1 15 26 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 056 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1508 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Nature Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 28 1971 Title A name given to the resource New World: PSAC Hiccoughs Over 2, 4, 5 -T Subject The topic of the resource herbicide regulation herbicide toxicology DDT ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/3115a0b0721d97ce1ccc804a998ccf6d.pdf 38777d4fb47a0a6bdbd237f831c9d4c0 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °1185 Author Anonymous Corporate Author Report/Article Tltlfl Technology Notes JOUrnal/BOOk TitlB World Review of Pest Control Year 1969 Month/Day Color n Number of bnages 1 DeSOriptOU Notes Alvin L Youn 9 f'led tnis item under the category "DDT/Human Toxicology and Environmental Fate" Wednesday, April 11, 2001 Page 1185 of 1242 �or Technology noted W.VIN t. YOUNG DDT and man's health It is a strange fact that, in their consideration of the long' term hazards to man of exposure to the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the Advisory Committee on Poisonous Substances used in Agriculture and Food Storage, made no mention of the men subject to high and continuous exposure in the manufacture of these compounds. Dr Hayes, in his contribution to the Royal Society discussion of the toxicity of pesticides to man,1 concluded that real assurance about the possible long-term effects of small repeated doses may be gained by studying the effects of larger doses given over a briefer period. Hence the results of a clinical and chemical study of men with an intensive occupational exposure to DDT, carried out by Laws, Curley and Biros," arc of high interest. This study was made on thirty-five men with eleven to nineteen years of work in a factory that has produced DDT continuously and exclusively since 1947, now producing an average of six million pounds per month. The content of DDT, its isomcrs and metabolic products, in the men's fat ranged from 38 to 647 ppm; the average for the general population of this area is 8 ppm. From these figures and the excretion of DDA in the urine, it was estimated that the mean daily intake of DDT by the twenty men with high occupational exposure was 17-5 to 18 mg per man per day; the average for the general population was 0-04 mg per man per day. Neither medical history, physical examination, routine clinical tests nor chest x-ray revealed any ill effects attributable to this massive exposure to DDT. 1 Hayes, W. J. Jr, 1967, Proc. R. Soc. B., 187, 101. 2 Laws, E. R., Curley, A. and Biros, F. J., 1967, Arch, environ. Health, 16, 766. International Congress of Plant Protection The Seventh International Congress of Plant Protection will be held in Paris from September 21st to 25th, 1970. The objectives of the Congress are those of previous Congresses, the sixth of which was held in Vienna in 1967, though the seventh Congress will not be concerned with the chemistry of pesticides, but rather their general characteristics. Section A, dealing with economic studies, will include the significance of crop losses due to pests, the economic aspects of pest control, the implementing of crop protection measures and methods of investigation. Section B comprises: (I) prophylactic methods including sanitation, the use of resistant varieties, regulatory methods; (2) mechanical and physical methods such as thermal therapy, irradiation, etc; (3) chemical methods such as the use of pesticides, chemosterilants, attractants, repellents and inhibitors; (4) biological methods; (5) integrated control, prognosis and warnings. Section C is for the study of the consequences of pest control including the risk of residues and their effects on wild life and the problems of pesticide resistance. Section D is concerned with general procedures for the application of control measures. The Congress is sponsored by the Socie'te' Francaise de Phytiatrie et de Phytopharmacie, from whom further particulars may be obtained, the address being 57, Boulevard Lannes, 75-Paris XVP, France. Technological economics of pest control and crop protection The Symposium arranged under the above title by the Pesticides Group of the Society of Chemical Industry was mentioned in an earlier Technology Note (Spring 1968, p. 5); further details are now available. The symposium will open, on the evening of September 77 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 047 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1185 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived World Review of Pest Control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Title A name given to the resource Technology Notes Subject The topic of the resource DDT pesticide toxicology health effects ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/7202c8e260245319d6c815ef19e054e5.pdf 3c59d1278d27fc83eaf51375dd1eeb4a PDF Text Text Item ID Number Author Anonymous Corporate Author Report/Article TltlO Bibliography: DDT Insecticide Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color " Number of Images 4 Alvin L. Young filed this item under the category "DDT/Human Toxicology and Environmental Fate" Possible bibliography by/for Alvin L. Young for DDT related articles in this collection Wednesday, April 11,2001 Page 1184 of 1242 �BIBLIOGRAPHY DDT INSECTICIDE 1. Abdel Kader, M. M.; A. M. Emara; G. Kamel; A. Habib. Chemico-»Palhological changes in the Liver of Industrial Workers chronically exposed to Cotton Dust 2. Adamouie, V. M.; B. Sokic. 1973. In Female Abdominal Fatty Tissue. 3. Anderson, J. M., .M.R. Peterson. 1969. DDT: Sublethal Effectson Brook Tro.yt Nervous System. Science 164: 440-441 4. Anonymous. 5. Anonymous. 1976. Protection Agency 6. Bababumi, E. 1978. Toxins and Carcinogens in the Environment Am Observation in the Tropics. Journal of; Toxicology and Environmental Health 4; 691^699, 7. • Braun, D. C. ; J. A. Jurgiel; P. Gross, 1973. Establishing Environmental Criteria. Arch Environ. Health vol.. 27 pp. 121-123 8. Burnett, Robin. 1971, DDT Residues! Distribution of Concetrations in Ementa analoqa (Stimpson) along Coastal California. Science 174: 606-608 9. Burrows, W. D. D. R. Coqley, W. G. Light, J. C, Dacre, G. Woodward. 1979. Problem Definition studies on Potential Environmental Pollutants, VII. Physical, Chemical, Toxicological, and Biological Properties of DDT and its Derivatives. Technical Report by U . S . Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory: 1-68 Lower Level Phenomeba 6& DDT, Cumulation Arhhigradu: Vol 24. pp. 303-305 1970, AMA Speaks Up for DDT. Farm Chemicals pg. 30 Criteria Document for DDT (DDD,' DDE). Environmental 10. Burruss Jr. R. P; D. H. Sargent. 1976. Technical and Microeconomic Analysis of Arsenic and its Compounds. Environmental Protection Agency 11. Carlson, L. A.; B. Kolmodin-Hedman. 1972. Hyper-a-Lipoproteinemia, In men Exposed to chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides. Acta Med. Scand1. Vol. 192, pp. 29-32 12. Clifford, N. J.; J. Weil. 1972. Cortisol Metabolism in Person Occupationally Exposed to DDT. Arch Emviron, Health vol. 24 pp. 145-147 13. Davies, J. E.; W. F. Edmundson; A. Maceo; F. L. Irviri IIIj J.Cassady; A. Barquet. 1971. Reduction of Pesticide Residues in Human Adipose Tissue with Diphenylhdantion. Fd. Cosmet Toxicol: vol 9, pp. 413-423 14. Deichman, W. B. 1972. Toxicology of DDT and Related Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides. Journal of Occupational Medicine, vol 14, No 4 pp. 285-292 15. Deichmann, E. B.; W. E. MacDonald. 1971. Organochlorine Pesticides and Human Health. Fd. Comet. Toxicol: vol 9, pp. 91-103 16. Devlin, R. M. 1974. DDT: A Renaissance? 8 (4) pp. 322-325 Environmental Science & Technology �17. D'Ercole, M. D.; J. R. D. Arthur; J. D. Cain; B, F. Berrentive. 1976. Insecticide Exposure of Mother and Newborns in a Rural Agricultral Area. Pediatrics vol. 57 pp. 869-874 18. Durham W. P. Significance of Pesiticide Residues to Human Health. Journal of Dairy Science Vol 54 pp. 701-^707 19. Edmundson, W. P.; J. Davies; M. Crcemmer. 1970. DDT andDDE in Blood and DDA in Urine of Men Exposed to 3 percent DDT Aersol. Public Houtl Report vol 85 No 5 pp. 457-463 20. Freed, V. H.; R, Haupe; D. Schmedding. 1972. Vaporization and Environmental Contaminuation by DDT. chemosphere vol 2 pp. 61r> 21. Gilpin, W. A. 22. Grosch, D. D, 1970, Poisoning with DDT? Second - and Third - Year Reproductive Performance of Artemia, BioScience 20 (16): 913 23. Hayes, W. J. Jr. 24. Hayes, W. J.; W . E . Dale; C, I« Pirkle. 1971, Evidence of Safety of Long Term Hin High, Oral Doses of DDT for Man. Arch Emviron Health, Vol 22. pp. 119-135 25. Haque, R. ; I. J. Tinsley, D. Schmedding. Science vol. 174; 145-147 1970. A Case of Human Pesticide Poisoning. 1969, DDT and Mans Health. 1917. Michigan Medicine World Review of Pest Control 8:77 Binding of DDT to Lecithin 26. ;Heinrichs, .W. L.; R. J, Gellertj.J. L, Bakkej N. L. Lawrence, 1971 DDT Administered to Neonatal Rats Induces Persistent Estrus Syndrome, Science 173; 642-643 27. Heyndrick, A.; R, Maes. The Excretion of Chlorinated Hydrocabon Insecticides In Human Mother Milk , 28. Heyndricks A.; R, Maes, 1958. Two accidental cases of pp DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl TrichloroeThane) Poisoning In children, "Mitchelle, L, C, J, Assoc, Office. Agr Chemist 41, 781 pp. 453^459 29. Janicki, R. H,; W. B. Kinter, 1971. DDT; Disrupted Osmoregulatory Events in the Intestine of the Eel Anquilla rostrata Adapted to Seawater. Science 173: 1146-1148 30. Jukes TV H. 31. Kolmodin-Heidman, B. 1973. Changes In Drugs Metabolism and Lipoproteins In workers Occupationally Exposed to DDT and Lindane. Arh Hig rada vol, 24 pp. 289^296 32. Kreseth, N, J.; J. E. Bjerk; N, Fimreite; J, Steneren. 1979, Residues of In a Norwegian Fruitgrowing District Two and Four Years after the Termination of DDT Usage. vol. 8 pp, 201^212 33. Kutz, F. W , ; A. R. YOB.; S, C. Strassman; J. F. Viar, Jr. In Peoples, vol. 11 pp. 61^63 1979. DDT ana Cancer. Clinical Toxicology vol, 14(4) pp 461-463 1977. Pesticides �34. Kutz, F. W,; A. R. YOBS; S,C. Strassman, 1977. Racial Stratification of Orgaochlorine Insecticide? Residues In Human Adipose Tissue. Journal of Occupational Medicine vol, 19 pp.' 619-622 35. Kutz. F. W.; R. S. Murphy; S. C. Strassman. 1978. Survey of Pesitcides Residues and Their Metabolites In Urine from the General Population, 36. Law, E. R.; W. C. Maddrey. 1973. Long-Term Occupational Exposure to DDT. Arch Environ Health vol, 27 pp.318-321 37. Mamelian, A, 38. Morgan, D, P.; C. C, Roam. 1974, Liver Function in Workers Having High Tissue Stores of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides, Arch Environ Health Vol. 29 pp. 14-17 39. McQueen, E. G.; D. Owen; D, G. Ferry. Drugs in Reducing Serum DDT Levels 40. Odum, W. E.; G. M, Woodwell; C. F. Wurster, 1969, DDT Residues Absorbed from Or/ganic Detntos by Fiddler Crabs, Science 164: 576-577 41. Pedersen, N. B,; J, Thormannj A, Senning, 1980. Occupational contact allergy to bis-(4-*chlorophenyl)-methyl ehloride. Contact Dermatitis vol. 6 pp. 56 42. Quinby, G. E. Dr,; J. F, Armstrong, and Dr. W. F. Durham, Human Milk. Nature 207 (4998): 726-728 43. Stadelman, W, J. 1973. Record of Some Chemical Residues in Poutry Products, BioScience 23(7)j 424-427 44. Stern, P. 1973. The Effect of DDT on Muscle Dystrophy and It's Role in Producing Rest Tremor. Arh H±g rada vol. 24 pp, 297 45. Strassman, S.C.; F. W. Kutz. 1977. Insecticde Residues In Human Milk from Arkansas and Mississippi, vol. 10 pp. 130-133 46. Swenson, A. 1973. Organic Mercurials Used as Furgicides. vol. 24 pp. 307 47. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. DDT: A Review of Scientific and Economic Aspects of the Decision to Ban Its use as a Pesticide. Report by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pp. 1-300 48. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1976. Criteria Document for DDT (DDD, DDE) Environmental Protection Agency, 49. Wasserman, M; L. Tomatis; D, Wasserman; N, E, Day; Y, Gronerj S. Lazarovici; P. Rosenfed, 1974, Pesticides People. Epidemiology of Organochlorine Insecticides in the Adipose Tissue of Israelis, Pesticides Monitoring Journal; vol, 8 pp. 1-7 50. Witter, R. F. Human Health. 1969. DDT: Demise Impending? Chemical Engineering 32-34 1972. Effect of Phentoin and other 1965. DDT in Arh Hig Rada; 1959. Protection of shade Trees with DDT and its Relation to Health, Education, Wealfare. 