1 15 3 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/ce0aa2c118aad161d683c0a4609357b9.pdf 9a149ad4c829c1c89da74c5c803a05ec PDF Text Text \ 7 THE COMMON SHESP LIVER ILpKS AND THE CAMPAIGN TO CONTROL IT. By L. E. Swanson, Junior Zoologist, Zoologioal Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Salt Lake City, TJtafc. —ooo— In areas where conditions are favorable for the propagation of liver flukes, the activities of those parasites have resulted in heavy losses to livestock owners. AH cloven-footed animals are hosts to these parasites but sheep are the most susceptible to injury from them. Actual deaths in flocks occur in from a small per cent to the entire flock. Infestations in calves sometimes result ini death, but t ’A older cattle survive the infestation in spite of great destruction of the liver tissue, although the animals become Isas thrifty. The mature fluke is a pale brown, flat, leaf-like worm, which lives in the bile uucts of the liver. The flukes usually remain in the liver free 9 to 10 months, but they have been reported as remaining there from 3 to 5 years. Each fluke is said to lay approximately 100,000 eggs. These are passed with the feces, and upon reaching water incubate in 3 to 6 weeks in warm weather, each egg ultimately liberating a ciliated larva, known as a miracidiua, which attacks certain small, amphibious, fresh-water snails. The miracidium lives only 1 to 3 hours if unable to find a suitable snail host. The snail hosts are small right-handed anaila, the shell opening being on the observer's right when ths peak of the shell is uppermost and the opening faces the observer. They are found in ditches, springs, lakes and sloughs, and show a marked preference for mud. In 49 to 80 days after becoming infected, the snail host will liberate into the water numerous, free-swimming, minute, tadpole-like young flukes known as cercariae. As these swim about they form figure �* *s- 8*s, and upon striking any of various objects, such as grass, leaves, etc., they encyst on them, or they may encyst in the eater anf float x free on the surface. These cysts, which resemble tiny pearls, are the infective stage. Cattle and sheep grazing on recently flooded fields and sloughs, or along the banks of streams and ponds, swallow the cysts along with the grass or water. Upon reaching the digestive tract the cyst wall is dissolved, liberating the young fluke which burrows through the intestine into the body cavity, finds its way to the liver, penetrates the capsule into the liver tissue, and finally comes to rest in the bile ducts where it reaches sexual maturity. It takes 6 months from the time the egg hatches until the mature flukes are producing eggs. The first symptom noted by the owner is that his lambs fatten readily; this is due to the increased secretion of bile caused by the stimulation of the liver by the flukes. This fattening is only temporary, as latter the sheep fall off rapidly in flesh, lag behind the flock, and graze very little. The wool is harsh, brittle and patchy; an edematous swelling,commonly known as a "water bag," appears under the jaw, and with a heavy infestation the sheep may show a distended abdomen; the visible mucous membranes are pale, diarrhea may be evident, and pronounced emaciation may develop and be followed by death. In cattle the symptoms are not so pronounced and may be entirely overlooked, except that there is a lack of response to feeds. There is an annual loss from condemned livers under the federal meat inspection of #300,000 and probably a much larger loae in meat inspection outside of*the federal service. The indicated fcofcal lose in livers under normal economi �-3 conditions is about $1,000,000. Milk cowa show a lessened milk flow, tne flukes making an inferior cow out of a good one* the coat is atarey and harsh, digestive disturbances are manifested by loss of appetite, diarrhea and tympanitis} very rarely khere are edematous swellings in the dependent parts of the body. Fatalities are rare among cattle; when they do occur it is usually among calves which have reached the stage of euaciation. Flukey cattle are hard to fatten and require more feed per pound of gain. The treatment for sheep is safe, reliable and inexpensive. Carbon tetrachloride is used in a one c.e. dose repeated in 3 to 4 weeks. Sheep should be treated whenever necessary, but aa a routine treatment is advisable in November and December. At the present time there does not appear to be a treatment for flukes in cattle which combines efficacy, safety and cheapness, although there are some drugs which are effective and reasonably safe. As snails are essential in the life cycle of the fluke, their destruction means the destruction of the fluke. Copper sulphate has proved very effective for killing snails. This