1 15 19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 078 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1999 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 15 1984 Title A name given to the resource Transcript of Proceedings: Royal Commission on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam, 15 February 1984 Subject The topic of the resource Australian Royal Commission Hearings herbicide application HERBS database human exposure ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 076 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1978 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 24 1984 Title A name given to the resource Transcript of Proceedings: Royal Commission on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam, 24 January 1984 Subject The topic of the resource Australian Royal Commission Hearings herbicide application HERBS database troop location ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 076 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1977 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 23 1984 Title A name given to the resource Transcript of Proceedings: Royal Commission on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam, 23 January 1984 Subject The topic of the resource Australian Royal Commission Hearings herbicide application HERBS database Ranch Hand ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/c81ecbc866a23746c13a8abfeb0e46fa.pdf cf037bec869d77532e2280a7c52d9fcd PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01/12 Author Stellman, Steven D. Corporate Author ROpOrt/ArtlGlO TitlO Typescript: Estimation of Exposure to Agent Orange and Other Defoliants Among American Troops in Vietnam: a Methodological Approach [nd] Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of ImaBBs n 40 Descrlpton Notes Monday, June 11, 2001 Page 1713 of 1793 �ESTIMATION OF EXPOSURE TO AGENT ORANGE AND OTHER DEFOLIANTS AMONG AMERICAN TROOPS IN VIETNAM A Methodological Approach Steven D. Stellman, Ph.D. American Cancer Society 4 Nest 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Jeanne M. Stellman, Ph.D. School of Public Health Comprehensive Cancer Center Columbia University 21 Audubon Avenue New York, NY 10032 This work was partially supported by U.S. Service Grant NCI #5K07-CA-00730 <JMS) and by a from the National Council of Churches. Public Health special grant A preliminary account of this work was presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Montreal, November, 1982. �ABSTRACT Two pivotal problems in determining whether exposure to herbicides has caused disease in Vietnam veterans or their offspring are definition of which troops were exposed and extent of exposure. The DoD HERBS tape is the most complete publicly available record of herbicide spraying in Vietnam. It contains about 17§000 records consisting of coordinates of spray missions, dates, chemical agent, quantity and area sprayed, and mission purpose. We have developed a set of discrete and con- tinuous indexes of exposure to herbicides for individual veterans. These indexes are based upon HERBS tape spray data, and upon locations and dates of service derived from a place-and-date matrix completed by the veteran. They can take into account environmental persistence of herbicide using first-order exponential decay kinetics with an estimated half-life of dioxin. Mean values for the continuous exposure indexes were significantly greater among veterans judged to be exposed according to self-reported job titles and specific military experiences, compared to men judged unlikely to have been exposed. Exposure indexes based upon the HERBS tape for classification of exposure to herbicides in South Vietnam during 1965 - 1971 appear to be well suited for use in epidemiologic studies. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 1 The possible human health effects associated with the systematic spraying of large portions of South Vietnam with defoliating chemicals carried out by the United States during 1962 to 1971 are a matter of great public and professional debate and concern. During that time nearly six million acres of land were sprayed. Agent Orange, a 1:1 mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, was the main herbicide used. Agents Nhite (2,4-D and picloram) and Blue (cacodylic acid) were also used but in lesser amounts [Young et al., 1978]. The ingredients of Agent Orange are known to be toxic. 2,4,5-T is embryotoxic and teratogenic to the mouse [Courtney and Moore, 1971; Neubert and Dillman, 1972; Hood et al., 1979], causes fetal anomalies in hamsters [Collins and Nilliams, 1971], and induces a variety of genotoxic effects in numerous animal and plant species [Grant, 1979]. 2,4-D in large doses can poison experimental animals and livestock [Rowe et al.,1954; Fenton, 1984], and is neurotoxic to humans [Goldstein et al., 1959]. When given orally to rats, 2,4-D was found to be embryotoxic and fetotoxic, but not teratogenic [Schwetz et al., 1971]. The 2,4,5-T used in Agent Orange was also heavily contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin (TCDD) and its congeners [Young et al., 1978]. The mean concentration of TCDD in Agent Orange was 2 ppm. Individual concentrations ranged from 0.05 to about 30 ppm [Young et al., 1978]. In laboratory animals, TCDD was found to be extremely toxic [Huff et al., 1980]. The LD-50 for guinea pigs is less than 2 ug/kg of body weight [Huff et al., 1980; Schwetz et al., 1973]. At subacute �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 2 doses it produces many other systemic effects. TCDD is also embryotoxic and teratogenic to several strains of rats and mice [Courtney and Moore, 1971], and has been found carcinogenic by several routes of administration [International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1977; Van Miller et al., 1977j Kociba et al., 1978]. The effects of TCDD on humans are not so well established as those for animals. Human health effects are known chiefly from studies following industrial accidents and other occupational exposures. Clinical evaluation of workers and others exposed to dioxins has produced a wide range of dermatological, metabolic, neurological, and behavioral effects [Huff et al., 1980]. The best known and most widely recognized of these is /• chloracne, which is often described as the "hallmark" of dioxin exposure. However, many of these other conditions can result from exposure without chloracne being present [May, 1973} Oliver, 1975} Pazderova-Vejlupkova et al., 1981]. These and other observations have led to the hypothesis that soldiers exposed to Agent Orange during military service in Vietnam may be at increased risk for various acute and chronic diseases and for fathering children with birth defects. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 3 Currently a number of studies are being conducted on the health of Vietnam veterans and their offspring. The majority are planned as long-term investigations and will not be completed for some years [American Medical Association, 1981], A prelimi- nary account of the Baseline Morbidity Study of Air Force personnel who conducted aerial herbicide dissemination missions in Vietnam (Operation Ranch Hand) showed no significant differences compared to control groups in conception outcomes such as prematurity, miscarriages, stillbirths, or "severe" birth defects, but did observe an excess of "minor" defects," as well as a significant excess of neonatal deaths and physical handicaps [Lathrop et al., 1984]. Among the studies now complete, a case-control study of babies born in the metropolitan Atlanta area concluded that Vietnam veterans in general did not have an increased risk of fathering babies with defects (all types combined) [Erickson et al., 1984a]. However, veterans judged to be "exposed" to Agent Orange had significantly higher risks of having children with birth defects including spina bifida, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and a miscellaneous constellation of neoplasms. Donovan et al. [1984] have reported that the risk for Australian Vietnam veterans to have fathered a child with a birth defect was no different from that of other Australian men. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 4 In all of these studies, one of the most difficult problems has been that of defining exposure. Accurate data on individual exposure is not available. Information on general herbicide usage exists but has so far proved difficult to translate into individual exposures. Lathrop et al. [op. cit., Chapter M i l l ] computed an average exposure index for each Ranch Hand subject by dividing the total gallonage of TCDD-containing herbicide sprayed in the entire Vietnam theater during the subject's tour of duty by the number of airmen with duties equivalent to that subject during the same time period. This measure does not take into account individual exposures at specific times and places. Yet, even this index was largely ignored by the authors in their analysis. Instead, most epidemiological comparisons were made between the entire group of soldiers in Operation Ranch Hand and various nonRanch Hand control groups, in effect assuming a single presumably high average level of herbicide exposure for all those in Operation Ranch Hand and another, lesser level for the control group. Erickson et al. also used two different exposure indices. The first was a self-report obtained by asking the subject "Do you think you were ever exposed in any way to herbicides, like Agent Orange?" [Erickson et al., 1984b, p. 228] A more objective "Exposure Opportunity Index" (EOI), was also developed, whereby a "panel of specialists familiar with existing records of herbicide spraying in Vietnam used a mixture of objective and subjective methods" to estimate possible exposures for individual veterans [Erickson et al., 1984b, p. 2 ] Two separate 3. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 5 ECU scorings Mere done, one based on occupation, location, and time recorded in military records ("records-based score"), and one based on similar information obtained from direct interviews with the veterans ("interview-based score"). Despite this incorporation of external information, the EOI scoring system was judged by authors of the study to be "a generally subjective evaluation." Furthermore, Erickson et al. have commented that the mixture of effects reported could easily have resulted from errors of misclassification [Erickson et al., 1984a]. Thus, in contrast to the highly technology-intensive techniques for evaluating the medical status of veterans, the methods of estimating exposure to herbicides have remained fairly crude. Future studies of health and reproductive outcomes of Vietnam veterans will require development of more objective, valid exposure evaluation methods. One valuable source of objective, specific information on the patterns and extent of herbicide usage in Vietnam is the so-called HERBS tape, developed by the U.S. Army. This data source was used to derive the "records-based score" in the Atlanta birth defect study although the exact way in which the information was incorporated into the EOI was not described [Erickson et al., 1984b, p. 23]. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of the HERBS tape to see whether it can be an objective, valid source for exposure classification for individual veterans. The data file contained on this tape consists of an assembly of over 17,000 records, each describing a piece of a herbicide spray �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 6 mission. The information provided within each tape record is summarized in Table It Besides location, the tape records also contain data on dates of spraying, the type of mission, which of the three herbicides was used, the volume used and the area sprayed. The HERBS tape was kindly made available to us by the Records Management Group of the office of the Adjutant General of the U.S. Army. MATERIALS AND METHODS Resourcei DoD HERBS Tape The 1980 version of the HERBS tape which we analyzed contained data on 6,475 distinct missions. A mission typically consisted of several legs, each one representing a continuous spray route, possibly including jogs. Each HERBS tape record refers to a single coordinate point on the map of Vietnam. Con- tinuity of spray runs from point to point on the map (and from one HERBS tape record to the next) is indicated by letter-numeral combinations called leg designators (1A, IB, etc.). The numeral of the leg indicates the number of the run within the mission to which the associated coordinate belongs, and the letter designates the leg within that run. The coordinates are keyed to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system, which is a rectangular grid ruled off in 100,000 meter sub-grids. The diagram in Figure 1 shows two legs of a mission flown near Pleiku. The plane turned its spray on at 1A, and continued to spray as it flew on to IB, 1C, ID, IE, and IF. It turned the spray off, flew to position 2A, and sprayed until 2B. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 7 For our calculations, we used established coordinates of vertices only, rather than center-points or average locations, since low-flying spray planes were frequently fired upon and forced to deviate from a straight-line course. Construction of Exposure Scales The method described here consists of several approaches used separately and in conjunction to provide different exposure indices for the Vietnam veteran in question. The parts are: (a) discrete exposure indices. Cg, CIQ, G ig , which are counts of the number of times a veteran was located within a specified radius (5, 10, or 15 km) from any of the spray locations on the HERBS tape, at times when spraying occurred; this index incorporates information supplied by the veteran using a pre-coded and tested Vietnam place-and-date matrix developed for this purpose; (b) Con t i nuQUs Exposure Indi ces t (i) E, , a continuous distance-weighted measure of how close in distance to actual defoliation missions the veteran was during his tour of duty, as calculated using the HERBS tape data and the veteran's military experience and place-and-date matrix; �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 8 (ii) Eg, an integrated estimate combining both direct exposure, as in (i), and indirect exposure deriMed from residual herbicides, in an area of duty where spraying occurred prior to the veteran's service in that area, using the HERBS tape data and the veteran's place-and-date matrix; (iii) E-,, an integrated exposure index combining both (i) and (ii) above which allows for direct exposure, indirect exposure through environmental persistence, and distance from spraying missions during a veteran's tour of duty; (c) a self-reported history by the veteran of the dates and locations he served in Vietnam as recorded in the place-anddate matrix; (d) self-reported descriptions of military service, jobs and experiences using a pre-tested, pre-coded questionnaire. The discrete indices simply count the number of likely exposures which could have occurred within a specified radius of a veteran's location, while the continuous indices can take into account concurrent exposures plus potential exposures to residual herbicides from all previous spraying missions which took place within 15 km of a given location. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX The discrete scales; C Page 9 (r_ - 5, 10, 15) is a count of the number of spray locations, represented by records on the HERBS tape, which fell within a specified distance, r_, place-and-date position reported by the veteran. of each Two hypotheti- cal examples of this calculation are shown in Figure 1 and in Table 3. In the example of Figure 1, a veteran reported that he was present in Pleiku on the date the diagrammed spray mission took place. As shown in the Figure, three vertices fall within 5 km of Pleiku, six fall within 10 km, and all eight fall within 15 km. We call these counts the "number of hits within 5, 10, and 15 km," respectively, and our scheme assigns the veteran exposures C5 = 3, C.Q = 6, and Cig = 8. This type of count can be computed for any location in Vietnam whose UTM coordinates are known. The con t i nuous scales; These indices are defined by i three related continuous exposure measures (E.