51. Wright, J. W. 1970. DDT: It is needed against malana, but for the whole environment. Smithsonian 1(7): 40r-49 �52. Wolfe, H. R.; J. F. Armstrong;. 1971, Exposure of Formulating Plant Workers to DDT. Arch Environ Health 23: 169-176 53. Wolfe, H. R. 1969. Human Health Aspects of DDT. Presented at State of Washington DDT Hearing! 1-6 54. Woodwell, G. M.; P. P. Craig; H. A, Johnson. Where does it go? Science 174; HOlr-lllO 55. Woodard, B.; B. B. Ferguson; D. J. Wilson. 1976. DDT Levels in Milk of Rural Indigent Blacks. Environmental Protection Agency 56. Wurster, C. F. 1971. 1971. How invoations go wrong. Selected Statements DDT in the Biosphere; Innovation 17; 20-29 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 047 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1184 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bibliography: DDT Insecticide Subject The topic of the resource DDT ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 027 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0415 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Stars and Stripes -- The National Tribune Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1 1983 Title A name given to the resource Toxins Used in Vietnam Subject The topic of the resource dioxin herbicide regulation DDT ground troops exposure ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/174a023bbc04a671aa18a8fa975d965d.pdf fc43748fc0fae6722c808934f405d30c PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00241 Author Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB Form: Military Insecticides, Use In Vietnam, AOPO/November-December 1983, Document Source: Disposition Form - Survey of Chemical Hazards, 22 August 1971 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color LJ Number of Images 5 DOSCripten NOtBS Includes the disposition form, which describes a survey of Long Binh Depot's storage area conducted on 19 August 1971 by A.F.J. Sommerand N.E. Pennington Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 253 of 341 �Military Insecticides Use In Vietnam AOPO/tfoveraber-December 1983 Document Source tXSfCStV^ v<r»^ _ - jU>^>^M U \ Date of Document Insecticides Mentioned (Type/Quant ity/Use) Other Information If Available Method of Application : Location of Application Military Unit if Different from Above Names of Personnel Mentioned Significant Event(s) - Spill, Fire, Explosion, Clean-up �DISPOSITION FORM For *&•• ol this form, ••• AR 340-15; *• proponent ogoncy It Th» Adfutonl C*n«rol'i Offic*. x£H=ffiNC£ OK OfTKt SYMBOL AVHSU-PM WWKT Survey of Chemical Hazards «°M C, PVNTMED Div DATE 22 Aug 71 CMT 1 LTG'Pennington/dg/2605 $. 1. A survey of the Long Binh Depot chemical storage area was conducted on 19 Aug 71 by COL A.F.J. Sommer, Chief, Preventive Medicine Division and LTC N.E. Pennington, Entomology Consultant, accompanied by LTC Hichard R. Williams, Chief, Storage Division, Long Binh Depot. 2. This survey revealed many containers of toxic pesticide materials which were leaking due to rust, chemical deterioration and/or damage. These materials include such concentrated pesticides as 95% Malathion, 72% Chlordane, 18% Dieldri 12% Lindane, 75% DDT and the less concentrated 5% DDT and 2% Diazinon. These hazardous materials are contaminating sizable areas in two locations within the depot. Most of these materials are readily absorbed through the skin and in their concentrated form present a very serious health hazard to personnel working in and around these areas. The very poor condition of containers make it extremely hazardous for the unsupecting or unknowledgeable individual to attempt to handle these materials for any purpose. In addition to the hazard presented through accidental direct contact with these chemicals, many of them are prepared in a light oil base presenting a potential fire hazard when thus exposed to accidental ignition. 3. Considerable amounts of hazardous chemicals and.pesticides are unserviceable, unauthorized for further use or excess to the needs of this command and require disposal. Several staff sections of this command are currently involved in identifying these materials, determining quantities, developing disposal recommendafetions and requesting disposal guidance from higher command. This is an arduous task which will require coordination and the utmost cooperation between staff elements involved, ICCV, support commands and Depot personnel. 4. The total problem of disposal is not expected to be resolved in the very near future; however, the health hazard to personnel of this command by exposure to these toxic chemicals must be dealt with immediately. The only obvious solution to this immediate problem is^to recontainerize these materials to remove the exposure hazard. The condition of many containers is such that they could not even be moved to a disposal site without endangering the.personnel involved with such movement. It is recognized that transferring these materials to new containers presents an exposure hazard in itself and all due caution, protective and safety devices, must be employed. Technical guidance for minimum precautions 'necessary to handle these chemicals is available through the USAKV Surgeon and Safety Officer. In general the precautions would include a thorough knowledge of the item being handled, protective clothes (aprons, boots, gloves, etc.), P A | FORM OylQ/? tJr\ i FES « £*r«7Q REPLACES 00 FOR* H, EXISTING SUPPLIES Of WHICH WILL K ISSUED AND UCKO UNTIL i FEB u UNI CM SOONER EXHAUSTED. . _„ " GPO �6 'i **.>. • '*' v ';:r* SUBJECT: Survey of Chemical Hazards :' 22Aug71 respiratory protection, availability of soap and a large quantity of water for decontamination in case of accidental spills, coordination with the local medical treatment facility to insure antidotes are available, if required, and close supervision to insure adherence to safety precautions. All hazardous chemicals and pesticides which require disposal and for which disposal instructions are not available should be segregated in an area of minimal traffic and marked with signs in both English and Vietnamese as a toxic chemical area. 5. During this survey no attempt was made to identify all of the hazardous chemicals and pesticides which will require repackaging or recontainerizing, nor was any attempt made to identify all items in this class which are no longer authorized or are in excess to the requirements of this command. It was noted; however, that several items marked for disposal (PDO) were high or medium use items, and it appeared that many could be returned to stock with little or no repackaging or recrating effort, but some sorting effort would be required. It is well recognized, that the best method of disposal is through normal intended use of the item; therefore, every effort should be made to salvage and return to stocks all items and quantities possible so they can be expended through normal usage. This will require accurate inventories and coordination to reduce requisitioning objectives and to insure that stocks are reduced to proper levels. 6. The Surgeon will provide every assistance possible by itemizing those items which are no longer authorized for use or are in excess to the needs of the command and will provide recommendations for disposal of items which have been or are being developed. In order to provide this assistance a list of the items, accurate quantities on-hand and physical locations must; however, be provided. 7. During this survey some items in poor or damaged, leaking containers were specifically identified, but no quantities were obtained. Based on this infornation the following recommendations are made for these specific items: a. 6840-926-1481-Insecticide, Malathion, 95%, 55 gal drums. This item is a high use item and the containers are not in a deteriorated condition. The spillage and resulting contamination was caused by damage to the drums during handling. Recommandahions: ' (1) Closer supervision be employed to prevent damage to drums during handling. (2) Solutions still remaining in damaged drums be recontainerized and issued for use. �SUBJECT; Savvey of Chemicai Hazards *' " (3) 'Drums fee palletized to facilitate handling. • b. 6840-270-8262 -Insecticide, Ghlordane, 72%, 5 gal can. This item has a limited use in the command. Recommendations: (1) Serviceable material be returned to stock. (2) Material in unserviceable containers be recontainerized and placed in the segregated area pending disposal instructions. c. 6840-264-9043 - Insecticide, Dieldrin, 18%, 5 gal can. There is no further requirement for this item. Recommend that material in poor containers be recontainerized and all stocks be placed in the segregated area pending disposal instructions. d. 6840-685-5438 - Insecticide, Malathion, 57%, 5galca,n. This is a high use item and a large quantity was noted marked PDO. Recommendations: (1) All serviceable containers be separated from unserviceable containers and returned to stock (at a cost of approximately $30.00 per can, this is an economical exercise). These stocks should be marked for issue priority over cans in new condition. (2) Serviceable material (uncontaminated by water or foreign matter) in unserviceable containers be recontainerized and returned to stock as above. (3) Unserviceable material in unserviceable containers be recontainerized and placed in segregated area pending disposal instructions. e. 6840-264-6692 - Insecticide, DDT, 75%, 20 Ib pails. This is a limited use item. Recommend that serviceable material be returned to stock and material in unserviceable containers be recontainerized and placed in segregated area pending disposal instructions. f. 6840-253-3892 - Insecticide, DDT, 5%, 5 gal can. This item has been restricted to limited cuse and is considered as no longer required. There appears to be large amounts of this item on hand and attempts should be made to transfer this item to ARVN, USAID, or other agency, to obtain disposal through intended use. Recommend material in unserviceable containers be recontainerized and all stocks placed, in the segregated area pending disposal instructions. �AVHSU-RM , SUBJECT: Survey of ••-••• .»• . . Hazardsx; Chemical • • •• " . ' • -:'"5*i " ""'' ' r ",,.j, ,. -- . ,. ' : I "*V'."' ,r,fc' ••.-•-.:.., ••• • i ' • '• ''-" " '•. . " • g. 8840-753-5038-Insecticide, Diaiinon, 2%, 25 Ib pail. This is a high use item. Recommendations: (1) All serviceable containers be returned to stock. (2) Serviceable material in unserviceable containers be recontainerized and returned to stock. (3) Unserviceable material be recontainerized and. placed in the segregated, area pending disposal instructions. h. 6840-242-4213 - Insecticide, Lindane, 12%, 5 gal can. This item is no longer required. Recommend that material in unserviceable containers be recontainerized and all stocks placed in the segregated area pending disposal instructions. V\ A.F/.J. SOMMER Colonel, MC Chief, Preventive Medicine Division � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0241 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Form: Military Insecticides, Use in Vietnam, AOPO/November-December 1983, Document Source: Disposition Form - Survey of Chemical Hazards, 22 August 1971 Subject The topic of the resource pesticide storage pesticide disposal DDT https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/eb8d19f15c1f862c9d812471683c0c76.pdf eda48422715692eb7c14aa0c820f23f2 PDF Text Text °0236 Item ID Number Author Corporete Author Report/Article Title Form: Military Insecticides, Use in Vietnam, AOPA/November-December 1983, Document Source: Marine Aircraft Group Report, April 67 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color ' Number of Images 1 DOSOripton NotOS Summarizes quantities of Malathion and DDT applied in certain Vietnam provinces in April 1967. Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 248 of 341 �Military Insecticides JJse In Vietnam AOPO/tfoveraber-December 1983 Document Source ) Date of Document Insecticides Mentioned (Type/Quantity/Use) •\ cm c 65O H/i cj Other Information If Available Method of Application location of Application Military Unit if Different from Above Names of Personnel Mentioned Significant Event(s) - Spill, Fire, Explosion, Clean-up V) (J I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0236 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Form: Military Insecticides, Use in Vietnam, AOPA/November-December 1983, Document Source: Marine Aircraft Group Report, April 67 Subject The topic of the resource pesticide application DDT Ranch Hand Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 048 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1242 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wurster, Charles F. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Innovation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-01-01 Title A name given to the resource As Long as It Doesn't Kill Anybody The Story of How a Major Discovery Went Wrong Subject The topic of the resource DDT pesticide regulation ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 045 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1147 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wiersma, G. B. P. F. Sand R. L. Schultzmann Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Pesticides Monitoring Journal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-09-01 Title A name given to the resource National Soils Monitoring Program - Six States, 1967 Subject The topic of the resource soil testing DDT ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 048 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1234 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wasserman, M. L. Tomatis Dora Wasserman N. E. Day Y. Groner S. Lazarovici Deborah Rosenfeld Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Pesticides Monitoring Journal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-06-01 Title A name given to the resource Epidemiology of Organochloride Insecticides in the Adipose Tissue of Israelis Subject The topic of the resource DDT adipose tissue testing human testing ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/3ce8147ab1c1296e66549f53f17ce898.pdf c6e5799d8a5ce0699630a79b6833b442 PDF Text Text torn ID Number 01439 Author Shepard, Barclay M. Corporata Author RODOrt/ArtiClB Titfe Typescript: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: a Brief Overview, March 31, 1987 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day March 31 Color ° Number of Images 46 Descripton Notes Tuesday, May 15, 2001 Page 1439 of 1514 �Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma A Brief Overview The term non-Hodgkin's lymphoma refers to a group of malignant neoplasms within the larger category of malignant lymphomas. These tumors arise from the lymphoreticular system which consits primarily of lymph nodes and collections of specialized cells in many organs including the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and portions of the gastrointestinal system. The annual incidence of malignant lymphomas in the United States is approximately 33,000 of which 25% are classified as Hodgkin's disease and the remaining 75% are called non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma depends on a careful microscopic examination of the actual tumor tissue and frequently requires additional histo-chemical studies. There is a wide range of cell types and the appropriate classification of a particular tumor requires considerable skill on the part of an experienced pathologist. Accurate diagnosis and correct classification are very important since these determine the most effective course of treatment and the prognosis of the tumor. As is the case with many malignant neoplasms, the causative factors for this group of tumors are largely unknown. Considerable evidence does exist, however, that certain viruses which have the potential for altering the immune system play a key role in the development of certain types of non-Hodgkin 1 s lymphoma. In addition, a number of recent epidemiological studies are showing a positive association between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to chlorophenols and agricultural chemicals such as the phenoxy acid herbicides and nitrogen-containing fertilizers. It is too early to state that this represents a definite cause-and-effect relationship, but the evidence seems to be increasing to suggest such a conclusion. Prepared by: BARCLAY M. SHEPARD, M.D. Director, Agent Orange Projects Office March 31, 1987 �ABSTRACT A population-based case-control study was conducted 1n western Washington State to evaluate the relationship between occupational exposure of men aged 20 to 79 to phenoxy acetic acid herbicides and chlorinated phenols and the risks of developing soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). Occupational histories and other data were obtained by personal interviews for 128 STS cases and 576 NHL cases, diagnosed between 1981 and 1984, and for 694 randomly selected controls without cancer. Among the study subjects with any past occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides, the estimated relative risk and 952 confidence interval of developing STS was 0.80 (0.5-1.2), and of developing NHL, 1.07 (0.8-1.4). Risk estimates of developing STS and NHL associated with past chlorophenol exposure were 0.99 (0.7-1.5) and 0.99 (0.8-1.2), respectively. No increasing risk of either cancer was associated with overall duration or intensity of chemical exposure or with exposure to any specific phenoxy herbicide per se. However, estimated risks of NHL were elevated among men who had been fanners, 1.33 (1.03-1.7), forestry herbicide applicators, 4.80 (1.2-19.4) and for those potentially exposed to phenoxy herbicides in any occupation for 15 years or more during the period prior to 15 years before cancer diagnosis, -1.71 (1.04-2.8). Increased risks of NHL were also observed among those with occupational exposure to organochlorine insecticides such as DDT, 1.82 (1.04-3.2), organic solvents 1.35 (1.06-1.7), and to other chemicals typically encountered in the agricultural, forestry or wood products industries. These results demonstrate small but significantly increased risks of developing NHL in association with some occupational activities involving exposure to phenoxy herbicides, particularly for prolonged periods, and possibly in combination with other Page 2 �chemicals. They do not demonstrate a positive association between increased cancer risks and exposure to any specific phenoxy herbicide product alone. Moreover, these findings provide no evidence of increased risks of developing NHL associated with chlorinated phenol exposure or of developing STS associated with exposure to either class of chemical. Page 3 �INTRODUCTION Recent studies from Sweden (1-5) and elsewhere (6-10) have reported an increased risk of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) or non-Hodgkins lytnphomas (NHL) in association with occupational exposures to phenoxy acetic acid herbicides and/or chlorinated phenols. appeared (11-15). Negative studies of this association have also Implicated as the putative carcinogen in most of these studies is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (CAS:1746-01-6), a trace contaminant formed during the manufacture of chemicals which are derived from alkaline hydrolysis of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene. Of particular concern in this respect are 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and the phenoxy herbicides, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T) (CAS:93-76-5) and 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (Si!vex), which have been reported to be contaminated with TCDD as high as 30 ppm (16). Moreover, TCDD is the prototype of a larger series of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons including other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans and biphenyls, all of which share similar biochemical properties and which may also contaminate phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol products in commercial use. Hence, concern exists regarding the possible health risks from exposure to chemical products in which any such contaminants may be present. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the incidence of soft tissue sarcomas and non-Hodgkins lymphomas and past exposure to phenoxy herbicides and chlorinated phenols using a population-based case-control approach. Subjects were drawn from the male population of western Washington state, where phenoxy acetic acid herbicides and chlorophenols have been widely utilized during the past 40 years by agricultural, forestry and wood products industries. Specific emphasis was placed on identification of intervening factors or conditions which may Page 4 �influence human susceptibility to the risk of cancer in association with exposure to phenoxy acetic acids, chlorophenols or PCDDs. METHODS Acquisition of Cases and Controls From 1983 through 1985 men with either STS or NHL were identified through the Cancer Surveillance System (CSS), a population-based tumor registry that has covered 13 counties of western Washington since 1974. Men eligible to participate in the study were between the ages of 20 and 79 at diagnosis and had been diagnosed during the years 1981-1984 as having either STS or NHL, as classified histologically by the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, First Revision (17). Case definitions of eligibility for STS by ICD-0 codes are 8800-8804, 8810-8813, 8830-8832, 8840, 8850-8860, 8890-8920, 8990-8991, 9040-9044, 9120, 9130, 9150, 9170, 9251, 9260, 9503, 9540-9560 and 9580-9581. Case definitions of eligibility for NHL by ICD-0 codes are 9590-9642, 9690-9701 and 9750. The CSS obtains data from all hospitals throughout a 13 county region, and essentially complete population coverage is attained. During 1983-1985 a control group without STS or NHL was also selected. Live control subjects aged 20-64 were chosen using a random digit dialing procedure as described by Waksberg (18). Because the elderly are relatively sparse in the general population, it was not economical to locate all older controls by random digit dialing. Thus, additional live control subjects aged 65-79 were chosen at random from data supplied by the Health Care Financing Administration covering social security recipients in the study area. Controls were group-matched to NHL-cases by vital status and 5-year age group with a ratio of 1.2 controls per case. Deceased controls exclusive of Page 5 �homicides and suicides were identified from non-cancer death certificates for persons aged 20-79 with a date of death occurring during the study period and with a residence within the 13-county study area. The disposition of case and control subjects according to vital status, interview outcome and pathologic review of STS is presented in Table 1. Interview Procedure All study subjects, including proxies, were interviewed in-person by experienced interviewers at a time and location of their choice. The interview lasted approximately one hour and covered the participant's residential, military and medical histories with a detailed section on occupational exposures to herbicides, chlorophenols and other chemicals prior to diagnosis or interview. Detailed information on known or suspected risk factors for STS and NHL including past history of immunosuppressive disorders, use of immunosuppressant medication or family history of cancer or immune disease, was also obtained. Additional information, including pathology, stage, extent of disease and date of diagnosis, was collected for each case from data supplied by the CSS. "Exposure" for all variables refers to that occurring prior to the date of diagnosis for the cases and prior to the date of interview for controls. The effect of recall differences on cancer risk owing to the difference in lapse time between diagnosis and interview for the cases (about 1 year) versus initial contact and interview.for controls (about 1 month) was evaluated and found to be negligible. Risk estimates among living and deceased cohorts were comparable for essentially all associations; hence, living and deceased groups were combined in all analyses. The questionnaire utilized in the interview was designed after identifying the principal occupations and activities undertaken within the study area which have involved the manufacture or use of phenoxy herbicides and/or Page 6 �chlorophenols. < Such occupations and activities were identified in consultation with local industrial and university representatives who had had long term experience with forestry, wood products and agricultural industries in the Pacific Northwest. This consultation resulted in identification of 34 specific job titles (e.g., wood products worker, herbicide applicator) and 17 specific job activities (e.g., spray weeds with phenoxy herbicides; manufacture chlorophenols) involving potential exposure to either phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols. In addition, 14 specific phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol preparations in common commercial use in the study area were identified. Each job title or activity was then assigned to a "high," "medium," "low" or "no" exposure category for both phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols, reflecting the consensus of the consultant group of the likely intensity of exposure to each chemical received in that occupation. Examples of occupational activities in each exposure category are given in the tables. In the interview, cue questions referring to each specific job title, activity or chemical preparation were asked to determine whether a subject had worked in an occupation involving probable exposure to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols. If an affirmative response to any cue question was elicited, a series of additional inquiries was made to acquire detailed information i regarding the extent of exposure to specific chemicals of interest and the precise time intervals during which each exposure episode had occurred. Among the additional questions asked was an inquiry regarding the name and address of the supervisor or a close co-worker in each job episode where possible chemical exposure had occurred. This information was used with subject's permission to corroborate self-reported exposure to specific chemicals and to verify exposure histories in instances where the subject or his proxy was . uncertain regarding the actual exposure circumstances in that job. Paae 7 Additional �measures taken to reduce the likelihood of recall bias with respect to the reporting of phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol exposure included avoiding a deliberate focus on these specific chemicals in the interview and conducting the interview during a period (1983-1985) of relatively low local or national media attention to the herbicide-cancer issue. The study was not advertised locally, and subjects were not made aware of the focus of the investigation except that it had broad immplications with respect to environmental factors related to cancer etiology. In coding occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols based on job descriptions, the inclusive dates during which a person was employed in any specific occupation or activity were recorded in the questionnaire. In the analysis, however, occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols was considered to have begun no earlier than 1946 and 1937, respectively, the years when these chemicals first came into widespread commercial use in the study area. The coding of each job episode held by a study subject according to intensity and duration of exposure permitted evaluation of the exposure history of each subject in terms of duration of continuous or cumulative exposure at each dose level. Thus, a complete exposure profile on each subject for each class of chemical under evaluation was obtained. Quality Control Procedures Several quality control procedures were employed to verify the accuracy of the data collected by interview. First, 145 respondents from a total of 1444 who completed interviews were randomly selected and were recontacted by telephone approximately one month after the interview date. Interview and reinterview responses to 7 questions were compared. Five of the 7 questions reflected an 88 percent or higher agreement with the original interview, and �one item had an 81 percent agreement rate. The remaining item, cups of coffee consumed per week, had a 34 percent agreement rate, although 55 percent of the discrepancies involved minor disagreements regarding the precise number of cups consumed. A second quality control procedure consisted of independent receding of a random sample of 238 coded interviews. The overall agreement rate between codes and recedes was 99 percent. The agreement rate was 98.9 percent for codes pertaining to phenoxy herbicides and 98.3 percent for codes pertaining to chlorophenols. Pathologic Review of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Case Materials Pathologic review of histologic slides and/or sections prepared from tissue blocks of STS cases was conducted in order to verify the initial diagnosis of STS. Reviews were performed by a pathologist (BK) with expertise in soft tissue tumors. For the review of STS, specimen materials were acquired from each participating hospital where the initial diagnosis of STS was made, and were then coded, and sent "blind" to the project pathologist. In all, histoligic material from 155 cases was obtained for review. Twenty percent of the slides or sections were resuomitted to the pathologist as an internal check of his first diagnosis. In a few circumstances the project pathologist disagreed with either the CSS or himself regarding the diagnosis of either STS per se or the specific histological classification of STS. In these instances a sample of the disparate slides was sent to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, DC for resolution of STS and/or histologic type classification. This 3 tier STS evaluation procedure resulted in retention of 45% of the STS cases in the study with histologic diagnosis as originally determined, and an additional 34« of cases retained with STS confirmed although of a different histologic classification than originally Paae 9 �made. Twenty one percent of original cases were determined either not likely to be STS, or of indeterminate pathology, and, consequently, were excluded from the study. Many of these were primary bone tumors. In light of the widely accepted high level of reliability associated with the accurate identification of NHL according to broad histologic classifications, pathologic materials from NHL cases were not reviewed for verification in this study. Statistical Methods The data analysis includes estimates of relative risks as odds ratios and their 95* confidence intervals for a number of variables of interest. The most common confounding variable was age; thus, all relationships were age-adjusted by 5 or 10-year age groups, where possible. Pooled odds ratios were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method (19). Test-based confidence intervals were calculated using the method of Miettinen (20). In addition, logistic regression analysis (21) was employed to evaluate the joint effect of several variables and possible interactions between chemical exposure and other potential risk factors on cancer risks. The total number of subjects represented in each analysis varies according to the rate of unknown responses; for occupational assessments unknowns were omitted from the analyses. In all other analyses unknowns were included in the "none" or "no exposure" category. The percentage of the total study population responding affirmatively with respect to specific job titles, exposures or other characteristic is presented in the Tables. "Significance" in all analyses was determined at the five percent level. Paae 10 �RESULTS Characteristics of the Study Population Table 2 presents a comparison of NHL and STS cases and controls for selected demographic attributes. The three groups were similar in most respects. Notable differences included a higher proportion of STS cases than controls among subjects in the 20-39 age group and a higher percentage of STS cases in the "other" race category. Asians account principally for this difference. Risks Related to Intensity of Chemical Exposure When estimates of relative risks of both STS and NHL were determined for various levels of phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol exposure among the entire study population, no increasing trend nor risk estimates significantly different from unity for any exposure level were seen (Table 3). However, elevations in risk were observed for several specific occupations involving chemical exposure. Estimates of relative risks of STS and NHL for various occupations involving exposure principally to phenoxy herbicides are shown in Table 4. When viewed across job categories involving increasing levels of exposure, no clear indication of increasing risk is observed. No significantly increased risks of either cancer were seen among those in occupations involving low exposure to phenoxy herbicides, although a nearly significant 1.70 (0.9-3.1) odds ratio for NHL was observed among landscapers. Among those in medium exposure occupations, no significantly elevated risks of STS were seen. A small but significantly increased risk of NHL, 1.33 (1.03-1.7), was observed among farmers, an occupation traditionally associated with regular use of weed killers. This observation is consistent with reports from other studies which have identified agricultural occupational groups at increased NHL risk (22-25). Further evaluation of this observation with Pace 11 �regard to duration of exposure and to use of specific substances indicated that the risk of NHL increased from 1.02 (0.7-1.5) among those working as fanners from 1 to 9 years to 1.62 (0.9-2.9) among farmers with 10 to 19 years in that occupation. However, no increased risks of developing NHL were observed among those with more than 20 years as farmers, 0.92 (0.5-1.6). Additionally, there were no increased risks of NHL among farmers who reported having "regularly worked with" 2,4-D (0.68 [0.3-1.4]), 2,4,5-T (0.74 [0.3-2.1]), or phenoxy herbicides per se (0.71 [0.3-1.5]) when compared with study subjects reporting no phenoxy herbicide exposure. The estimated risk of developing NHL among farmers who reported having regularly sprayed weed killers by knapsack, tractor or aircraft was 1.13 (0.7-1.9). A risk of developing NHL equal to 1.46 (0.8-2.8) was observed among farmers who reported having worked with the specific organochlorine insecticides DDT and chlordane. In occupations associated with high herbicide exposure, none was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of developing STS. A substantially increased risk of developing NHL, 4.80 (1.2-19.4), was noted for persons who claimed to have worked regularly in jobs involving spraying of weed killers in national, state or commercial forests. However, increased risks of this magnitude were not observed among those engaged in other herbicide spraying activities or among those who worked as herbicide f emulators or applicators per se. Further evaluation of-the increased risk of NHL observed among forestry herbicide sprayers with respect to specific chemicals used and duration of exposures indicated that all forestry sprayers reported the combined use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T as well as various commercial herbicide preparations containing these and other chemicals. An infinite risk estimate was attained for developing NHL among forestry herbicide applicators specifically in association with phenoxy herbicide exposure, inasmuch as tnere Paae 12 �were no control subjects who served as forestry herbicide sprayers and did not use phenoxy herbicides. p = 0.004. involved. This association was statistically significant with However, only a very small number of exposed subjects (7) were The risks of STS and NHL associated with all occupations involving potential exposure to phenoxy herbicides considered together were 0.80 (0.5-1.2) and 1.07 (0.8-1.4), respectively. The risks of developing NHL associated with exposure specifically to 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and to phenoxy herbicides in general among the entire study population were 0.73 (0.4-1.3), 0.98 (0.5-2.0) and 0.87 (0.5-1.5), respectively. Table 5 presents risk estimates of STS and NHL for various occupations and activities involving chlorophenol exposure. As in the case of phenoxy herbicides, no clear indication of increasing risks of either STS or NHL is apparent when viewed across job categories involving increasing levels of exposure to chlorophenols. Somewhat elevated risks of developing STS are suggested for lumber graders, 2.66 (1.1-6.4), and log/lumber inspectors, 4.83 (0.6-38.2), although other jobs involving comparable chlorophenol exposure offer no suggestion of substantially increased STS risks. No specific jobs involving chlorophenol exposure were associated with increased risks of developing NHL. When all occupations involving potential exposure to chlorophenols were considered together, the risks of developing STS and NHL were 0.99 (0.7-1.5) and 0.99 (0.8-1.2), respectively. Results of Supervisor/Co-worker Survey Corroboration of self-reported occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols and other chemicals was sought through telephone contact with employer supervisors or co-workers of subjects who had been employed in jobs involving potential exposure to such substances. Confirmation of subjects' responses regarding exposure was provided in , Paae 13 �essentially all instances where employers or co-workers could be reached. There were no significant differences between agreement rates for cases or controls. The ability to acquire corroborative evidence of exposure (about 802 of contacts attempted) was greatest for most recent occupations held. Risks Related to Duration of Chemical Exposure Inasmuch as cancer risks may vary with length of exposure to specific carcinogens or tumor promoting agents, it was of interest to estimate the relative risks of STS and NHL for various lengths of cumulative exposure to either phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols. Hence, risk estimates of both cancer types for 10-year durations (1-10, 11-20, 20+) of exposure to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols were calculated. In this context, "exposure" refers to any level of occupational phenoxy or chlorophenol exposure during any portion of the time period since 1946 or 1937, respectively, up to the date of diagnosis (cases) or interview (controls). "Duration" refers to the total length of cumulative exposure during this time period. From these calculations, it was determined that the risk of neither STS nor NHL increased with the duration of phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol exposure for periods of 20 years or more when all levels of exposure are considered concomitantly. Moreover, no increased risks of either cancer were seen when increasing lengths of exposure to only high levels of phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols were considered. Evaluation of a Latency Period for Cancer Development The average latency period for a carcinogenic effect of aromatic hydrocarbons in humans has been postulated to be on the order of 15 to 30 years (26). It was, therefore, of interest to determine if exposure to either phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols prior to an assumed latency period of 15 years before cancer diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of STS or Page 14 �NHL. For these determinations, the risks of each cancer type were calculated for two durations of cumulative exposure (1-14 and 1 5+ years) during the period between 1946 or 1937 for phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols, respectively, and 15 years prior to diagnosis or interview. The results revealed a significant increase in the risk of NHL, 1.71 (1.04-2.8), among those with cumulative exposures to phenoxy herbicides of more than 15 years during the period preceding 15 years before diagnosis. When a 5 year latency period for cancer development was assumed, the risk of NHL among those with 15 or more years of prelatency phenoxy exposure dropped to 1.29 (0.9-2.0). In contrast, the risk of developing NHL was 2.51 (0.5-13.0) among subjects with more than 15 years of herbicide exposure prior to a 25 year assumed latency period. No increased risks of STS for either chemical or of NHL for chlorophenols were observed in relation to chemical exposure for any latency period or cummulative exposure assumption. Evaluation of Other Risk Factors for STS and NHL Since autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiency syndromes and other conditions which compromise immune competence may act as independent risk factors of STS or NHL, it was of interest to determine the risks of either type of cancer associated with such conditions existing prior to the year of cancer diagnosis (or interview). Table 6 presents risk estimates of STS and NHL for a number of such conditions or factors. All assessments were made from subject interviews, not from medical records. Immunosuppressant drug therapy received for any reason prior to the year of diagnosis of NHL was the greatest risk factor for either cancer. Immune defficiency in a blood relative was also associated with an increased (although non-significant) risk of NHL. In contrast, the use of corticosteroids for observed periods of use up to 29 years was not associated with an increased risk of either cancer type. Paqe 15 �Of specific note is the 1.38-fold increased risk of NHL observed in relation to a history of rheumatoid arthritis. Although not statistically significant, this observation is interesting in light of the current controversy surrounding the question of increased risks of NHL among persons afflicted with autoimmune diseases (27). Preexisting skin cancer was also associated with a slightly increased risk of both STS and NHL. Although the type of skin cancer was not ascertained in this study, several histological types of STS and NHL can have dermal manifestations which could have been misreported as "skin cancer". Among these are the soft tissue tumors, dermatofibrosarcoma (8832/3) and Kaposi's sarcoma (9140/3), and the non-Hodgkins lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (9700-9701/3). Kaposi's sarcoma was excluded from evaluation in this study, and none of those reporting skin cancer was found to have this form of STS. Among those 12 STS cases reporting a prior history of skin cancer, none was found to have dermatofibrosarcoma, and among 53 NHL cases, none had confirmed mycoides fungoides. Malaria was evaluated as a potential risk factor for STS and NHL in light of studies suggesting an etiologic association between malarial infection and the risks of developing sarcomas or lymphomas through mechanisms involving plasmodial suppression of immune defenses against malignant diseases (28,29). The risk of developing neither STS nor NHL was significantly elevated in association with a self-reported prior history of malaria alone. Finally, Table 7 presents risk estimates associated with various occupational and/or lifestyle factors which were observed in the present study to independently alter the risk of STS or NHL and which might, therefore, be considered as potential modifiers of the effect of chemical exposure on cancer risks. Of particular note is the significantly increased risk of NHL seen among men with previous exposure to organic solvents, lead or lead arsenate Paae 16 �pesticides, and welding and metal fumes. The risk of NHL was also elevated among men reporting previous exposure to the organochlorine insecticides, chlordane and DDT. Also of note is the increased risk of both STS and NHL observed among those reporting a prior incidence of chloracne. Although this condition was not clinically confirmed in this study, this observation is of considerable interest inasmuch as chloracne is an important clinical manifestation of exposure to high levels of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans in humans (30). The statistical association of reported chloracne with phenoxy herbicide exposure was of borderline significance (p < 0.075) in this study. Neither cigarette -smoking nor coffee drinking was a risk factor for either cancer. Not shown in Table 7 are a number of other factors or conditions which were also evaluated as potential risks factors, but for which no significant or suggestive associations with either STS or NHL were found. These include: exposure to radiation, X-rays or radioactive materials; exhaust fumes from motorized equipment; home use of phenoxy herbicides; residency near areas sprayed with weed killers; TB vaccination; consumption of multiple vitamins; eating fish caught in Puget Sound; and, use of alcohol. Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the potential interaction between phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols and various other single variables appearing in Tables 6 or 7 as well as others of interest. Intervening variables for which the interaction with phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols were determined included: organochlorine pesticides (DDT + Chlordane), lead/lead arsenate, welding or metal fumes, inherited or acquired diseases of the immune system, any prior cancer, prior skin cancer, home use of phenoxy herbicides, family history of cancer, and family history of diseases of the imnune system. All analyses were controlled for age. Results �of the logistic regression analysis for these variables confirmed the magnitude of the risks shown in Tables 6 and 7. None of the interactions between chlorinated phenol or phenoxy herbicide exposure and these variables was statistically significant, with the exception of that between phenoxy herbicides and organic solvents as a risk factor for NHL. The odds ratio for joint exposure compared with exposure to neither substance was 1.50 with a 95« confidence interval of 1.03-2.18. The odds ratio estimates from the model for exposure solely to organic solvents or phenoxy herbicides were non-significantly 1.12 and 0.85, respectively. The significance of the joint exposure in this case may be a result of the large number of comparisons made in this study or, possibly, due to a genuine synergistic effect. Positive although non-significant interactions were also observed between exposure to-either phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols and co- or preexisting autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency syndromes when those listed on Table 6 and others (mononucleosis, celiac sprue, Sjogrens syndrome) were considered jointly. This interaction was most notable with chlorophenols where the odds ratio for joint exposure (compared with neither) was 1.40 (0.95-2.07), as compared with 0.91 (0.72-1.14) and 1.32 (0.99-1.78), respectively, for chlorophenol or immune deficiency alone. These observations are worthy of note in light of the widely held theory (31) that the etiology of malignant lyraphomas involves failure of immunoregulation in the face of a persistent stimulus for lymphocyte proliferation. In autoimmune diseases, chronic antigenie stimulation is provided by the constant exposure to self-antigens, whereas in primary immunodeficiency syndromes, recurrent infections are the likely source for antigenic stimulation. In contrast, T2DD is well recognized as a suppressant of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in animals (32-34), and has been recently characterized as a depressant of Paae 18 �cell-mediated immunity in humans during prolonged, low-level exposure ( 3 5 ) . Immunosuppression by other PCDDs has also been described (36). The possibility that the statistical interactions, however slight, observed in this study between phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols and immunosuppressive disorders may have biological relevance with respect to the etiology of NHL in humans, therefore, deserves further consideration. DISCUSSION The results of the present study demonstrate significantly increased risks of developing NHL among men in occupations involving farming and forestry herbicide spraying and for occupations involving.regular exposure to phenoxy acetic acid herbicides for prolonged periods. However, neither phenoxy herbicides nor chlorophenols alone appear to constitute a sufficient cause of either NHL or STS when evaluated within a population residing in western Washington state, since increased cancer risks were not observed for numerous other occupations or activities involving comparable opportunity for exposure to these substances. In this regard, the present findings are not consistent with results of studies conducted in Swedish and other populations which report consistent and substantially increased risks of both types of cancer in association with occupational exposure to specific chlorophenols or phenoxy acetic acids or to combinations of these chemicals. In consfderation of possible reasons underlying the apparent lack of consi stency between the results of Swedish studies and those conducted here and elsewto?*:, three issues which have not received major attention with regard to •Slis question include: (1) differences in the intensities or dosages of chemicals received by workers in comparable occupational activities, (2) differences in the extent of environmental (non-occupational) exposure to the ha ae 1 9 �chemicals received by the respective study populations, and (3) differences between study populations with respect to the proportional distribution of other risk factors which in combination with phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols contribute causally to the cancers putatively associated with chemical exposure alone. In addressing the question of differences in dosages of chemicals received by workers engaged in comparable job activities, it is likely that, should the chemicals under investigation independently increase cancer risks in humans, this effect should be more apparent among persons receiving higher dosages. In considering this possibility as it pertains specifically to application of phenoxy herbicides, it is known that spraying activities, as well as work in sprayed areas, extend over substantially shorter periods of the year in Sweden than occur in western Washington, owing largely to climatic differences in the length of the growing season. Thus, Swedish workers participate in activities in which phenoxy herbicide exposure is typically consolidated within a 2-3 month period annually, during which spraying activities involving intensive herbicide exposures which extend over several consecutive weeks at a time are not uncommon (1,37). In contrast, the annual spraying season in the Pacific korthwest extends over 6 to 7 months, during which individual spraying episodes usually span only a few days at a time and may be separated by weeks or even months during which no spraying is performed. Such differences in herbicide use patterns could conceivably lead to Swedish applicators receiving appreciably higher cumulative exposures to biologically active substances than occurs among workers engaged in less intensive use patterns, as supported by several studies of this questions (38,39). To analyze this possibility quantitatively, we have employed the pharmacokinetic model developed by Gehring (40) from the oral study of 2,4,5-7 Paae 20 �in humans to calculate maximum absorbed daily dosages of herbicide received by Swedish and American workers. The workers in question engaged in activities with comparable job description, namely, herbicide applicator using tractor-drawn equipment. Calculations, based on urinary herbicide concentrations using data derived from studies of applicators under actual field conditions (37,41), indicate that the maximum daily dose of 2,4,5-T absorbed by American workers in an application operation involving 2 sprayings, 2 weeks apart, is in the range of 12 to 86 ug/kg of body weight, with a mean maximum daily dose of 45 ug/kg. In contrast, calculated maximum daily dosages received by Swedish workers, doing the same type of work but involving spraying for 3 to 4 hours/day over a consecutive 2 week period ranged from 11 to 315 ug/kg, with a mean maximum daily dosage of 90 ug/kg. Maximum daily dosages received by American workers involved in other modes of herbicide application were backpack crew, 19-104 ug/kg; helicopter crew, 17-23 ug/kg; and mixers, 12-138 ug/kg. These results suggest that maximum daily dosages of herbicides received by Swedish applicators could substantially exceed those received by American counterparts as well as those engaged in other modes of spraying operations. From the pharmacokinetic studies in humans (40) it is known that 2,4,5-T is absorbed and excreted in the urine with a half-life of about one day following a single oral exposure. Moreover, from measurements of urinary 2,4,5-T, the maximum dose which can be absorbed on repeated exposures is estimated to be about 100 ug/kg/day, with the expected maximum concentration in plasma of individuals receiving repeated daily doses reaching a plateau after 3 days of such exposure. Based on these considerations, the calculated mean maximum daily dose of 2,4,5-T received by Swedish workers under the occupational circumstances described above (90 ug/kg) would approximate that required to produce the maximum plasma Paae 21 �concentration of 2,4,5-T which could be sustained during spraying operations. Thus, Swedish applicators would experience higher sustained tissue levels during repeated frequent exposure episodes, as well as higher tissue concentrations of any PCDDs or other contaminants which would be concomitantly absorbed, than would be experienced by American counterparts, who receive lower exposures on a more sporadic basis. Although the implications of these calculations with respect to human cancer risks are difficult to estimate, they are nevertheless of interest in light of findings from recent studies of Swedish subjects (42) involving analysis of PCDDs in abdominal fat from both cases of STS and NHL as well as control subjects. These studies reported that cancer cases exposed to phenoxy herbicides 16 to 31 years previously had levels of highly chlorinated PCDDs significantly higher than control subjects unexposed to phenoxy herbicides. Interestingly, no differences in case or control TCDD levels were seen. These findings are consistent with the observations from both Swedish (2) and Danish (7) studies of increased cancer risks among persons exposed to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols which do not contain detectable levels of TCDD per se, but which are most likely contaminated with a variety of other chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans (43,44), some of which have been shown to have carcinogenic potential (45,46). Moreover, the capacity of TCDD, and presumably its approximate isostereoisomers, to act as a cocarcinogen (47) and a tumor promoter (48,49) have been well characterized. These properties are highly dose-dependent. Thus, the exposure of Swedish workers to potentially higher concentrations of biologically active substances associated with the use or manufacture of phenoxy herbicides or chlorinated phenols is a consideration possibly consistent with the higher cancer risks observed in studies on such subjects. A recent study by Hoar et al (25) showing that the Page 22 �relative risk of NHL dramatically increased with the number of days of phenoxy herbicide use per year among agricultural workers in the U.S. supports this view. Differences in risk estimates observed between this and the Swedish studies might also be accounted for on the basis of variation in the extent of non-occupational exposure received by the general populations in areas where the studies were conducted. Several investigators (50,51) have recently reported widespread contamination of the general population in the United States and Canada with PCDDs and PCDFs, based on analysis of human fat samples. The findings indicate that, while higher levels of total dioxins and other contaminants may be seen in some exposed persons, there is considerable overlap in actual tissue concentrations of such substances between some persons with confirmed occupational exposures and others who are not previously known to have been exposed through job-related activities. These observations suggest that epidemiologic studies conducted in areas where the extensive use of phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols has occurred may have inadvertently included subjects who have experienced significant exposure to the chemicals of concern outside of the occupational setting. Should this be the case, it is possible that estimates of actual risk based on recall of occupational exposures alone may be underestimated, owing to non-differential misclassification of subjects according to exposure status (52). To estimate the extent to which non-occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides may have occurred"in the present investigation, we have evaluated data from several air monitoring studies (53,54) conducted during the spraying season in the Pacific Northwest. These data indicate that phenoxy acetic acids as well as PCDDs can be transported in the atmosphere, either as vapor or adsorbed on particles, for distances ranging from several hundred feet up Paae 23 �to a mile from the application area (54), depending on weather conditions and mode of dispersion. The maximum concentration of 2,4,5-T, for example, found in 24-hour collections from sampling stations in one study (55) was 3.4 o 3 ug/m . Concentrations of up to 10 ug/m of other phenoxy herbicides have been detected at sampling sites in agricultural regions of Washington state 3 (57). If it is assumed that a 70 kg person inhales 30 m of air per day, a person residing in the proximity of a sprayed area could conceivably receive a dosage of 2,4,5-T equal to 1.5 ug/kg/day during the spraying operation solely from atmospheric sources. These levels are on the order of 10 to 50 times less than those received from occupational sources, as described above, and moreover, are received via a different route of exposure (inhalation versus dermal), which could alter absorption rates appreciably. However, it is noteworthy that 24% of STS cases, 23% of NHL cases and 21% of control subjects in the present study responded positively to the question "Have you ever lived in an area where weed spraying was routinely done by truck or airplane?", suggesting that considerable population exposure to phenoxy herbicides and their contaminants from environmental sources could have occurred over the 40 year exposure assessment period. Eliminating subjects who reported residential or home use exposures to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols in the present study did not alter the estimated risks of developing STS or NHL. Hence, it is unlikely that bias due to such exposures could account for the large differences in risk estimates observed between these and the Swedish studies. Nevertheless, should phenoxy herbicides and/or their contaminants increase the risk of cancer at environmental exposure levels, or, as recently suggested, produce subclinical immune system alterations which may predispose to such risks (35), it is possible that risk estimates based solely on assessment of occupational exposures could be attenuated as a result of Pace 24 �exposure misclassification. Confirmation of this possibility awaits further investigations based on direct analysis of tissue chemical content or the development of a reliable surrogate measure of past chemical exposure. A third possible reason for a lack of consistency between the results of this and the Swedish studies may be differences between the study populations with respect to the proportional distribution of factors or conditions other than chemical exposure which contribute to the cancers under evaluation. If, for example, a specific inherited, lifestyle or environmental condition which independently predisposes to increased risks of the cancer(s) associated with chemical exposure is more prevalent among Scandinavians than among other populations, increased cancer risks could be observed in the former group, even if the prevalence of phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol exposure were the same or even less than that occurring elsewhere. In this regard it is interesting to note in the present study that exposure to the insecticides, DDT and lead arsenate, as well as to agricultural and industrial chemicals such as organic solvents and welding/metal fumes are associated with significantly increased risks of developing NHL (Table 7). Compromise of the immune system (31), exposure to zoonotic viruses (24,57) and chronic mitogenic stimuli (24,31) have also been suggested as etiologic factors for NHL. The extent to which differences in the proportional distribution of such factors between Swedish and the local study population might account for the inconsistencies observed between the results of this and the Swedish studies cannot be currently estimated, since neither the specific conditions which modify the effects of chemical exposure on cancer risks nor their prevalence among the respective populations have as yet been identified. However, information based on interview responses from existing studies (4) indicates that Swedish populations may have had as much as twice tne frequency of Paoe 25 �exposure to DDT (5.8-7.8? versus 3.8°*. locally) as well as to total insecticides (14.6% versus 7.9%), and this higher exposure may underlie some increased risk of developing cancer, particularly NHL, independently of or in combination with the chemicals currently under study. On the other hand, the frequency of exposure to organic solvents, for which a small but significant interaction with phenoxy herbicides was observed in this study, was approximately equal (28.2% versus 29.9%) between Swedish and local study populations. Similarly, the frequency of cigarette smoking, now or ever, among Swedish and local study populations was comparable (71* versus 73%). Little or no data are available regarding population differences in nutritional, medical or other lifestyle factors which might serve as component causes of STS or NHL or which modify the effect of chemical exposures on cancer risks. The prospect that inherited factors or conditions among Scandinavians might contribute to increased risks of developing cancer in that population when exposed to the chemicals under investigation is another possibility that might account for differences in risk estimates observed. Although specific studies of this question have as yet to be accomplished, laboratory investigations have shown that the binding affinity of the TCDD receptor, as we'll as subsequent receptor-mediated events, are genetically determined and may vary considerably even among different strains of the same animal soecies (58). That such variations are also a characteristic of human geneaology is suggested by recent studies (59) which demonstrate both the presence of the Ah (TCDD) receptor in human lung as well as considerable heterogenity in the human population in regard to lung Ah receptor concentrations. Moreover, evidence of heritable differences in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction among humans (60) has been presented. Recently, a hereditary predisposition Pace 26 �for the development of STS has been described in tne study of Danish phenoxy herbicide manufacturers (7). However, no attempt has been made to determine the frequency of this condition among Scandinavian or other populations, or to investigate the extent to which the presence of such a condition could modify the effect of chemical exposure on cancer risks. In the present investigation we have taken advantage of the fact that approximately 6% of the population of the study area is of Scandinavian heritage (61) to make a crude evaluation as to the extent to which this factor (Scandinavian heritage) might constitute an increased risk of STS or NHL in association with phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol exposure. For this assessment, the surnames of all study subjects were segregated into Scandinavian or "other" categories by a member of the University of Washington Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature who had expertise in Scandinavian genealogy. Through this effort 169 subjects with Scandinavian surnames were identified including 15 STS cases, 66 NHL cases and 88 controls. No increased cancer risks were associated with having Scandinavian as compared with non-Scandinavian names. However, when the analysis was restricted to Scandinavians only, the risk estimates for STS in relation to past occupational chemical exposures were substantially greater than those observed among the study population as a whole both for high level phenoxy herbicide (2.8[0.5-15.6]) and high level chlorophenol (7.2[2.1-24.7]) exposures. These estimates are comparable in magnitude to those reported among subjects in Swedish (1-5) and Danish (7) studies. Moreover, the distribution of predominant histologic types of STS was comparable to that reported from the Swedish studies (2). No increased risks of NHL in relation to chemical exposures were observed among persons with Scandinavian surnames. While the assignment of Scandinavian ancestry in these studies remains �unconfirmed, the results are interesting inasmuch as they suggest that factors specific to Scandinavian descent, as opposed to residency or occupation in Scandinavian countries, may contribute to increased risks of STS when exposed to the chemicals under evaluation in this study. Further investigation of this issue may be warranted to help resolve the inconsistency between Swedish studies and those conducted elsewhere. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation demonstrate increased risks of NHL in several specific occupations in which phenoxy acetic acid herbicides are employed, as well as for prolonged occupational exposure to these substances. However, they are not consistent with results from Swedish and other studies reporting substantially increased risks of either STS or NHL associated with phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols as sole or major component causes of these diseases. Since methods of study design and analysis in this and the Swedish studies were similar in most respects, it is possible that factors specific to the populations under evaluation account for the inconsistencies observed. Concerns which bear further consideration in this regard include possible differences in the intensity or distribution of chemical exposures between the study populations, and variations in the proportional distribution of specific inherited, lifestyle and/or environmental factors which modify the effect of chemical exposure on the risks of cancer development. �REFERENCES (1) Hardell L, Sandstrom A. Case-control study: Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols. Br J Cancer 1979; 39:711-717. (2) Eriksson M, Hardell L, Berg NO, Moller T. Axel son 0. Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to chemical substances: A case-referent study. Br J Ind Med 1981; 38:27-33. (3) Hardell L, Eriksson M. Soft-tissue sarcomas, phenoxy herbicides, and chlorinated phenols. Lancet 1981; 2:250. (4) Hardell L. Relation of soft-tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and colon cancer to phenoxy acids, chlorophenols and other agents. Scand J Work Environ Health 1981; 7:119-130. (5) Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, Lundgren E. Malignant lymphoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: A case-control study. Br J Cancer 1981; 43:169-176. (6) Bishop CM, Jones AH. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the scalp in workers exposed to dioxins. Lancet 1981; 1:369. (7) Lynge E. A follow-up of cancer incidence among workers in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides in Denmark. Brit J Cancer 1985; 52:259-270. Dana �(8) Fingerhut MA, Halperin WE. Dioxin exposure and sarcoma. J Am Med Assoc 1983; 249:3176-3177. (9) Moses M, Selikoff IJ. chlorinated phenols. Soft tissue sarcomas, phenoxy herbicides, and Lancet 1981; 1:1370. (10) Ott MG, Holder BB, Olson RD. A mortality analysis of employees engaged in the manufacture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid. J Occup Med 1980; 22:47-50. (11) Wiklund K, Holm LE. forestry workers. Soft tissue sarcoma risk in Swedish agricultural and JNCI 1986; 76:229-234. (12) Smith AM, Pearce NE, Fisher DO, Giles HJ, league CA, Howard, JK. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. JNCI 1984; 73:1111-1117. (13) Riihimaki V, Asp S, Pukkala E, et al. Mortality and cancer morbidity among chlorinated phenoxy acid applicators in Finland. Chemosphere 1983; 12:775-784. (14) Suskind R. Long-term health effects of exposure to 2,4,5-7 and/or contaminants. its Chemosphere 1983; 12:769. (15) Pearce NE, Smith AM, Howard JK, Sheppard RA, Giles KJ, league CA. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, fencing work, and meat works employment: a case-control study. Brit J Indust Med 1986; 43: 75-83. Page 30 �(16) Rappe C, Buser, HR. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. In Choudhary G. ed. Chemical Hazards in the Workplace, Measurement and Control. ACS Symposium Series Vol 149. Washington ACS 1981, pp 319-342. (17) International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. 1976. First Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva. (18) Waksberg J. Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Amer Stat Assn 1978; 73:40-46. (19) Mantel N, Haenzel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. JNCI 1959; 22:219-748. (20) Miettinen OS. Estimability and estimation in case-referent studies. Am J Epid 1976; 103:226-235. (21) Prentice RL. Use of the logistic model in retrospective studies. Biometrics 1976; 32:597-606. (22) Cantor KP. Fanning and mortality from non-Hodgkins lymphonia: a case-control study. (23) Schumacher MC. Int J Cancer 1982; 29:235-247. Farming occupations and mortality from non-Hodgkins lymphoma in Utah. J Occup Med 1985; 27:580-584. �(24) Pearce NE, Smith AH, Fisher DO. Malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma linked with agricultural occupations in a New Zealand cancer registry-based study. Amer J Epid 1985; 121:225-237. (25) Hoar SE, Blair A, Holmes FF, Boysen CD, Robe! RJ, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1986; 256:1141-1147. (26) Hueper, WC, Conway WD. Chemical carcinogenesis and cancers. Springfield, IL. Thomas 1964; pp 40-43. (27) Prior P. Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis: epidemiologic considerations. Amer J'Med 1985; 78(Suppl 1A):15-21. (28) Hargis BJ, Malkiel S. Sarcomas induced by injection of simian virus 40 into neonatal CFW mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1979; 63:965-967. (29) Wedderburn N, Campa M, Tosta CE, Henderson DC. The effect of malaria on the growth of two syngeneic transplatable murine tumors. Ann Trop Med. Parasitol 1981; 75:597-605. (30) Moses M, Li!is R, Crow KD et al. Health status of workers with past exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the manufacture of 2,4,5-tetrachlorophenoxy acetic acid: comparison of findings with and without chloracne. Am J Ind fled 1984; 5:161-182. Page 32 �(31) Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kumar V. Diseases of white cells, lymph nodes, and spleen, in Pathologic Basis of Disease Third edition. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1984; pp 653-704. (32) Zinkl J, Vos JG, Moore JA, Gupta BN. Hematologic and clinical chemistry effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dixoin in laboratory animals. Env Health Perspect 1973; 5:111-118. (33) Clarke DA, Gaul die J, Szewczuk MR, Sweeney G. Enhanced suppressor cell activity as a mechanism of immunosuppression by 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Proc Soc Exptl Bio! Med 1981; 168: 290-299. (34) Yecchi A, Sironi M, Canegrati MA, et al. Immunosuppressive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in strains of mice with different susceptibility to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1983; 68:434-441. (35) Hoffman RE, Stehr-Green PA, Webb RB, et al. Health effects of long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 0 Amer Med Assoc 1986; 255:2031-2038. (36) Holsapple MP, KcCay JA, Barnes DM. Immunosuppression without liver induction by subchronic exposure to 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in adult female B5C3F1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986; 83:445-455. (37) Kolmodin-Hedman B, Erne K, Engqvist A. Testing of professional exposure to phenoxy acids (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T). Arbete och Halsa, Vetenskaplig 1070; 17 ( i n Swedish). �(38) Newton N, Norn's LA. Potential exposure of humans to 2,4,5-T and TCDD in the Oregon coastal ranges. Fund Appl Toxicol 1981; 1:339-346. (39) Taskar PK, Das YT, Trout JR, Chattopadhyay SK, Brown HD. Measurement of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) after occupational exposure. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 1982; 29:586-591. (40) Gehring PJ, Kramer CG, Schwetz BA, Rose JQ, Rowe, VK. The fate of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) f o l l o w i n g oral administration to man. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1973; 26:352-361. (41) Leng ML, Ramsey JC, Braun WH. Review of studies with 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in humans including applicators under field conditions. ACS Symposium Series 182. 1982; pp 135-156. (42) Hardell L, Axel son 0. etiology of cancer. Prevention. Phenoxy herbicides and other pesticides in the Some comments on the Swedish experiences in Cancer Strategies in the Workplace. University of California, San Francisco, December 1984. (43) Norstrom A, Rappe C, Lindall R, Baser HR. Analysis of some older Scandinavian formulations of 2,^-dichlorophenoxy acetic arid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid for contents of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Scand J Work Environ Health 1579; 5:375-378. Page 34 �(44) Dickson, D. PCP dioxins found to pose health risks. Nature 1980; 282:416. (45) NIH Bioassay of 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for possible carcinogenicity. Nat! Tox Pgm, Technical Report Series No. 123, 1979. (46) NIH Bioassay of a mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8 and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins for possible carcinogenicity (gavage study). Nat! Tox Pgm, Technical Report Series No. 198, 1980. (47) Kouri RE, Rude TH, Joglekar R, Dansette PM, Jerina DM, Atlas SA, Owens IS, Nebert DW. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as carcinogen causing 3-methylcholanthrene-initiated subcutaneous tumors in mice genetically "nonresponsive" at Ah locus. Cancer Res 1978; 38:2777-2783. (48) Pi tot HC, Goldsworthy T, Campbell HA, Poland A. Quantitative evaluation of the promotion by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin of hepatocarcinogenesis from diethylnitrosamine. Cancer Res 1980; 40:3616-3620. (49) Abernathy DJ, Green!ee WF, Huband JC, Boreiko CJ. 2,3,7,S-Tetrachlprodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) promotes the transformation of C3K/1071/2 cells. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6: 651-553. (50) Ryan JJ, Williams DT, Lau BP-Y, Sakuma T. Dibenzofurans in the Total Environment II, C. eds, Butterworth, MA 1984; pp 205-214. In Chiorinoted Dioxins and Keith LH, Choudhary G, Rappe �(58) Gasiewicz TA. Evidence for a homologous nature of Ah receptors among various mammalian species in Biological Mechanisms of Dioxin Action. Banbury Report 18. Poland A, Kimbrough RD, eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1984; pp 161-175. (59) Roberts EA, Golas CL, Okey AB. Ah receptor mediating induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase: detection in human lung by binding of 2 2,3,7,8,-[H ] tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Cancer Res. 1986; 46:3739-3743 (60) Nebert DW, Jensen NM. The Ah locus: genetic regulation of the metabo of carcinogens, drugs and other environmental chemicals by cytochrome P-450-mediated monooxygenases. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 1979; pp.401-437. (61) 1980 Census of Population, Vol 1, Characteristics of the Population, Chapter C, General Social and Economics Characteristics, Part 49 Washington, US Department of Commerce, August, 1983. �Table 1. A case-control study of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) in relation to phenoxy herbicide and chlorophenol exposure in Western Washington: Subject disposition. STS Subject NHL Living Disoosition Dead Controls Living N % N % 150 - 56 - U % Dead K Living % N % Dead N : Total identified as eligible Physician refusal 20 13 Respondent refusal 43 527 - 219 - 7 13 80 15 23 11 24 1 5 3 84 622 - 288 - 9 5 15 2 9 10 51 4 0 14 Other reasons for non-interview Total Interviewed 6 4 120 80 4 7 43 77 24 5 10 5 408 77 178 81 8 476 77 219 76 I Excluded by pathologic review ' 21 18* 12 28* Excluded as non-eligible post-interview** 2 - 0 - 6 - 4 - 1 - 0 Total Subjects for analysis 97 - 31 - 402 - 174 * Percent of Total interviewed **Based on diagnosis, age, "residence or date of diagnosis. - 475 - 219 - �Table 2. Selected characteristics of 128 STS case men, 576 NHL case men (diagnosed 1981-1984) and 694 interviewed population control men (1983-1985). STS (?) NHL (?) Controls (?) Age 20-29 28.1 10.9 10.2 40-59 29.7 34.4 34.0 60-79 42.2 54.7 55.8 Less than High. School 21.1 26.3 26.4 High School graduate 76.6 72.0 70.6 2.3 1.7 3.0 White 89.8 94.4 95.1 Black 2.3 2.1 2.3 Other 7.0 3.4 2.6 Unknown 0.8 0.0 . 0.0 Education Unknown Race Annual Income Level Less than 515,000/year 25.8 28.0 24.1 $15, 000-530, OOD/year 32.8 37.3 35.2 30,000+/year 33.6 *»«••• 0 34.3 Refused 3.9 0.5 0.7 Unknown 3.9 0.7 1.7 �Table 3. Risk (pooled odds ratio) of developing STS or NHL in men aged 20-79 by estimated intensity of past occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols: 128 STS cases and 576 NHL cases (diagnosed 1981-1984) and 694 population control men (interviewed 1983-1985)in Western Washington. The percentage of the total study population in each exposure category is also presented. PHENOXY HERBICIDES EXPOSURE STS NHL CATEGORY OR (95? CI) OR ( 5 CI) 9? PERCENT STUDY POPULATION None 1.0 1.0 63.3 Low 0.56 (0.3-1.1) 0.90 (0.6-1.3) 12.0 Medium 0.99 (0.6-1.7) 0.95 (0.7-1.3) 16.5 High 0.89 (0.4-1.9) 1.24 (0.6-1.9) 8.2 CHLOROPHENOLS EXPOSURE STS NHL CATEGORY OR ( 5 CI) 9? OR ( 5 CI) 9? Pr.Rwr.KT STUDY POPULATION None 1.0 1.0 41.5 Low 0.90 (0.5-1.6) 0.97 (0.7-1.3) 16.5 Medium 0.93 (0.6-1.5) 0.92 (C.7-1.2) 31.8 High 0.93 (0.5-1.8) 0.92 (0.9-1.4) 10.2 �Table 4. Risk (pooled odds ratio) of developing STS or NHL in men aged 20-79 for specific occupations and activities involving potential phenoxy herbicide exposure: 128 men with STS and 576 men with NHL in Western Washington (diagnosed 1981-1984) and 694 population control men (interviewed 1983-1985). The precentage of the total study population in each occupation or activity is also presented. PHENOXY HERBICIDES OCCUPATION OR ACTIVITY STS NHL OR (95£ CD OR (9Si CD PERCENT STUDY POPULATION Low Exposure: landscaper 0.92 (0.3-2.8) 1.70 (0.9-3.1) 3.6 railway worker 1.14 (0.6-2.2) 1.06 (0.7-1.5) 10.7 telephone lineman 0.73 1.28 (0.6-2.6) 2.4 0.83 6.1 (0.1-3.6) Medium Exposure: gardner/grou ndskeeper 1.07 (0.5-2.2) fanner 1.25 (0.8-1.9) working in sprayed area 1.34 (0.7-2.6) 1.33 herbicide forma lator/mixer 1.24 (0.3-5.3) 1.53 (0.7-313) 2.1 herbicide applicator 1.77 (0.5-5.6) 1.33 (0.8-3.9) 2.2 spraying herbicides from backpack 0.80 (0.3-2.4) 0.82 (0.4-1.5) 2.3 spraying herbicides from tractor or aircraft 1.27 (C. 5-3.1) 1.51 (0.9-2.5) 4.9 spraying farmlands with herbicides 1.35 (0.5-2.3) 1.35 (C.8-2.4) 4.3 spraying forests with herbicides - - -- *4.80 (1.2-19.4) 1.0 spraying near utility lines or railroad tracks _ _ _ _ (0.5-1.4) *1.33 (1.03-1.7) (0.9-2.0) 30.0 8.4 - High Exposure: * D n nc 1.03 (0.3-3.1) 0.9 �CHLOROPHENOL OCCUPATION OR ACTIVITY STS NHL OR (95% CD OR (95? CD PERCENT STUDY POPULATION' Low Exposure: planer mill worker 1.55 (0.5-4.7) 1.39 (0.7-2.7) 3.1 feeder man 1.31 (0.4-4.7) 1.44 (0.7-2.81) 2.9 bander man 0.90 (0.2-4.4) 1.45 (0.6-3.4) 1.8 log/lumber inspector 4. 83 (0.6-38.2) 0.40 (0.0-3.6) "0.4 sawmill worker 0.97 (0.5-1.8) 1.03 (0.7-1.4) 15.0 wood products worker 1.27 (0.7-2.3) 0.88 (0.6-1.3) 12.0 fork lift driver in mill 1.52 (0.6-3.6) 1.44 (0.8-2.6) 4.2 lumber grader *2.66 (1.1-5.4) 0.94 (0.5-1.9) 3.1 wood preserver 0.79 (0.1-5.9) 1.64 (0.6-4.2) 1.4 manufacturer of chlorophenols 1.37 (0.4-4.3) 1.72 (0.9-3.4) 3.0 Medium Exposure: High Exposure: * P •* 0.05 Paoe 42 �Table 6. Risks (pooled odds ratio) of developing STS and NHL among men aged 20-79 with factors or conditions associated with compromise of immune competence: 128 men with STS and 576 men with NHL (diagnosed 1981-1984) and 694 population controls (interviewed 1983-1985) in Western Washington. The precentage of the total study population with each risk factor is also presented. STS RISK FACTOR Malaria NHL OR (95% CI OR (95% CI) PERCENT STUDY POPULATION 1.14 (0.4-3.1) 1.47 (0.9-2.5) 4.7 non-skin 0.88 (0.3-2.5) 1.24 (0.7-2.1) 4.8 skin 1.47 (0.7-3.1) *1.57 (1.03-2.4) 7.5 0.70 (0.4-1.1) 0.91 (0.7-1.2) 27.5 Rheumatoid arthritis 1.38 (0.9-2.2) 5.9 Low gamma or immunoglobulin 1.59 (0.5-4.6) 1.0 *10.97 (2.1-57.3) 0.7 1.51 (0.4-5.6) 0.6 Preexisting Cancer: Corticosteroids Imnunosuppressant drug therapy** Immune deficiency in a blood relative * P <0.05 ** Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil and/or Mercaptopurine. �Table 7. Risks (pooled odds ratio) of developing STS and NHL among men aged 20-79 associated with nicellaneous occupational factors or conditions among 128 men with STS and 576 men with NHL (diagnosed 1981-1984} and 694 population controls (interviewed 1983-1985) in Western Washington. The precentage of the total study population with each condition or factor is also presented. STS CONDITION NHL OR (95* CI) OR (95% Ci: PERCENT STUDY POPULATION Insecticides: Chlordane 0.96 (0.2-4.8) DDT 1.10 (0.4-3.2) *1.82 (1.04-3.2) 1.61 (0.7-3.8) 1.6 4.0 Industrial Chemicals: Organic solvents 1.10 (0.7-1.7) *1.35 (1.06-1.7) 29.8 lead/lead arsenate 1.51 (0.9-2.6) *1.60 (1.1-2.3) 12.0 • welding/metal fumes 1.30 (0.9-2.0) *1.31 (1.03-1.7) 31.1 Chloracne 3.32 (0.8-14.0) 2.12 (0.6-7.0) 1.0 Skin blisters from chemicals 1.72 (0..9-3.2) 1.06 (0.7-1.6) 7.8 Cigarette smoking 0.93 (0.6-1.4) 0.85 (0.7-1.1) 73.5 Coffee drinking 0.49 (0.4-1.2) 1.28 (0.9-1.9) 8°.8 * P < 0.05 �Table 7. Risks (pooled odds ratio) of developing STS and NHL. among men aged 20-79 associated with micellaneous occupational factors or conditions among 128 men with STS and 576 men with NHL (diagnosed 1981-1984) and 694 population controls (interviewed 1983-1985) in Western Washington. The precentage of the total study population with each condition or factor is also presented. STS CONDITION NHL OR (95* CD OR (95£ CD PERCENT STUDY POPULATION Insecticides: Chlordane 0.96 (0.2-4.8) 1.61 (0.7-3.8) 1.6 DDT 1.10 (0.4-3.2) *1.82 (1.04-3.2) 4.0 Organic solvents 1.10 (0.7-1.7) *1.35 (1.06-1.7) 29.8 lead/lead arsenate 1.51 (0.9-2.6) *1.60 (1.1-2.3) 12.0 welding/metal fumes 1.30 (0.9-2.0) *1.31 (1.03-1.7) 31.1 Chloracne 3.32 (0.8-14.0) 2.12 (0.6-7.0) 1.0 Skin blisters from chemicals 1.72 (0..9-3.2) 1.06 (0.7-1.6) 7.8 Cigarette smoking 0.93 (0.6-1.4) 0.85 (0.7-1.1) 73.5 Coffee drinking 0.49 (0.4-1.2) 1.28 (0.9-1.9) 89.8 Industrial Chemicals: * P < 0.05 �FOOTNOTES 1. Supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant CA-29900. 2. We are indebted to the staff of the Epidemiologic Research Unit of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for their assistance in the conduct of this study. 3. We gratefully thank Frans M. Enzinger, M.D., Chairman, Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, for assisting in the confirmation and histological classification of soft tissue sarcoma case materials in this study. i /! r � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 054 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1439 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shepard, Barclay M. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: a Brief Overview, March 31, 1987 Subject The topic of the resource soft tissue sarcoma lymphomas DDT health studies ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 048 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1228 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pedersen, N. Bang J. Thormann A. Senning Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Contact Dermatitis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Title A name given to the resource Occupational Contact Allergy to bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-methyl chloride Subject The topic of the resource industrial exposure DDT human testing pesticide toxicology ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 048 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1225 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgan, Donald P. Clifford C. Roan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archives of Environmental Health Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-07-01 Title A name given to the resource Liver Function in Workers Having High Tissue Stores of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides Subject The topic of the resource DDT industrial exposure human testing pesticide toxicology ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 048 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1224 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Miller, H. J. Ita Aronovski Simi Cucos Dora Wasserman M. Wasserman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Organochlorine Insecticides on Serum Proteins in Occupationally Exposed People Subject The topic of the resource DDT industrial exposure human testing pesticide toxicology ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 048 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1219 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kutz, F. W. A. R. Yobs S. C. Strassman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Occupational Medicine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977-09-01 Title A name given to the resource Racial Stratification of Organochlorine Insecticide Residues in Human Adipose Tissue Subject The topic of the resource DDT adipose tissue testing ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 048 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1218 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kutz, F. W. S. C. Strassman J. F. Sperling Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 31 1979 Title A name given to the resource Survey of Selected Organochlorine Pesticides in the General Population of The United States: Fiscal Years 1970-1975 Subject The topic of the resource DDT adipose tissue testing ao_seriesIII