phenoxy herbicides than are bacteria. 5. Gram positive bacteria are inhibited by lower con- centrations of phenoxy herbicides than are the gram negative bacteria. 6. Populations of microbes specifically induced in soil by addition of a phenoxy herbicide do not immediately disappear even though no energy material of the same composition may be present. 7. Rates of phenoxy herbicides normally used in agri- culture do not effect rhizobia or leguminous nodules, and hence nitrogen fixation. 8. The usual order of decreasing toxicity to micro- organisms for the phenoxy herbicides is 2,4,5-T, MCPA, and 2,4-D. 9. The phenoxy herbicides are more toxic to soil micro- organisms in acid soils than in alkaline soils. 10. Use of the phenoxy herbicides in cereals is likely to reduce the incidence of plant diseases caused by fungi. �15 LITERATURE CITED 1. Alexander, M. 1968. Degradation of pesticides by soil bacteria. In The ecology of soil bacteria. T. R. G. Gray and D. Parkinson (Eds.). Liverpool University Press. Pg 270-289. 2. Aly, 0. M., and S. D. Faust. 1964. Studies on the fate of 2,4-D and ester derivatives in natural surface waters. J. Agric. Food Chem. 12:541-546. 3. Arnold, E. L., A. L. Young, and A. M. Wachinski. 1976. Three years of field studies on the soil persistence and movement of 2,4-D, 2,4.,5-T and TCDD. Weed Sci. Soc. Am., Abstr. 206. p 86. 4. Audus, L. J. 1960. Microbiological breakdown of herbicides in soil. In Herbicides and the soil. Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford. Pp 1-19. 5. Blackraan, G. E., J. D. Fryer, A. Lang, and M. Newton. 1974. The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B. Persistence and disappearance of herbicides in tropical soils. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C. 6. Bollag, J. M., G. G. Briggs, J. E. Dawson, and M. Alexander. 1968. 2,4-D metabolism: Enzymatic degradation of chlorocatechols. J. Agric. Food Chem. 16(5):829-833. �16 7. Bollag, J. M., C. S. Helling, and M. Alexander. 1968. 2,4-D metabolism: Enzymatic hydroxylation of chlorinated phenols. J. Agric. Food Chem. 16(5)826-828. 8. Bollen, W. B. 1961. Interactions between pesticides and soil microorganisms. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 15:69-92. 9. Byast, T. H. and R. J. Hance. 1975. Degradation of 2,4,5-T by South Vietnamese soils incubated in the laboratory. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14(1):71-76. 10. Carey, A. E., G. B. Wiersma, H. Tai, and W. G. Mitchell. 1973. Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and crops of the Corn Belt region, United States - 1970. Pestic. Monit. J. 6:369-376. 11. Colmer, A. R. 1953. The action of 2,4-D upon Azotobacter of some sugarcane soils. Appl. Microbiol. 1:184-187. 12. Cullimore, D. R. 1971. Interaction between herbicides and soil microorganisms. Resid. Rev. 35:65-80. 13. DeRose, H. R. and A. S. Newman. 1947. Persistence of growth regulators in the soil. Soil Sc. Soc. Am. Proc.. 12:222-226. 14. Fletcher, W. W. 1960. The effect of herbicides on soil micro-organisms. In Herbicides and the soil. E. K. Woodford and G. R. Sagar ( d . . Blackwell Sci. Publ., Es) Oxford. Pp 20-'62. �17 15. Kaufman, D. D. 1966. Structure of pesticides and decomposition by soil microorganisms. In Pesticides and their effects on soils and water. S. A. Breth (Ed.) Am. Soc. Agron. Spec. Publ. 8. Pp 85-94. 16. • Kaufman, D. D. and P. C. Kearney. 1976. Microbial transformations in the soil. In Herbicides-physiology, biochemistry, ecology. Vol. II. L. J. Audus (Ed.). Academic Press, N.Y. Pp 29-64. 17. Klingman, G. C. 1963. Weed control as a science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N.Y. 421 p. 18. Leopold, A. D., P. VanSchaik, and M. Neal. 1960. Molecular structure and herbicide absorption. Weeds 8:48-52. 19. Loeffler, J. E. and J. VanOverbeek. 1971. Metabolism of herbicides. In Pesticides in the environment. Vol I, Part 1. R. White-Stevens (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y. Pp 237-270. 20. Loos, M. A. 1975. Phenoxyalkanoic acids. In Herbicides, chemistry, degradation, and mode of action. P. C. Kearney and D. D. Kaufman (Eds.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y. Pp 1-128. 21. Loos, M. A., R. N. Roberts, and M. Alexander. 1967. Phenols as intermediates in the decomposition of phenoxyacetates by an Arthrobacter species. Can. J. Microbiol. 13(6):670-690. �18 22. McNew, G. L. 1972. Interrelationships between agricultural chemicals and environmental quality in perspective. J. Environ. Qual. l(l):18-22. 23. Newman, A. S., J. R. Thomas and R. L. Walker. 1952. Disappearance of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5trichlorophenoxyacetic acid from soil. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 16(1):21-24. 24. Newton, M. 1971. Disappearance of 2,4,5-T from forest ecosystems. Weed Sci. Soc. Am., Abstr. 57. Pp 29-30. 25. Palm, C. E. (Chairman). 1968. Weed Control Principles of Plant and Animal Pest Control. Vol. 2. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C. 471 p. 26. Pfister, R. M. 1974. Interactions of halogenated pesticides and microorganisms: A review. In Microbial ecology. A. I. Laskin and H. Lechevalier (Eds.)* CRC Press, Cleveland, OH. Pp 1-33. 27. Reigner, I. C., W. E. Sopper, and R. R. Johnson. 1969. Will the use of 2,4,5-T to control streamside vegetation contaminate public water supplied? J. For. 67:914-918. 28. Reinhart, K. G. 1965. Herbicidal treatment of watersheds to increase water yeild. N. East Weed Contr. Conf. Proc. 19:546-551. �19 29. Rogoff, M. H. and J. R. Reed. 1956. Bacterial decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. J. Bacteriol. 71:303-307. 30. Shennan, Jean L. and W. W. Fletcher. 1965. The growth in vitro of microorganisms in the presence of substituted phenoxyacetic and phenoxybutric acids. Weed Res. 5:266-274. 31. Smith, N. R., V. T. Dawson, and M. E. Wenzel. 1945. The effect of certain herbicides on soil microorganisms. Soil Sci. Soc. An. Proc. 10:197-201. 