-Eg). The first, represented by Equation 1, defines the index of exposure, E,, as the sum of the reciprocals of the distances of all spray locations from a given position. I E, = CoSd/D::) ._.._ " _. J (1) where C_ represents the initial concentration of the herbicide in each of the spraying missions, D.. is the distance from the veteran's i.th known location to the j.th coordinate on the tape, �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 10 whose dates coincide with the veteran's assignment dates at location j . Distances closer than 10 m are counted as 10 m to . prevent the sum from approaching infinity. For the continuous index £<, , we only use spray dates included within the veteran's stay at location i,, which do not include the effects of spraying during previous missions. The use of reciprocal distances in this index gives higher weight to closer "hits" in the summation. For computational convenience, the sum is restricted to all distances less than or equal to 15 km, since hits at greater distances contribute negligbly to the sum. The second continuous measure of exposure, £„, is given by Equation 2. Eg has been constructed to consider the environ- mental persistence of an exposure over time. .. where X is a decay constant and t is time. For an individual veteran, the expression in Eq . (2) is integrated mathematically from t = t,, . . to t=tg . ., where t- . . is the first date he was stationed at location j and t,,, . . is the date he left it. The . <£fij integral is evaluated for each location j_ on the HERBS tape within 15 km of veteran location JL, provided the herbicide spraying occurred prior to t,, ... If the spraying occurred after ^ , ij time t, . ., then the lower limit of the integral is set to the J. , 1 3 actual date of spraying. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 11 Eg takes into account explicitly the fact that once sprayed Agent Orange and other herbicides will not instantaneously "disappear" but will be present in the environment, and will be degraded as time passes. He have used a first-order exponential decay, with rate constant A. . The choice of a first order decay law in the present study, that is, a constant halflife, is conservative since it assumes a more rapid disappearance than might actually have occurred. Studies of environmental persistence of TCDD in soil surrounding Seveso, Italy, the site of a large scale environmental release of TCDD, showed an increase in half-life with time [DiDomenico et al., 1980]. However, environmental degradation of TCDD in persistence studies conducted on heavily treated soils at test sites in Utah and Florida, observed by Young et al. [1976], demonstrated decay consistent with first order kinetics. In our calculations, we have assumed a half-life of one year, as suggested by several studies of TCDD persistence in soil [DiDomenico et al., 1980; Young et al., 1976$ Kearney et al., 1972]. The exposure index, E2, therefore gives higher weight to more recent sprayings, while "remembering" past sprayings, but weighting them according to an exponential decay law. As with any first-order decay, the half-life, tau, is given by i i I T i/z = In 2/X (3) �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 12 A third index, Eg, given in Equation 4, is a composite of E. and Ep, which combines environmental persistence with reciprocal distance, to give higher weight to more recent sprayings as well as to closer hits. • * tst IJ ,,-, .. where the indices i and j. . - - -xt dt ar| d times t. . . and t 0 . . are defined A ,i j £,ij above. In these equations we have assigned a constant concen- tration CQ to the herbicide used in all missions. Self-Reported Exposure Data Self-reported history and place-and-date matrix formats were developed in consultation with numerous veterans and other experts on Vietnam geography. A matrix, divided into the four Combat Tactical Zones, or Corps, in Vietnam, 1,11,111,1V, was created in which major, villages, locations and areas heavily used by American troops were listed by the names used by the veterans. The printed matrix was accompanied by a map of Vietnam on which larger towns were also shown. The matrix was designed so that the respondent could indicate up to 98 specific places in Vietnam where he might have served and the dates that he was there. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 13 Subjects were asked whether or not they had experienced any of the following: been a sprayer on a C-123, helicopter, or boat, had worked at clearing vegetation, had worked as a sprayer or handler of herbicides during shipment, or had slept in or walked through obviously defoliated areas. Subjects were then classified as "exposed" or "not exposed" to each of these spray occupations or to recently sprayed terrain. This method of collecting location and date information data was pre-tested in 100 California veterans, and proved to be a satisfactory data collection instrument. Approximately 70% of questionnaires had sufficiently completed places and dates to calculate the above exposure measures, without assistance and without an interview. The questions used in the self-described exposure section are reproduced in Table 2. This information allowed us to compare the measures of exposure derived from the HERBS tape against the observations, experiences and military jobs reported by the soldiers. \ Application of Algorithms and Analysis of HERBS tape We have tested the exposure indices on a sample of 478 veterans selected from a study we have been conducting with the Veterans Education Project of the National Veterans Law Center, American University. Several thousand questionnaires were mailed to veterans participating in a nationwide outreach program sponsored by the Veterans Education Project. The questionnaires solicited information on veterans' health and reproductive outcomes, �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 14 and contained the exposure instruments described above. This sample was clearly highly self-selected, so that it would not be appropriate to directly generalize associations of herbicide exposures with health outcomes from this population to all Vietnam veterans. However, since our present purpose is only to investigate our proposed exposure indices, and not health outcomes, there is nothing inherently biased in using this group to test and validate the exposure algorithms, of which the respondents had no knowledge. Finally, we have also carried out calculations on the aggregated data contained in the HERBS tape to obtain additional data on overall usage of defoliants and hence to provide more information about potential exposure of American troops in Vietnam during the 1965-1971. In addition we have made estimates of the relative concentration of herbicides used on each of the missions by calculating the ratio of gallons to area sprayed using the data recorded on the tapes. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 15 RESULTS Overall Patterns and Extent of Defoliation Activities Quantities of herbicides recorded on the HERBS tape can be compared with previously published estimates of herbicide use in Vietnam, as an indicator of the completeness of data available to us. The total volume of Agent Orange recorded on the HERBS tape was 11,197,929 gallons, which differs by less than Q.7% from the quantity reported by the National Academy of Sciences [Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1974]. Similar levels of agreement were observed for Agents Blue and Nhite. Defoliants were used in Vietnam for a variety of purposes. Figure 2 shows the major reported uses of the three herbicides in Vietnam, defoliation and crop destruction, while Figure 3 shows the minor uses reported, related to Vietnamese r troop movement a,nd their interdiction. More than ten million gallons of Agent Orange were sprayed, in at least 3,000 separate defoliation missions. Nearly another million gallons of Agent Orange were used in crop destruction programs. About five million gallons of Agent Nhite and one million gallons of Agent Blue were also used for these purposes. Approximately 100,000 gallons of Agent Orange were sprayed around the perimeters of bases to deny cover to enemy troops. These latter uses of defoliants may also have led to significant exposure to U.S. troops. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 16 For more than Q0% of the missions, the calculated ratio of gallonage to area sprayed, which is a close approximation of concentration, is nearly constant. 15Ji of the missions with a substantially different gallon/area ratio occur among missions in the lowest gallonage classification (<500 gallons) and 5% of the missions dispensed less than 100 gallons. Although herbicide use in Vietnam had begun by January, 1962, the HERBS tape covers only those spray missions conducted after June, 1965. Limited amounts (less than 300,000 gallons) of other dioxin-contaminated herbicides, notably Agents Pink and Purple (active ingredient 2,4,5-T), were disseminated between January, 1962, and December, 1964 [Young et al., 1978]. Since these were years before major American troop involvement, the number of U.S. servicemen exposed would be extremely small. Figure 4 shows the total herbicide usage by calendar quarter. The precipitous drop in the first quarter of 1968 coincides with the Jet Offensive. As indicated in the Figure, usage tended to be \ most widespread when the largest numbers of U.S. soldiers were in the field. Application of Indices As an example, we have summed the indices C5, CIQ, and C,,g, which count the total number of "hits" within specific radii, in six towns or other places in Vietnam, where thousands of American troops were stationed: Chu Lai, Khe Sanh, Camp Evans, Pleiku, Tay Ninh, and Phuoc Vinh. Table 3 shows the total number of such hits falling within 5, 10, and 15 km of these locations, �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 17 respectively, as well as the total index E,. , derived from all sprayings from 1965 through 1971. These represent upper limits to exposure indexes that would be calculated for veterans stationed at these locations for shorter periods of time. These sample calculations illustrate how the indices can differentiate exposure classification among combat troops. The equations were then applied to our study population. Of the 543 men sampled, 478 had sufficient information to compute exposure indices, and 303 of these judged themselves "exposed" within at least one of the categories queried in Table 2. Mean scores for the various discrete and continuous scales were computed separately for men designated as "exposed" within each of these six potential exposure categories, as well as for the remaining group of 175 men who said they did not think they •j were exposed, and who did not indicate that they had held any of the likely exposure jobs. Results are shown in Figure 5. All six of the "exposed" groups had Eg means higher than the mean of the "unexposed" group,average, and all categories but one (shipping handlers), a group for which we had few dbservations, had more "hits within 15 km", C» g , than the population average for that variable. Since a number of men belong to more than one nominally "exposed" category, the groups are not independent, so that it is not meaningful to make statistical comparisons between the group means. However, the mean values of the discrete exposure index, C 15' as weil as of the continuous indices E-, Eg» and E», in >,'."" - , '. ' ,'.!.'.'". . " .' '" ^ ' ' " .".' V ' exposed and unexposed groups as a whole are compared in Table 4. Mean values for E« and E3 were significantly higher in the ex- '- �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 18 posed compared to the unexposed: mean E2 was 41% higher (p<.01) and mean £„ was 32% higher in the exposed. Using a Mann-Hhitney U O test for the discrete variable Cig, the mean rank among the exposed was significantly higher than in the unexposed (p<.05). DISCUSSION As illustrated in Figure 5 and Table 4, HERBS tapederived exposure indices vary widely among individual troops, ranging from no exposure to a high probability of having been directly sprayed upon, and are consistent with likely exposures associated with specific military jobs and experiences in Vietnam. It is particularly noteworthy that there is little difference in mean Ew values for men whose self-reports indicated 0 that they cleared vegetation, slept, or walked through fields, and men who reported no exposure. Ne believe this to be reflective of the uncertainty and confusion which exists in the minds of many veterans about whether or not they were exposed to Agent —i Orange. Many sources of defoliation in Vietnam in addition to chemical herbicides have been documented by the National Academy of Sciences [Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1974], such as bombing and shelling, use of Rome plows (super-bulldozers), resettlement, cutting of trees for lumber and firewood, and local agricultural practices (swidden agriculture)j it is difficult to see how a soldier under the stress of combat could be expected to distinguish one cause of defoliation from another. Our method can sort out those individuals who �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 19 erroneously believe themselves to have been exposed and whose misclassification might thereby dilute any potentially observable effect in an epidemiological study. On the other hand, a self-report might miss important sources of contact with defoliants because the soldier was unaware of previous spraying in the area. Note, for example, the statistically significant differences in £„ and Eg between groups in Table 4, which take into account prior spraying at a given location, compared to the lack of statistical significance of differences among values for £„, which includes only current exposure. This demonstrates the importance of considering the residual effects of herbicide spraying encountered by troops long after the actual date of herbicide application. In a previous survey of veterans [Stellman and Stellman, 1980] we recorded reports of hundreds of servicemen who had entered freshly denuded forests, and who camped within defoliated areas, either in the jungle or near the perimeters of their base camps, in areas which were recently sprayed. In addition, men could have been exposed by spending time in areas long after spraying took place. Men on extended jungle patrols often swam in and drank water from streams that drained defoliated areas. The possibility of exposure from the latter source cannot be ruled out. Tissue samples from rodents, birds, fish, and reptiles trapped several years after spray tests were halted at a Florida test site for Agent Orange (Table 5) contained traces of dioxin [Young et al.,1978, p. 111-19]. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 20 It is precisely for these reasons,that jit is impossible to give credence to any health effects study in which assignment of herbicide exposure levels to individual veterans is based „ solely upon self-reports, We are aware, of course, of limitations associated with surveys of self-selected individuals. In health surveys subjects can be self-selected for a variety of reasons, including concern over possible exposure to Agent Orange, and concern about their own health. For this reason, any studies relating exposures to health outcomes in this population are likely to be highly biased. However, since no veteran could possibly know the thousands of dates and places of missions on the tape, there can be very little selection bias in this measure. Therefore, we believe this to be an independent and objective source of exposure information, despite the fact that our data was elicited from participants who selected themselves to participate in our survey. Furthermore, from the wide varia/ bility of the aggregated indices for these specific locations, we infer that it would be quite difficult for a subject to deliber—i ately fabricate a high score for himself. That is, a subject is highly unlikely to be able to identify places at random, and expect that the scores for those places, restricted to the time period he served in Vietnam, would be especially high. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 21 Because questionnaires are all self-administered, there is the usual problem of how to handle missing or obviously incorrect information. Our evaluation algorithms are biased towards minimizing exposure by truncating Vietnam location dates according to overall dates of service in Vietnam, and eliminating records with no dates at all. The majority of respondents took great pains to fill out the exposure related section and the Vietnam location and date section with care. Fewer than five questionnaires from obviously unreliable subjects were eliminated. Recent experience with another, non-self-selected group, comprising a random sample of several state membership lists of the American Legion, convinces us that veterans possess and utilize many resources to recall just where they were in Vietnam and what they did there. (Study in progress.) A still more accurate exposure method would, in addition, assign different exposure values to each mission, according to the actual number of gallons dispersed, the area sprayed, the rate of dispersion and even the meterological conditions, if this data were available. For the great majority of missions the results obtained here would not change because, as indicated above, the ratio of gallons to area was nearly constant. Nithout taking differing concentrations into account, the method is, at worst, a conservative approach to exposure estimation because the small number of concentration outliers are concentrated in the missions carried out over the smallest acreage, hence possibly representing the most intense exposure. �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE INDEX Page 22 It is probable that we are underestimating exposure arising from backpacking and other small, but intense uses of herbicides since we know that most of the missions with a substantially different gallons/area ratio from the calculated average fall in the low gallonage category. Refinement of the method, with variations in concentration and in different types of spray missions taken into account, is currently underway. The U.S. Army is revising the 1980 HERBS tape to provide still more accurate data on backpacking missions. This new information will be incorporated into our method as soon as it becomes available. It may, of course, be possible for other researchers, particularly those engaged in large, government-sponsored studies, to obtain complete military records of troop movements in Vietnam, as has been attempted by Erickson et al. [1984b], and to apply this or similar methods to derive still more accurate exposure information, thereby possibly eliminating many of the drawbacks associated with personal recall and use of self-administered questionnaires and approximations of concentration. On a more modest level, the method outlined in this article can be readily applied at minimal expense by the many registries and projects now being carried out by state agencies and private research groups. The obvious next step is to examine the prevalence of adverse health conditions in relation to the values of the herbicide exposure indices described in this paper. Such studies are ". now in progress. •' ^s 5 �ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was made possible through the help of many individuals and institutions: Lawrence Qarfinkel, American Cancer Society. John Jordan, Louise Ransom, Robert Morris, Andy Smith, Tim Smith, Chris losso, National Council of Churches. Keith Snyder, Lew Milford, Ron Simon, National Veterans Law Center, American University. Mike Gold, City University of New York Department of Veterans Affairs. Steve Zoloth, Hunter College of the City University of New York. John F. Sommer, Jr., The American Legion. Richard Christian, U. S. Army Records Management Group. �REFERENCES American Medical Association (1981): The health effects of "Agent Or an qe" an d Po1v chl o r i n a t edL.p i o x i n Co n t am i n ant s. Technical Report. Council on Scientific Affairs. Chicago, Illinois. Collins TFX, Williams CH (1971): Teratogenic Studies with 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D in the Hamster. Bull Environ Con tarn Toxicol 6:559567. Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam (1974)s Part A. Summary and Conclusions. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Courtney KD, Moore JA (1971): Teratology Studies with 2,4,5Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pDioxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2fi.: 396-403. DiDomenico A, Silano V, Viviano G, Zapponi G (1980): Accidental release of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at Seveso, Italy. V. Environmental persistence of TCDD in soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 4.:339-345. Donovan JW, MacLennan R, Adena M (1984): Vietnam service and the risk of congenital anomalies. A case-control study. Med J Austral 140;394-397. Erickson JD, Mulinare J, McClain PW, Fitch TO, James LM, McClearn AB, Adams MJ (1984a): Vietnam veterans" risks for fathering babies with birth defects. J Amer Med Assocn 252;903-912. Erickson JD, Mulinare J, McClain PW, Fitch TQ, James LM, McClearn AB, Adams MJ (1984b): Vietnam veterans" risks for fathering babies with birth defects, Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control. Fenton BK (1984): A fatal case of 2,4-D toxicity? Vet Record, June 16, 1984, p. 599. Goldstein NP, Jones PH, Brown JR (1959): Peripheral Neuropathy after Exposure to an Ester of Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid. J Amer Med Assocn 171:1306-1309. Grant WF (1979): The Genotoxic Effects of 2,4,5-T. Mutat Res 65 ; 83Hood RD, Patterson BL, Thacker 6T, Sloan GL, Szczech GM (1979): Prenatal Effects of 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol , and Phenoxyacetic Acid in Mice. J Environ Sci Health Cl g : 189-204. �Huff JE, Moore JA, Saracci ft, Tomatis L (1980): Long-Term Hazards of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlor inated Dibenzof urans. Env Health Persp 36; 221 -240. International Agency for Research on Cancer ( 9 7 : Some fumigants, 17) the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and miscellaneous industrial chemicals. IARC Monograph 15: Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Lyon, France. Kearney PC, Noolson EA, Ellington CP Jr (1972): Persistence and metabolism of chlorodioxins in soils. Environ Sci Technol 6:1017-1019. Kociba RJ, Keyes D6, Beyer JE, Carreon RM, Hade CE, Dittenber DA, Kalnins RP, Frauson LE, Park CN, Barnard SD, Hummel RA, and Humiston CG ( 9 8 : Results of a two-year chronic toxi17) city and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 46:279-303. Lathrop GD, Wolfe WH, Albanese RA, Moynahan PM ( 9 4 : An epidemic18) logic investigation of health effects in Air Force personnel following exposure to herbicides. Baseline morbidity study results. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base. May G (1973): Chloracne from the accidental production of tetrachloridibenzodioxin. Brit J Indus Med 30:276-283. Neubert D, Dillmann, I (1972): Embryotoxic Effects in Mice Treated with 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin. Arch Pharmacol 272:243-264. Oliver RM ( 9 5 : Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-l ,417) dioxin in laboratory workers. Brit J Indus Med 32 ; 49-53 . "1 Pazderova-Vejlupkova J, Nemcova M, Pickova J, Jirasek L, Lukas E (1981): The development and prognosis of chronic intoxication by tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in men. Arch Env Hlth 36 ; 5-1 1 . Rowe VK, Hymas TA (1954): Summary of Toxicological Information on 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Type Herbicides and an Evaluation of the Hazards to Livestock Associated With Their Use. Amer J Yet Res 15:622-629. Schwetz BA, Sparschu GL, Gehring PJ (1971) i The Effect of 2,4Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) and Ester of 2,4-D on Rat Embryonal, Foetal and Neonatal Growth and Development. Fd Cosmet Toxicol 9:801-817. . . . ;v;.ji*v.£ ••&...,.....^Vavl' ' ' ' ' '' Schwetz BA, Morris JM, Sparschu GL, Rowe VK, Gehring PJ, Emerson JL, Gerbig CG ( 9 3 : Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p17) dioxins. Env Hlth Persp §: 87-99. �Stellman SD, Stellman JM ( 9 0 : Health problems among 535 Vietnam 18) veterans potentially exposed to toxic herbicides. Paper presented at the Society for Epidemiologic Research, Minneapolis, June, 1980. Man Miller JP, Lalich JJ, Allen JR ( 9 7 : Increased incidence of 17) neoplasms in rats exposed to low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chemosphere 9:537-544. Young AL, Thalken CE, Arnold EL, Cupello JM, Cockerham LG ( 9 6 : 17) Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the environment: Summary and decontamination recommendations. USAFA-TR-76-18. Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences. U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado. Young AL, Calcagani JA, Thalken CE, Tremblay JW ( 9 8 : The 17) Toxicology, Environmental Fate and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory (OEHL), Technical Report No. TR-78-92, Final Report, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, Medical Division. �TABLE 1 DATA CONTAINED ON HERBS TAPE Date (Month/Day/Year) Combat Tactical Zone (I, II, III, Mission Number Agent (Orange, White, Blue) No. of Gallons Type of Mission (Defoliation, Crop Destruction, etc.) Area Sprayed (Hectares) Leg Designator! 1A, IB, etc. UTM Coordinate of Leg . . . i �TABLE 2 Hording of Questions on Self-Described Exposure to Agent Orange In this section we are interested in finding what you remember about being exposed to defoliating herbicides, such as Agent Orange, which were used to kill jungle cover in Southeast Asia. If you believe you were exposed to such a chemical agent, either by directly loading it, spraying it, or entering a freshly sprayed area, we would like you to describe how you were exposed and when. If you don't remember being directly exposed to herbicides, check here: and go on to next page. No Sprayer on C-123 Sprayer on Helicopter Sprayer on boat Loader/handler of spray on any of the above Job involved clearing vegetation and/or patrolling around camp, roads, or clearing free-fire zones Slept/walked through sprayed areas. Exposed to herbicides used near camp or on roads you traveled on Handler of spray during storage or shipment Yes If yes, No. of weeks �TABLE 3 Number of Herbicide Spray "Hits" within 5, 10, and 15 km of Six Selected Sites in Vietnam (1965-1971) Place No. of spray hi ts wi thi n: 5 km 10 km 15 km Exposure Index EI' Jay Ninh 0 5 33 2.814 Chu Lai 2 33 55 6.304 15 23 55 8.264 Camp Evans 3 35 110 10.609 Phuoc Vinh 27 144 356 38.958 Pleiku 69 74 121 43.600 Khe Sanh *Defined by Eq. (1) �TABLE 4 Statistical Comparisons Between Mean Exposure Indices For Veterans Self-Described as "Exposed" and "Not Exposed" to Agent Orange VARIABLE Average Value of Variable for Veterans Reporting Exposure Average Value of Variable for Veterans Not Reporting Exposure (Numbers of veterans are given in parentheses) 8.94 (303) 8.39 (175) N.S. (303) 5.85 (175) <.01 0.98 (303) 0.74 (175) <.05 8.25 Mean Rank '15 248.9 (303) Mean Rank 223.2 (175) MannWhi tney U 2364.5 <.05 �TABLE 5 Levels of TCDD Found in Animals 3 to 8 Years After Heavy Spraying of Agent Orange at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida SPECIES TISSUE CONCENTRATION (ppt) Mammals: Beachmouse Hispid Cotton Rat Liver Liver 300 - 2400 <10 - 210 Birds! Meadowlark Mourning Dove Savannah Sparrow Liver Liver Liver 100 - 1020 50 69 Fishs Spotted Sunfish Mosquito Fish Sailfin Shiner Liver Nhole Body Whole Body Amphibia: 6-Lined Racerunner Muscle Source: Young et al., 1978 86 12 12 360 - 430 �CAPTIONS FOR FIGURES Figure 1. Representation of a typical spray mission flown near Pleiku. Plane sprayed continously front 1A to IF, flew without spraying to 2A, then sprayed from 2A to 2B. Number of vertices or "hits" falling within radii of 5, 10, and 15 km are 3, 6, and 8, respectively. Figure 2. Quantities of Herbicides Orange, White, and Blue used in Defoliation and Crop Destruction missions in South Vietnam, 1965-1971. Figure 3. Quantities of Herbicides Orange, Nhite, and Blue use in five minor types of missions in South Vietnam, 1965-1971. Figure 4. Quantities of three herbicides used in South Vietnam, 1965-1971, by calendar quarter. Figure 5. (a) Mean discrete exposure index Cig computed for men with six different job categories with probable Agent Orange exposure, and for men not likely to have been exposed, (b) Same for continuous exposure index E0.''' • • ", -' .' - ,' •' • . e v a -£' --'•"•.»?'" .'.,'-«. ,„'.'•*?£ t" '' �Figure 1 NUMBER OF "HITS" 5 km 10 km 15 km 8 15 km �Figure 2 MAJOR USES OF HERBICIDES IN VIETNAMJ965-7I PURPOSE AGENT ORANGE DEFOLIATION WHITE NO. OF MISSIONS 3038 4.96 1348 BLUE 159 ORANGE 474 09 .6 'V < CROP DESTRUCTION WHITE 56 BLUE 310 V*'3 0.06 0.58 6 MILLIONS OF GALLONS �Figure 3 MINOR USES OF HERBICIDES IN VIETNAM, 1965-71 PURPOSE AGENT BASE PERIMETERS ORANGE WHITE BLUE ENEMY CACHE v SITES ORANGE WHITE BLUE' WATERWAYS. ORANGE WHITE BLUE COMMUNICATION LINES ORANGE WHITE BLUE ENEMY SUPPLY ROUTES NO. OF MISSIONS ORANGE WHITE BLUE 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 THOUSANDS OF GALLONS 90 100 �Figure 4 HERBICIDE USE IN VIETNAM,I965-I97I CO o o li. o (O AGENT ORANGE I 234 1965 I 234 1966 I 234 1967 I 234 1968 I 234 1969 YEAR AND QUARTER I 234 1970 I 234 1971 �Figure 5 (a) C.CAJ * 2 200 * 180 1O ^^•^M ^•MiM 160 M^M» 140 ^••M* b 120 I^^H* 5 X frig ^•» I^M» ^•H MM CO X & 100 UJ a: & 80 ___ ( 1 ( ^M^V u. 0 60 0* ID o 40 20 •MM- _ ' MM " "MEAN T " -1- T J_ <> 1 __ 1 I — 1 n SPRAYER ON COPTER LOADER OR HANDLER 1 SPRAYER CLEARING SLEPT OR HANDLER ON VEGETATION WALKED DURING C-123 THROUGH SHIPMENT SPRAYED AREAS MODE OF EXPOSURE TO AGENT ORANGE 1 NONE MEAN �Figure 5 (b) 2.2 er 2 20 -° X UJ UJ O ,.4 CL a! <r o _j UJ < I- O zo cc MEAN 0.8 0.6 o UJ cr 0.2 0 1 SPRAYER ON COPTER LOADER OR HANDLER I I SPRAYER CLEARING SLEPT OR HANDLER ON VEGETATION WALKED DURING C-123 "" " THROUGH SHIPMENT SPRAYED AREAS 1 NONE MODE OF EXPOSURE TO AGENT ORANGE � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 063 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1712 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stellman, Steven D. Jeanne M. Stellman Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Estimation of Exposure to Agent Orange and Other Defoliants Among American Troops in Vietnam: a Methodological Approach [nd] Subject The topic of the resource Agent Orange Exposure Study HERBS database Air Force Health Study study protocol ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/b6bc3272a58d6a256d3f246c32c91aee.pdf 87025a8766067d6d9a0c0a93b0c773ea PDF Text Text °1709 Item ID Number Author Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB Typescript: Status Report for Development of Exposure Cohorts To Be Used in VA Epidemiology Study, Draft, September 29,1982 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color 0 Number of Images 6 Desorlpton Notes Monday, June 11, 2001 Page 1710 of 1793 �September 29, 1982 Status Report for Development of Exposure Cohorts to be used in VA Epidemiology Study Of prime importance to the proposed VA Epidemiology Study of the effect of exposure to Agent Orange on the health status of Vietnam Veterans will be a clear, thorough statement of the process used to identify study subjects. The procedure used by the Array Agent Orange Task Force (AAOTF) has been designed to make this selection feasible, efficient and as unbiased as possible. To minimize the very large number of records to be reviewed and data to be entered a multistage process is used. The basic selection or "sampling" frame will be the military unit which will be characterized as "exposed" or "not exposed". Individuals will then be identified from selected units and further studied to assure their experience is correctly represented by the unit's classification. The pilot phase of this study will determine whether adequate cohorts of exposed and non-exposed can be defined. To accomplish this an audit trail will be maintained of all units identified, the proportion selected and the basis for exclusion of the non-selected units. Thus the pilot phase will also perfect the selection process to be used during the full study. For a meaningful comparison of outcomes among subjects "exposed" and "unexposed" to Agent Orange, cohorts should be