chemical will kill snails in a dilution of 1 part of copper sulphate to 1,500,000 parts of water. In this or much stronger solutions a copper sulphate solution is not harmful to livestock that drink it, but it will kill such non-flaverlng plants as algae and mosaea. Dry copper sulphate may be broadcasted in powder form, mixed with 6 to 8 parts of lima, land-plaster or sand, over sloughs, ponds and other waters, or placed in sacks in running waters at a slight cost to each farmer, and will kill snails quite dependably. In too strong solutions it will kill fish, and this possibility should be kept in mind. �Veterinarians should taka an active part in organizing control campaigns against liver flukes, especially in sheep. Cooperative ar- rangements may be made under the auspices of the State Veterinarian, under which treatments are administered by the veterinarians and the snails destroyed under the supervision of the veterinarian or the county agent. The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry will assist and cooperate in such campaigns whenever possible. In the past three years, livestock organizations have given splendid cooperation, as have county agents. veterinarian should not ngglect this opportunity to assist a livestock industry which Is in serious straits. The �THE COMMON SHEEP LIVER ILIJICE AND THE CAMPAIGN TO CONTROL IT. By L. E. Swanson, Junior Zoologist, Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Salt Lake City, Utah, te —ooo— In areas where conditions are favorable for the propagation of liver flukes, the activities of these parasites have resulted in heavy losses to livestock owners. All cloven-footed animals are hosts to these parasites but sheep are the most susceptible to injury from them. Actual deaths in flocks occur in from a small per cent to the entire flock. Infestations in calves sometimes result in death, but older cattle survive the infestation in spite of great destruction of the liver tissue, although the animals become less thrifty. The mature fluke is a pale brown, flat, leaf-like worm, which lives in the bile ducts of the liver. The flukes usually remain in the liver from 9 to 10 months, but they have been reported as remaining there s' OAJ jr **«■ ^from 3 to 5 years. Each fluke is said to lay approximately 100,000 eggs. These are passed with the feces, and upon reaching water incubate in 3 to 6 weeks in warm weather, each egg ultimately liberating a ciliated larva, known as a miracidium, which attacks certain small, amphibious, fresh-water snails. The miracidium lives only 1 to 3 hours if unable to find a suitable snail host. The snail hosts are small right-handed snails, the shell opening being on the observer's right when the peak of the shell is uppermost and the opening faces the observer. They are found in ditches, springs, lake s^ and sloughs, and show a marked preference for mud. In 49 to 80 days after becoming infected, the snail host will liberate into the water numerous, free-swimming, minute, tadpole-like young flukes known as cercariae. As these swim about they form figure �2- - 8's, and upon striking any of various objects, such as grass, leaves, etc., they encyst on them, or they may encyst in the water and float free on the surface* These cysts, which resemble tiny pearls, are the infective stage. Cattle and sheep grazing on recently flooded fields and sloughs, or along the banks of streams and ponds, swallow the cysts along with the grass or water. Upon reaching the digestive tract the cyst wall is dissolved, liberating the young fluke which burrows through the intestine into the body cavity, finds its way to the liver, penetrates the capsule into the liver tissue, and finally comes to rest in the bile ducts where it reaches sexual maturity. It takes 6 months from the time the egg hatches until the mature flukes are producing eggs. The first symptom noted by the owner is that his lambs fatten readily; this is due to the increased secretion of bile caused by the stimulation of the liver by the flukes. This fattening is only temporary, as later the sheep fall off rapidly in flesh, lag behind the flock, and graze very little. The wool is harsh, brittle and patchy; an edematous swelling,commonly known as a "water bag," appears under the jaw, and with a heavy infestation the sheep may show a distended abdomen; the visible mucous membranes are pale, diarrhea ma3r be evident, and pronounced emaciation may develop and be followed by death. In cattle the symptoms are not so pronounced and may be entirely overlooked, except that there is a lack of response to feeds. There is an annual loss from condemned livers under the federal meat inspection of $300,000 and probably a much larger loss in meat inspection outside of the Federal service^in view of the fact that liver flukes occur principally in States where only a small proportion of the animals raised are slaughtered under Federal inspection. loss in livers under normal economic The indicated total �-3- conditions is about .