32. Stark, H. E., J. K. McBride, and G. F. Orr. 1975. Soil incorporation/biodegradation of herbicide orange. U.S. Army, Dugway Proving Grounds, Dugway, Utah. Doc. No. DGP-FR-C615F. 73 p. 33. Stevenson, E. C., and J. W. Mitchell. 1945. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Science 101 (2634):6421-644. 34. Stojanovic, B. J., M. V. Kennedy and F. L. Shuman. 1972. Edaphic aspects of the disposal of unused pesticides, pesticide wastes, and pesticide containers. J. Environ. Qual. 1(1):54-62. 35. Thiegs, B. J. 1962. Microbial decomposition of herbicides. Down to Earth 18(2):7-10. �20 36. Upchurch, R. P. 1972. Herbicides and plant growth regulators. In Organic chemicals in the soil environment. Vol. II. C. A. I. Goring and J. W. Hamakes (Eds.) Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y. Pp 443-512. 37. Walker, R. L. and A. S. Newman. 1956. Microbial decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Appl. Microbiol. 4:201-206. 38. Wiersma, G. B., H. Tai, and P. F. Sand. 1972. Pesticide residue levels in soils, FY 1969 - National Soils Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monit. J. 6(3):194-228. 39. Winston, A. W. and P. M. Ritty. 1972. What happens to a phenoxy herbicide when applied to a watershed area? Ind. Veg. Manage. 4(1):12-14. 40. Young, A. L. 1974. Ecological studies on a herbicide equipment test area (TA C-52A) Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Tech. Rep. AFATL-TR-74-12. Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. 141 p. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 147 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4251 Series The series number of the original item. Series VI Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Phenoxy Herbicides and Microorganisms https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/656461fa025f94142ac53c1a837ff94a.pdf 6134cc5d2b05bc5ea49e8b940f1cb708 PDF Text Text Rom D Number 0424 Author Young, Alvin L. ° D Corporate Author Report/Article Title Protocol: Sampling Soils for Tetrachlorodibenzodioxins Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day D Number of Images 2 DBSCrlpton Notes Includes figure Wednesday, January 16, 2002 Page 4240 of 4258 �PROTOCOL: SAMPLING SOILS FOR TETRACHLGRODIBENZODIOXINS* Sampling protocols for tetrachlorodibenzodioxins (TCDD) have been described by Young et al (1, 2). These methods are predicated on the chemical nature of TCDD and on the methods involved in the contamination of the soil. TCDD is essentially water insoluble. When applied to soil as a liquid, e.g., as a contaminant of a liquid herbicide, it apparently binds tightly to soil particles. These particles can be moved by wind or water, with minimal loss of the TCDD. Thus sampling a site contaminated with aerially applied TCDD, either as a liquid or on particles, it is important that the soil be sampled carefully through a series of depth Increments. Figure 1 is the recommended procedure. The removal of a soil increment of 1 x 5 x 10 cm will provide approximately 50 gms of soil. Although this is sufficient for an analysis, it is frequently recommended that two (2) locations be collected (not more than a few meters from each other) and the samples pooled by depth. When an area of approximately one hectare is to be sampled, at least 3 sets of samples s-hould be collected so as to adequately represent the area. Separate analyses should be performed on these samples. A second method of sampling the soils of an area thought to be contaminated with TCDD is to find the locations where particles of soil would accumulate, as a consequence- of wind or water action. Sites that accumulate silt from areas in excess of one (1) hectare and have the silt collected in the outfall of a pipe or drainage system are ideal. If a crude estimate can be made of the size of area drained and the amount of soil residue accumulated at an out-fall over a set period of time -then an increment of that soil may permit an estimate of rate of contamination. Usually a 100 gram sample of soil is collected. All soil samples collected for TCDD should be done using gloves, porcelin spatulas and amber glass jars with aluminum liners in the caps. The samples should be frozen as soon as convenient and retained frozen until prepared for analysis. REFERENCES: 1. Young, A.1., C.E. Thalken and W.J. Cairney. 1979. Herbicide Orange site treatment and environmental monitoring. Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-79-169. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks AFB TX 78235. 36 p. 2. Young, A.L., C.E. Thalken and W. E. Ward. 1975. Studies on the ecological impact of repetitive aerial applications of herbicides on the ecosystem of Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida. Air Force Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-142. Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB FL 32542. 127 p. *Prepared by A. L. Young, Epidemiology Division, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB TX 78235. �flflfi a a o 0 o <LJ> Figure 1. Ditch method of collecting soil increments for analysis of tetrachlorodibenzodioxins. Incremental samples are removed by undercutting the soil from the wall exposed within the ditch. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 147 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4240 Series The series number of the original item. Series VI Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Protocol: Sampling Soils for Tetrachlorodibenzodioxins https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/b1ab7b5597f07c8acc92a153339820e9.pdf a9660e09629c2f18cfbfe5e58d872e95 PDF Text Text item D Number °4229 Author Young, Alvin L. n not Scanned Corporate Author RBDOrt/ArtlOlB TltlB Typescript: Long-Term Degradation Studies of Massive Quantities of Phenoxy Herbicides in Test Grids, Field Plots and Herbicide Storage Sites Journal/Book Title 0000 Month/Day Color D 20 Descripton Notes Wednesday, January 16, 2002 Page 4229 of 4258 �LONG-TERM DEGRADATION STUDIES OF MASSIVE QUANTITIES OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES IN TEST GRIDS, FIELD PLOTS AND HERBICIDE STORAGE SITES Alvin L. Young * Agent Orange Projects Office Veterans Administration Washington, D.C. 20420 Three long-term studies have been conducted on the fate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) when applied in high concentrations to field sites in selected geographical locations. The first study, initiated in April 1970, was of a 208-ha herbicide equipment-testing area (Test Area C-52, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida) that received more than 73,000 kg 2,4,5-T and 76,000 kg 2,4-D during the years 1962-1970. The second study, initiated in 1972, was on the biological degradation of the herbicides when soil incorporated at rates as high as 4,480 kg/ha in plots established in three climatically different areas of the United States; Northwest Florida, Western Kansas and Northwestern Utah. The third study, initiated in 1977, was on the fate of the two herbicides in the soils of two 5-ha sites (Gulfport, Mississippi; and Johnston Island, Pacific Ocean) used for the long-term storage of more than 8.4 million L of surplus phenoxy herbicide. The environmental fate of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T is compared between the individual studies. From January 1962 to April 1970, a program of aerial application of herbicides was conducted in Southeast Asia by the United States Air Force (USAF). At the conclusion of this program, considerable amounts of herbicide were left unused. One of the herbicides used extensively in this project was a herbicide designated as "Agent Orange" which was formulated as a Current Address: Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C. 20506 �50:50 mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic ; acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). In ! JL970, approximately 8.4 million L of this material were placed in storage by the Air Force. An analysis of the herbicide stocks revealed that it contained the highly toxic contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The concentration of the TCDD ranged from <0.02 to 47 ppm TCDD in the 492 random samples taken from the 40,310 208-L drums: the weighted average concentration of TCDD for the inventory was determined to be approximately 2 ppm (1). : Because of the TCDD concentration, the herbicide could not merely be declared surplus and disposed of on the agricultural , markets. Hence, the Air Force initiated an extensive research program to find suitable disposal methods that would be both ecologically safe and economically feasible. Although a major method extensively investigated was soil incorporation and biodegradation, the final disposal method was at-sea incineration, a project conducted in 1977. However, in the course of investigating the feasibility of soil biodegradation, experimental plots were established and sites were studied where the herbicide had been extensively sprayed in the course of developing the spray equipment for Vietnam. When the herbicide was removed from the two storage sites at the time of its destruction, a study of the contamination of those sites was initiated. This paper focuses on the three areas of study that provided data on the environmental fate of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in situations where the soil was massively contaminated. Herbicide Spray Equipment Test Grids The Eglin Reservation in Northwest Florida has served various military uses, one of them having been the development and testing of aerial dissemination equipment in support of military defoliation operations in Southeast Asia. It was necessary for this equipment to be tested under controlled situations that would simulate actual use conditions as near as possible. For this purpose an elaborate testing installation, designed to measure deposition parameters, was established on the Eglin Reservation with the place of direct aerial application restricted to an area of approximately 3 km^ within Test Area C-52A in the southeastern part of the reservation. Massive quantities of herbicides, used in the testing of aerial defoliation spray equipment from 1962 through 1970, were released and fell within the instrumented test area. The uniqueness of the area prompted the United States Air Force to set aside the area in 1970 for research investigations. Numerous ecological surveys have been conducted since 1970. As a result, the ecosystem of this unique site has been well studied and documented (2,3). �Although the total area for testing aerial dissemination equipment was approximately 3 knr, the area actually consisted of four separate testing grids. The primary area was located in the southern portion of the testing area and consisted of a 37 ha instrumented grid. This was the first sampling grid and was in operation in June 1962. It consisted of four intersecting straight lines (flight paths) arranged in a circular pattern, each path being at a 45° angle from those adjacent to it. Although this grid was used from 1962 to 1964, this grid (called Grid I) received 39,550 kg of 2,4-D and 39,550 kg 2,4,5-T as the Herbicide Purple formulation (50 percent n-butyl 2,4-D, 30 percent n-butyl 2,4,5-T and 20 percent iso-butyl 2,4,5-T). Two other testing grids were sprayed with Herbicide Orange. Grid II was an area of 37 ha and located immediately north of Grid I. Grid II received 15,890 kg 2,4-D and 15,890 kg 2,4,5-T from 1964 through 1966. Grid IV was the largest and final grid established on Test Area C-52A. It was approximately 97 ha and received 20,000 kg 2,4-D and 17,570 kg 2,4,5-T from 1968 through 1970. Grid III was an experimental circular grid that received 1,300 kg 2,4-D from 1966 through 1970. Thus, for the four spray equipment calibration grids, a total of approximately 73,000 kg 2,4,5-T and 77,000 kg 2,4-D were aerially disseminated during the period 1962-1970. These data are summarized in Table I. Table I. Approximate Amount of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D Applied to Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida, 1962-1970. 2,4,5-Ta (kg) 39,550 (1962-1964)b 15,890 (1964-1966) - II 37 III 37 IV 97 17,570 (1968-1970) 2,4-Da (kg) 39,550 (1962-1964) 15,890 (1964-1966) 1,300 (1966-1970) 20,000 (1968-1970) 208 73,010 76,740 Test Grid I Total a Grid Area (ha) 37 Amount of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D calculated on weight of active ingredient in the military Herbicides Orange and Purple. ^Years when the specific grid received the herbicide. �4Residue Studies . Despite excellent records as to the number of missions and quantity of herbicide per mission, there was no way to determine the exact quantity of herbicide deposited at any point on the instrumented grids. The first residue studies of Test Area C-52A involved analyses of soils for phenoxy herbicides by both chemical and bioassay techniques. These studies, published by Young (2) in 1974, showed that residues of the phenoxy herbicides raTpidly disappeared. However, problems were encountered in these residue studies because of the heterogeneity of the test grids. Not only were there small geologic differences (soil types, contours, organic matter and pH) , and differences in vegetation density and locations of water, but most important the herbicides had been sprayed on specific test arrays (i.e., along dictated flight paths) over a span of years. An obvious disparity also existed between bioassay data and chemical analyses because the latter analysis for 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T alone could not account for all the biologically active phytotoxic components. The last application of Agent Orange was applied in December 1969 at a rate of 28 L/ha. Chemical analyses of soil cores from the treated areas showed that levels of total 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in the top 15 cm of soil averaged 2.82 ppm in April 1970 and less than 8.7 ppb in December 1970. In October 1973, soil samples collected from Grids I and II were analyzed and found to contain significant levels of TCDD. Highest TCDD residues (740-1,500 parts per trillion, ppt) were found on Grid I, the area sprayed with Herbicide Purple in 1962-1964. Subsequent soil samples confirmed TCDD contamination throughout three of the four test grids. The persistence of TCDD in the soils of Test Area C-52A has recently been described by Young, 1983 Vegetative Studies. To demonstrate the rapid dissappearance of phenoxy herbicides from the environment of the test grids, a vegetative succession study was conducted of the dicotyledonous species. Nine months (June 1971) after the last defoliantequipment test mission, a detailed survey of the vegetation was initiated. The 3.0 km^ area was divided into a grid of 169 sections (each 122 by 122 m), and within each section the percentage vegetative coverage was visually ranked as Class 0, 0-5%; I, 5-20%; II, 20-40%; III, 40-60%; IV, 60-80%; and V 80-100%. Three sections within each class were selected at random and surveyed for dicotyledonous plants. An unsprayed area located 0.3 km northwest of the test area was also surveyed. In June 1973, each of these areas was again surveyed, but in addition in 15 sections, nine randomly selected areas, each 0.093 m, were analyzed for species composition and ground cover density. Vegetative coverage maps prepared in 1971 and 1973 (Figures 1 and 2 respectively) confirmed that rapid re-vegetation occurred immediately after herbicide applications ceased. Table II �Figure 1. The May 1971 Vegetation Density Map of the 169 sections (each 122 m x 122 m) that constituted the 2.5 km2 area that received more than 69,300 kg 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T between June 1964 and December 1969, Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida. Figure 2. The June 1973 Vegetation Density Map of the 169 sections (each 122 m x 122 m) that constituted the 2.5 km2 area that received more than 69,300 kg 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T between June 1964 and December 1969, Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida. �80 to 100% 2 5 to 20% 60 to 80% 1 40 to 60% 20 to 40% 0 to 5% 3 4 8 197 1 9 10 11 12 13 14 �80 to 100 % 40 to 60% 5 to 20% 60 to 80% 20 to 40% 0 to 5% 10 1973 11 12 13 14 �shows the percent coverage that each vegetative class occupied in June 1971 and in June 1973. Table II. Percent of Vegetative Cover Occupied by Vegetative Class for the 3 km2 Test Area Vegetative Class 0 (0-5%) I (5-20%) II (20-40%) III (40-60%) IV (60-80%) V (80-100%) June 1971 4 14 29 25 21 4 June 1973 0 4 12 18 42 23 From June to September 1971, 74 dicotyledonous species were collected on the 3 km2 Test Area, and 33 additional species were found during the June 1973 survey. The most important dicotyledonous plants found invading the test area were rough buttonweed, Diodia teres Walt; poverty weed, Hypericum gentianoides L.; and common polypremum, Polypremum procumbens L. The studies of soil residues and vegetative succession of Test Area C-52A confirmed that massive quantities of phenoxy herbicides rapidly disappeared following the termination of an aerial spray equipment testing program. Soil Incorporation/Biodegradation Plots One potential method proposed for the disposal of Herbicide Orange was subsurface injection or soil incorporation of the herbicide at massive concentrations. The premise for such studies was that high concentrations of the herbicides and TCDD would be degraded to innocuous products by the combined action of soil microorganisms and soil hydrolysis. In order to field test this conceptj biodegradation plots were established in three climatically different areas of the United States; Northwest Florida (Eglin Air Force Base), Western Kansas (Garden City) and Northwestern Utah (Air Force Logistics Command Test Range Complex). A comparison of the soils of the three sites is given in Table III. The Utah site had a mean annual rainfall of 15 cm, while the Kansas and Florida sites had 40 and 150 cm, respectively. Table IV describes the experimental protocol for the three sites to include when the plots were established, the method of herbicide incorporation, the experimental design and the initial calculated herbicide concentration, ppm, at the �i ypc uniy Do Not Type on This Line time the plots were established. Further details on experimental protocol can be obtained from Young, et al (5), 1974, and Young et al (6), 1976. Table III. Comparison of the Characteristics of the Top 15 cm Layer From Each of the Soil Biodegradation Sites Location Eglin AFB, FLa Garden City,KSb AFLC Test Range Complex, UTC Organic Sand pH Matter (%) (%) 5.6 0.5 7.0 1.7 7.8 1.4 91.6 37 27 Silt 4.0 42 53 Clay 4.4 21 20 Soil Description Sandy loam Silt loam Clay loam a Plots located on Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida, bplots located on the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Garden City, Kansas. c Plots located 120 km west of Salt Lake City, Utah. Table V compares the degradation of total 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (n-butyl esters and acids) over six years of observations in the Kansas and Florida locations. Although the rates of application were similar, the method of application, preplant incorporation versus subsurface injection, resulted in significant differences In the initial concentrations of herbicides in the plots. The acid of 2,4,5-T comprised most of the total residue after the first two years. Although some residues were recovered, especially in later years, at depths below 15 cm, the majority (90 percent) of residue was confined to the top 15 cm of soil profile. The addition of soil amendments such as lime, organic matter and fertilizer did not appreciably increase the overall rate of disappearance of the herbicide. The addition of activated coconut charcoal, however, significantly decreased the rate of disappearance of herbicide. Six years after the charcoal plots were established, residues (primarily 2,4,5-T acid) were still present. Microbial studies were conducted on the biodegradation plots in Florida. Soil samples were taken from all plots in June and August 1974 (2 years) and in April 1975 (3 years). Although bacterial and fungal levels were similar for control plots or plots receiving either herbicide or herbicide plus the soil amendments lime, fertilizer, and organic matter, the levels were significantly higher in the plots receiving the activated charcoal. Microorganisms tended to be concentrated in the level which contained the charcoal (0-15 cm), but greatly reduced in Do not type past this; line �Table IV. Descriptions of Three Soil Biodegradation Studies Involving Use of Herbicide Orange Location Eglin AFB, Florida Date Established 4/2/72 Method of Incorporation Simulated Subsurface Injection (30cm band width) Calculated Initial Herbicide Concentration (ppm)c Treatment 4,480 kg Herbicide/haa 4,480 kg Herbicide/ha, plus soil amendments^ 4,480 kg Herbicide/ha plus soil amendments and activated charcoal 5,000 5,000 5,000 Garden City, Kansas 5/10/72 Preplant Incorporate (Rototiller) 2,240 kg Herbicide/ha 4,480 kg Herbicide/ha 1,000 2,000 AFLC Test Range Complex, Utah 10/2/72 Simulated Subsurface Injection ( cm band width) 8 1,120 kg Herbicide/ha 2,240 kg Herbicide/ha 4,480 kg Herbicide/ha 5,000 10,000 20,000 a Rate of herbicide calculated as active ingredient. Herbicide injected at 10-15 cm level or preplant incorporated in the 0-15 cm level. All plots duplicated. ^The amendments included 4.5 kg lime, 13.5 kg organic matter, and 1.4 kg fertilizer ( 2 4 8 for N,P,K, respectively) uniformly mixed within the top 0-30 cm of soil in the plot. 1:: c Contained in the top 0-15 cm layer. �\D Table V. Concentration (ppm) of Total 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (Herbicide Orange) Over a Six-Year Period in Field Plots in Kansas and Florida. ^ Florida13 Herbicide Time After Application (years) Day 5 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Kansas8 1,950 1,070 ' 490 210 40 <10 Herbicide 4,900 4,280 e 1,870 508 440 52 30 12 Herbicide + Amendments0 5700 5420 Amendments + Charcoald 3,075 2,770 2015 2,660 184 8 3 120 360 a Garden City, Kansas. Plots established 10 May 1972, 4,480 kg/ha preplant Incorporated. Data are means of replicate plots, 0-15 cm soil increment. b Eglin AFB, Florida. Plots established 2 April 1972, 4,480 kg/ha simulated subsurface injection. Data are means of replicate plots, 0-15 cm soil increment. c The amendments included 4.5 kg lime, 13.5 kg organic matter, and 1.4 kg fertilizer (12:4:8 for N,P,K, repectively) uniformly mixed within the top 0-30 cm of soil in the plot. ^A 1 cm layer of activated coconut charcoal was applied to the trench prior to application of the herbicide. e Not analyzed. number at depths immediately below the charcoal. This effect of increasing the number of microorganisms may have been due to adsorption of growth promoting substances (e.g., nutrients and water) on the surface of the charcoal particles. Although the number of organisms were greater in these plots, the level of herbicide residue was also greatest. Apparently, the binding of the herbicide by the charcoal prevented it from being degraded by the microorganisms. Table VI shows the concentration of herbicide in two of the three sets of field plots established in Utah in 1972. It was only after the plots were established and the first soil samples analyzed that it became apparent that the herbicide formulation �placed in these plots was different than that used in Florida or Kansas. Indeed, an analysis of the formulation confirmed the presence of roughly a 50:50 mixture of the n-butyl and isooctyl esters of both 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Note from Table VI that the n-butyl ester of either 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T disappeared more rapidly than the isooctyl ester. The hydrolysis of the isooctyl ester to the acid, probably microbially mediated, accounts for the presence of the acid. Table VI. Concentrations (ppm) of the Acid and n-Butyl and Isooctyl Esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Placed Subsurface in Utah Plots. Rate/Date 2,4-D n-Butyl Acid 1,120 kg/ha Initial (1972) 1280a <10b 1975 <10 440 1978 <10 250 4,480 kg/ha Initial (1972) 5900 <10 1975 10 1970 1978 <10 1060 Isooctyl n-Butyl 2,4,5-T Acid Isooctyl 560 <10 <10 770 <10 <10 <10 930 900 1230 40 20 2640 470 95 3590 72 <10 <10 1740 2900 5790 3000 1080 a Data are means of replicated plots. ^Detection limit was generally 10 ppm. Microbial studies have also been conducted on the biodegradation plots in Utah and have been published by Stark et al, 1975 ( . - Samples were taken three times throughout the year 2) (summer, winter, and spring, 1973-1974), and microbial species present (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) were determined. Bacterial counts were higher for soils with greater moisture content, but the herbicide, in any concentration, had no significant effect on the microflora. As with the studies on the herbicide spray equipment testing grids at Eglin AFB, Florida, the studies of the biodegradation plots confirmed the presence and persistence of TCDD. Analysis of soil samples collected from the Utah plots in 1978 indicated that 85 percent of the amount of TCDD originally extracted in 1972 could be recovered, suggesting that TCDD applied subsurface was minimally disappearing. �Studies of Herbicide Storage Sites During the summer of 1977 the USAF disposed of 8.4 million L of Herbicide Orange by high temperature incineration at sea. This operation, Project PACER HO, was accomplished under the very stringent criteria set forth in an United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ocean dumping permit. Among the numerous conditions of the EPA-approved disposal operation was the requirement for the USAF to conduct extensive environmental and occupational monitoring of the land-transfer/ loading operations, shipboard incineration operations and subsequent storage site reclamation and environmental monitoring. Details of the proposed site monitoring programs were prepared and approved prior to the disposal of the herbicide. The plan recommended that soil samples from the storage areas at both the Naval Construction Battalion Center (NCBC), Gulfport, Mississippi and Johnston Island, Pacific Ocean, be collected and analyzed for Herbicide Orange after the completion of transfer operations. These analyses were to aid in the establishment of a schedule for future monitoring. In July 1977, following the completion of Project PACER HO dedruming and subsequent site clean-up operations at NCBC and Johnston Island, Air force scientists initiated an extensive site monitoring program. The objectives of this program were: 1. To determine the magnitude of Herbicide Orange contamination on the storage areas. 2. To determine the soil persistence of the two phenoxy herbicides contained in Herbicide Orange and the dioxin contaminant. 3. To monitor for any movement of residues from the sites into adjacent water, sediments and biological organisms. In July 1977, a preliminary sampling study was initiated. This consisted of assessing the heterogenity of the soils on the sites and the heterogenity of the herbicide concentrations. The studies conducted on the biodegradation plots showed that movement of the herbicide components and the TCDD was low; thus surface sampling, e.g., the top 8 cm of soil, constituted the primary sampling depth. Twelve sites were selected for sampling at each location; six were in areas of obvious spills and six in areas that showed no spill. Not only were the spills discernible by sight but also by smell. Winston and Ritty (j8) had previously found that the olfactory senses can detect a butyl ester formulation of 2,4,5-T at levels of 0.4 ppb. The results of this first sampling after Project PACER HO (1977) are shown in Table VII. Significant concentrations of herbicides, phenols and TCDD were detected in soils from spill sites. Variation in concentrations and in the portion of acids to esters suggested that the spills were from different time periods. �13 Accordingly, a more extensive protocol was proposed for future sampling. Table VII. Concentration (ppm) of \ Total Herbicides, Total Phenols, and TCDD in 12 Soil Samples Collected July 1977 from the Herbicide Orange Storage Areas, Johnston Island and Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi. Location Spill Sites Johnston Island NCBC, Gulf port Number of Sites 8 6 Total Herbicides3 (ppm) Total Phenolsb (ppm) 58,000+42,000 78,000+42,000 135+120 152+ 90 TCDD (ppm) 0.073+0.07 0.24 +0.27 No Spill Sites Johnston Island 4 3+2 26+15 NAC 14.2+12.4 NA NCBC, Gulf port 6 a Total herbicides refers to concentration of acid and all esters detected of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides. Samples consisted of top 8 cm of soil. "Total phenols refers to concentration of dichlorophenol and trichlorophenol. c NA=Not Analyzed. <r 1978 Protocol. The sites within the two storage areas for monitoring of residue were determined by whether a spill had occurred or not occurred at that specific location. The basis for determining a spill was whether a herbicide stain was discernible (heavy, light, absent) and whether a herbicide odor was detectable (strong, mild, absent). Thus1, within the storage area numerous locations were found that had a heavy stain and strong odor (labeled H/H, presumably representing a recent spill); a light stain and mild odor (labeled L/L, presumably representing an older spill); and no stain and no odor (labeled 0/0, presumably representing an uncontaminated area). Fourteen replications of each treatment were then randomly selected to represent the storage area (thus a total of 42 permanently marked sampling locations at both NCBC and Johnston Island). Twelve of these locations had been tentatively located and marked in July 1977 with the remaining 30 located and marked in January 1978 with sampling being conducted on these dates, as well as in November 1978. In collecting the soil samples, a 8 cm square was marked 15 cm away from the site marker pin. At each sampling time soil was taken from a different "point of the compass" with reference to the marker pin to insure a fresh and undisturbed profile. At �the designated site a 8X8X8 cm cube of soil was removed with a ceramic spatula which was rinsed with acetone between uses to prevent carry-over of residue and microorganisms. Wherever possible, sediment samples were collected from the drainage areas in a similar manner. Results. A summary of the analytical results for the 42 sites sampled in January and November 1978 for the storage area at Gulfport, Mississippi is shown in Table VIII. A statistically significant decrease in the levels of total herbicides and total phenols was found to occur between the two dates. There was also a downward trend in TCDD levels, but it was not statistically different (P.05). This trend in decreasing levels of TCDD (as well as in herbicides and phenols) is even more pronounced when the July 1977 data for spill sites (Table VII) are compared to the 1978 data. Unfortunately, because of differences in site delineation between 1977 and 1978, data for spill vs no spill between the 2 years cannot be "paired" and statistically analyzed. Similar levels of herbicides, phenols, and TCDD have been found in selected soils of the Herbicide Orange Storage Area on Johnston Island. Table IX compares the trends in these compounds over four sampling dates (August 1977, January and October 1978, and August 1979) from four sites heavily contaminated with phenoxy herbicide (new spill sites in 1977). Although herbicide levels significantly decreased over the periods of sampling, trends for disappearance of TCDD were not as well defined. The data for these four sites illustrate the inherent weakness of the sampling protocol. When a spill occurred on a site, the concentration of chemicals varied significantly within the spill perimeter. Although the marker pin for permanently locating the site was placed as near the center of the spill as possible, that did not necessarily define the zone of greatest soil contamination. Soil samples collected over time were collected at different "points-of-thecompass" around the marker pin. Nevertheless, data for samples collected at the same site and between other spill sites are generally of similar magnitude. Studies on the penetration of the herbicides and on the microbial content of the samples were conducted at both the Naval Construction Battalion Center and Johnston Island. The results of these studies have been described by Young, et. al. in 1979 and 1983 (9,10). The data indicated that although penetration of herbicide and TCDD had occurred throughout the soil profiles sampled (8 cm increments down to 32 cm), the bulk of the chemicals remained near the surface. Data from the microbial analyses of soil samples collected from the Herbicide Storage Areas confirmed that proliferation of certain microflora occurred under high levels of herbicide residue. �Table VIII. Mean Concentrations (ppm) of Total Herbicides, Phenols and TCDD in Soils Collected in January and November 1978 from Selected Sites on the Herbicide Orange Storage Area, Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi Location Number Total of Sites Herbicides Sampled3 (ppm)b Total Phenols (ppm)c TCDD (ppm) "No" Spills ( / ) 00d 14 32*e 3.5* January 1978 ND(4)f NAS November 1978 14 3t 0.4t "Old" Spills (L/L) 14 1,202* 86* 0.0364(3) January 1978 November 1978 14 492t 0.0438(3) 23t "New" Spills (H/H) 14 51,285* 437* 0.2064(10)* January 1978 November 1978 0.1444(11)* 14 30,005t 253t a Each soil sample consisted of a cube of soil (8X8X8 cm) removed adjacent to a designated marker. ^Total herbicides refers to the concentration of acid and all esters of both 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. c Total phenols refers to total concentration of both dichlorophenol and trichlorophenol. d The coding 0/0, L/L and H/H are described in the text. e Means within columns within subtitles followed by the same symbols are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. For the statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon Paired-Sample Test was used. A test for a one-tailed hypothesis with paired samples was used in the procedure for nonparametric data since it could not be assumed that the levels of residue detected were from a normal distribution and it was expected that the residues would decrease with time. *ND=Not Detected; the number of samples analyzed is in parentheses. The detection limit was generally 0.0002 ppm (200 ppt). SNA=Not Analyzed. �Table IX. Concentration (ppm) of Total Herbicides, Total Phenols and TCDD in Soil Samples from Four Selected Spill Sites for Four Dates from the Herbicide Orange Storage Area, Johnston Island Sample Date and Sample Site 25 August 1977 5C 9 10 12 8 January 1978 5 9 10 12 18 October 1978 5 9 10 12 8 August 1979 5 9 10 12 Total Herbicides3 (ppm) Total Phenolsb (ppm) TCDD (ppm) 38,000 52,270 135,250 76,080 75,400 93 205 460 172 233 0.0330 0.0417 0.1960 0.1780 0.1122 38,980 70,090 141,300 57,000 76,840 123 181 477 110 223 0.0340 0.0220 0.2300 0.0800 0.0915 31,440 60,530 159,700 42,840 73,630 34 111 456 47 T62 0.0191 0.0286 0.2350 0.1110 0.0984 3,560 ND 0.0410 44,230 149 0.0530 48,660 136 0.1300 18,430 54 0.0810 28,720 113(3)d 0.0763 a Total herbicides refers to concentrations of acid and all esters detected of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. ^Total phenols refers to concentrations of dichlorophenol and trichlorophenol. c The sample consisted of a cube (8X8X8 cm) of soil removed from near the center of an area designated as a spill. ^Refers to number of samples included in obtaining the means. �Discussion and Conclusions The amount of phenoxy herbicides applied or spilled on a kg/ha basis in the above studies can only be described as "massive." Although Grid I on the Eglin AFB spray equipment testing grids received the herbicides primarily during 1962 and 1963, the total amount aerially applied was 2,140 kg/ha. Because the herbicides in this situation were applied from an aircraft, the time between repetitive applications and the environmental factors greatly influenced the amount that was incorporated into the soil profile. Thus, residues were continually disappearing and accumulation and persistence were minimal. However, in the biodegradation plots and in the Herbicide Storage Areas, high concentrations of herbicides were applied in a short time period and incorporated immediately into the soil profile, and hence, the long persistence time. Nevertheless, these studies do show that the soil chemistry and the soil microbial populations can effectively combine to degrade massive concentrations of the phenoxy herbicides and that recovery of the sites occur as documented by the re-establishment of the vegetative community. The major conclusions from long-term degradation studies of massive quantities of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in test grids, field plots and herbicide storage areas are: 1. The method of application has significant impact on the amount applied per unit area and hence on residue persistence: spills > soil incorporation > aerial application. 2. The herbicide 2,4,5-T is more persistent in the soil than 2,4-D. 3. The formulation of the herbicide has significant impact on its persistence: isooctyl ester > n-butyl ester > acid 4. The addition of coconut charcoal increases persistence of phenoxy herbicide residues, especially residues of 2,4,5-T. 5. The appearance of dichlorophenol and trichlorophenol in soils treated with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T suggests that they are degradation products of the herbicides. 6. The massive concentration of herbicides found in these studies do not sterilize the soils. Indeed, the data suggest that microbial populations respond both quantitatively and qualitatively to the presence of high concentrations of herbicides and may play a major role in their degradation. 7. The contaminant 2,3,7,8-TCDD has a long persistence time in soils (years) and may be a major consideration in the use of soil biodegradation as a disposal option for "unwanted" phenoxy herbicides or TCDD-contaminated chemical wastes. �Acknowledgments I am indebted to Drs. Eugene Arnold and Mason Hughes for the analyses of the phenoxy herbicides, phenols and the TCDD contaminant. Literature Cited Young, A. L., J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken and J. W. Tremblay, 1978. "The Toxicology, Environmental Fate and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin." Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. 247p. Document available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Young, A. L., 1974. "Ecological Studies on a HerbicideEquipment Test Area (TA C-52A), Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida." Air Force Technical Report AFATL-TR-74-12. 141p. Document AD-780 517, available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken and W. E. Ward, 1975. "Studies of the Ecological Impact of Repetitive Aerial Applications of Herbicides on the Ecosystem of Test Area C-52A, Eglin, AFB, Florida." Air Force Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-142. 127p. Document AD-A032 773, available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Young, A. L., 1983. "Long-Term Studies on the Persistence and Movement of TCDD in a Natural Ecosystem." Environ. Sci. Res. 26:173-190. Young, A. L., E. L. Arnold, and A. M. Wachinski, 1974. "Field Studies on the Soil-Persistence and Movement of 2,4-D 2,4,5-T, and TCDD." Appendix G. Disposition of Orange Herbicide by Incineration. Final Environmental Statement, November 1974. Department of the Air Force, Washington, D.C. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, E. L. Arnold, J. M. Cupello, and L. G. Cockerham. 1976. "Fate of 2,3,7,8Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the Environment: Summary and Decontamination Recommendations." Air Force Technical Report USAFA-TR-76-18. 44p. Document AD-A033 491, available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Stark, H. E., J. K. McBride, and G. F. Orr, 1975. "Soil Incorporation/Biodegradation of Herbicide Orange. Vol I. Microbial and Baseline Ecological Study of the U.S. Air Force Logistics Command Test Range, Hill AFB, Utah." Document No. DPG-FR-C615F, US Army Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah 84022, February 1975. �oni'.iit; 8. Winston, A. W. and R. M. Ritty, 1971. "What Happens to Phenoxy Herbicides When Applied to a Watershed Area." Ind. Vegetation Manage. 4(1):12-14. 9. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, and W. J. Cairney, 1979. "Herbicide Orange Site Treatment an Environmental Monitoring: Summary Report and Recommendations for Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi." Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-79-169. 36p. Document AD-A062 143, available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. 10. Young, A. L«, W. J. Cairney and C. E. Thalken, 1983. "Persistence, Movement and Decontamination Studies of TCDD in Storage Sites Massively Contaminated with Phenoxy Herbicides." Chemosphere 12(4/5): 713-726. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 147 Folder The folder containing the original item. 4229 Series The series number of the original item. Series VI Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Long-Term Degradation Studies of Massive Quantities of Phenoxy Herbicides in Test Grids, Field Plots and Herbicide Storage Sites