as similar as possible in other aspects of the Vietnam experience. Thus, units should be stratified to reduce heterogenicity. It should be sufficient to select exposed and unexposed units from the same branch of service, in a similar type of unit, and operating in the same Corps. If possible, similar terrain would be a useful forth criteria. In the first step in finding unexposed units, candidates are selected from among those that were operating beyond the reasonable maximum drift for Ranchhand spraying. It will be necessary to evaluate other potential exposures (e.g. perimeter spraying, dumps, etc.) for a final classification into exposed or unexposed unit. �The availability, completeness and accuracy of the various record systems is unknown at present and this will be studied during the pilot phase. However, the procedural guidelines or selection algorithm used by the AAQTF is to a large part based on assumptions about these records. This increases the likelihood the AAQTF staff will encounter unexpected variations. If this requires AAQTF staff to make eligibility decisions on units or individuals not anticipated in the algorithm, a brief ancedotal record of the nature of the problem and the convention adapted to solve it is most important. This will facilitate an evaluation of the cohort selection process for potential selection bias during the pilot phase and will determine the feasibility of the proposed epidemiological study. The following procedures are for selection of Vietnam service subjects with high and low likelihood of exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides while in Vietnam and do not include the selection of a non-Vietnam cohort. The outlined steps have been included in the guidelines supplied by the AAQTF and should provide a list of subjects who can be recruited for a pilot study. The documentation requirements provide information to evaluate the feasibility of idenitfying adequate cohorts for the full-scale study. I. Prepare maps of Vietnam with Ranchhand spray tracks (both defoliation and crop) for the period 1967-1968 (this has already been provided). II. Define geographically homogeneous areas with known ground troop activity with and without Ranchhand tracks during the 2-year period. This is the first step and defines areas which might be selected. The rationale for choosing selected areas must include areas with and without Ranchhand tracks, similar location (and if possible terrain), and the presence of ground troops. If possible, all four Corps of RVN should be represented. 2. �III. a. Obtain appropriate station lists for each area selected. b. Determine potentially eligible units Which were operating in selected areas during the 2-year period. All units identified from station lists are potentially eligible. IV. Develop "enhanced" HERBS Tape by including information from herbicide applications not identified from Ranchhand missions. This will include perimeter sprayings, road clearings, helicopter missions, aborts and other identifiable applications. It should not be necessary to do more than those areas previously identified in Step II above and it will be necessary to include the entire period of study (2 years) for this effort in those areas to be studied. V. Determine availability and completeness of all eligible units' records of movement. VI. a. Select units to be recorded as to daily movements. This is a crucial step, and documentation of how and why a unit (or units) were selected should include the eligibility of all units which were potentially eligible and might have been selected. The potential for the selection of adequate numbers of units (or subjects) for a full scale study may depend on records' completeness and availability at this step. Obviously only a small subsample (one or two areas perhaps) can be done in the Pilot Study. b. Record to machine readable format the daily location coordinates for selected units during the entire 2-year period. A necessary part of evaluating the reliability of exposure estimates will be the assessment of completeness of the available records for herbicide applications. Documentation of completeness will assist in this effort. VII. a. Match daily location coordinates of selected units via computer with the "enhanced" HERBS Tapes to determine the number and type 3. �of "hits" sustained by each eligible unit between January 1, 1967 and December 31, 1968. Each "hit" will be defined and recorded according to all of the following four parameters for each unit: i) Date ii) Type of application (Ranchhand, Helicopter, Aborts, Ground incidents) iii) Time in days since application (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) iv) Distance from application site in km. (0-.49, .5-.99, 1.0-1.99, 2.0-4.99) (if spray or abort). b. List the "hits" for each unit matched and the weighted score. An index or weighting scheme is attached. While it may not be possible to quantify exposure with certainty, at least a weighting rule has been developed to classify high and low exposure units. The last category in both time and distance parameters is intended to provide a buffer between exposure and nonexposure. A "hit" in either of these categories will not constitute an additional exposure in otherwise exposed units but will exclude otherwise unexposed units from being considered as unexposed. Thus, "low likelihood of exposure" units will not have been within 5 kms. within 60 days of a Ranchhand application target if the pilot shows this is feasible. VIII. Select high and low likelihood of exposure units. This step will depend on selection via the weighting system developed for the previous step as well as the results from the Pilot Study. The rationale for selection will be indicated and should include other criteria for the type of units chosen as well as herbicide exposure. Depending on the results of Step VII, it may be possible to identify "low likelihood of exposure" units with no "hits" of any kind. If this is the case, then a specific weighting system to discriminate between high and low exposed units will not be crucial for 4. �selection. "High likelihood of exposure" units can then be selected from among those units with at least several "hits" of various kinds (exclusive of buffer zone hits). IX. a. Obtain daily morning reports for the period January 1, 1967 to December 13, 1968, for each unit selected in the previous step, b. Track individuals through service with their respective units during this time period and record presence on "hit" days for their unit. Some criteria for eligibility will have to be developed and documented, including the minimum number and quality of individual's "hit" days, reliability of records for identification of individuals during this step, and their minimum length of assignment to the unit. Initial criteria are appended. X. a. Obtain service records for selected individuals and verify service information obtained via morning reports, b. Record personal information from service record and include location of medical record for each selected individual. At this step, it may be desirable to retain the individual's identification as either exposed or unexposed during the period covered in these procedures. This should enable closer matching of the two groups based on individual characteristics obtained from the service record. It will be necessary to identify multiple tours of duty in Vietnam and perhaps other criteria pertaining to military service which will influence his final selection into either of the Vietnam service cohorts. Documentation of these inclusions and exclusions will be necessary in order to assess bias in the final selection. 5. �Although most of these procedures are included in the guidelines supplied by the MOTF, they are detailed here to identify the steps and type of documentation which will be useful in the evaluation of the exposure index and determination of the feasibility of selecting exposed and unexposed cohorts for the full scale study. Systematic departures from the procedures outlined here which may be necessary for the inclusion of subjects from each of the four branches of military service should be included in the documentation. 6. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 063 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1709 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Status Report for Development of Exposure Cohorts To Be Used in VA Epidemiology Study, Draft, September 29, 1982 Subject The topic of the resource Agent Orange Exposure Study study protocol cohort study HERBS database ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/246090beba16f13cc364c7bc2573d0c6.pdf 73aec24bf8ddb11775b6f8a52e56d419 PDF Text Text °1704 Item ID Number Author Corporate Author ROpOrt/ArtlGlO Title Typescript: Status Report for Development of Exposure Cohorts to be Used in VA Epidemiology Study, Septembers, 1982 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D e Descrlpton Notes Monday, June 11, 2001 Page 1705 of 1793 �September 3, 1982 Status Report for Development of Exposure Cohorts to be used in VA Epidemiology Study Of prime importance to the interpretation of any results from the proposed VA Epidemiology Study of Vietnam Veterans' Health Status which might be associated with exposure to Agent Orange or the "Vietnam Experience" will be an understanding of the process used to identify potential study subjects. It is under- stood that the procedures developed by the Army Agent Orange Task Force have been designed to make this selection both feasible and as efficient as possible, and entail a multistage process to minimize the very large number of records to be reviewed and data to be entered. Since one of the major goals of the pilot phase of this study is to determine whether and how meaningful exposure cohorts can be selected, the successful completion of the pilot phase will entail an evaluation of the cohort selection process as well as other aspects of the proposed study. In order to accomplish this goal, it is necessary that there be maintained a thorough documentation of the disposition of those units identified but not selected and the basis for inclusion or exclusion of all units considered. Furthermore, the procedures used to select study subjects for the pilot phase should mimic those to be used during the full study. In order to insure a meaningful comparison of health outcomes among subjects "exposed" and "unekposed" to Agent Orange, cohorts should be similar with respect to other aspects of their Vietnam experience. Thus, the units from which individual subjects will be chosen should be "matched" in some ways. Sufficient similarity should be maintained if exposed and unexposed units are selected from the same branch of service and a similar type of unit, and operating in the same Corps �-2- area, preferably in similar terrain. A more clearcut difference in exposure can best be assumed if unexposed units are selected from among those that were operating beyond the reasonable maximum drift for Ranchhand spraying and/or following a sufficient length of time for degradation of sprayed herbicide. Of course, it will be necessary to evaluate other potential exposures (e.g., perimeter spraying, dumps, etc.) for a final classification of both exposed and unexposed units. Since the availability, completeness and accuracy of the various record systems is unknown at present, this will have to be determined during the pilot phase. This both prevents a more precise procedural guideline at this time and forces the AAOTF staff to make eligibility decisions at several steps in the cohort selection process. The detailed documentation of the basis for decision at each step in the selection of units from which subjects will be chosen will facilitate an evaluation of the cohort selection process for potential selection bias during the pilot phase and will be necessary for determining the feasibility of the proposed epidemiological study. The following procedures are for selection of Vietnam service subjects with high and low likelihood of exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides while in « Vietnam and do not include the selection of a non-Vietnam cohort. The outlined steps have been included in the guidelines supplied by the AAOTF and should provide a list of subjects who can be recruited for a pilot study. The documentation requirements should provide information for an evaluation of the feasibility of identifying adequate cohorts to be used in a large full-scale morbidity study among Vietnam Veterans. �-3- I. Prepare a map of Vietnam with Ranchhand spray tracks indicated for the period 1967-1968 (this has already been provided). II. Define geographically homogeneous areas with both Ranchhand tracks and ground troop activity during the 2-year period. This step should include areas which might be selected and the rationale for choosing selected areas, including the presence or absence of ground troops as determined from Command Post locations (if available). III. a. Obtain appropriate station lists for each area selected. b. Determine potentially eligible units which were operating throughout all or most of the 2-year period in the same area. This step should include documentation of all units identified from station lists determined to be potentially eligible and how this determination was made. IV. Determine availability and completeness of all eligible units' records of movement. V. a. Select units to be recorded as to daily movements. This is a crucial step, and documentation of how and why a unit (or units) were selected should include the eligibility of all units which were potentially eligible and might have been selected. The potential for the selection of adequate numbers of units (or subjects) for a full scale study may depend on records' completeness and availability at this step. b. Record to machine readable format the daily location coordinates for selected units during the entire 2-year period. VI. Develop "enhanced" HERBS Tape by including information from herbicide applications not identified from Ranchhand missions. This will include perimeter sprayings, road clearings, helicopter missions, aborts and other identifiable applications. It should not be necessary to do more than those areas previously identified in Step II above and it will be necessary to include the entire period of study (2 years) for this effort in those areas to be studied. �-4- A necessary part of evaluating the reliability of exposure estimates will be the assessment of errors in and completeness of the available records for herbicide applications. Documentation of the type and number of errors and changes as well as some method for assessing completeness will assist in this effort. VII. a. Match daily location coordinates of selected units via computer with the "enhanced" Herbs tapes to determine the number and type of "hits" sustained by each eligible unit between January 1, 1967 and December 31, 1968. Each "hit" will be defined and recorded according to all of the following 5 parameters for each unit: i) Type of 11) Date, iii) Type of Ground, iv) Time in Agent (Orange, White, Blue, Unknown). application (Ranchhand, Helicopter, Aborts, incidents) days since application (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th through 60th). v) Distance from application site in km. (0-.49, .5-.99, 1.0-1.99, 2.0-4.99). b. List the "hits" for each unit matched. An index or weighting scheme will have to be developed (not by AAOTF) by this time. While it may not be possible to satisfactorily quantify exposure, at least a weighing rule must be developed in order to identify high and low exposure units. The last category in both time and distance parameters is intended to provide a buffer between exposure and non-exposure. A "hit" in either of these categories will not constitute an additional exposure in otherwise exposed units but will exclude otherwise unexposed units from being considered as unexposed. Thus, "low likelihood of exposure" units will not have been within 5 kms. within 60 days of a Ranchhand application target. VIII. Select high and low likelihood of exposure units. This step should be documented, but will depend on selection via the weighting system developed for the previous step. The rationale for selection should be indicated and should Include other criteria for the