$1,000,000. Milk cows show a lessened milk flow, the flukes making an inferior cow out of a good one; the coat is starey and harsh, digestive disturbances are manifested by loss of appetite, diarrhea and tympanitis; very rarely there are edematous swellings in the dependent parts of the body. Fatalities are rare among cattle; when they do occur it is usually among calves which have reached the stage of emaciation. Flukey cattle are hard to fatten and require more feed per pound of gain. The treatment for sheep is safe, reliable and inexpensive. tetrachloride is used in a one c.c. dose repeated in 3 to 4 weeks. Carbon Sheep should be treated whenever necessary, but as a routine treatment is advisable in November and December. At the present time there does not ap- pear to be a treatment for flukes in cattle which combines efficacy, safety and cheapness, although there are some drugs which are effective and reasonably safe. As snails are essential in the life cycle of the fluke, their destruction means the destruction of the fluke. Copper sulphate has proved very effective for killing snails. a dilution of 1 part of copper sulphate ' this or much stronger solutions a copper sulphate solution is not harmful to livestock that drink it, but it will kill such non-flowering plants as algae and mosses. Dry copper sulphate may be broadcast^ in powder form, mixed with 6 to 8 parts of lime, land-plaster or sand, over sloughs, ponds and other waters, or placed in sacks in running waters at a slight cost to each farmer, and will kill snails quite dependably. In too strong so- lutions it will kill fish, and this possibility should be kept in mind. �1 4- - Veterinarians should take an active part in organizing control campaigns against liver flukes, especially in 3heep. Cooperative ar- rangements may be made under the auspices of the State Veterinarian, under which treatments are administered by the veterinarians and the snails destroyed under the supervision of the veterinarian or the county agent. The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry will assist and cooperate in such campaigns whenever possible. In the past three years, livestock organizations have given splendid cooperation, as have county agents. tu veterinarian should not neglect this opportunity to assist i ndus tr y# whieti^8-~i»~e«p4«ia==sdymi^. livestock The �/ ? %3 The COMMON SHEEP LIVER ELUKE ANT THE CAMPAIGN TO COST PUL IT By L. 1* Swanson, Junior Zoologist, Zoological. Division, Bureau of Animal Industry,U, s. Department of Agriculture, Salt Lake City, Utah, Office --000— In areas where conditions are favorable for the propagation of liver flukes, the activities of these parasites have resulted in heavy los ea to livestock owners* All cloven»footed animals are hosts to the e parasites but sheep are most susceptible to injury from them. Actual deaths in flocks occur in from a small per cent to the entire flock. Infestations in calves sometimes result in death, but older cattle survive the infestation in spite of great destruction of the liver tissue, although the animals become less thrifty. The mature fluke is a pale brown, flat, leaf-like worm,which lives in the bile ducts of the liver. The flukes usually remain in the liver from 9 to 10 months, but they have been reported as remaining there as long SB 3 to 5 years. Each fluke is said to lay approximately 100,000 eggs. Theye are passed with the feces, and upon reaching water incubate in 3 to 6 weeks in warm weather, each egg ultimately liberating a ciliated larva, known as a miracidium, which attacks certain small, amphibious, fresh-water snails. The miracidium lives only 1 to 3 hours if unable to find a suitable snail host. The snail hosts are small right-handed snails, the shell opening on the observers right when the peak of the shell is uppermost and the opening faces the observer. They are found in ditches, springs, lakes, and sloughs, and show a marked preference for mud. In 49 to 80 days after becoming Infest -ed, the snail host will liberate into the water numerous, freeswimming, minute, tadpole-like young flukes known as cercarlae. I �/ ? %2 The COMMON SHEEP LIVER JTC.UKB AFP THE CAMPAIGN TO COHTRBL IT By 1. S* Swanson, Junior Zoologist, Zoological division, Bureau of Animal Industry,U. s. Department of Agriculture, Salt lake City, Utah, Office --OOO —■ In areas where conditions are favorable for the propagation of liver flukes, the activities of these parasites have resulted in heavy los es to llvestook owners* All cloven»footed animals are hosts to the e parasites but sheep are most susceptible to injury from them. Actual deaths in flocks occur in from a small per cent to the entire flock. Infestations in calves sometimes result in death, but older cattle survive the infestation in spite of great destruction of the liver tissue, although the animals become less thrifty. The mature fluke is a pale brown, flat, leaf-like worm,which lives in the bile ducts of the liver. The flukes usually remain in the liver from 9 to 10 months, but they have be^n reported as remaining there as long as 3 to 5 years* Each fluke is said to lay approximately 100,000 eggs. Thepe are passed with the feces, and upon reaching water incubate in 3 to 6 weeks in warm weather, each egg ultimately liberating a ciliated larva, known as a miracidium, which attacks certain small, amphibious, fresh-water snails. The miracidium lives only 1 to 3 hours if unable to find a suitable snail host. The snail hosts are small right-handed snails, the shell opening on the observers right when the peak of the shell is uppermost and the opening faces the observer, they are found in ditches, springs, lakes, and sloughs, and show a marked preference for mud. In 49 to 80 days after becoming infest -ed, the snail host will liberate into the water numerous, freeswimming, minute, tadpole-like young flukes known as cercarlae. i �(2) Aa these swim about they form figure 8*s, and upon striking any of various objects, such as grass, leaves, etc., they encyst on them, or they may encyst in the water and float free on the surface. These cysts, which resemble tiny pearls, are the infective stage. Cattle and she p grazing on recently flooded fields and sloughs, or along the banks of streams and ponds, swallow the cysts along with the grass or water. Upon reaching the digestive tract the cyst4 wal^is dissolved, liberating the young fluke which burrows throubh the intestine into the body cavity, finds its way to the liver, penetrates the capsule into the liver tissue, and finally comes to rest in the bile ducts where it reaches sexual maturity. It takes 6 months from the time the egg hatches until the mature flukes are producing eggs. The first symptoms noted by the owner is that his lambs fatten readily; this is due to the increased secretion of bile caused by the stimulation of the liver by the flukes. This fatten -ing is only temporary, as later the sheep fall off rapldl in f flesh, lag behind the flock, and graze very little. The wool is harsh, brittle and patchy; an edematous swelling, commonly known as "water bag ", appears under the jaw, and with a heavy infest at -ion the sheep may show a distended abdomen; the visible mucous membranes are pale, diarrhea may be evident, and pronounced emaei -ation may develope and be followed by death. In cattle the symptoms are not so pronounced and may be entirely overlooked, except that there is a lack of responce to feeds. There is an annual loss from condemned livers under the federal meat inspection of 3300,000 and probably a much larger loss in meat inspection outside of the federal service, in view �♦ 3 ( ) / of the fact that liver flukes occur principally in States where *t only a small proportion of the animals raised are slaughtered under Federal inspection. The indicated total loss in livers under normal economic conditions is abo t ;l,000,000. Kilk cows show a lessened milk flow, the flukes making an inferior cow out of a good one; the coat is starey and harsh, digestive disturbances are manifested byloss of appetite, diarrhea and tympanitis; very rarely there are edematous swellings in the dependent parts of the body. Fatalities are r' re among cattle; when they do occur it is usually among calve -s which have reached the stage of emciation. Flukey cattle are hard to fatten and require more feed per pound of gain. The treatment for she•p is safe, reliable and inexpensive. Carbon tetrachloride is used in a one c.c. dose repeated in 3 to 4 weeks. Sheep should be treated whenever necessary, but as a routine treatment is advisable in November and December. At the present time there dees not appear to be a treatment for flukes in cattle which combines efficacy, safety and cheapness, although there are severe some drugs which are effective and reasonably safe. As snails are essential in the life cycle of the fluke, their destruction means the destruction of the fluke . Copper sulphate has proved very effective for killing snails. In a dilution of one part of copper sulphate to 1,^00,000 parts of water this chemical will kill snails. In this or much stronger solutions a Conner sulp -hate solution is not harmful to the livestock that drink It, but it will kill such non-flowering plants as algae and moBses. Prycopper sulphate may be broadcasted in powder form, mixed with 6 to 8 parts of lime, land-pl <ster or sand, over sloughs, ponds and other waters, or placed in sacks in running waters at a slight cofct to each farmer, and will kill snails quite dependably. In too strong solutions it will kill fish, and this possibility should , �/ toe kept in mind* u J Veterinarians should take an active part in organizing control campaigns against liver flukes, especially in sheep. Cooperative arrangements may toe made under the auspices of the State Veterinarian, under which treatments re administered toy the veterinarians and the snails destroyed under the supervision of the veterinarian or the county agent, The Federal Bureau of Animal Industry will assist and cooperate in such campaigns whenever possible. In the past three years, livestock organizations have given splendid cooperation, as have the county agents. The veterinarian should not neglect this oportunity to assist the livestock industry. ———ooo— � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 140 Folder The folder containing the original item. 001 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Common Sheep Liver Fluke and the Campaign to Control It Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcript Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 223-140-001-001 liver-flukes https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/d70a7202f7cc4b55e1572730a9e18051.pdf 7ede0ee74025f82aed555bedfbc16ab4 PDF Text Text i r Radio Interview ATLANTA JOURNAL EDITORIAL HOUR October 25, 1036. Quest lone by bright Bryan# Answers by Dr* SI* B. Raffensperger, In charge of the zoological laboratory* United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry* Q. DR. RAFFENSPEROER, THE OPENING OF SW PACKING H0U8BS IN GEORGIA HAS FOCUSED ATTENTION OH THE PCB3IBHITIKS OF PROFITABLE LIVESTOCK RAISING IN THIS SMI AND IN Till SOUTH GENBRALLY# WE BELIEVE, i FROM TOUR EXPERIENCE AND STUDY OF" SWINE IN THE SOUTH, AH) TOUR CONTACTS fITH THOSE IN OTHER FIELDS OF LIVESTOCK WORK, THAT YOU CAN TELL US MUCH ABOUT THIS INDUSTRY* A* WHAT DO YOU THINK OF ITS FUTURE IN GEORGIA* That is rather a large question, but I can say with- out any doubt that the industry will add to the income and the well-being of Georgia farmers if they will take advantage of the opportunities which are presenting themselves* Geor is is now producing about nineteen million dollars' worth of hogs each year* state* This is rather a fine showing for our It is interesting to rote that the farm value per head has increased from about #S*dQ two years am to $7*60 this year* Some of this increase is due* I believe, to s better quality of hogs now being raised in this State But there is much progress to be made, for Georgia is consuming more pork than she produces* Dean Chapman's figures show that we bring into this state each year the meat of approximately 1,400,000 hogs. Q. YOU MEAN, DOCTOR, THAT THE 1 EOPLE OF GEORGIA EAT THE MEAT OF ABOUT 1,400,000 HOGS MORE THAN THE FARMS OF GEORGIA PRODUCE? A* Yes sirl You can readily see the possibilities of the livestock industry in this state. If we produced only wtet we consume �- 2 4 in Georgia, there would be room for a greet inoroaso la avine production* The some thing is true of beef settle, since the beef which we bring into this state exceeds by 250,000 cattle the amount Q. produced in this state* SUPPOSE THE FARMER DOK:* RAISE IDEE LIVESTOCK. IB THERE A MARKET FOR HIS PRODUCT? A* Assuredly there Is* hsve established plants in Georgia. in the state now. and Augusta* Our largest meat packers There are fire of these plants They are located in Atlanta, Albany, Tift on, Moultrie, Thelr capacity is entirely ample to process all the live- stock raised in Georgia, end e great deal mere* They not only stand ready to buy the farmers* stock — for cash — but their continued existence depend entirely on the farmers* willingness to produce the raw na terial for them. this state. They are banking on the growth of the livestock Industry in They ere adding to the wealth of this state, a«3 it is up to our farmers to Justify their position by taking advantage of the opportunity which presents itself. Q. IS IT NECESSARY FOR A FARMER TO ABARDCK OTHER LINES OF ACTIVITY T 0 ENGAGE IN LIVESTOCK RAISING? A* Hot at all* The growing of livestock should be part of a general farm program, end the income from sale of stock will be added to the present farm income* It is en accepted fact that any farm prefer am, to be well balanced, must be diversified* The farmer must not confine all of his efforts to one crop, or to any one source of income. loses his year’s work. If he does — and fails — he A diversified farm raises several different crops, looking first to supply ths farmer*® own table, and then to a surplus of cash crops for the m rket. Any wall balanced farm program must include livestock, for livestock enriches the land, in addition to being a cash crop that can be turned into cash any day in the year* �Q. I OAK APHRSCI ATE THE TRUTH Of THIS, DOCTOR, FOR T<DAY»S ATLANTA JOURNAL GARRIES ON THI FRONT PAGE AN ASSOCIATED PRESS DISPATCH FROM WASHINGTON SHOWING TEAS THE INCOME (F GEORGIA FARMERS FROM SALE OF LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS WAS US,498,OOO IN THE FIRST EIGHT MONTHS OF THIS YEAR. 'THIS WAS A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE OVER THE SAME PERIOD OF X955 WHEN THE INCOME FROM LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS WAS $11,641,000. GROWING. APPARENTLY GEORGIA IS WELL SUITED FOR LIVESTOCK IS THIS TRUE? A. It certainly is. We have a long growing season. We can grow feed crops the year round. Because of the mild climate, our f am era do not need expensive buildings to house or shelter their livestock. You see, Mr. Bryan, raising feed crops ©very month in the year means that you do not have to harvest and store your crops to provide winter feed. You simply keep the animals In the field where they do their own harvesting. Q. SOUTH GEORGIA. DOCTOR, WE HAVE ALL HEARD OF THE RAZOHBACK HOG OF TELL US ABOUT A. That cuts down overhead expense. TtUB ANIMAL. Well, Mr. Bryan, the re; orbsck hog may have been famous in the peat, but at present .he is disappearing, ami he is not worth much an the m rket. The rszorback, or we might say the native or common stock, is largely permitted to seek its own food. It said cm finds the proper food, does not put on much weight, and there is no demand on the as rket for this type of animal. this out and ;te turning to better hogs. Our farmers are finding You have read of the thousands of young pigs from the drought areas in the west that have been shipped into this state. Our farmers are buying these young pigs to feed during the �- nsxt 1 *® tm iaonths* 3088 of mvy 4 - flamers plan to keep some of them for brood stock these pigs from the West are pure bred or have e large percentage of pure breeding* Here in Georgia young pigs can be pnoduoed every month in the year; fanners can plan and feed so that their pigs will be farrowed in the spring and be ready for market in August and Septentoer vihen prices are highest* Q* THE SO-CALL "PINEY WOODS" CATTLE STAHLS B JUST ABOUT THE SAME CLASS AS THE RA20RBACK HOG, A* Tea* DOESN'T HE, DR. RAPFENSPERGER? The only way to improve any kind of livestock is to hi lid qp the breed of animals, and then develop the proper feed crops and pasturage that can be raised most cheaply, and at the same time fill put the proper kind of moat on the animals* Q* I UHDERST ALL THE DKPART1I3HT QF AGRICULTURE WITH ITS STAFF OF TECHNICAL WORKERS HAS BKSf MAKING UITSD7IGATI0RS FOR A NUMBER OF TEARS IN SCUTE GEORGIA, SEEKING TO FIND A WAT IN ABICH THE FARMER CAN R ilSE MORE AND BETTER HOGS. HAS THE WAT BEST FOUND, DR. AND WILL YOU TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT IT? RAFFENSPERGER, I*M SURE THE FARMERS WILL BE' INTERESTED — AND THE CITY PEOPLE MAT ALSO BE INTERESTED WHEN THEY HEAR YOU SAY THAT A PIG WANTS TO BE CLEAN. A* Well for ten years the Department of Agriculture has had a laboratory at Moultrie, and through experimentation many interesting things have bean discovered* pig wanting to be a clean animal is true* What you say about a Cleanliness counts, even with pigs* I had planned to tell our audience about the technical studies we have made, but my farmer friends in South Georgia tell me to forget technical w ords and give them the plain everday language* �/ - 5 - It Is true the south f onaerly suffered heavy losses In swine. When the hogs roamed the swamps, owners suffered greet losses. The pigs did not have the proper food, the young pigs were killed, and the methods were not et all satisfactory. Q. WELL, DOC TOP, WHAT DID YOUR DSPjiRTMm' DO ABOUT THIS? A. We soon discovered that to raise hogs successfully in the south, we must keep them out of the swamps. give his hogs good care end feed. and feed thorn a balanced ration. He must keep t The farmer must 'mm in a -ood pas tire f It has been proved time and time again that the farmer who puts his sow in a dean field - which means one that was previously cultivated, or a field in which hogs had not bean fed during the previous year, will raise about a third more pigs out of a litter than he did by the old method. Q. He does this because his losses are smaller. YOU MEAN, DR. RAFFSHSP®OER, THAT THE FARMER WHO KEEPS HIS PIGS IN A CLEAN FIELD W ILL RAISE A GREATER PERCENTAGE OF HIS PIGS TO i&TURITY THAN THE FARMER WHO DOESN'T? A. Exactly that! We call it the Swine Sanitation Plan beoause it means a clean place for pigs. And not only does the farmer raise more pigs In e clean field, but these pigs will make greater galnsj they will grow much faster when fed e balanced ration. WS had an example of this at a hog show in Moultrie recently. Z wish you could have been there. on display, aids by side. There were two pigs They were exactly the same age, six months and ten days, and about the same breeding. But the one that roamed the swamps to find his feed weighed only FORTY POUNDS, while the other hog - we call him a sanitary hog - weighed TWO HUNDRED AND FORTY POUNDS. �6 The one was worth not only top market price, but weighed c two hundred pounds more than the other, end can. be sold readily, while there is practically no market demand for the poorer typo animal* Q* THAT IB MOST XNTJERB BUT HOB COULD ONE WEIGH .. t . SO MUCH MORE WHEN THEY WERE THE SAMI AGE? A* It was the care of sow and litter during the suckling period that accounted for a great deal of the difference* management made up the rest* Peed and The little pig that weighed only 40 pounds had roamed the swamps, eating what it could find* It wasn't any trouble to its owners — and of course, it wasn't worth much* The hog that weighed 240 pounds had been raised in a clean field and, in addition to the pasture crop, had been fed a balanced ration, and had been given a mineral mixture of e*jual parts of ground limestone, salt, and bone meal* It got off to a good start by being bora in a clean field, and it was provided with the necessary feed and minerals to grow rapidly and produce good quality iaeat to command the highest market prices* Q. BUT THE BIG ll Q GOUT THE PARKER MORE, DIDN'T IT? A* Yes, but not nearly so much as you might think# The farmer raises practically everything which he feeds this hog, and the farmer is a business man* lis is willing to spend a few cents when he sees an opportunity to said a few dollars. the big hogs dollars# He planned. This is what he did to got He used good management* He invested a few And he got a much greater return — more than enough to pay him for the things he did and the man with the forty-pound hog neglected to do# Q. THLr< IB MOST INTERE3Hm. BUT ARE THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA MAKING USE OF THIS METHOD VHICH THE DEPARTMENT 0 HAS OUTLINED? AGRICULTURE �A. Yes. excellent results* There are a number of than using the pi n with More end more use it each yeer as they see what their neighbors are doing with it* Vihen every farmer in the Southeastern states has adopted millions this plan It will mean la&b&feaB of dollars more for them. And our years of work will have accompli shod what we set out to do* The information also is being spread thro gh the vocational agricultural student projects and through the 4-41 Club work of the county agents* The state colleges of Agriculture end the state experiment farms also are following the Swine Sanitation Plan, and helping to peas it on to the farmers. It does seem to ms that through these different agencies the program of better swine raising practices, which of course will Include sanitation, better breeding and feeding, will be extended in the next several years, and the swine industry placed on a sounder basis for more profitable pork production in the south* Q. OUR FARM LISTENERS, NO DOUBT, WMOD 13DRS HORS DOT XlS Or THE FLANS YOU HAVE OUTIIUSD, DO YOU HAVE THE SWINE SANITATION SYSTEM DESCRIBED IN PRINT? SO THEY MIGHT GET A COPY? A. Number 108* Yes* We shall be glad to send a copy of leaflet They may write to the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D, C«, and ask for leaflet Number 108* of charge. It will be sent free Or they can write to me in care of this station, and I will see that a copy, of this leaflet Is mailed to them* The United States Department of Agriculture and the state experiment station and extension services also have literature about beef cattle raising which should be valuable to those who wish to participate In building the great livestock industry in Georgia. � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 136 Folder The folder containing the original item. 010 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Radio interview for Atlanta Journal Editorial Hour with Hayes B. Raffensperger about new packing houses in Georgia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hayes B. Raffensperger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1936 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcript Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 223-136-010-001 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/141941bb326b1165a163e114b8456f82.pdf f4f12fa96b3b561cb1ccff55cd266eb0 PDF Text Text fctjUrvJ/' PROFITS III SWIKE S1ITITATI0D A radio talk "by Dr.. Benjamin Schwartz, Bureau of Animal Industry, delivered through WRC and 31 other stations associated Tilth the National Broadcasting Company, 12:55 p.m., Thursday, February 13, 1930. The past 10 years have seen what amount's to a revolution in the production methods of the hog industry. . The old methods of raising swine in permanent hog lots have steadily given way to an improved method — the socalled swine sanitation system. You know the history of the new method. The Bureau of Animal Industry in the United States' Department of Agriculture developed it. Many of you know the principles of the swine sanitation system, and practice them. Today, as the farrowing season again draws near, I merely want to place before you again the facts which show that swine sanitation helps cut down hog production costs. Runiiness, unthriftiness and deaths are common among pigs raised. In old hog lots and on permanent pastures. Swine raisers who use the old system commonly market only- a little more than half the pigs farrowed. The other.half die before they are ready for market. Some deaths even now are due to accidents of various sorts. But the" heaviest death toll is exacted Dy parasites and diseases. The swine sanitation system protects the young pigs from parasites and helps prevent spme of the common swine diseases. Thus it tides the young pigs over the most critical period of their lives and cuts in half losses due to death and unthriftiness. In McLean County, Illinois, where the swine-sanitation system was originally tested under farm conditions, for a period of 6 years, more tnan three-fourths of the pigs f arrowed were marketed. The few that died succumbed to hog cholera and various accidents which could have been prevented to a large extent by more careful management. Please remember, by the way, that swine sanitation does not prevent hog cholera. To obtain the best results from swine sanitation it is essential to protect pigs from cholera by the approved methods of immunization. The essential steps in swine sanitation are as follows: The farrowing house should be thoroughly cleaned and then scrubbed with hot water and lye. The sows should be washed with warm water and soap before they are placed in the clean farrowing pens. It is especially essential to wash around the udders, in order to remove adhering dirt which may contain eggs of parasites and disease germs. After the sow and pigs have remained in the clean pens for from 10 days to two weeks and have thus been protected from contact with other hogs, they should be hauled — not driven — to a clean pasture previously prepared and sown to a suitable forage croo. The pigs should be kept on the clean pasture and away from older hogs, other than tneir mothers, until they are at least four months old. In case of fall farrowing, it is not necessary to wash the sows if they have been on (Over) �* R-UBC . « 2- - 2-15-30 I pasture during the summer and are not encrusted with mud. The pregnant ' " ^ SOT; may he put directly on the clean pastures a few days before fall |arrow-^ ing. The procedure used for fall farrowing in the North is applicable to the South throughout the year, as the mild southern climate does not call j for permanent farrowing' houses. * Hundreds of farmers in the Middle West, inihe South, and,elsewhere by following these simple predautionshave increased their pig crops hy about 50 per cent without increasing their breeding stock. Moreover, the pigs raised under these simple sanitary procedures are usually ready for market about two months earlier than pigs raised under the old system. Here is a chance to make a great saving in feed and to. avoid the risk of disease shortening the fattening period. Farmers who do not desire to increase their usual quantity of pork can still effect a great saving hy reducing the number of sows required to produce their present crop of pigs. Under the .swine-sanitation system as many, pigs can be raised! from 2 sows as were ordinarily raised from 3 sows with the old plan. This' effects a considerable saving, as it has- been estimated that it costs as much as $50 a year to feed a sow where a large proportion of the feed must be purchased. If you are getting only a fair return on your investment in hogs you can increase your net profit per sow hy adopting the swine-sanitation system as hundreds of farmers have been doing foh the past decade. If your ventures in pig raising have been unprofitable, it may be largely because you need to follow the example of farmers who have converted similar losses into profits by the practice of sanitation. . It does not pay to feed parasites; feed for pork production. ' � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 135 Folder The folder containing the original item. 007 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Profits in Swine Sanitation radio talk Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Schwartz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcript Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 223-135-007-001