type of units chosen as well �-5- as herbicide exposure. Depending on the results of Step VII, it may be possible to identify "low likelihood of exposure" units with no "hits" of any kind. If this is the case, then a specific weighting system to discriminate between high and low exposed units will not be crucial for selection. "High likelihood of exposure" units can then be selected from among those units with at least several "hits" of various kinds (exclusive of buffer zone hits). IX. a. Obtain daily morning reports for the period January 1, 1967 to December 31, 1968, for each unit selected in the previous step. b. Track individuals through service with their respective units during this time period and record presence on "hit" days for their unit. Some criteria for eligibility will have to be developed and documented, including the minimum number and quality of individuals' "hit" days, reliability of records for identification of individuals during this step, and their minimum length of assignment to the unit. X. a. Obtain service records for selected individuals and verify service information obtained via morning reports. b. Record personal information from service record and include location of medical record for each selected individual. At this step, it may be desirable to retain the individual's identification as either exposed or unexposed during the period covered in these procedures. This should enable closer matching of the two groups based on individual characteristics obtained from the service record. It will be necessary to identify multiple tours of duty in Vietnam and perhaps other criteria pertaining to military service which will influence his final selection into either of the Vietnam service cohorts. Documentation of these inclusions and exclusions will be necessary in order to assess bias in the final selection. �-6- AHhough most of these procedures are included in the guidelines supplied by the AAOTF, they are detailed here to identify the steps and type of documentation which will be useful in the evaluation of the exposure index and determination of the feasibility of selecting exposed and unexposed cohorts for the full scale study. Systematic departures from the procedures outlined here which may be necessary for the inclusion of subjects from each of the four branches of military service should be included in the documentation. At this time, there are several important issues pertaining to the selection of potential study subjects for the full study which require further development before final specification can be agreed upon. Although results from the pilot study selection itself will contribute to the resolution of some issues, there are several problems which can be and must be resolved before completion of this phase. These are listed below and will be developed more completely in separate reports: 1) The inclusion and details for selection of a third non-Vietnam service cohort and (perhaps) a fourth "Vietnam Experience" cohort. 2) The individual criteria from personal service (201) records which may determine eligibility for the study (specificallyinduction status and the possibility of multiple tours). 3) The exact time and distance parameters to be recorded for herbicide "hits" with the possibility of widening the buffer zone. 4) A weighting scheme for the quality of exposure to specific herbicides for the various time, distance and type of application "hits." 5) The advantages and feasibility of extending the 2-year (19671968) period currently provided for in the present procedures. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 063 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1704 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Status Report for Development of Exposure Cohorts to be Used in VA Epidemiology Study, September 3, 1982 Subject The topic of the resource Agent Orange Exposure Study HERBS database study protocol cohort study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/f614af996219fd6a0025deab53f93d49.pdf 9cac2820bfd13173097f111ff76f56d8 PDF Text Text Kern D Number 01929 Author Corporate Author Australian Embassy ROpOrt/ArtlGlO TitlO Typescript: Questions Submitted by the Australian Embassy to the Veterans Administration in Relation to Vietnam Veterans and the Uso of Pesticides During the Vietnam War, Submitted 10/7/82 Journal/Book Title Yoar 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images 13 DOSOrhtOU NotBS 'lcm includes typescript, which lists questions, and handwritten answers by Dr. Alvin Young. Thursday, July 26, 2001 Page 1929 of 1957 �sTLD ^ii:-:.-.'r:-)N!; -TV. M; A.SKJ:!) OF THK i:..-;-.—vj-TEP/iNn ' TUXMINI.STRATION IN RELATION TO V I E T N A M MITLRANS AND THL) USK OF I'liSTICIDES DURING THE VIETNAM WAR Sprayimj (1) What.. ij.ii.sjon arrangements existed between U.S. and Australian forv.-eu in rospecr of.' RANCH HAND operations in the Australian (First Australian Task Force) area of operations? (2) Is there any evider.cn to suggest that Australian forces could have procured herbicides or insecticides from U.S. sources? (3) The National Academy of Sciences Ccn-nittee (1974) concluded triut L:ie HEHBS tape data ficcountcd for aijproximatoly 86% of all L'.S. herbicide operations. Is this figure still believed to be a reasonable estimate of the reliability of the HERBS tape? If not, what is the current estimate of the percentage of operations, and quantity of herbicides, accounted for by r.;.e !:-:i:.i>S i ape? "(4) What percentage of helicopter and ground spraying operations, resjpectivnly, are accounted for in the HERBS tape? What quantities of Agents Orange, Blue and White are estimated to have been sprayed by U.S. forces in South Vietnam by (a) helicopters and (b) ground (6) operations? Several authors (e.g., Craig, NAS, Westing, Young) have compiled estimates on the quantities of each of the defoliation agents used in South Vietnam. Can you provide the most up-to-date estimates by volume (U.S. gallons will suffice) of the following agents; Orange, White, Blue, Green, Pink and Purple; and by weight the following chemicals; 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, TCDD, picloram and cacodylic acid? �(7) Thn National Academy of Sciences? Committee (1974) estimated that about 3 600 000 acres were sprayed in South Vietnam: . t o about 2 370 000 acres or 66% of this area was sprayed once; 800 000 acres or 22% twice; 280 000 or 8% three times; and 130 000 or 4% four or more times. Are these figures the most correct estimates available? (8) What estimates are available on the quantities of the various herbicides that were 'dumped1 by U.S. aircraft? V*" j,.*-' • <X*V v ^ ' '-' /'- ^ ' Of those 'dumps', what quantities would have been in the vicinity 1 ' j,-^ of Australian forces? « (9) The HAS Committee Re-port (1974) estimated chat swath width oi: herbicide spraying was 80m for fixed-wing aircraft. Is this the currently accepted figure? (10) What ^vidence is available on the amount of drift that would have 5 A *' been generated by (a) herbicidca, and (b) insecticides sprayed by U.S. fixed wing airctaft and helicopters, respectively. Over what distance would spray have been expected to drift? (11) Is there, any evidence available to suggest that insecticides other than malathion and DDT were used by U.S. forces (e.g., *! */ V- chlordane, dieldrin, diazinon or pyrethrins)? 2iPJt.Vn. J^-PR?) . (12) It has sometimes been claimed that the TCDD level J.n the 2,4,5-T used in the Vietnam war was increased specifically for war use. V" Rather, is it correct to say that "no new herbicidal compounds of enhanced toxicity were especially developed for the war" and fv 1 a-~ that the 'active ingredients were identical to those used for jf if ' agriculture at that time'? (13) Q ,O'0 .. ,., • \v 0\^ Young ct al (1978) estimated that 167 kg of TCDD had been dispersed with a weighted moan concentration of .1.98 ppm. Westing (1982) has rioted that, an average TCDD content of 1.9 ppm suggests a ' ' .'V •;.*;. total of 110 fa- of TCDD. He then points out that a subsequent estimate from Young (1980) of a total of 170 kg of TCDD has been made, suggestiiJg that perhaps the average content of TCDD could bo greater than 1.98 ppm. Can you comment: on this? �- 3- What is the most widely accepted figure for the total j? ,( o ^ ' A *-*» amount of TCDD dispersed over South Vietnam and 4 .5 PP*V * ™ 2V/£ -T what is the best estimate of the avoragfi concentration o£ TCDD? (14) /0.7X ^0)fo4S ^.i)3 > 1 I "i ^7 o I t-x.-.o v ^ ' • '^ ^ ** ' What evidence is available to substantiate'or repudiate claims that the burning of vegetation sprayed with 2,4,5-T will increase the TCDD content of that herbicide? Hgalth Problems (15) Has thore been any suggestion that there is any difference in the morbidity and mortality r.accy arsor.gst momb^rs of the various U.S. services who served in Vietnam, e.g., Air Forvre, Navy, Army, Marines? (16) Hav? *ny studies been conducted comparing the stress levels between personnel who served in World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam? If so, what, w^re the outcomes of these studies? •"(17) r •' ' • .-;' , • Were there any indications during the Vietnam war that insecticide spraying had caused any health problems among U.S. troops? If oo, which insecticides wore responsible and what were the short and long term symptoms? .•*> •118) Are chore any figures available on the mortality rates ' and causes among U.S. Vietnam veterans? •^19) What information is available on the progress and any '•.'•'.'. results from the following studies: RANCH HAND II - U.S. Air Force; . Birth Defects and Military Service in Vietnam - Centre for Disease Control; A?,. • ft. �- 4- Epidemiological Studies of Agent Orange - Veterans Administration; Proportional Mortality of Vietnam Veterans, Other Veterans and Matched Controls in New York State State of New York; and Epidemiological Study of Soft-Tissue Sarcoma - State of New York. (20) Is there any information available on the number of Vietnam veterans who are serving, or have served, prison sentences since returning from Vietnam? What percentage of all prisoners do Vietnam veterans comprise? (21) Young (1981, p. 39) says that 'there is currently no valid evidence linking exposure to 2,4,5-T and TCDD with instances of cancer1. Does this viewpoint express the current thinking in the U.S.? , (22) It has been suggested that an estimated 750 000 to 1 000 000 Vietnam veterans arc experiencing psycho-social adjustment problems which significantly interfere with their personal -rfv functioning (Figley, 1979; Wilson, 1978). Can you comment on this statement? (23) Tho United Vietnam Veterans Organization has presented some statistics reportedly compiled by the Veterans' Administration. Can you comment on the reliability of these figures: : j. . ' •"•' . 181 000 Vietnam veterans have died since their return from South Vietnam (September, 1981); and . o f the 81 000 veterans who received Agent Orange *.'(.•• • . examinations (as of 9 April 30% no complaints 40% skin rashes 18% nervousrie!3S 1982) �- 5- 14% headaches 12% abdominal complaints 9% personality disorders 9% numbness 7% muscle ache 5% sexual disfunction? �What quantities of each of the insecticides used by U.S. Forces are estimated to have been spread by fixed wing aircraft, helicopter and ground operations respectively? What percentage of the above would have been spread in the vicinity of Australian Forces? �<f? to* wM . ^/ n f * OUXXiXoOo-G? OL l^aQ o,'<LA-JiiAji/ ^>HAi><> a,u&Ai<^ U1 j^itrvt&u �AJ o ? y «-» : £ oo <r ^} fd Q o d ^-r~^ ^ glt:"^ ^ > ^ *-* ^^ ^ —' o il *!J^ ^-^-^"^ C^f �c... vj S . CW �Harrigan,lSSS5" reported that in a test program evaluating the dissemination characteristics of the A/A 45 Y-1 Spray System, the mean recovery of Herbicide Orange by ground sampling methods from six missions flown under operational parameters typically used in South Vietnam was 87 percent. The remaining 13 percent may have been undetected due to sampling technique or may have failed to impact the sampling array due to drift or volatility. The mean particle size for the six missions flown was 367 micron,^. Harrigan tlSS) in the above test program with Herbicide Orange, found the following droplet size distribution in the mean percent mass recovered: Particles less than lOQsiwM 1.9 percent Particles 100 to BOOjj «MC <•««* . 76.2 percent Particles greater than 500« rt\it«n 21.9 percent — In a recent court case in Australia the court ruled that ' a herbicide had spread by volatilising i.e., warm air currents in the absence of wind. carried on �o What quantities of each of the insecticides used by U.S. Forces are estimated to have been spread by fixed wing aircraft, helicopter and ground operations respectively? What, percentage of the above would have been spread in the vicinity of Australian Forces? \ Ci . A VUO..O o �0 g---h °» VP > �-'ic? � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 073 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1929 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Australian Embassy Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Questions Submitted by the Australian Embassy to the Veterans Administration in Relation to Vietnam Veterans and the Use of Pesticides During the Vietnam War, Submitted 10/7/82 Subject The topic of the resource HERBS database dioxin veteran health and hygiene ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/4d526cbe2229e955b231fdf8e9ae5b9b.pdf 6bcabaec3a79f71e9a6dd8607a953d4f PDF Text Text °1691 Item ID Number Author Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB Typescript: CCTC Tasking Statement 2CSC3166, June 9, 1982 Journal/Book Title °°00 Year Month/Day Color D Number of Images 6 Descripton Notes Monday, June 11, 2001 Page 1692 of 1793 �CCTC TASKING STATEMENT 2CSC3166 REFERENCES: None GENERAL TASK DESCRIPTION; The CCTC has a requirement to automate data from handwritten coding sheets containing Services Herb Data, Unit Location Data, and Personnel Data. These data will be used in an analysis of the effect of "Agent Orange" on Vietnam Veterans. This task order provides for support of this function. The effective period of this task order is from 1 July 1982 to 31 December 1982. �SUBTASK 1: Automation of "Agent Orange" Data a * Definition; This subtask provides for the automation of "Agent Orange" Services Herb Data, Unit Location Data, and Personnel Data. A total of approximately 10,000 coding sheets are to be converted to magnetic tape at a bi-weekly rate of 500. A magnetic tape and hardcopy listing of this data will be delivered at the end of each bi-weekly period. The final deliverable will include a magnetic tape of all data records for each of the three files listed above. b. Deliverables: (1) Magnetic tape and hard copy listing of converted data. (2) Three magnetic tapes, each containing all of the data for one of the three Data files. c. Due Dates; (1) Every other Friday, commencing 16 July 1982, ending 31 December 1982 (2) 31 December 1982 �ASSUMPTIONS; a. The contractor will notify the Government in writing when the workload levied under the Task Order is expected to result in a premature depletion of resources or a delay in contractual effort. b. Conflicts in effort required under the task will be called to the immediate attention of the Government in writing for resolution. c. The project officer and the contractor will arrange for the appropriate personnel to be available for coordination meetings at mutually agreeable times, participants should be prepared to discuss progress made, problems encountered and solutions proposed, and status of resources, relative to subject Task order. d. Items described under Government support will be made available to the contractor on the effective data of this Task Order. • e. Upon notification by the Government of changes or extensions in Task Order work requirements, the Project Officer and the contractor will assess the impact upon the task schedule and resources and notify the Government. �GOVERNMENT SUPPORT The contractor will receive the following at no charge as applicable in fulfillment of the condition's of the contract for the performance of this Task Order. a. Computer Time: CAU'S/MONTH COMPUTER TYPE IBM 4341 SUBTASK JUL-SEP OCT-DEC TOTAL 12 OCT-DEC TOTAL Terminal Time: b. HOURS/MONTH TERMINAL TYPE IBM 4341 SUBTASK c. Travel: JUL-SEP N/A d. Other: The next batch of coding sheets will be provided whenever the magnetic tape and formatted listing are delivered. The first batch will be provided 1 July 1982. MANAGEMENT Maj. Wes Hamm CCTC PROJECT OFFICER C312 CODE 77421 EXTENSION �AAOTF Service Personnel Data Extraction Form (When completed must be handled in accordance with Privacy Act constraints) Last Name 1 SSN 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 First^ MI Suffix Service No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Rank (Officer) Rank/Rate (Enlisted) Sex DOB Race MOS 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Branch (SVC) Component 72 73 7A 75 76 77 78 79 80 Home of Record - Street 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 City 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 State ZIP Place of Birth - City State ZIP Education Level 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 77 Number of months in Vietnam 79 80 Dis. Status Med. Rec. Avail__Med. Rec. Loc. 1 2 3 4 6 8 Last Known Address - Street State Participant in 9 10 11 13 14 15 City 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 ZIP 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Next of Kin - Last Name First MI Suffix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Next of Kin - Street City 30 31 32 33 34 35 36. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 State ZIP 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 �Number Units 1st Unit ID Dates of Assignment - From To Absences 1st - From 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 To 2nd - From To 3rd - From _To 4th - From 29~ 3~0 IT 3 " T 34" 23 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 61 62 ... 64 65 66 67 68 69 To 71 72 73 74 75 76 1 2nd Unit ID To Absences 1st - From To 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 Z3 2 ~ 25~ 26" 27" 4 29 30 3T 32" 33~ 34" 2nd - From To 3rd - From To 4th - From To 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 65" 66 67 68 69" 7 "72 73" 74" 75" 7 " 1 6 3 Dates of Assignment - From 4 5 6 > g � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 063 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1691 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: CCTC Tasking Statement 2CSC3166, June 9, 1982 Subject The topic of the resource Agent Orange Exposure Study AAOTF HERBS database ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/c7e509eebbdc3df4a9f83a348be07439.pdf dae8b7f9bb08a76272c8294866727a7d PDF Text Text Item ID Number 0169 Author Rafferty, John L. ° Corporate Author Report/Article TltlO Memorandum: Limited Automation Project on Support of the VA Epidemiological Study and the CDC Birth Defects Study, from John L. Rafferty to DAAG-IM, June 2, 1982 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images n 10 Descrlpton Notes Monday, June 11, 2001 Page 1691 of 1793 �- .- C I S P O,S ! T I O N F O R M c.' w i * c' t »i . i •' c" -r\ » « » p 140 18 £ . K R C . ' J C E OR C F F I C E S Y M B O L 1)AAG-AMR-K ho DAAG-Ki oroc*ur>»nt SUBJECT L i m i t e d A u t o m a t i o n P r o j e c t o n S u p p o r t of t h e VA K p i c i e i n i o cal S t u d y and CDC B i r t h D t - f e c L s S t u d y FROM DATE 2 June 1982 CMT i Mr. Christian/jc/5-6227 .1 . I'eforence i^ niaJc to the meeting, 27 May 1982^ between members of the Army Agent Orange T.isk Force (AAOTK) , iJefense ('.onimunicat ions Agency's Command nnd Control Tc'chnical Cc-r.ter (DCA/CCTC), and your office. 2. This will confirm agreement reached on 27 May 1982 providing necessary computer support to AAOTF. This w i l l consist of data keypunch support for the development of a Services 11CHBS data base, unit location data base, and personnel identification data base. Further, that DCA/CCTC would provide proprar.iminp support including computer manipulations and cirraiij-.oncnt with a contractor to bt designated by DCA/CCTC to accomplish data keypunching under an existing contract. TAGO will transfer the necessary funds to DCA/CCTC to provide reimbursement for contractor keypunch support. 3. Sumr.ary of agreement and work to be performed by DCA/CCTC and the contractor is ai't;:che at inclosure 1 . * nc] CF: VHCA/CCTC, ATTN: Major Hamm OSD(HA), ATT!!: Captain Flynn, MD VA, ATTN: Major Young Dr. Carl Keller, National Institute of IJw i ronmental Health Sciences DAAC-LMi;, ATT::: Mr. Ray Pott is J JOHN I.. RATFLRT C d l o n c l , GS D/rector, Adniinti y.anagement �Army Agent Orange Task Force urange lasK rorce Partial Automated Data System % SUMMARY 1. The Army Agent Orange Task Force (AAOTF) is tasked to provide extensive informat ion to the Veterans Administration Epidemiological Studv for its pilot study by 31 December 1982, and the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, in support of its Vietnam Veteran Birth Defects Study (initial data to conuneru-e on 30 September 1982). AAOTF staffing with the Automation Management. Office (AMO) and Defense Communications Agency's Command and Control Technical Center (DCA/CCTC) has resulted in the following arrangements to assist AAOTF in meeting these suspense dates: a. AAOTF will provide the pertinent completed data entry sheets to DCA/CCTC. These data entry sheets will be used by the DCA/CCTC contractor to keypunch data for inclusion in three data bases. (Format specifications for data entry sheets arc attached.) One data base, the Services HERBS data base, will provide information on base perimeter, riverine, and all other identified spray missions not included on the RAKC11 HAND data base. The second data base, the unit location data base, will provide the daily location (K) of the units from all services that will be involved in these studies. The. third data base, a personnel identification data base, will contain the necessary personnel elements on the 1800 individuals involved in the VA Pilot Epidemiological Study and the 1000 veterans involved in the CDC Birth Defects Study. b. Every other Friday the contractor will provide tapes and printouts to DCA/CCTC. Upon conclusion, the contractor will provide a separate IBM, 9 track, blocked, F.BCIDIC, >^^.J600 BPI magnetic tape of all keypunched data for each data base. c. Using existing software, DCA/CCTC will match the. unit location data bast; against the RANCH HAND and Services H.F.RBS data bases. This will establish the level of herbicide exposure for each unit by depicting the number of times it was exposed to each type of herbicide. DCA/CCTC will then match these exposures against the personnel identification data base to determine each individual's level of- exposure. d. DCA/CCTC will provide printouts and tapes to AAOTF upon request. It is anticipated that such requests will be every ether week during the initial phase of the operation and monthly thereafter. e. The anticipated volume of data entry support to be contracted is: (1) Services HERBS data - 10,000 records. (2) Unit location data (a) Epidemiological Study - 21,900 records. (b) CDC Study - 109,500 records. (3) Personnel identification data (a) Epidemiological Study - 1800 individuals, 10,000 records. (b) CDC Study - 1000 individual, 2,000 records. 2. A record consists of 80 characters, total records 153,400, which will cost an estimated $41,600. �*".*•* SKRVlCK.s HEKH DATA VAK1ABL!-; NAME COLUMN 1-6 Date FORMAT 312 8 CTZ PKOV 17-lfc REMARKS Year Mo nlli Day 1, 2, 3, A 12 See Attached Sheet for Codes 0 = Orange, W = White, B = Blue P = Purple, C = Green, R = Pi:ik S - Pink-Green AC in 27 Al «JALS 29-33 15 1YPK 33 Al See Attached Sheet '-r-1' tI-62 AJ 1A Al 'K'-K.mtii H.-ni'l ' .:• ' -IS.'rvici-s In-rb Al ' 'A '-Abort • •:..! . .' • ••' .).,t 1 7 J IB 'S --full 1 'L1 -L -.:ks: 'K 1 -Spray on V'i«:ng Target 'L'-Cra-.iJ w/M.'i'o load i 'Z'-Dunp '.-•J'-M.ili.-iuii.'n :.,-i ....• /7 .1 .: i..:, .v; Al '(/•Cr.UiMj SpriV 'H'-lU-l.. ;ipr -/ I 1 ) 'F'-Kixed :-.ii. .. �i'Ut.'VINLi. - A p o l i t i c . ) ! iu'-uuliiry .;u. l >«! i v i - i i iv.'. : :i.- Irt L0.\(.. KHANi! 1M follows 36 V I N 1 I LONG 37 AN G I A N G I'Hl'OC LONC; 38 K I E N GIANG :•:' nk \ 'i:\*r.li 1,! Nil 'iUY i9 "int r\ of V i e t n a m l i s t e d as j-.iNii i.n;:c 39 CHOUKG TIII - i»'.' ^1'ANY: r;(,Al 2'\ B I N ' H Dl'uNG AO PHONG D I K i i 0- r.'ML': 1 . L'4 i'AV N 1 N 1 1 41 BA XUVF.N •).' M I.-:!: U i : . r . ?r> HAl' l i i . i i l A 42 AN X U Y K N !'!.i:ir:r 20 im-N HOA ' 43 BAG LIEU ,••';' ]"-i\: i.0;>; J7 rui'OC THY 44 CHAl' DL'C if I'n:' Vi-.;i 2« LO::C; AN ^7 46 f II, DA II LAC .19 CIA D I M ! 91 HUE I'-. K.'IA:.1:! iiOA iU GO CONG 92 DA UANC 13 ;.'!:,•; ThUAr: ji KII-:N TIMM. 93 CAM RAHH 14 '!UY!:N I;i;C 32 K I L N PIIUNG 94 DALAT '.5 (^:A.\'f, DL'C 33 DIN'M Tl'Or.-'J 95 VUNG TA'J 16 LAM DONG 34 KIT.N 11OA 96 SAIGON ! .' IUNI1 T1U.-AK 35 VIN1! DIN!! ' » . SA UEG , -.c^'i i -<sh �COLl'MN 33 Type; of Mission Codes: C = Crop Mission D = Defoliation F - Friendly line of Communication, ic. Roads, Power Linos, Railroads, etc P = Perimeter W = Waterway/Landing Zone �PERSONNEL DATA VARIABLE NAME 25A1 City 41-57 17A1 58-59 A2 Zip Code 60-64 15 Last Name •th Card 1 6-40 State cont 'd FORMAT Street d COLUMN 1-15 15A1 16-23 First Name 8A1 3A1 25A1 65-71 17A1 72-73 Suffix Al 30-54 i 24 25-27 MI REMARKS A2 74-78 15 I Strict ^ ^ ^ City . btatf Zip Code f ; i i i Cunt iiiM.'it i mi Code: 01 • Mini- "it 80 : 11 A 'i' indicates that more dates follow on next card 1 t 1 I 1 r ' i • ( i - j ^ �UNIT LO'CATLO;,; DATA VARIABLE NAM:.-: COLUMN FORMAT UNIT ID 1-4 lit U N I T MOMU.CATIKK 5-80 76A1 DA'IK 1 5-10 312 REMARKS Year, month, day CURD 1 12-19 coin; 2 21-28 " COIvD 3 30-37 COKI< 4 39-46 " u COKD j 4 r - '-) - " 57-64 It ti>:<i- i, MI:-:, v ; UTM C o o r d i n a t e " 'j'j- 7 j ;••', ; l A ' 1 ' l . - C 's us V:.0'..' t l . ^ t - ( HUT. .-n-f rx.rc c.iur J i r . i U . b ) for t h i « dote 1 I'.'tT! J oocond d a t e f u r tliL' u n i t Tli i rd .l.-Jt . >- ! u •.j'i ;.-,;' io •-ii---:i-;:si ' L.;:, L djti.' f ;r t f ; c uni t f.'f till.. Uilil L.'is t i iiiM .t i :i.it. uni t f •!' tin �PERSONNEL DATA (Packed Format) VARIABLE NAME Name ( L a s t ) COLUMN FORMAT REMARKS 15A1 16-23 8A1 24 Al Name ( S u f f i x ) 25-27 3A1 Service No. 28-38 SSN 39-47 13,12,14 Kank ( O f f i c e r ) 48-51 A4 Blank if enlisted record. IMnV. ( K n l i s t c d ) 52-56 5A1 Blank if o f f i c e r record. Name ( F i r s t ) for Name ( M l ) jal r 1-15 57 - , i H , •' ^ \ ' ' lOM'K 11A1 Al 58-63 312 64. 'F1 A3 :-\>s 65-69 70-73 74-78 5A1 1-25 t A4 Conpoi.cnt Year, month, day 5A1 bran-.-!i ( S v c ) ~ 'M1 or 25A1 1 :' i. r Street i.iJ City 26-43 17A1 Jt.itv- 44-45 A2 Z i ; , t.,i, 46-50 15 t; i t y 51-67 17A1 i St.H.- 68-69 A2 ' Zip C.'-ue 70-74 15 1 Juc J t ion Level 76-77 12 ' No. t o u r s in VN 11 I>i -sU: jr ( -<-' S t a t u s f••r 79 1-4 A4 6 Al 8-11 A4 13 14 Al Al .«. i I I l i ' d J c a l Ki; cords ' -J Av .; i 1 . - l . - i i i v.-.: i R e c o r d s !-•«. .1 1 i >'!! I'oi'.i i (.• i p a n t in : I VA H| i v l i ' t n i olo t ;.y S t u d y \'.\ ::.;» L . ' H t y f,t idy , r ' Y 1 f o r y,-s, ' N ' f o r N o �V n/vi'A (Morning Report D a t a ) V A R I A B L E NAME •'ift.ii # Units :ard J n l t of COLUMN FORMAT 11 1st U n i t ID 3-6 A4 Dates of A s s i g n ment From \ssignmen 1 REMARKS 8-13 15-20 To A b s e n c e s 1st From 22-27 To 29-34 2nd Fro:;i 36-41 To f ( 43-48 50-55 3rd Kriini 57-62 To 64-60 '.th From To 6Mi c a r d i 70-75 2nd U n i t ID 3-6 ( i f noc'd- Dates of assign- .•vl) L'.ul A'. i:u:nt Fro::i ! T.\ '" ' ' i f 1 .; i ; i 1 1 t 1 t \ J i • 1 �..*""" V PERSONNEL DATA (Morning Report Data) VARIABLE NAME ; i f th COLUMN ft Units REMARKS FORMAT 1 11 A4 ;ard 1st Unit ID 3-6 Jnlt of Dates of Assignment From 8-13 \ssignmen To 15-20 Absences 1st From 22-27 To 29-34 36-41 2nd From 43— '*H To s 3rd From ( 50-35 57-62 To •'.th From 64-60 ^ To 6 Mi e.-irJ i 70-75 2nd Unit ID . 3-6 A'* i ( i (" noi.'d- Dates of assign- .-J) 'JnJ i:u:nt Fro::i , 'nil i!> i To ! 1 i ; 1 i 1 J t i • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 063 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1690 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rafferty, John L. Title A name given to the resource Memorandum: Limited Automation Project on Support of the VA Epidemiological Study and the CDC Birth Defects Study, from John L. Rafferty to DAAG-IM, June 2, 1982 Subject The topic of the resource Agent Orange Exposure Study AAOTF HERBS database ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/bbf35a99b55abf8c88934112df9a7feb.pdf 42ccd8f79282d93f8852c63a66d31427 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °1578 Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author U.S. Department of Defense Report/Article TitlO Position Paper: Criteria for Estimating Exposure Levels of Military Personnel to Dioxin and Herbicide Orange during the Vietnam War Journal/Book Title Year 1979 Month/Day December12 Color Number of Images 13 Descripton Notes Wednesday, May 23, 2001 Page 1579 of 1608 �POSITION PAPER Advisory Committeeon Health-Related Effects of Herbicides Question #10: Can criteria be established for determining the level of exposure of military personnel to dioxin during the Vietnam war based on spraying tapes and unit histories? Coordinator: COL J..W. Thiessen, M.D. Position paper submitted by the US Department of Defense to the US Veterans Administration Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of Herbicides, Washington, DC, 12 December 1979 �CRITERIA FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE LEVELS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL TO DIOXIN AND HERBICIDE ORANGE DURING THE VIETNAM WAR* Any attempt to determine exposure levels of military personnel to Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin must be predicated on events that occurred at least 10 years ago. Since there were no routine occupational or environmental sampling programs associated with the handling or dissemination of the herbicides in South Vietnam, a quantitative detenni nation of exposure can only be subject to speculation. In addition, since specific no-effect criteria for comparison with actual or derived values do not exist, the calculation of theoretical exposure levels might provide data in the absence of a means to assess their significance. The approach taken in this document is to develop data points for determining "relative" exposures to Herbicide Orange and dioxin (TCDD). The population at risk certainly did not include all military personnel who served in South Vietnam. Moreover, within the military population at risk, the range in magnitude of exposure must have been great. Therefore, it is important to evaluate those factors which would have influenced the potential for a given individual to be "at risk" and those which would have influenced the magnitude of that exposure. The following factors for determining relative exposures are proposed: Time When was the individual in South Vietnam? What job(s) did the individual perform? What was the situation at the time of exposure? What aircraft/vehicle was involved in the exposure? How did the exposure occur? Each of these questions will be discussed and available data will be provided in order to evaluate the magnitude of exposure. * Prepared by Major Alvin L. Young, Ph.D. and Lt Colonel William H. Wolfe, M.D., USAF School of Aerospace Medicine/Epidemiology Division, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235. �I. WHEN WAS THE INDIVIDUAL IN VIETNAM? This issue of time is very important. Not all of the herbicides used in South Vietnam were used throughout the entire 10 years (1962-1971) encompassed by the Department of Defense (DOD) defoliation program. In addition, 2,4,5-T formulations used early in the program are believed to have contained higher levels of TCDD than did the formulations used in the later years. The three time periods shown in Table 1 can be differentiated on the basis of specific herbicides used and the mean dioxin content. TABLE 1. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE TIME PERIODS DURING THE US MILITARY DEFOLIATION PROGRAM IN SOUTH VIETNAM* Herbicides Used January 1962 June 1965 Purple, Pink, Green Blue Mean Dioxin Content ~32f 0 July 1965 June 1970 ~2 § 0 July 1970 October 1971 * t t § Orange White, Blue White, Blue 0 Source: Young et al.3 Found only in 2,4,5-T containing formulations. Value based on analyses of five samples. Value based on the analyses of 488 samples. Herbicide Orange was the most extensively used herbicide in South Vietnam. Orange accounted for approximately 10.7 million gallons of the total 17.7 million gallons of herbicide used (Table 2). It was used from mid-1965 to June 1970. However, as noted in Table 2, Orange was not the only 2,4,5-T containing herbicide used in the defoliation program. Small quantities of Purple, Pink, and Green, all containing 2,4,5-T were used from 1962 through mid-1965. In subsequent sections of this document, the term "Herbicide Orange" will refer to all of the 2,4,5-T containing herbicides used in Vietnam (Purple, Pink, Green, and Orange). �TABLE 2. NUMBER OF GALLONS OF MILITARY HERBICIDE PROCURED BY THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND DISSEMINATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM DURING JANUARY 1962 - OCTOBER 1971* Code Name " Herbicide Orange White 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 2,4-D; Picloram 10,646,000 5,633,000 1965-1970t 1965-1971f Blue Cacodylic Acid 1,150,000 1962-1971t Purple Pink Green 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T Total 145,000 123,000 ^0 20 17,705,200 1962-1965 1962-1965 1962-1965 * Source: Young et al.3 t Last fixed-wing mission of Orange 16 April 1970; last helicopter mission of Orange 6 June 1970. t Last fixed-wing mission 9 January 1971; all herbicides under US control stopped 31 October 1971. II. WHAT JOB(S) DID THE INDIVIDUAL PERFORM DURING HIS TOUR(S) IN SOUTH VIETNAM? There were relatively few military operations that involved the handling of herbicides by military personnel. It is, thus, appropriate to examine both the functions, or jobs, where individuals would have been at risk, and to estimate the size of the population at risk. A review of operations involving Herbicide Orange in South Vietnam from January 1962 to April 1970 revealed that there were essentially three groups of US military personnel potentially exposed to Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin contaminant. These three groups were: 1. "Operation RANCH HAND" personnel actively involved in the defoliation program. This group included aircrew members and maintenance and support personnel directly assigned to the RANCH HAND squadrons. 2. Personnel assigned to selected support functions that may have resulted in exposure to Herbicide Orange. This group included, for example, personnel who sprayed herbicides, using helicopters or ground application equipment; personnel who may have delivered the herbicides to the units performing the defoliation missions; aircraft mechanics who were specialized and occasionally provided support to RANCH HAND aircraft; or, personnel who may have flown contaminated C-123 aircraft, but were not assigned to RANCH HAND (e.g., during the Tet Offensive, all RANCH HAND aircraft were reconfigured to transport supplies and equipment, and were assigned to non-RANCH HAND squadrons). �3. Ground personnel who may have been inadvertently sprayed by defoliation aircraft or who, during combat operations, may have entered an area previously sprayed with Herbicide Orange. k- Pppu 1 ati0" j,stimates. The total number of US military personnel exposed to Herbicide Orange is not known. Approximately 1,200 RANCH HAND personnel were exposed in direct support of the defoliation operations; however, there are no data on the number of non-RANCH HAND personnel who may have been exposed. The actual number of people may be in the thousands since at least 100 helicopter spray equipment units were used in South Vietnam, and most military bases had vehicle-mounted and backpack spray units available for use in routine vegetation control programs. The number of military ground personnel who may have inadvertently been sprayed by RANCH HAND aircraft, or who may have entered areas recently sprayed with Herbicide Orange during combat operations is not known. Approximately 10 percent of South Vietnam was sprayed with herbicides, and most of this area was contested and/or controlled by enemy forces. As estimated frequency of occurrence for selected exposure scenarios is given in Table 3. TABLE 3. ESTIMATED FREQUENCY OF EVENTS WHERE MILITARY GROUND PERSONNEL MAY HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO HERBICIDE ORANGE JEve_nt_ _____ Direct application of herbicide on ground troops E.reguency_ Rare Ground troops moving into area treated within 24 hours Seldom Ground troops entering a defoliated area (1 month or more after herbicide application) Frequent Discussions with RANCH HAND aircrew members confirmed that in at least one instance in 1967, direct application of herbicide onto a Marine patrol did occur. The basic concept for the major use of the defoliation program, i.e., the use of chemicals to remove foliage to enhance visibility, supports the contention that it was unlikely that troops would be in areas to be treated, or would move into the areas immediately after treatment since the desired effect would not be evident until 3 to 6 weeks after the herbicides were applied. However, the occurrence of the first two scenarios in.Table 3 cannot be ruled out. �III. WHAT WAS THE SITUATION AT THE TIME THE INDIVIDUAL WAS EXPOSED? There are a number of exposure scenarios in which an individual was more likely to have been significantly exposed to a specific herbicide or even another pesticide, including: 1. Guards at a base perimeter. 2. An individual at a Special Forces camp in the inland forest. 3. An individual on combat patrol in the Rung Sat Special Zone. 4. An individual repairing contaminated aircraft. 5. A supply clerk or depot aide handling drums of chemicals. These different situations could have exposed individuals to varying amounts of different herbicides and insecticides since the use patterns of these chemicals differed markedly. Each of the three major herbicides (Orange, White, and Blue) had specific uses. Ninety-nine percent of Herbicide White was applied in defoliation missions. It was not recommended for use on crops because of the persistence of Picloram in soils. Because the herbicidal action on woody plants was usually slow, full defoliation did not occur for several months after spray application. Thus, it was an ideal herbicide for use in the inland forests in areas where defoliation was not immediately required, but where it did occur it would persist longer than if the area were sprayed with Orange or Blue. Herbicide Blue was the herbicide of choice for crop destruction missions involving cereal or grain crops. Approximately 50 percent of all Blue was used in crop destruction missions in remote or enemy controlled areas with the remainder being used as a contact herbicide for control of grasses around base perimeters. Ninety percent of all Herbicide Orange was used for forest defoliation and it was especially effective in defoliating mangrove forests. Eight percent of Herbicide Orange was used in the destruction of broadleaf crops (beans, peanuts, ramie, and root or tuber crops). The remaining 2 percent was used around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communication lines. Table 4 shows the number of acres in South Vietnam within the three major vegetational categories. �TABLE 4. THE NUMBER OF ACRES TREATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971, WITH MILITARY HERBICIDES WITHIN THE THREE MAJOR VEGETATIONAL CATEGORIES Vejetatjonal ,. Areas Treated* Inland forests Mangrove forests Cultivated crops Total * Areas receiving single or multiple coverage. 2,670,000 318,000 260,000 3,248,000 Source: Certain portions of South Vietnam were more likely to have been subjected to defoliation. Herbicide expenditures for the four Combat Tactical Zones of South Vietnam are shown in Table 5. These data were obtained from the HERBS tape2 and total volume is not in complete agreement with the actual procurement data shown in Table 2 because volume was calculated via spray line data (an estimate of rate of application and area sprayed). TABLE 5. US HERBICIDES EXPENDITURES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971: A BREAKDOWN BY COMBAT TACTICAL ZONE* Herbicide Expenditure (gallons) Orange White Combat Tactical Zones Blue CTZ I 2,250,000 363,000 298,000 CTZ II 2,519,000 729,000 473,000 CTZ III (includes Saigon) 5,309,000 3,719,000 294,000 CTZ IV 1,227,000 435,000 62,000 Ili305J3°° 5-l2461000 lj.iZTjQQQ Subtotals Grand total 17^678^000 * Source: HERBS tape2 In addition to the herbicides, numerous other chemicals were shipped to South Vietnam in 55-gallon drums. These included selected fuel additives, cleaning solvents, cooking oils, and a variety of other pesticides. The �insecticide Malathion was widely used for control of mosquitoes and at least 400,000 gallons of it were used from 1966 through 1970. In addition, much smaller quantities of Lindane and DDT were used in ground operations throughout the war in Southeast Asia. The distribution of the herbicides within Vietnam after their arrival did not occur randomly. About 65 percent was shipped to the 20th Ordnance Storage Depot, Saigon, and 35 percent was shipped to the 511th Ordnance Depot, Da Nang. IV. WHAT MILITARY AIRCRAFT/VEHICLE WAS INVOLVED IN THE EXPOSURE? Numerous aircraft were used in the air war in Vietnam, but only a few of these aircraft were used for aerial dissemination of herbicides. The "work horse" of Operation RANCH HAND was the C-123/UC-123, "Provider." This cargo aircraft was adapted to receive a modular spray system for internal carriage. The module (the A/A 45 Y-l) consisted of a 1,000-gallon tank, pump, and engine which were all mounted on a frame pallet. An operator's console was an integral part of the unit, but was not mounted on the pallet. Wing booms (1.5 inches in diameter, 22 feet long) extended from the outboard engine nacelles toward the wing tips. A short tail boom (3 inches in diameter, 20 feet long) was positioned centrally near the aft cargo door. Each aircraft normally had a crew of three men: the pilot, co-pilot (navigator), arid flight engineer (console operator). During the peak activity of RANCH HAND operations (1968-1969), approximately 30 C-123/UC-123 aircraft were employed. However, many other squadrons of non-RANCH HAND C-123 aircraft were routinely used throughout South Vietnam in transport operations. The control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases in South Vietnam necessitated an extensive aerial insecticide application program in order to control these vector insects. From 1966 through 1972, three C-123 aircraft were used to spray Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide. These aircraft could be distinguished from the Herbicide-spraying aircraft because they were not camouflaged. These aircraft routinely sprayed insecticide adjacent to military and civilian installations, as well as in areas where military operations were in progress, or about to commence. Approximately 10 to 12 percent of all herbicides used in South Vietnam was disseminated by helicopter or ground application equipment. Generally, helicopter crews were not assigned to herbicide spray duties on a full-time basis and rotated the spraying duties with other mission requirements. The military UH-1 series of helicopters, deployed by the Air Force, the Army, and Navy units, generally sprayed the herbicides. The most common spray system used was the AGRINAUTICS unit. This unit was installed in or removed from the aircraft in a matter of minutes because it was "tied down" to installed cargo shackles and aircraft modifications were not required for its use. The unit consisted of a 200-gallon tank and a collapsible 32-foot spray boom. The unit was operated by manual controls to control the flow valve and a windmill brake. Generally, each helicopter had three crew members. �A summary of the aircraft used in herbicide and insecticide operations is shown in Table 6. Ground crews that maintained these aircraft were also at risk for exposure to the herbicides and insecticides. TABLE 6. US MILITARY AIRCRAFT USED IN THE DISSEMINATION OF HERBICIDES AND INSECTICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM* _Q5in2y.£Ii9^1___ £!i^i£§!JP IJLS ^oilr"a t§^ C-123/UC-123 Yes All Herbicides C-123 Helicopter Air Force UH-F Army UH-1B/UH-1D No Malathion Yes Orange, Blue Navy UH-1E * Source: Young et Various ground delivery systems were also used in South Vietnam for control of vegetation in limited areas. Most of these units were towed or mounted on vehicles. One unit that was routinely used was the Buffalo turbine. It developed a wind blast with a velocity up to 150 mph at 10,000 ft^/minute volume. When the herbicide was injected into the air blast, it was essentially "shot" at the foliage. The Buffalo turbine was useful for roadside spraying and applications of perimeter defenses. The herbicides of choice in these operations were Blue and Orange. V. HOW DID THE EXPOSURE OCCUR? As previously noted, the population at highest risk was the RANCH HAND group since these individuals were exposed to herbicides on a daily basis. Non-RANCH HAND support personnel who handled herbicides and performed secondary level maintenance were also at risk. Beyond these limited populations, the likelihood of other individuals being heavily exposed to herbicides was significantly less. The exposure of personnel could have occured by essentially three routes: 1. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors/aerosols by direct exposure to sprays. 2. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors by exposure to treated areas following spray application, and 3. Ingestion of foods contaminated with the material. 8 �As previously discussed, the use of Herbicide Orange in South Vietnam was for the purpose of denying the enemy the cover of dense jungle foliage. The areas normally sprayed were remote, unpopulated, forested areas where very few, if any, US military personnel were located and the exposure to direct spray of Herbicide Orange would have been unlikely. In addition, because of the dense canopy cover, the target of the defoliation operation, the amount of herbicide penetrating to the forest floor would have been small. The chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange and the spray, as it would have occurred following dissemination from a C-123, are important factors in assessing relative exposures to the Herbicides and TCDD. Table 7 reviews the pertinent chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange. Table 8 reviews both the application parameters of the spray system used in the C-123 aircraft and the characteristics of the spray itself. Generally, herbicides were sprayed in the early morning or late afternoon, so as to minimize the effects of air movement on particle dispersion. TABLE 7. PERTINENT CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HERBICIDE ORANGE Formulation Concentrated (8.6 Ib ai/gal)* Water Insoluble Density = 1.28 Vapor Pressure 3.6 x 10-4 mm Hg at 30°C NBEt 2,4-D : 1.2 x 10-4 NBE 2,4,5-T : 0.4 x 10-4 TCDD : 1 x 10-4 Viscous 40 centipoises at 20°C Noncorrosive to metal Deleterious to paints, rubber, neoprene Long shelf life * Pounds active ingredient (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) per gallon. t NBE = Normal butyl ester �TABLE 8. APPLICATION PARAMETERS AND SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE C-123 MODULAR INTERNAL SPRAY SYSTEM Aircraft speed 130 KIAS* Aircraft altitude 150 ft Tank volume 1,000 gal Spray time 3.5-4 min Particle size: 1.9% 100-50Q)j 76.2% >500y 21.9% 87% impacted within 1 min 13% drifted or volatilized Mean particle volume 0.61 ^1 Spray swath 260 +20 ft Mean deposition 3 gal/acre Total area/tank 340 acres * Knots indicated air speed. Ground combat forces normally would not have been expected to have entered a previously treated area for several weeks after treatment, during which time numerous environmental factors would have reduced the potential for exposure to military personnel. Young et al.3 have conducted an indepth review of the environmental fate of Herbicide Orange and TCDD. The following is a summary from that report: . . . Available data indicate that the vast majority of the phenoxy herbicides would impact forest canopy, the intended target. Rapid uptake (e.g., within a few hours) of the ester formulations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T would occur. Most of the herbicide probably would undergo rapid degradation (weeks) within the cellular matrix of the vegetation. However, some of herbicide may remain unmetabolized and would be deposited on the forest floor at the time of leaf fall. Soil microbial and/or chemical action would likely complete the degradation process. 10 �Herbicide droplets that impacted directly on soil or water would probably hydrolyze rapidly (within hours). Biological and nonbiological degradative processes would further occur to significantly reduce these residues. Some violatilization of the esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-7 would occur during and immediately after application. The volatile material most likely would dissipate within the foliage of the target area. Phctodecomposition of TCDD would minimize the amount of biologically active volatile residues moving downwind of the target area. Accumulation of phenoxy herbicides in animals may occur following ingestion of treated vegetation. The magnitude of this accumulation would likely be at nontoxia levels. Herbicide residues in animals would rapidly decline after withdrawal from treated feed. Most TCDD sprayed into the environment during defoliation operations would probably photodegrade within 24 hours of application. Moreover, recent studies suggest that even within the shaded forest canopy, volatilization and subsequent photodecomposition of TCDD would occur. Since translocation into vegetation would be minimal, most TCDD that escaped photodegradation would enter the soil-organic complex on the forest floor following leaf fall. Soil chemical and microbial processes would further reduce TCDD residues. Bioconcentration of the remaining minute levels of TCDD may occur in liver and fat of animals ingesting contaminated vegetation or soil. However, there are no field data available that indicate that the levels of TCDD likely to accumulate in these animals would have a biological effect. The environmental generation of TCDD from 2,4,5-T residues, through thermal or photolytic processes, would be highly unlikely and of no consequence.... VI. CONCLUSIONS. While a precise determination of herbicide exposure cannot be achieved, the five factors discussed in this document might permit both a characterization and a relative estimate of the magnitude of the exposure. In the preparation of a total exposure for a given individual, answers to the five questions must be determined for jeach exposure incident, and a summary exposure estimate developed. 1.1 �LITERATURE CITED 1. Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam 1974. Part A: Summary and Conclusions. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, 398 p. 2. HERBS tapes. 1971. Computer data on herbicide missions in Vietnam, 1965-1971. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. 3. Young, A. L., J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thai ken, and J. W. Tremblay. 1978. The Toxicology and Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235, 247 p. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 059 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1578 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. William H. Wolfe Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>U.S. Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 12 1979 Title A name given to the resource Position Paper: Criteria for Estimating Exposure Levels of Military Personnel to Dioxin and Herbicide Orange during the Vietnam War Subject The topic of the resource Air Force Health Study Ranch Hand crew herbicide exposure HERBS database ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 054 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1433 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stellman, Steven D. Jeanne M. Stellman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived American Journal of Industrial Medicine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Title A name given to the resource Estimation of Exposure to Agent Orange and Other Defoliants Among American Troops in Vietnam: a Methodological Approach Subject The topic of the resource HERBS database veteran health and hygiene Ranch Hand dioxin ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 053 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1408 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stellman, Steven D. Jeanne M. Stellman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-07-01 Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Estimation of Exposure to Agent Orange and Other Defoliants Among American Troops in Vietnam: a Methodological Approach, revised 7/85 Subject The topic of the resource HERBS database veteran health and hygiene questionnaire Ranch Hand ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 053 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1405 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Title A name given to the resource Letters and Prepublication Reviews of: "Estimation of Exposure to Agent Orange and Other Defoliants Among American Troops in Vietnam: a Methodological Approach," by Jeanne M. Stillman and Steven D. Stillman Subject The topic of the resource veteran health and hygiene HERBS database Eglin AFB Ranch Hand ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0840 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kunstadter, Peter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource A Study of Herbicides and Birth Defects in the Republic of Vietnam: An Analysis of Hospital Records Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects human exposure dioxin HERBS database ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/fdb812cbd07a84da42eb93379b661ed7.pdf 72b624434fbabe9f784e1883036edfff PDF Text Text Item ID Number: 00139 Author CorpOPatB Author Department o* the Ar-ny, O".ce of the Ad.utarit Genera Alexandria, VA ROpOrt/ArtJClO Title ' atjl° MACV hxed 'VinS Aircra r t Herbicide Incidents. 15 October 1981 Journal/Book Title Year k00^ Month/Day Color Number of Images 14 DeSCrlpton NOtOS Includes two payus of handwritten summary of data Friday, janufi-y 05. ^001 Page i89 of 19-: �OF Office of the Adjutant General Alexandria, October 1981 *ACV FIXED WIN T G fl.IRCRPFT HP g IVCIDRNTS altitude Incident Code >T "orbs Taoe Abort List (1972) A l t i t u d e at tirne of J - Jettison of Herbicide DOT - DUTID on Target WT - Krone: Target (Herbicide snrayed-not Jettisoned) CWL - Crash With Load 30Q - Soill on Ground At'B - Abort No DUIID Total of Aircraft on mission M Tntrv is listed on 197? list of Aborts r. Aircraft ission is vertifiod as on Merbs Tane .":"•..• IT 10 >! A L t'ACTS: In addition to this listing there is evidence of R Aircraft crashes durin<? thn v;ar, but, onlv one can bG docu^onted at this ti~e. Also there is evidence of 12, not oreviouslv reoorted , aborted missions in 196^ which are nondin.7 validation. �liERRICIDR MACV FIXRD Wire JATK MISSION NO. LOCATION OJi'M) ALTITUDE INCIDRNT CODE AGENT GAL. Wr/ACRFT HRRPS TAPi? 107? N'RW in SCO VERY *F.<;.HKS AFCRT LIST 1Q6H I'fiK U»K J L'"K U^'K ? V 0 "^ Y=;.S 1966 6s- >">31 ? '-'•737 CROUOOTn !]"K J UMK 1.1 IK ? vn '10 Yfi1^1 10^1 jalloTs/Mission 56071? XSH5H230 L'MK J 0 UVK "JO y [ i ^i j ?000 3allons/Mission 101-1 Gallons/Mission Over Water f>'l1Q13 T?_1Q_iq JFL 1965 '-^23 •>ni8l2 ^-'-<335 J»::< UMK J i:»t 100 ^ ? 5S')730 u-if XS235870 U.K WT u^ UNK UNK vo YES ^ppi •>-70f,H XT-^3?5 UNK -! UM"< UMK .'4 V:"1 Y^ Ovnr rubber Plantation .60829 UNK XS3I«5809- »» WT ^ U,K »" MO YKS i(inO/Gal Ions/Mission 66090? JNK WR 170399095325 UMK WT UNK U«K 3 *iO YES 661001 1-Q?f>9 UMK U^K DOT UN'K UMK Jl NO YKS B'^n Gallons/Mission NO YRS ?700 Gallons/Mission YF.S *? WO 1300 Gallons/Mission Wrt YKS T •570111 1-2095 UMK UNK DOT 0 UMK 3 670 1 1 2 1-730* II «K U,K AND n UKK 1 . �"I&CV FIXED WTN'G AIPCRftFT HK^PICTDR T"IUCENTS -inf. K .-,7,,,., 1-^, 0?o/2'l-27/*l 1 6-K.a J -7013 1 V< XD320330 Ut.K ^702*9 2-^1- x'r a ' if > i!'3'-;9001:36. Li M r < -'TS.Sir>' NO. LOCATION .LTITM.OE (ijTM } TMCIDEMT CODE UKHR.S TAP"1--" f .v>' I;ISCOV»RY 107? flhOKT LI.ST PKr'S^KS GAL. "r/AC^PT 0 'INK 3 "•'! 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"p/'C^FT HV^V-.BY H«%R-^ T.flP^ ftPQivr LIST (UTM) fS7!~)fiOri ,, , 7CW«, son j W ,on ,.,-< f": 707 "ft 7-HVi U'X Utr< nor 0 P.O -.73711 u-:< BHlt j 0 R no i ,, . X?oa3 7 •:0 YF, ;-o YK? ,-,-, YRS Ions/fission 21Q' /* f tor I'/n-Off T V/ c XT9S15 YT0113 """ 6v«, 3 r.70317 7-61 ?7 u« u». «i " -i j^7 y 1 "0 Y'-'S Off i - '-»« 1U3/23-3V C!i5n UNK j R UWK «-!»« = TO 8 80 3^0 J p 1000 3 vo ' Y-:S Y^ '-"I 00 Gallons/Mission I • YKS 115 0 flallons/i-'isaion MO Ove Sea-3 ^liles Over '•las of DsNanst st, r l^ : :0 Gallons/Mission 17 :':70S.17 U'iK IJNK "-«« j B 200 3 YES YKS ^i| MO itiles Northeast It u-Lai ( Gallons/Mission 1S ) T Of r 07.90. 0-13114 iJ^'K UMK AND 0 [WK r, «719« 9-7-.W u« UNK «T 0 UMK •J r-70<!2f, 9-7??2 (,X ,,< AMD " UNK ' YKS YFS *«5 MO NO YKS YRS Y'vS fff> -0 3r50 3^'^ Gallons/Mission Off O f f Knfl of Target 2q f j <*!*Lions/fission ?60 Gallons/mission �FIX^D WINC- A r R C R f l F T ;A->- MI? "TOP NO. LOCATION (UTM) " AGRMT .LTITUiJS G.ftL. 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NO f>00 Gallons/Mission 10-M372 UNK U»K AND V IU1K ^ Y^S Y K S "20 571017 10-^538 UNK •JVK AND w UMK /a Y^S ™ *" 571021 1C-5?aq UNK UVK «»D V UW '« YPS 571026 10-7*57 Ur< UMK AND 0 vx* U VM'^7 10-7012 "JVK 'JMK AMD '• • UMK a '71029 ^-575 L'f'K 2500 J w 1000 UV< S711P2 11-^ UPK UMK AMD 'J 'JMK 6711^1 11-S36 u-::< UMK AND n UNK ?.71inS I1-iq^3 u- | | » | rr AMD 0 IJK'K 671H7 ll-<^5 UNK i T^^ y AMD 571117 11-53?*) UVK \ \ V 6T AND 0 urK " 7 571 iifl 11-5633 UNK UK-< WT w UMK 1 £ 11-6120 UNK UNK AND o J II VK ,W AND 0 UNK " UMK ' * UNK -=71122 11-5973 UNK '"" •10 571016 .71 120 >'»•••? O T ^ C O V - R Y A PORT LIST CODE ri »T j* Li iv i\ 3 3 YFS YES �F I X F D V.'IT-'y a r ? C P a F T ^ IMCIOEMT PATV -issioM NO. LOCATION -/1 123 11- -693 :iv< UVK AND n U"K 11 ^71130 II-CW ,ir, r."< AND 0 U'-'K ^ •5V 11 30 11-9r:70 UKK U"K V-T n UMK *Y1^!| 5^8 XS3S5*)? 3T)o DOT U^< IJMK IJMV 071233 12-2097 M UMK AMD w UMK •5 •' 7 1 :? 1 0 RI.-S5S 1-T133591 12-30 J UMK Uf-'K UM'< •371211 12-2*03 JN'lf UN'K AND 0 UNK 3 571P13 12-^196 UliK U-K AND rt UMK ^ *71 ? ? S i?-?w y«K UV.T i-'T 0 UMK UNK 3^00 J 0 — 1-^173 UMK UN'< AVD l-3'4?7 UMK UNK ''80105 ;'}^O1 1 £> 0*0113 ALTITUDK MBIT GAL. Mr/«PR*T HPBPSTA" ". (17? f1'1'7'/ | > l^f"OV^' l *Y yro; Y- n^ rc y,. v ';- q; T--.vfirf<3 !"•> j} -^ Ji 2000 Oall3n=/»lr,Rion ii,- Y^ vn Y^ Y'rS "3S NO 30CP C-?llons/".ission -o yrs Over yjuter YRS Y-3S R7 MO nso Sallona/^isslon YE5, Y^.S . 3 R T!0 2000 Gallons/Mission 3 ».n YS.S Off ''Ind of Tar~ct ?30 n Gallons/Mission 1000 UMK HO T,, DonT f'ai River 15 TTI East of Siaron n UMK 3 YES YRS -HP NO 1650 Gallons/Mission AMD i UfTK YW YW tin NO 17m Gallons/mission ^ * V,, Snrav Drifts'1 ? 0 ?• 0 G a 1 1 on s / '•"• i s ." i c n ^01?3 1-6^12 UN-< UMK ftVD n UNK •• YES YE "3 /"I11 ,0 3000 ..lallonS/MiMIon 5502"? P-2P2 UVK U\'K AMD 0 u»» 3 Y-S YKS MS NO 1 f 300 Gallons/Mission -0,02 ;>-?•>•-; UNK CN. M>D -1 UN'K s YFS V« ..< MO 'JOOO ';.^1 lons/"-!lnsion �•'ACV F I X 50 WIMP, a i R C R A F T 1'FR g ICTD F MK -issioa •:<!. LOCATION (UTM) ALTITUDE ACRNT GAL. "r/.C-FT HRPRS T,P. CO DP 107P , m =,11on=/.-i.,,ton 7 , MO „, So! 11 v/hilo on Ground •TO V 17 '3 YK^ fll: 7 '"0 ^^0 '.'i :: illO!!lS/ - '^S53iOn '•0 Y'..--. ?vcr Water 17'!0 r,»nons/^ission Y^ *U« vo ?QOO Gallons/'lission YPS .?•"):< N'orth of Siaeon (Cu'on^ C i t v ) YRS *ri1 "0 ^000 Gallons/Mission Y^S »^ MO 5000 Gallons/Mission ?iO ytvs Defoliation of Pase Caro Area 3000 Gallons/mission YRS YFS .'/55 NO 4500 Gallons/Mission YUS Y K S #5 f t NO 5000 "allons/'lission YES S57 h C YF070570- •rriOS 5-33*0 „., UK, SOG 0 ™ c; *nW UN'K •JN'K ,000 DOT W ,nnn Uf'K :-/M09 J..3P77 •JNX •J«K AND V (JMK ^ roan a.ii}75 UKK I:KK J 0 IJMK ? '.can, «-5 en? UN'K UNK AND 0 UNK 3 YFS <:Oi!2S U-1257? USK f!5on J 0 100^ 6 YRS .0.30 4-14202 UNK L'^-'K AMD W UNK 6 YES ^' ' j \) 1 5-363 UFK UNK AND R UNK 6 YKS SO 50? 5-V5M 'JHK UVK WT W UNK , "Ml 2 5-S033 UNK UNK AMD '•i UNK 6 305 1 5 5-697'J UNK .:MK AND W UNK 6 H n c, i ^ ^ 7?63 I(f |I"V \J * "• AND rt 1 4 1 / W MM IT 1 J 1 *\ c ) ,500 DOT ST1.I.KS ,, , -K*. •V~'<?0>1 up;-.! HT-'COVKRY ;. ->T^r MST W UV'-r ^ - YRS V i000 M.T! Ions/Mission �MfH:'V '•: LOCATION (UTM) j AT^CPflF'T H^ ALTITfJDS ,0,»T dflL. M AP") = T LLST , 5?6 5-11763 *.< UMK *MD W UM, 527 5-^6 UN'K 5onn J W noo V30 5-1~7 2 ? U*K UNK W w UHK , c':n6 S,_i;p(j U»< 60T) DOT MW UFK 500 £, _ ~ 0 7 Ynnr^n «soo ,i rv IJMIf 7 YRS y^s !-T0 'i^OO n3 lions/ '-Ms? ion y-.s *'-' South of Xinn Loc yv s *5Q :J '"* vm"1 "qllors/^issinn -T ^ y., «q '•'1 m 1 ,', (5 ni .™,.w r/«CRFT CODE Y ^ =; ^ c c id f?n tfj 1 Ou~nD , Y-, ''tf^'S ',' n C* f -*i ^ XA r ' i J '•" 1^00 CJallois/yission nil <-*&3 L'N-K UWK DOT 0 U«1T P, 616 6-^1? li'jr U.K OOT w UMST 619 IE-W L'-.'K 7500 J w U','K ^V-501P f,SOT J «-?•.!* UKK UN^ UVK YS140510 f.p-^ '..-.^.; n29 w•>« M "1 YRS foil Gallons/Mission ^ "0 Y'S -^ ^llcni./vtMlon moo ^ ro YKS ?DOO ;:-allons/Missicn l!MK liHK UMK «-, YRS DOT n ON«C , 10 Y^S ?ot;Q Gallons/Xission 2500 VT p 'JNK urx K-O YRS Runir Sqt Zone and Over Water JN'K u?."c DOT w UNK 5 NO Y^;S 5000 Gallons/mission UNK UVK J 0 mm 1 ^ 1 vo YKS YFS » 709 --12 7-7^1 INK �M OATK •1I3SIO!" NO. LOCATION (UTM) ACV FTX3D WING AIRCRAFT MERPICIDR P'CIDF'*TTS .' LTITUOE AGR«T GAL. Mr/ftCRFT HI5RRS T.ftPl=: 107P N'KW DISCOVERY !---:-i«pscs ft PORT LISTS CODE ™ PMUOC ftK Village f'O Y-S Over Mour.tain POH*! 3 MO YRS 2000 3allons/"!i?slon UN'K fi MO Y^ 57^0 Gill.-.ns/yission UN'K UMK U^K "0 YFS ,1 UNK IR'K UMK '0 ' YRS 4200 DOT UN:< U«K UK< VO Y YT5177-5453 5^00 J UNK UNK 11 WK MO YES 6711 UNK 1000 J p UMK ? N'C YES T-miediately After Take Off and then return to RIEN HO A 2000 Gallons/Mission 631 119 6705 UNK UNK DOT B UNK 3 MO YES 2000 Gallons/Mission 5*1121 UN'K UNK 500 B UNK UNK MO Y-7S On Take Off FPOTJ HI'-JN HO A 5H.1P01 L'V.K UN'K 1SOO 0 UMK UMK ro 5?OB?1 3-1725 BP220920RP220890BP 100 840- U«K DOT R 1000 3 "° 630S26 UNK BP6359P" 4000 J UNK UNK UNK 6 SO 331 9-2391 UKK UMK DOT B UNK -0922 017 .^ UN'K WK DOT n 6*1929 U"K XS403800 4700 DOT W929 UN'K YTH40930 7500 531107 UN'K YT21538QYTOR0230 5*1107 LTK fi«1119 •' J " 5 Tiiles South West RTF.M HO A Runway �:iflt:v VIXFD WIMG AIRCRAFT >A?rf XISSJON TO. LOCATION (UTM) ALTITUDE I"CIDEMT CODF AGWT OAL. «p/«CRFT „, , , - , S81221 6701 UN-K UMK AND VJ UNK 1 iv^ UN< 7500 WT 0 -JMK \ 9 '. ) 1 P o n-v »"•"' pono J V n,K C,K DOT i-K WT 107? t:*CW DISCOVRHY PKMftRKS A n O R T LISTS *™ ,< , HPRPS TAPH ••' •T) ^ .-, 30TO 'j-illons/'-'ission Y-S «0 •n n^ ^ y^s Over PIM'j T!'Y UNK ..MK \:o Y-:S ^nir FI-1W MO A '.'J UMK •j -n YF ^ 1003 CtalloWlwl:* ,T 0 UM, 3 NO Y C1 ^ '/'roi^-T V^illev Y-S 1Q6Q ? ••* '1 ? 0 P 6701 :<P306 6 '? OS 983571S Q 2 3 2 "? UNK JN- 3^00 J 0 U«K .IVK MO Y^ i 90 It 11 U::K YC9010 70no J UN'K •IMK WK MO YKS Over ''ountains 59^1? 6700 uXK UMK DOT 0 UNK s NO YES Hi«rh Winds 3000 (Jal due to Abort 2nd Pun but 1 Plane DOT 3Q0112 6703 UN'K IW DOT ^ UNK s r:o Y^S j O f) i \? | ,, , U?,'K 2000 DOT 0 I) MIC UK"? r*o YK. Possibly sane as above j 0 'T i) 2 2 UN< HTHS23 ^no •,T UVK UNK UNK wo Y-;S Me?ir TAri KY r 7 •J»IK 1JMK DOT 0 IW 3 VO YKS 300H G-I lions/fission ^O.'12't ' °' t �'•i'Cv FIXED wj"i AIRCRAFT K^PPTCTDF: TvicijjfZI3. uppt^cj T A P ^ 1Q7? ePOF'T Ll.Si'S PJCIDEK1! CODR AG^T OflL. nir/ACRFT UN'K [JOT UMK iriK - r;O i- lion GHllon^LasiO,, U'JK L'Mlf WT n UMK c ^:0 YF,r, Sprp.ved outside tsr-'et ^000 r.lallons/''!issior U'JK u::< UI--3C wr 0 UMK UMV NO o Y n.* '*j LONfl PTfHi Villgse 5 7" 7 '.'- JHK J -JVC u« Vfl Y« iJUTin Valve .activated 70^210 67^1 U">'V yi:r< v'T 0 ;JN'K x: 0 Y"S Soravnl Lite 2200 'Jallonn/Missio.'. 7.10110 ST« am J B UMK NO Y'iS 5700 Gallons/mission UVK AMD p K'O 1050 Gallons/Mis? ion OATH; XI S3 ION NO. LOCATION (UTM) 'ju-'VlU 6r* 7, Vl 30 110ZV173131* <':Q0710 67Tt ^909 — S91319 1970 701216 6793 F r** cf oC.c^.j!i Q Tvi' ^j ur.'K ULTIT'JDK ^ ^ 7 NKW DISOOV^RY R5MARKS �O-io t O- lo 5 t U �CT' 3 p -f s (TJ UJ J? 1 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 017 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0189 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Department of the Army, Office of the Adjutant General, Alexandria, VA Title A name given to the resource Table: MACV Fixed Wing Aircraft Herbicide Incidents, 15 October 1981 Subject The topic of the resource HERBS database Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide application