2 15 49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2172 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Summary Statement April 3 Expert Panel Meeting Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation decontamination PCBs https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/866bc3d716850ddfa17fb15f8587c934.pdf 828788f625021c3b668106484a7ed2ae PDF Text Text Item D Number 02173 Author Fecteau, Lois Corporate Author RODOrt/ArtiOlO TltlO P^B Experts Seek New Tests: No Conclusion on Building JOUmal/BOOk TRIO Year Month/Day The Saturday Press 1981 April 4 D Number of Images 1 Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2173 of 2293 �FINAL EDITION Saturday, Apr. 4,1981 Binghamtori, N.Y. 25 Cents PGB experts seek new tests s ' ^™*i ; t. ' • . , ' • ^ No conclusion on building ByLOISFECTEAU NEW YORK — More testing needs to be done to determine whether the contaminated Binghamton State Office Building can be cleaned or will have to be destroyed,.av panel of experts concluded yester- cision may be that we^cannot make a decision," Haughie said. " ' Haughie and two members of the panel Will address the Brbome Cpunty Medical Society at 9.45 a.m. today on the health aspects of the contamination at "PCB Information Day", at the Ramada Inn in .Binghamton..:" • ' ' ' ' ' ' ; , ' ? ; . The state had asked the panel to determine the ac- .-'. ceptable level of exposure to the chemicals polluting . the state building. Panel members were reluctant tp dp that, saying it is a sociolpgical and pplitical decision, i ;, i-V*''v,'r-f?''?' . - . • - . --'Sy4'^-i? ^rf?' •: >; ''I would think jt^would .not be appropriate for a panel of scientists to decide this," Upton said. "This ,is a regulatory question, a societal question. What we can perhaps do is define the levels Of risk." ' ' * » : " Most panel members said they did not have enough information on the state building contaminationi to evaluate the rjsk^^s;v->.;.n;'";;'';V.'"':'-';;"/;<;' '•'y.^?-'f "You do need some bioldgic data on the soot. Once we hav,e that then we can begin talking about 'risky.', said Major iAlvin L., Young, who has done extensivV, research on dioxin, one of the toxic chemicals pollut-1 ing the^Uilding. , •>, . ' Ypung said he is frustrated the panel did npt come ; "up with mbfe concrete suggestions. • , • - : .',' ....."I came prepared,to address the issues and we didn't do that.?:There are; things;that could be done right now','.. .'Ijwas going to suggest a cleaning re-"? gime: I thjhk the^pught to-try a number of different cleaning techniquesi-" Young said. • J -; day. ' "I didn't think we've gotten past that point (of determining if the building can be cleaned). We're talking about dioxins and furans, compounds about which there are a lot of gaps in pur knowledge," Dr. Clark W. Heath Jr. said at a news conference after ; the panel's meeting yesterday at LaGuardia Airport. • "The toxicity of the soot has to be addressed before you can answer the question of cleaning the building,-""said Heath, director of the federal Center for Disease Control's Bureau of Chronic Disease, who chaired one of the.panel's afternoon work sessions. "W£agfee there needs to be much more comprehensive sampling of the building before this can be dealt.wjth adequately,";said Dr. Arthur C. Upton, chairman pf New York University Medical Center's Department of Environmental Medicine, who chaired the other work session! Glenn E. Haughie, director,of the state Office of Public Health, said he considers.the(.meeting a success even though no conclusions about the building : were reached." v -;•••"'• "It was successful in, that we got some of the best .mindsAvailable on,this subject together,"'Haughie said. v ' Haughie said the state should not give up on the problem despite the complexities it poses. Young, an Air-Force troubleshooter, said he. will , "We cannot be paralyzed by problems of this sort. give the/state a plan,.to follo^ in:the absence of spe- t 1 The ainountr of''information needed will probably cific suggestions by the panel. _ v ;.••••}• ' neve$jp,e availablevBut at some poinl we have to asN semble what we'-kriow arid make a decision. That de- i . - ' :•' ' SeePCiB,4A . - , . . , ..• ' :: �7 <"Newv question'number 1 (determining thevacceptable level). We did spend a lot of time on it arid we didri^t come up with 3 number/!Heath said.'/,;;; ' After the meeting Broome County Executive' CarlS. Young said he was satisfied with the discussion. • • ' ' • ' '"-'•-•-' "I'm satisfied that a process is under way, 1 that there seems to be a realeffort'tb address everything," he said, adding that the conj;ami-' nation has to be kept in perspective. • "When I hear, people talking abbut tearing the.building down, I wonder where their heads ' are at," he added. "This has to be kept in the realm of reality. We don't live in operating rooms." •••.",'••:••••• � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2173 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fecteau, Lois Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Saturday Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4 1981 Title A name given to the resource PCB Experts Seek New Tests: No Conclusion on Building Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation decontamination PCBs Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2174 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Haughie, Glenn E. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Glenn E. Haughie to Alvin L. Young, April 8, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation risk assessment PCBs Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2175 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schecter, Arnold Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Arnold Schecter to Alvin L. Young, April 10, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation risk assessment PCBs Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2176 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schecter, Arnold Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Arnold Schecter to Alvin L. Young, April 14, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation risk assessment PCBs Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2177 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Haughie, Glenn E. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Glenn E. Haughie to Alvin L. Young, April 15, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation risk assessment PCBs https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/f4555f8a4887f0642f52fc067c2cc320.pdf a9a880813e85397665dfa89e33a5a273 PDF Text Text ItomD Number °2178 Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Repert/ArtlClO TltlO Letter: from Alving L. Young to Glenn E. Haughie, May 7,1981 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images D 6 DBscripton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2178 of 2293 �* �Alvin L. Young, Ph.D. Environmental Scientist 520A Magnolia Maxwell AFB AL 36113 7 May 1981 Dr. Glenn E. Haughie, MD Director, Office of Public Health New York Department of Health Tower Building, Empire State Plaza Albany NY 12237 Dear Dr. Haughie I apologize for the tardiness of my correspondence! I did appreciate the invitation to serve on the Expert Panel and to have had the opportunity of personally viewing the Binghamton State Office Building. Let me formally share with you my observations and recommendations, First, I commend you and your staff for the progress that has been made on resolving this chemical contamination "episode". However, you are faced with a monumental decontamination task which, unfortunately, has the potential for becoming an albatrose around the neck of the NY Department of Health for many years to come. It will likely produce negative benefits for the State of New York in the press and with the public unless the task is done carefully and tactfully. To this end, I believe you must immediately initiate long-term plans. The most important recommendation that I urge you to adopt is the formation of an "Authority" or "Special Agency" to coordinate all activities and functions associated with this episode. This "Authority" must be headquartered in Binghamton (preferably near the State Office Building so that decontamination activities can be readily monitored, and so that the "crisis" will be a daily reminder of the importance of its task). The MBING-HAMTON AUTHORITY" should be composed of committee members or advisors pMs a full-time, state-employed staff. The committee members should represent the concerned public, appropriate labor unions or employees of the State Office Building, and the city, county, state and federal governments. The full-time staff should minimally consist of a project director, staff scientist, public relations coordinator, and a small support staff. The full-time staff should maintain a facility where the Committee could hold weekly meetings, and where 1. �letters could be typed, phone calls received, status reports prepared, and interviews given to the news media. The current "Panel of Experts" could periodically serve the Authority on difficult scientific questions or sensitive public issues. The point that I am trying to make is that the Binghamton Authority must have the responsibility and authority to "get the job done". You desperately need a single focal point for this episode. When I visited Binghamton I was appalled by the number of "players" and the apparent lackoof coordination between them in collecting samples and giving interviews,and tours. Unless you can get this facet of the program in hand,^, future accomplishments Mil be minimal. A Binghamton Authority would provide the needed focal point. It is important that every action that concerns this episode be coordinated and appropriately documented. This includes proposals for research, contractual arrangements and actions, sampling protocols, labor actions, press releases, and the maintenance of a registry of visitors and tours of the contaminated facility. Although the cost of establishing a Binghamton Authority will be significant, the dollars that will be saved, the knowledge that will be documented, and favorable public relations that will be cultivated will offset the investment. The second issue I would like to address concerns exposure standards. The Expert Panel meeting of 3 April was unable to establish permissible expositae levels. In the absence of such data, I would recommend the use of interim standards. For example, for PCBs, an interim standard of 2 micrograms/per square meter for public surfaces and 1 microgram per cubic meter of air would be consistent with NIOSH actions. For TCDD, I would recommend an interim standard of 0.01 microgram per square meter and 0 0 6 microgram per cubic meter for similar surfaces and air, .0 respectively. These latter interim standards are in keeping with actions by the Italians and the US Air Force, respectively. I would also recommend that different areas of the building have different interim cleaning standards. For example, for TCDD, permissible levels of 5 micrograms per square meter should be adopted for inaccessible areas. Obviously, until sufficient analytical and toxicological data are 2. �available on the sample matrix, final exposure standards cannot be decided. I believe that chemical binding within the soot has signifanctly decreased the toxicity of the samples (see ATCH 1, article fr©m J, Agric. Food Ohem. 1981, 29:288-293). However , decontamination efforts are pointless unless you have a goal-oriented program. Thus, interim standards must be established concurrent with decontamination actions, least you be faced with the delemma of when to stop cleaning. In reference to toxicological testing, I was pleased to hear that you've had state laboratories undertake the testing and evaluation of the soot matrix. I feel very strongly that state and local laboratories should play important roHes in this project. Nevertheless, testing protocols should be prepared and evaluated on all projects, and all personnel should be instructed in the safe handling of the chemicals associated with the soot matrix. The entire project ooiald suffer if some laboratory personnel are contaminated due to poor testing and safety procedures. In reference to analytical determinations, I continue to support analyses by Br O'Keefe and Br»Spalik. However, because of the complexity of the analytical tasks, I believe it is important that confirmation of selected samples be obtained from an independent laboratory. I suggested to Br Schecter that the University of Nebraska has the necessary capability to exam samples for 2,3,7,8-TCBB. A commercial laboratory may also be of value in providing rapid turn-a-round time for selected samples. During my visit to Binghamton, I discussed with Br Schecter the need for a standard sampling protocol. This should include a program where all samples for all facets of the project (toxicology, characterization, and decontamination) are collected by the same team with records established on where, when, and how the samples were collected, I believe the current procedure is not providing the adequate "economy of sample" nor "maximum data per sample" that is so necessary in this project. For example, I recommended to Br Schecter that: A. The same location be wiped sampled on multiple floors. I suggested that a site near the vent in the NE Mens Room be sampled on Floors 3,7,11, 15, niid 18. This will allow dispersion modelling from the source. 3. �B. Wipe samples (from floor, wall, and ceiling) be collected from common areas (e.g., elevator lobbies) associated with floors 4,8, 12, and 16. This will allow comparisons between similar floors, walls, and ceilings that are located at equal distance from each other. C. Air samples be similarily collected from 2 locations (heavy traffic areas) on 3 different floors. The air samples should be 48-hr samples and should represent both partic.ulate and vapor phases. Detailed analyses of the above samples would provide a more complete picture of the magnitude of chemical contamination of the State Office Building,,They would also provide excellent baseline data prior to extensive decontamination operations. There are a few minor (but critical) items that I would bring to your attention. It is essential that a registry be prepared of all personnel potentially exposed to the toxins. This should include fireman, workers, visitors, etc. The more thorough the documentation of the individuals (identification, job, age, address,etc.) and the exposure (date, circumstances", located visited, etc.), the more valuable this registry will become in the next few years, especially when legal actions are taken and liability determinations are made. Another item is the disposition of the contaminated office equipment and furniture. I discussed an idea with Dr. Schecter concerning the equipment and furniture; I believe that with appropriate safe guards (approved by EPA), some enterprising firm may be willing to decontaminate, repair, and repaint the equipment and furniture. The firm would be responsible for safely removing the "bagged" equipment and furniture at no cost to the state. It would in-turn recover costs through the sale of the items. The county or state would profit by not ihaving to dispose of the material in a sanitary landfill or through incineration. This idea would be most feasible if it is shown that the soot reduces the exposure potential of the toxic chemicals. The parking garage was essentially decontaminated when I visited Binghamton. I would hope that the latest wipe and air samples confirm that the area is "essentially" decontaminated. Since this is an important parking facility, and one that can be controlled, I believe that the most stringent standards need not apply, I believe that the 4. �benefits gained from opening this parking facitity as soon as possible will outweigh the minimal risks associated with exposure to almost negligible levels of soot-bound contamination. This brings me to my last point. Because of the incidents associated with controlling the fire, and the initial attempts at decontamination, the soot, and hence, PCB, TCDD, and TCDP,;have spread from the building to other areas in the community. I realize that some mapping of the surrounding contamination has been conducted. I would certainly recommend continuation of a systematic (and periodic) mapping program. The public needs to know that there is an environmental monitoring program. The public needs to also hear "positive" information (the intent of my short seminar to your medical association). The "Doom and Gloom" team constantly maximizes any threat at the expense of perspectives and probabilities. In truth, we have no information that the low levels of PCBs, TCDDs, and TCDFs encountered in the environmental monitoring programs or in the decontaminated areas pose a threat to man or his environment. We must not let emotion dictate that the State Office Building and all its contents be destroyed. The project that faces you will be difficult but it ;is manageable? I believe that my comments address the questions and concerns in your letter of 15 April and Dr Schecter's letter of 10 April. It I can be of further assistance or clarify any of my comments, please contact me. Sincerely yours, AIVIN L. YOUNG, PhD 1 Atch Journal Article cc Dr. Arnold Schecter 5. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2178 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Alvin L. Young to Glenn E. Haughie, May 7, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation exposure assessment PCBs https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/0feb6ab54b5fa529632804bf826bf12e.pdf 0ec9d4013fabedb635b8510f750288ae PDF Text Text Hem D Number 02179 Author Corporate Author Approves PCS Destruction Process JOUmal/BOOk TltlB Year Chemical & Engineering News 1981 Month/Day Color Number of Images D 1 Dosorlpton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2179 of 2293 �News of the Week EPA APPROVES PGB DESTRUCTION PROCESS The Environmental Protection Agency last week approved the first chemical process for destroying toxic polychlorinated biphenyls, which have been widely used in electrical transformer and capacitor insulating fluids. The process, developed by Sunohio of Canton, Ohio, and called PCBX (C&EN, Sept. 22,1980, page 6), becomes the only approved alternative to incineration or burial for PCB-contaminated oils. EPA's acting assistant administrator for pesticides and toxic substances, Edwin H. Clark, says the process is "of significant value in solving the nationwide PCB problem." Contamination of the environment by PCB's has become ubiquitous since their introduction in 1929. Animal tests have shown that PCB exposure can lead to reproductive failures, birth defects, skin lesions, and tumors. Clark says the process has been approved for limited use in EPA Region IV (based in Atlanta) and for more widespread use in Region VII (headquartered in Kansas City, Mo.), tinder current rules, each regional administrator determines what PCB disposal practices are used in that region. And the process will be limited to decontamination of mineral oils used as coolants and dielectrics in large electrical transformers. About 750 million Ib of PCB's are still in use or in storage, much of which could be eliminated by PCBX. The PCBX process uses a proprietary reagent that strips the chlorine atoms from the compounds, converting them to chloride. The biphenyl moiety is polymerized to a polyphenylene and precipitated from the oil with calcium chloride, into a holding tank. The cleaned oil can be returned to the transformer for reuse. Excess reagent in the oil is destroyed or removed before going back to the transformer. The waste polyphenylene from the process is not soluble in water, is only slightly soluble in alcohol or other hydrocarbon solvents, and is considered environmentally safe. The prototype setup used by Sunohio for the EPA tests can decontaminate oil at a rate of about 10 gal per minute, but future setups are expected to do better. The system's size and efficiency permit it to be built into a truck trailer, which can go to the transformers, rather than having to transport the oil from the transformers to a plant. It can take PCB levels from any concentration down to less than 2 ppm, the detection limit for these compounds. At this time Sunohio has only one unit ready for commercial use, but two more are under construction and a total of five mobile units are planned. The technology also is available for licensing. Sunohio officials estimate the price of decontamination to be competitive with other systems, figuring about $3.00 per gal Mobile Sunohio unit cleans PCB-contamlnated transformer oil on site 4 C&EN June 1,1981 vs. up to more than $5.00 per gal for incineration. Preliminary testing indicates that with modifications the process can be used to destroy chlorinated pesticides as well. Although Sunohio officials are reluctant to speculate, this also could save companies with stores of now illegal pesticides considerable expense in disposing of the materials. D Senate okays funds for binary weapons facility After only a 40-minute debate on the floor, the Senate last week approved $20 million to equip the Pine Bluff, Ark., facility which is being built to produce binary nerve-gas shells. The money, sought by the Reagan Administration in its fiscal 1981 defense supplemental request, already was approved by the House. It is, however, only a pittance of the estimated $2 billion to $4 billion required to bring binary chemical weapons into full production. The Senate's decision to accede to the Administration's request was reached without value of Appropriations Committee hearings. Opponents of a resumption of a chemical arms race argue that the decision was, therefore, reached inappropriately. Sen. Mark 0. Hatfield (R.-Ore.), chairman of the Appropriations Committee, last year successfully blocked insertion of $19 million in the defense appropriations bill for the weapons facility. This time around, in an emotional outburst, he asked: "My God, is there no limit to the voracious appetite of the military machine that wants to suck up every dollar that we have?" Again he cited lack of public hearings, and lack of consultation with NATO allies on whose soil these weapons will have to be stockpiled. Sen. David H. Pryor (D.-Ark.), in whose state the facility will be built, and who opposes a chemical weapons program, argued that such a program "repeals the spirit of what the civilized world has been working toward since the Geneva agreements of 1925." He noted that the action taken by the Senate would "reverse the position of the past three Administrations" and begin "a race that has no finish line." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2179 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Chemical & Engineering News Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1 1981 Title A name given to the resource EPA Approves PCB Destruction Process Subject The topic of the resource BSOB PCBs toxic wastes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2180 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schecter, Arnold J. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Arnold J. Schecter to Alvin L. Young, August 6, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB PCBs analytical studies building remediation https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/1e3f63cb354acbe0233bafe147f7d801.pdf 6a26ebc16b4a666030c84735939235d3 PDF Text Text Item D Number 021 si Author Corporate Author RBDOrt/ArtlClB HtlB Typescript: Proposed Worker Surveillance, BSOB, Draft June, 19,1981 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D 9 DBSGPlpton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2181 of 2293 �PROPOSED WORKER SURVEILLANCE, BSOB J DATA BASE Ba&ed on data in the possession of the NYS Ueoartment of Health at this tine, partial or complete records exist on 479 persons working for 20 different firms not including a small miscellaneous category. They are shown by employer and leve 1 of exposure categories in Appendix I. It should be pointed out that information on both employer and exposure was obtained from the individuals themselves , either at the time of the blood drawing when a Binqhamton General Hospital medical record questionnaire was completed, or during a personal interview with a nurse. Based on place of exoosure, the 208 persons actually in the BSOB would be the most likely to have sustained genuine exposure. In addition, the qroup in the basement or subbasement (unknown if this was the garage or building) and the 65 with unknown exposure are considered suspect for f building exposure until further information can be obtained on them. The other exposure categories would appear to represent minimal non-exposures to BSOB soot. V ,T u\ 1 4*^ U k \ S. **' tt* ^ wide variation in duration of exposure was indicated as well. At one end of the spectrum, the 33 NEPCO employees worked a minimum of 100 hours in , with many in excess of 700 hours. the The OGS clean-up crew soent between 50 and 100 hours in the building. A few OGS _--.—--•employees have sDent more than, 100 hours in the building. —— The Miske Electric electricians ------ — appear to have spent less than 100 hours in the building. Virtually all other oersons seem to have spent no more than a few minutes to a few hours , in the �Department to their private physicians. Most of the remaining individuals either have no private physician or failed to indicate one at the time of evaluation. «• /"" �on an as needed basis. A telephone answering service is on line to refer health inquiries from individuals in this group to the NYSDH. If the inquiry is in response to a health problem that might reasonably be related to exposure to the BSOB, arrangements will be made, at no expense to the individual, to be seen by a local internist with referral to a dermatolo gist if deemed appropriate. Both of these evaluations are offered for general health screening without regard to etiology and, as such, no attempt will be made to summarize or analyze the data from the group as a whole. SUBSET EVALUATIONS The most intensive surveillance monitoring and analytical efforts will be focused on a small subset of individuals with we11-documented high exposure. High exposure can be defined by both place and duration of exposure. Since contamination is largely an intra-building problem, those persons who have entered the building since the fire are the most likely to have encountered i f significant exposure. Of the groups who have been in the building, duration apparently was greatest for NEPCO cleaners, followed in decreasing order of duration by the OGS clean-up crews, Miske electricians, and National Insulation cleaners. Other groups in the building tended to be small and spend only limited time in the building though individual exceptions exist. guably the most fvp^'if^ riingili n ir V-MS I Ti" • NFP1"" "TtMH"i"rr Unar- Howvftri thn fact that they are more or less continuously involved in toxic 'clean-ups of one sort or another renders any information gleaned fr ^ — ^ ^ * m ^ i i. if not impossible to interpret. While data will be collected on this group, no analysis will be attempted on this information. �*. U V _ •> c -4- The general surveillance scheme is shown graphically in Appendix III. The general health screening which will be provided to persons whose exposure was limited to outside the building has already been described. Persons who have been inside the BSOB but for only a short time will have a similar blood screen with an additional tube of blood saved for potential future reference. Those persons determined to have spent a long time in the BSOB will have a similar blood screen.with sera being saved. A portion of the saved sera will be used to determine a serum PCB level. The long duration BSOB exposures group will also be offered a physical examination. . Because of what is known to occur in animals and humans exposed to PCBs and other compounds in this group, certain a priori hypotheses can be advanced as to health effects one might see amongst the population exposed to the soot from the BSOB. Conclusions on the human health effects of exposure to BSOB » soot wi^l be limited to analytical results which are biologically plausible and have been generated in response to these prestated hypotheses. organ systems of most concern are the liver and integument. The Since a diag- nosis of liver disease is often arrived at only late in the natural course of an illness, we will focus on liver function test abnormalities under the presumption that they are surrogate markers of potential or real future disease, ajj p<=»-gQng '"fr"'"0 v^"" •»p +-v>p Vm-iirHng j=p,pqethe fire for a minimum of 25 hours will be included in t-hir, n m l y n i n i subset may also be analyzed separately. Subsets among this The mean values for several liver function tests drawn while in the building will be compared to the mean values obtained after having terminated exposure for a period of time. The hypothesis, succinctly stated, is that there is an association between exposure to the building and an alteration (either up or down) in liver function tests. The hypothesis must be two-tailed because initial bloods were not �timing then, follc.w-up liver tests might be expected to show a rise or a fall. The liver function tests which will be analyzed include SCOT and GGTP. The physical examinations will give special attention to the skin. Chlor- acne, a condition essentially pathognomonic for exposure to PCBs and related compounds, will be looked for. period before its appearance. Chlgracn_e_.is known to require, a latent It is jalsg^.verv persistent. As such. a single examination approximately six months after initial contact seems a reasonable time to look for such a condition. Since no cases of chloracne are expected, /observation of even a single documented case will be presumptive evidence of an adverse health effect. Skin biopsy of suspect lesions will be required to document chloracne. Dr. Kimbrough of CDC in Atlanta, GA, has agreed to review slides from any biopsied lesions to determine if the changes characteristic of chloracne are present. In an attempt to quantitate exposure to PCBs in the building, a comparison will be made between the initial serum PCS values obtained either before or shortly after entering the building, and the value obtained at follow-up. This evaluation will be performed on values from all persons who were in the BSOB a long time and for, whom an initial sera for PCBs is available. To make data as comparable as possible, several things will be done whenever possible. First, the same laboratory will be used for both initial and follow-up general blood screening. Second, a limited number of physicians familiar with chloracne and other PCB effects will be utilized for physical exams. Finally, serum for PCB levels will be sent to a reputable laboratory �well experienced in PCB analysis. They will be sent both initial and follow-up sera at the same time and asked to analyze them blind as to the time that they were drawn. SUMMARY In summary, the surveillance of persons potentially exposed to contaminants in the BSOB will involve a 3 tiered approach. Those whose only exposure was outside the BSOB will receive a follow-up blood screen while those exposed inside the BSOB may have sera saved for future^ testing, serum PCB determinations and/or a physical examination depending on duration of time spent in the building. Analysis of infnr-mal-irm o n h a a H - h e f f e t e w i l l ho '. in)j,- to selected liver function tests and a search for chloracne. An attempt to quantitate exposure to PCBs will be made by comparing initial and follow-up serum PCB levels. If no health effect or exposure is demonstrated/ no further investigation is expected. Should significant effects or exposure be found, additional investigative steps might be indicated. �APPENDIX I Place of Exposure Total N Firm or Group 1. 2. New York Telephone Press 3. Firemen 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Police AJ Cerasaro Talent Search NIOSH Broome County City of Binghamton Bldg. Services Aides BGH Staff NEPCO New York Gas & Electric Valley Welding Fanta Sea Central Steel OGS Miske Electric S NYS, Miscellaneous Security Miscellaneous TOTALS In SOB Bldg. 3 In Garage Only 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 9 0 In City or In Cars County From Bldg. Garage 1 6 6 32 39 14 4 1 60 54 3 4 48 21 1 2 6 66 33 39 20 20 6 2 0 0 34 19 0 0 4 48 29 22 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 19 48 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 1 479 208 17 99 4 27 4 2 0 I 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 14 0 Exposed to Bldg. Materials In B Outside of or SB Bldg. or Definite Bldg. or Near NonGarage Bldg . Exposure 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 4 13 3 21 26 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 i i Unknown i 2 1 3 : 7 . F 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 6 2 0 0 2 6 2 0 4 8 2 14 15 65 1 ;• ; , ! : �Bjochem is try 5c reen Glucose BUN Creatim'ne Total bflirubin Direct bilirubin Total protein Albumin Uric acid Alkaline phosphatase SCOT LDH SGPT GGPT Cholesterol' Triglycerides Calcium Phosphorus Acid phosphatase Serum iron Total iron binding capacity ootainea, �APPKNDiX III Possible Exposure Initial Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20, Saved Sera) Exposure Outside BSOB Exposure Inside BSOB Short Duration Follow-up Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20) Follow-up Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20, Saved Sera) Long Duration Follow-up Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20, Serum PCB, Saved Sera) Physical Exam � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2181 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Proposed Worker Surveillance, BSOB, Draft June, 19, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment PCBs health monitoring https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/853b047330bd474a0bc02eb0ee2e5c84.pdf 73689b98be00e93815db3d804a567c57 PDF Text Text Item D Number 02133 Author Smith, P.M. Corporate Author ROport/APtlClO HUB Typescript: Analysis of a Binghamton Soot Sample for Tetrachlorodibenzofurans and Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxins, October 1, 1981 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images D 21 Descrfyton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2183 of 2293 �Analysis of a Binghamtcm Soot Sample for Tetrachlorodibetizafurans and ;" --Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dloxins R.M. Smith., D.L. Hilker, P.W. O'Keefe, S. Kumar, J. O'Brien, B.L. Jelus-Tyror, K. Aldous October 1, 1981 �INTRODUCTION A fire caused by a malfunctioning PCB-filled transformer in the Binghamton state office building on February 6, 1981 released an unknown amount of incomplete combustion products into the 18-story building. A sample of soot (Tox. No. 811711965) was collected from an unspecified area * u of the building using a vacuum cleaner. " A portion of the homogenized soot, intended to be used for animal toxicology studies, was soxhlet extracted for 16 hrs in benzene and analyzed for TCDF's and TCDD's by capillary GC/High resolution mass spectrometry (HUMS). PROCEDURE Fifty yl of the benzene extract (corresponding to 46 mg soot) was spiked with 6 ng of 13 C labelled 2,3,7,8-TCDD and cleaned-up prior to GC/HRMS injection using sequential liquid chromatographic columns containing PX-21 adsorptive carbon, 2% deactivated silica gel, and activated Florisil. An .-.-!. ;. aliquot of the concentrated sample was then injected onto a 40 m x 3 mm OV275 coated soda glass GC capillary which is interfaced to the MS-50 HRMS through a jet separator. The temperature was appropriately programmed and mass profile data was accumulated for the m/e 306 CTCDF), 322,320 (TCDD) and 334 (13C TCDD) ions. 13 Standards ( C 2,3,78-TCDD and unlabelled 2S3,7,8-TCDF) were run. prior to sample injection. A control sample of Fisher activated coconut charcoal was similarly spiked and analyzed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sample was found to contain a complex mixture of TCDFs as shown in the chromatogram in Figure 1. present. At lea'st twelve distinct TCDF peaks are 2,3,7,8-TCDF eluted as peak No. 12 as determined by comparison with an injection of authentic 2,3,7,8-TCDF. Trie presence of amounts of tetrachloroclibenzo-p-dioxicis in the sample are indicated by the M3 chroma tog ram �—3- in. Figure 2. Closer inspection of the data revealed the presence of an interferent. However the data system allowed consideration of -the intensity due to tetrachlorodioxin ions which were partially resolved from the interferents (Figure 3 . ) The interferent appears at an m/e value very similar to that of the [M ~C1] fragment of heptachlorobiphenyl. Signal detected in the dioxin ion position in the m/e 321.8936 mass region, which occurred at the same time in the chromatogram as the being due to native 2,3,7,8-TCDD. C-2,3,7,8-TCDD were taken as This implies a relative retention tine of 1.00 for native 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The quantitative results of the analysis of the. samples are summarized in Table I. and TCDD. The figures given in the table denote only "detectable" TCDF The sample cleati-up procedure that was used requires the use of isotypically labelled standards to correct for low recovery. Presently, no labelled TCDF is available and the assumption was made that the recovery of all TCDF and TCDD isomers was the same as that of the 13 C labelled 2,3,7,8- TCDD internal standard based on preliminary TCDF recovery experiments. Although the capillary GC column gives a high degree of isomer separation, the analysis should not be considered completely 2,3,7,8-TCDD or TCDF isomer specific as other isomers may co-elute. The unexpectedly large amounts of TCDFs found in the sample exceeded the linear range of the HEMS, making a second injection using less sample necessary (Fig. 4) for proper quantitation (All calculations and several important mass profiles are included in the appendix). No TCDDs or TCDFs were found in the control carbon. The results show that concentrations of TCDDs and TCDFs in this soot appear to be similar to those found in soot TOX No. 811710280 and air particulate sample Tox No. 811710977 previously taken from the Binghamton state office building. �u TIME: Ml 166 �B-S55 HIGH RESOLUTION MPM .» • RUNNRME FDHM3 DOTE 7/10/81 TT-H TIME G9:30 L 05:30 1 1 10:30 1 TIME 21 :11 20:30 1 ,* ?5:30 ric Ml 12 13 14 . 105 1 209 313 41? *DL * DRTE 7/10/81 TIME 21:11 RUNHRME FDHM8 SWEEP 300 (PPM) SCRNTIME 0.3 (SECS) MRSS 305.8936 SCflNS 194-205 100'-S INTENSITY 143676 100 75 305.8527 305,8986 395.9445 �R U N N f l M E FTJHM9 •MBSS 321.893B SC.RNS 149-433 IIRTE 7/1D/81 TlM'E 21 i l l SWEEP 389 ( P P M ) S C f l N T I M E 0.3 I N T E N S I T Y 442547 CSECS) 109 25 321.8452 *BL HOU KRNY RRERS73* 321.8935 DSSS HIGH RESOLUTION MP« PERK SUtlilRTION REPORT RUNNflJIE FBHM8 DOTE 7/10/81 TIME 21 i l l MOSS 321.8935 389 PPM SCflN WIDTH SCRN TIME 6.3 SECS SCRN NUMBERS 149- 438 STRNDflRD FflCTOR 0.6899 0 KflMINSKY'S BING. SOOT 2.S5 OF 9.0UL MPSS ITEM CENTROID ' 321.8789 TOTRL 321.8733 1 321.9021 2 321.9331 3 RREfl - 'BRSELIHE BRSELINE SUBTRflCTED SKIMflED 32772100. YES NO 27343790. YES NO 5367326. YES NO 61077. YES NO •<TOTfiL RELATIVE RRER TO STflNBRRB 95.17 0.00 79.41 0.00 IS.59 0.G0 Q.18 0.00 �bfcC0JUft • 720 SCITSS6A HIGH RESOLUTION MPM •„• RUNNflJlE TDHM4 DflTE 7/16x81 "I vit -*- *>/ ** TINE 12i28 RETN TltlE ,60:39 , ,03:39 ^16:39 n- .* 2 : 3 a . f t20130 TIC 305.8986 '^l 060255 Ml M2 ?=Ty^y2^?" 1 • ~T r- 105 1 1 209 *DL * DS55 HIGH RESOLUTION MPM RUNNflJIE TDHM4 DfiTE 7/16/81 RETN TIME 69:39 rw r"' •™""r"—r* 313 r 417 TIME 12:28 04 ;39 20! 38 . 313 *DL * 180'-S» 1869255 '4 1 ? �Table I. Results for Sample 811711965* TotalVpuran Concentration - 597 ppm (Detection Limit = 2.3 ppm) 2,3,7,8-Furan Concentration - 48 ppm (D.L. - .45 ppm) Total Dioxin - 1.8 ppm (D.L. = .04 ppm) Ratio 320/322 = 0»87 2,3,7,8-Dioxin - 1.2 ppm (D.L. =.008 ppm.) Ratio 320/322 = 0.86 Recovery - 4% Amt. of 13 C-2,3,7,8-TCDD spike - 6000 pg Weight of Sample - 46 ing Cone, of Spike - .13 ppm Relative Retention Times: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorofuran - Standard: .1.264 Sample: 1.269 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodioxin - Sample: 1.00 No TCDF or TCDD was found in the control carbon sample �_APPENDIX: Supplementary Data 1. Carbon blank 2. External standards 3. Mass profiles 1st injection-Runname FDHM8 4. Second injection data-Runnarae TDHM4 5. Calculations �DS55 HIGH RESOLUTION MPM RUNNRME: FBHM? DRTE RFTH TIME 60; 30 t • 85; 39 r1"" TINE 20»26 15i39 . f 25:38 'TIC Ml M2 «3 N4 101 **> 201 301 T" �BS55 HIGH RESOLUTION MPM •RUMNRME FBHMb DOTE 7/18/81 RETt) TIME 03:39 J TIC M2 M3 M4 03:39 j i 06:30 J TIME 19:43 L 89:38 j L. 12:39 15 �-T<rr>1L linear ravine m » sT RUNNflME FDHN8 DflTE 7/10/81 TIME 21jll MflSS 395.8986 SUEEP 300 (PPM) SCRNTIME 8.3 CSECS) SCRNS 149-438 188'< INTENSITY ?9?1778 108 305.8986 395.8527 *SK OREO IBt2 DS55 HIGH RESOLUTION MPtt PERK SUMMRTION REPORT RUNNflUE FDHM8 DflTE 7/10/81 TIME 21 ill MOSS 3D5.8987 SCRN UIDTH 300 PPM SCflH TIME 0.3 SECS SCflN NUMBERS 149- 438 STflNDflRD 6.0000 FRCTOR 0 KRMIHSKY'S BING. SOOT 2.55 OF 9.8UL MRSS CEHTROID 305.9972 3Q5.8716 385.9972 305 .9333 ITEM TOTRL 1 2 3 RREfl 585240398. 1871699. 551408180. 1415924. BRSELINE BRSELINE SUBTRRCTED SKIMMED YES HO YES NO YES YES YES NO '•iTOTRL RELRTIVE RRER TO STflNDRRD 98.97 6.00 0.32 0.0Q 93.25 0.60 0.24 0.C0 �FHHK§ DATE! 7/10/81 TIME: 21111 MOSS 333.9335 SUEEP 399 (PPM) SCRNS 279-307 10ET-S INTENSITY 4589 SCRHTIME 0.3 CSECS) 333.9335 333V8835 333.983^ BS55 HIGH RESOLUTIOH MPJ1 PEflK SUMMflTION REPORT RUNNfiME FDHM8 DflTE '7/10/81 TIME 2It'll MflSS 333.9336 SCflH U1TJTH 309 PPM SCflN TIME 8.3 SECS SCRN NUMBERS 279- 307 STRNBflRD 0.0000 FflCTOR 0 KflMIHSKY'S BIHG. SOOT 2.SS OF 9.0UL MfiSS CENTROID 333.9351 333.8982 333 .9402 333.9746 ITEM TOTOL 1 2 RREfl 319029. 44037. 223488. 17729. BRSELINE BflSELINE SLIBTRRCTED SKItlMED HO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES •<TOTPL RELRTIVE RRER TO STRHDRRB 66.S4 e.ea 9.19 0.00 46.61 0.08 3.70 0.08 �U.3 ISECS) •SCRNS 279-397 188** INTENSITY 83676 109 25 321.8935 321.84S2 321.9418 DSB5 HIGH RESOLUTION MPW PEflK SUMMRTIOH REPORT RUNHRME: FDHMS DRTE TIME MflSS 321.8935 SCflN WIDTH 308 PPM SCffN TIME 8.3 SECS SCflN NUMBERS 279- 307 STBMDflRD 0.8008 FflCTOR 0 KRMINSKY'S BIHG. SOOT 2.55 OF 9.8UL MflSS CEHTROID 321 .8323 321 .8748 321 .9023 321 .9319 ITEM TOTflL 1 2 7275879. 5220057. 2050417. 5485. BRSELINE BRSELINE SUBTRfiCTEET S K I M M E D HO YES YES YES YES HO NO NO RELfiTIVE flREfl TO STRNBflRD 97.33 8.00 69.83 0.QO 27.43 0.08 0.07 0.00 v.TOTOL �•RUNNRME FDHMB J3RTE 7x10x81 TIME 21 11 MRSS 319.8964 SUEEP 300 (PPM) SCflNTIME 0.3 (SECS) SCflNS 149-438 1.00*4 INTENSITY 89622 180 25 319.8483 *SK RREfl JD:2 319.94?S ~3T9.89~S"4" DSB5 HIGH RESOLUTION MPM PERK SUMMATION REPORT RUNNRtlE FDHM8 BflTE 7/10x81 TIMESltll HflSS 319.8965 SCflN UIBTH 300 PPM SCRN TIME 0.3 SECS SCON NUMBERS 149- 438 STflNDflRB 0.8009 FfiCTOR 8 KflMINSKY'S BING. SOOT 2.55 OF 9.0UL MflSS CENTROID 319.8972 319.8596 319.8930 319.9319 ITEM TOTRL 1 2 E364537. 79597. 46853S7. 66501 . 3RSELINE BRSELINE SUBTRflCTED SKIMMED HO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES "sTOTflL RELPT1VE RRER TO STRNDflRD 72.82 6.00 1.98 C.B0 63.60 0.B8 8.99 0.0B �.MOSS 305.8936 SWEEP 390 (PPMl SCPHS 338-406 109'-: INTENSITY 31138 SCFWTINE 0.3 (SECS) 1,39 305.852? 305.8986' DS55 HIGH RESOLUTION MPM PERK SUMMflTION REPORT RUHNflME TDHM4 BRTE TIME 12»28 MOSS 305.8987 SCOH UIDTH 309 PPM SCON TIME 0.3 SECS SCflH HUMBERS 388- 406 STflNBPRD 0.0009 FflCTOR 0 l.PUL D-ILUTIOH OF KflMINSKY'S SOOT MPSS ITEM CEHTROID 395.8933 305 .8613 305.8938 335.9392 TOTflL 1 2 3 flRER 2859185. 14863, 1917649. 11737. BflSELIHE BRSELIHE •SUBTRflCTED SKIMMED HO YES HO YES YES YES NO YES VTOTflL RELfiTIVE RREfl TO STRHDP.RB 6.00 95.36 0.00 0.69 89.20 0.00 0.55 0.00 �I 1 1 t n I I !_ i JJ I 1 1 > I •MOSS 305.8986 SUEEP 300 (PPtli SCRHS 214-478 189V: INTENSITY 379262 SCflNTIME 8.3 (SECS) TcD'f Joe 306.8527 30'6.8986 80S. 9445 DS65 HIGH RESOLUTION MPtt PERK SUMMflTION REPORT RUNNflME TBHM4 DflTE .7/16x81 T I M E 12$28 MflSS 385.8987 SCflN W I D T H 300 PPM SCPH TIME 8.3 SECS SCflN NUMBERS 214- 478 STflHDBRB 8.0080 FflCTOR 8 1.0UL B'lLUTIOH OF KRMIHSKY'S SOOT MRSS CENTROID 305.8948 305.8611 305.8948 385.9309 ITEM TQTflL 1 2 3 flREfl 25127260. 64216. 24077639. 73307. BRSELINE EflSELINE 'SUBTRflCTED SKI TIMED YES NO YES HO YES YES YES HO '-iJOTRL RELRTIVE RRER TO STRNDR.RB 92.56 0.08 0.24 0.08 88.70 8.08 0.27 8.00 �Calculation of Response Factor of Furau to Dioxia Asit of TCDF injected = 1.2 yL of 150 pg/uL Int of TCDF con = 677482 Sensitivity = 677482/180 = 3764 counts/pg Amt of 13 C TCDD injected ~ 1.0 uL of 600 pg/^L Int. of TCDD ion = 1949179 Sensitivity = 1949179/600 = 3249 counts/pg. Response Factor of Furan is 3764/3249 « 1.16 For equal amounts of material, the response of TCDF is 1.16 times 13 C TCDD, �Calculation, of Furan in peak number 1 (this peak was used as internal furan standard for the second injection) Amt Furan = X305 x <Amt 13c I / 334> *R -F- 1305 = intensity of m/z 305 ion for peak no. 1 (the small peak delimited which has not saturated the amplifier) = 8596844 Anit|, = Amt of 1J C = 6 ng C-TCDD spike (internal std.) added to sample I334 = intensity of m/z 334 ion (int. std.) = 223480 R.F. = response of 2,3,7,8-TCDF compared to 13C 2,3,7,8-TCDD =1.16 Amt Furan = 8'597x ^6 ng/.223480) x 1.15 - 268 ng �Calculation of 2 , 3 , 7 , 8-TCDF ^ 3 8 = J2378X 2 7 Amt2378 = amt of 2, 3 ,7, 8-TCDF I 2378 = intensity of 2,3,7,8-TCDF ions = 1917649 , « amt of furan in peak 1 = 268 ng I = intensity of furan in peak 1 = 235188 = 1.918 x (268/235) - 2187 ng Conc2378 = 2187 ng/46 mg «= 48 ppm Calculation of Total TCDF - ITOT = 24. -78 x (268/.23S) *= 27459 ng Cone = (27459 ng/46 mg) = 597 ppm �Calculation, of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (scans 279-307) 1 2378 X -^Vj » 2.050417 x (6/.223480) =* 55.04 ng Conc___ — 55.0 ng/46 mg Z3/O =1.2 ppm CalcualtiQn of Total TCDD (scans 149-438) Ant TOT =1 x (Ant 13 C/Io ) = 5.367 x (6/. 395528) = 80.4 ng ac23 - = 80.4 ng/46 mg — 1 . 8 pptn � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2183 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smith, R.M. D.L. Hilker P.W. O'Keefe S. Kumar J. O'Brien B.L. Jelus-Tyror K. Aldous Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Analysis of a Binghamton Soot Sample for Tetrachlorodibenzofurans and Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, October 1, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB PCBs analytical studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2184 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roberts, Gail Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Sun-Bulletin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 14 1981 Title A name given to the resource Tainted Air Leaked Daily from Tower Subject The topic of the resource BSOB popular press PCBs https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/8e00b3c2c828a8548f18e5c8175df198.pdf e8943709ce3308fea7c257872cd8a80a PDF Text Text Item D Number 0219 Author Turner, J.N. ° Corporate Author RepOrt/ArtlOlB TltlB Typescript: Binghamton State Office Building SootInduced Morphologic Alterations in the Liver of Guinea Pigs, Preliminary Report Submitted to Dr. D.O. Carpenter, Januarys, 1982 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D 31 Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2190 of 2293 �BINGHAMTON STATE OFFICE BUILDING SOOT-INDUCED MORPHOLOGIC ALTERATIONS IN THE LIVERS OF GUINEA PIGS Preliminary Report submitted to Dr. D«0« Carpenter on 1/6/82 by J«,N. Turner, PtuD,, and D«>Ne Collins, M.D. Division of Laboratories and Research New York State Department of Health Albany, New York �ABSTRACT A fire in an office building transformer cooled with Pyranol which is composed of 65% Aroclor 1254 (containing tri, tetra, penta and hexachlorobiphenyls) and 35% chlorinated benzenes, resulted in contamination of the building with a fine sooto Due to the pyrolysis of the fluid mixture, the soot contains a number of polychlorinated organics, including biphenyls, dioxins, and dibenzofurans. As part of the evaluation of the soot's toxicity, it was dispersed in 0.75% methyl cellulose and administered by gavage to Hartley guinea pigs in a single dose* Animals were sacrificed after forty-two days and liver tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Hypertrophy of hepatocytes, fat infiltration, focal piecemeal necrosis, bile duct proliferation with fibrosclerosis, and hyaline-like bodies were observed by light microscopy. Proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), concentric membrane arrays (CMA), mitochondrial alterations, decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and autophagolysosomes were observed by electron microscopy,, The CMAs frequently surrounded lipid droplets, but also encircled areas of the cytoplasm including mitochondria and degenerating organelles. These CMAs corresponded to the hyaline-like bodies observed by light microscopy. �On February 5, 1981 a fire occurred in the electric service transformer of the New York State Office Building in Binghamton, New York (henceforth referred to as the BSOB)0 The transformer was cooled and in- sulated with Pyranol-65% Aroclor 1254 (a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls-PCBs) and 357= chlorinated benzenes. The building was contaminated with a fine soot subsequently shown to contain a number of PCB, dioxin, and dibenzofuran isomers including the highly toxic 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (Schwetz, et al., 1973)» Chemical analysis was done and will be reported elsexvfhere by P. O'Keeffe and co-workers, Division of Laboratories and Researchj New York State Department of Health, The dioxin and dibenzofuran isomers x?ere formed by pyroloysis of the Pyranol (Butnb, et al., 1980; Buser, et al., 1978). A series of animal tests were designed and performed by Dr« L» Kaminsky and co-workers of the Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, to test the soot's toxicity. In one of these experiments, guinea pigs were fed a single dose of BSOB soot, and the morphologic alterations of their livers are reported here. Other experimental data and results will be presented elsewhere by Kaminsky and co-workers. Guinea pigs were selected as the experimental animal because they are more sensitive to dioxin and dibenzofuran intoxication than other laboratory animals including rats, mice, Rhesus monkeys, rabbits, and dogs (Gupta, et al», 1973; Harris, et al., 1973; Schwetz, et al., 1973; McConnell, et al., 1978; Moore, et al., 1979). The liver was of particular interest because it is a target organ for PCBs, dioxin, and dibenzofuran (Litterst, et al., 1972; Harris, et al,, 1973; Piper, et al,, 1973; Rose, et al., 1976; Gasiewicz and Neal, 1979)0 PCBs, and chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans all produce similar morphological alterations in the liver (Kimbrough, 1974), At the light microscopic �level the changes are: liver necrosis, fat infiltration, hypertrophy of hepatocytes, proliferation of bile ducts, and hyaline bodies in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. These observations have been reported in a number of species - rats (Bennett, et al., 1938; Miller, 1944; Jones and Butler, 1974; Gupta, et al., 1973; Greig and Osborne, 1978; Norback and Allen, 1973; Kasza, et al., 1976; Jonsson, et al., 1981), mice (Nishizumi, 1970; Gupta, et al., 1973), monkeys (Nishizumi, 1970; Norback and Allen, 1973; McConnell, et al., 1978), rabbits (Miller, 1944; Vos and Beems, 1971), and guinea pigs (Miller, 1944; Gupta, et al., 1973). The presence of a yellow- brown or brown pigment sometimes weakly staining for hemosiderin is reported for PCB intoxication, but not for purified dioxins or dibenzofurans (Nishizumi, 1970; Vos and Beems, 1971; Kimbrough, et al., 1972; Buse, et al., 1974; Jonsson, et al., 1981). The pigment is not, however, a consistent finding, and Kimbrough, et al., 1972, reported its presence in rats fed Aroclor 1242, but not in those fed Aroclor 1016. The presence of necrosis is frequently reported as single cell, focal, or piecemeal (Vos and Beems, 1971; Gupta, et al., 1973; Jones and Butler, 1974; McConnell, et al., 1978; Jonsson, et al., 1 8 ) 91, and altered hepatocytes were predominantly in the centrilobular region. Bile duct proliferation has been reported as a result of feeding both purified dioxin (Norback and Allen, 1973) and PCBs (Kimbrough, et al., 1972; Norback and Allen, 1972; Kasza, et al., 1976; Jonsson, et al., 1981). Adenofibrosis, generally taken to be the result of bile duct proliferation, has also been reported (Kimbrough, et al., 1972, and 1973; Kimbrough and Linder, 1974; Wassermann, et al., 1978). Kimbrough, et al., 1972, reported a higher in- cidence of adenofibrosis in female rats than in males. Kimbrough, 1973, re- ported extensive adenofibrosis and the development of pancreatic-type cells in rats chronically fed high levels of Aroclor 1254. �Animals fed purified dioxin have been frequently reported to have multinucleated hepatocytes (Jones and Butler, 1974; Gupta, et -al., 1973; Norback and Allen, 1973; Greig and Osborne, 1978; McConnell, et al., 1978). Jones and Butler claim these cells arise by cell fusion as opposed to mitosis. This is supported by the fact that none of the other authors report mitosis of bi or multinucleated cells. Similar cells have not been reported in PCB fed animals* Ultrastructurally, the livers of animals fed PCS or purified chlorinated dioxins and dibenzenofurans have similar alterations. These changes include proliferation of SER, decreased RER, large numbers of lipid droplets, concentric membrane arrays (CMAs), and mitochondrial alterations. For a review of these changes, see Kimbrough, 1974. Most workers report large numbers of lipid droplets,proliferated SER,and decreased RER (Nishizumi, 1970; Norback and Allen, 1972; Kimbrough, et al., 1972; Allen and Abrahamson, 1973; Jones and Butler, 1974; Kasza, et al., 1976; Jonsson, et alc, 1981). CMAs are also frequently reported in hepatocytes (Norback and Allen, 1972 and 1973; Kimbrough, et al., 1973; Allen and Abrahamson, 1973; Jonsson, et al., 1981). Mitochondrial alterations are occasionally reported and range from shape changes,to parallel arranged cristae,to severe deterioration and dense granulation in the matrix (Burse, et al., 1974; Jonsson, et al,, 1981). Jones and Butler, 1974 demonstrated multinucleated cells,and Greig and Osborne, 1978 demonstrated areas of lateral plasma membrane fusion. The morphological alterations of the liver of a wide variety of species fed PCBs,and chlorinated dioxins and dibeiizofurans are usually reported as similar to each other and a number of other toxic organic molecules (Kimbrough, 1974). The reports are not, however, completely consistent and may vary with respect to the mixture of compounds, dose,or method of administration. �Cockerham, et al,, 1980, for example, reported no liver alterations in beach mice exposed to dioxin. �METHOD Soot collected from the BSOB was suspended in 0.75% aqueous methyl cellulose, and administered in a single gavage at 1, 10, 100, and SOOmgm soot/kgm body weight to Hartley guinea pigs. of six males and six females. Each dose group was composed A fifth group was fed SOOmgm activated carbon/kgm body v/eight in 0.75% methyl cellulose as a control. An additional control group of six males was fed 0.75% methyl cellulose, while a second group of six males served as an untreated control. Female animals were eleven weeks old at the start of the test and the males were eight weeks old. All animals were sacrificed by suffocation in CC^ 42 days after administration of the single dose, and complete necropsy performed. free access to food and water during the test. Animals had This animal experiment was designed and carried out by L.S. Kamlnsky, J. Silkworth and D. McMartin of the Toxicology Institute, Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, and results, other than the liver morphology presented here, will be reported elsewhere. Two other untreated control groups, both composed of ten animals - five males and five females - were used for comparison to the experimental groups. One group was randomly selected from the New York State Department of Health's guinea pig colony. (Charles Rivers). The other group was from an outside commercial supplier These animals were sacrificed and necropsied in the same way as the experimental animals. Specimens from the liver of 91 guinea pigs (one female in the SOOmgm soot/kgm group died during the test) were processed for light microscopy. Samples from all livers were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin ( & ) periodic HE, acid - Schiff (PAS), PAS after diastase,and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin �;:t V- r> 'j _...:. i .•;;-! I.:1-.-1 • ' • L ^ ' . n i l r;:..;; J, S ; i • • ."_i 'i f. :• ~ o '• .•• !. o c1 c r o t : ; • d c r o s c o p / r,v -; r .- t : i '<. ^ a ( r OTI r a nci o m, L y r, ,-• L * o t a d i b y a.t;.''iu- ' f ". r.ir.ricim na::be': '<•.•'•> ] -) ,':-!Laci'A p > . 23 t r> - each doaa f.;roup, to a ace Lvct^u';! c'irbon C') p i::rc'i ,u : ;T'.p T aiid •'t'hfr ^ ^ i r r e a t ^ d c o n t r o l grc".sp» I~-."^ males r.ud t ;.;.-» f r f p ^ l . i s :-;er3 os'!dcc- o 'i fr-om o^oh losa l e v e l "nd iron tT"i« Two ^ - - ' ' - - ^ ?" ; -o 3 w^"^ d-lecced From i;'>.a ::a- acti vaf'eti c a r b o n eoi'crol... (.""Gti-ed n i l ma' 1 ^ 3 r o u p > ^?.i?.nl-3 ;/^re a]';o caken. _\'om one fenale pig f r o n tbs 'rrv^Vib-jt d w s ^ j j'.rox.p -/b'.ch wan ;.:or '.'r)'.".id ;.nd sacrificed aC Jay 17 into the I:-?:-.1:-, '"'tie l l v ^ ^ - j "-''" 2'3 ^ u i n ^ n ? ' - g a v?ra e--c -.nla-d by e l * c t r - > n aicr:\-;^ A cb ',:•>. ol t-.'e >~>'~ I ' , . ' - : - : :MJ r^-inov^d f-utn ca^ •jai-i.di-; ay so>;n a f c e r deacn .-.13 -i i un b u f f e r .'•,': ph 7u ; 't f 1 '^ one h n u r '.t- j.'^oja hydr\i"prl L-T.-e .- c^ t con: v.-ic'.': w 11 LrM i - -i t'">c"i n . o i: ?!j? ""'•-".••"^ -,;a."i ucaivyi. a c ^ f t c i �RESULTS Gross Observations and Light Microscopy At necropsy, single and occasionally multiple focal pale areas were observed on the surface of the livers of guinea pigs from all groups0 Microscopically, morphologic alterations in the hepatocytes were observed in the experimental .guinea pigs and in one guinea pig in the activated carbon control group (guinea pig No. 37), These alterations were: hypertrophy of hepatocytes, fat infiltration, focal piecemeal necrosis, bile duct proliferation with fibrosclerosis, and hyaline-like cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Figo 1 is representative of the widespread fat infiltration It is a micrograph of a frozen section stained with oil red 0, observed. The fat droplets vary from cytoplasmic microdroplets to confluent globules larger than the nucleus. With the exception of No. 37, the control guinea pigs exhibited fat droplets of normal size, number and distribution. Fig. 2 sclerosis. illustrates proliferation of bile ductulea and fibroSeveral small duct-like structures intermingled with collagenous proliferation are evident. This alteration was observed in six female guinea pigs, two in the 1 mgm soot/kgm group, three in the 100 mgm soot/kgm group and one in the 500 mgm soot/kgm group, as well as in one male in the 500 mgm/kgm group, Fig. 3 shows a paraffin section stained with PTAH. Cytoplasmic alteration is reflected in the numerous discrete spherical hyaline-like bodies which stain an intense dark blue. These hyaline-like bodies shoxtf greater contrast and detail in PTAH stained than in H&E stained sections. of these hyaline-like bodies. Fig. 4 is a higher magnification They exhibit a wide range of sizes and shapes - some minute, others as large or larger than the nucleus„ Single round bodies ranging in size from 1.9 to 5.7/im are observed, some with clear centers (small �arrows), others of solid density (large arrows)0 Individual cells may contain several bodies or & confluent group. These groups may'be as large as lOum (double arrows). Figo 5 illustrates a l^im toludine blue stained plastic section. Hexa- gonally shaped hepatocytes appear enlarged and contain round appearing nuclei with prominant nucleoli. Binucleated cells, such as the one in the center of the field, are not uncommon. The hyaline-like bodies present in the cytoplasm display a wide range of sizes, and most have a light center with a dark peripheral annulus consisting of as much as 2/3's the diameter of the body. Multiple bodies are frequently seen in a single cell, and confluent groups as large as 14um are present. Many small bodies appear uniformly dense« The PAS and PAS/diastase stained sections showed normal amounts of glycogen in all animals. Electron Microscopy Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections show the following hepatocyte alterations: proliferated SER, CMAs, mitochondrial degeneration, decreased RER,and margination of organelles. All experimental anJmals and No« 37 show proliferated SER, frequently causing margination of mitochondria by increasing the cytoplasmic matrix. CMAs were most frequently observed surrounding fat droplets, and occasionally encompassing volumes of cytoplasm, mitochondria and degenerating organelles0 CMAs were, on occasion, found in the sinusoidal lumen. The mitochondrial alterations appeared to be of two types, changes in shape and lamination of cristae. All experimental animals and No. 37 showed variations in shape but variations in cristae were observed only in the two highest dose groups. Fig. 6 is a low magnification electron micrograph of 5 hepatocytes showing nuclei, lipid droplets, proliferated SER and margination of mitochondria. �Two large CMAs surround lipid droplets. Figo 7 shows details of two CMAs in which regularly spaced smooth membranes are arranged concentrically about lipid droplets* The outer membranes appear to be continuous with portions of the SER, Fig« 8 more clearly demonstrates this association of the membranes to a large lipid droplet^ The membrane layers nearest the lipid droplet are regularly and closely spaced, appearing to continuously surround the droplet. The outer layers are less evenly spaced and are irregularly organized with large protruding areas. The outermost membranes are continuous with portions of the SER as indicated by the arrows, and are present as discrete leaflets that appear to cover only part of the circumference of the CMA«, The sinusoid and associated perisinusoidal space of Disse occasionally contained cellular debris and CMAs as in Fig0 9. Fig* 10 shows three lipid droplets which are confluent and contain internal membrane fragments. The droplets are membrane bound, but lack concentric arrays as illustrated in Figs« 6, 7,and 8. Fig. 11 shows two lipid droplets with fragmented membranes internally, with concentric membranes associated with part of their circumference. Random condensations of SER associated with islands of proliferated SER are illustrated in Fig. 12. Alterations in the shape of mitochondria were occasionally noted. Fig» 13 shows many normal mitochondria, and one irregularly shaped one0 A pseudo-inclusioi composed of cytoplasmic components is evident in the large central mitochondria. The two highest dose groups show motochondria with parallel cristae. Fig. 14 is an illustration of this alteration. 10 �DISCUSSION The pale areas on the liver surface observed at necropsy in all groups have been shown to be manifested microscopically as coagulative necrosis, and to be present in otherwise normal guinea pig populations (Wagner and Manning, 1976). All of the control animals with the exception of guinea pig No, 37 in the activated carbon group showed morphologically normal livers at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The experimental animals in all dose groups exhibited alterations at both microscopic levels, demonstrating a toxic reaction to the ingestion of BSOB soot. Since guinea pig No» 37 was only one of fortyfour control animals and only one of twelve in the activated carbon group, the observation of morphologic alterations in its liver was not taken to be significant. An adequate control is., therefore, established and differences between control and experimental guinea pigs have been demonstrated. Comparison of the four dose groups did not produce differences, and to date the only alteration that is a function of the dose level is the parallel raitochondrial cristae observed in the 100 and 500 mgm soot/kgm groups. The morphologic alterations observed are consistent with those found by other workers in the liver of animals fed either PCBs or purified chlorinated dioxins (see Kimbrough, 1974 for a review). However, the current experiment did not exhibit the multinucleated hepatocytes observed by workers who fed purified dioxins (Gupta, et al,, 1973; Norback and Allen, 1973; Jones and Butler, 1974; Greig and Osborne, 1978), nor did other studies of PCB fed animals (Nishizumi, 1970; Kimbrough, et al., 1972; Norback and Allen, 1972; Allen and Abrahamson, 1973; Kasza, et al,, 1976; Jonsson, et al., 1981), Since PCBs, dioxins and dibenzofurans are present in the BSOB soot and the PCBs of the other studies were probably contaminated with 11 �dioxins, it appears that multinucleated cells are not formed when a mixture is present. The observation of bile duct proliferation with fibrosclerosis in seven of forty-seven experimental animals is consistent with a number of other reports in which animals were fed PCBs or dioxins (see introduction for references). It is difficult, however, to compare the various studies since the dose levels, number of doses, and time course of the experiments are different, Kimbrough, et al0, 1972 and 1973 report a large percentage of animals with this alteration, but their experiment involved multiple doses over longer time periods. Differences in toxicity of the particular compounds used may also be a variable as Kimbrough, et al», 1972 reported a difference between Aroclor 1254 and 1260» The possibility and extent of dioxin contamination in various PCB mixtures is also an unknown parameter. Kimbrough, et ale, 1972 reported an increased incidence in females as opposed to males, and six of the seven animals exhibiting the alteration in this study were females . Hyaline-like bodies in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes have been observed in a number of studies for a variety of toxic organic molecules including PCBs, dioxins, and dibenzofurans (Kimbrough, 1974)D The CMAs at the ultrastructural level undoubtedly correspond to these bodies at the light microscopic level* This is also suggested by Kimbrough, 1974. The observation of the CMAs is consistent with many other studies in which a variety of species were fed PCBs or dioxins (Kimbrough, 1974, Jonsson, et al., 1981)0 Jonsson, et al0, 1981 suggested that the ejection of CMAs into the sinusoids and bile canaliculi was a mechanism to rid the hepatocyte of toxic materials. The ejection of CMAs and other cell debris into the sinusoids was also observed in this study. The ultrastructural alterations reported here are in general consistent with other reports, but some variation is also observed. For example, Jonsson, et al«, 1981 reported severe degeneration of mitochondria, but we observed few de12 �generated mitochondria,, The observation of parallel cristae in a small number of mitochondria in the two highest dose groups is in agreement with the results of Burse, et al,, 19740 The increased SER and decreased RER is in agreement with all previous studies of PCB, dioxin and dibenzofuran intoxication except Fowler, et al., 1973 who reported an increase in RER in rat hepatocytes following a single oral dose of dioxin. The condensed, laminated SER of Fig. 12 has not been previously reported, but was occasionally observed in some experimental animals, The morphological differences between control and treated guinea pigs demonstrate a toxic effect due to the ingestion of BSOB soot, but dose level related effects have not been documentede The alterations reported here and in the literature vary in some details, but are generally consistent. The explanation of the variation in morphological alterations cannot be determined at this time, but is probably a complex function of sampling, ingested moleculeSjdose level, number of doses, time course of the experiment, and animal species. 1,3 �REFERENCES l e "Allen, J.R., Abrahamson, L.J, Morphological and biochemical changes in the liver of rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls0 Arch, Environ, Contam. Tox. 1., 265-280, 1973. 2. Bumb, R.R., Cruramett, W.B., Gutie, S.Se, Gledhill, J0R0, Hummel, R,H., Kagel, R.O., Lamparski, L.L., Luoma, E0V., Miller, D0Le, Nestrick, T.J., Shadoff, L.A., Stehl, R.H., Woods, J.S. Trace chemistries of fire: a source of chlorinated 'dioxins. Science 210, 385-390, 1980, 3. Burse, V.W., Kimbrough, R.D., Villanueva, E.G., Jennings, R.W., Linder, R.E., Sovocool, G»W» Polychlorinated biphenyls. Arch. Environ, Health 29., 301-307, 1974. 4» Buser, H.R., Bosshardt, H.P«, Rappe, C» Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from the pyrolysis of PCBs, Cheraosphere !_, 109-119, 1978. 5. Cockerham, L.G., Young, A.L., Thalken, C.E. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of liver tissue from TCDD-exposed beach mice FJSRL. Technical Report 80-0008, United States Air Force, 1980. 6» Fowler, B,A«, Lucien, GeW«, Brown, H.W., McDaniel, 0 S , . Ultrastructural changes in rat liver cells following a single oral dose of TCDD» Environ. Health Perspectives 5_, 141-148, 1973, 7. Gasiewicz, T.A., Neal, R,A« 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin tissue distribution, excretion and effects on clinical chemical parameters in guinea pigs. Tox. Appl. Pharmacol. 51, 329-339, 1979. 8. Greig, J.B., Osborne, G. Changes in rat hepatic cell membranes during 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin intoxication. In: Dioxin (edc F, Cattabeni, A. Cavallaro and G« Galli), SP Medical, and Sci3ntific Books, a division of John Wiley, New York, 1978. 9. Gupta, B.N., Vos, J.G., Moore, J.A», Zinkl, JaG., Bullock, B.C, Pathologic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in laboratory animals. Enriron. Health Perspectives 5_, 125-140, 1973. 10. Harris, M.W., Moore, J.A., Vos, J.G», Gupta, BeN, General biological effects of TCDD in laboratory animals. Environ. Health Perspectives 5_, 101, 1973. 11. Jones, G., Butler, W0H. A morphological study of the liver lesion induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. J. Pathol0 112, 93-97, 1974. 14 �12. Kasza, L., Weinberger, M.A., Carter, C0, Hinton, D.E., Trump, B.F., Brouwer, EoA. Acute,subacute and residual effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in rats II Pathology and electron microscopy of liver . and serum enzyme study. J 0 Tox» and Environ, Health !_, 689-703, 1976. 13. Kimbrough, R.D. The toxicity of polychlorinated polycyclic compounds and related chemicalsdn: Critical Reviews in Toxicology (ed. L. Goldberg). The Chemical Rubber Co,, West Palm Beach, Fla., 1974. 14. Kimbrough, R.D., Linder, R.E., Gaines, T.B. Morphological changes in livers of rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls. Arch, Environ» Health 25., 354-364, 1972. 15. Kimbrough, R.D., Linder, R.E., Burse, V.W., Jennings, R0W. Adenofibrosis in the rat liver. Arch. Environ. Health 27, 390-395, 1973. 16. Kimbrough, R.D., Linder, R.E, Induction of adenofibrosis and hepatomas of the liver in Balb/cJ mice by polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254)» J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 53., 547-552, 1974. 17. Litterst, C.L., Farber, T.M., Baken, A.M. van Loon, E»JC Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on hepatic microsomal enzymes in the rate Tox. Appl. Pharmacol. 23, 112-122, 1972. 18. McConnell, E.E., Moore, J«A0, Dalgard, D.W. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following a single oral dose. Tox* Appl* Pharmacol. 43, 175-187, 1978a, 19. McConnell, E0E., Moore, J 0 A 0 , Hoseman, J.K», Harris, M.W» The comparative toxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in mice and guinea pigs. Tox. Appl, Pharmacolc 44, 335-356, 1978b. 20. Miller, J.W. Pathologic changes in animals exposed to a commercial chlorinated biphenyl. Public Health Rep. 59., 1085-1093, 1944. 21m Moore, J.A., McConnell, EeE., Dalgard, D.W., Harris, M»W. Comparative toxicity of three halogenated dibenzofurans in guinea pigs, mice, and Rhesus monkeys. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 320. 151-163, 1979. 22. Nishizumi, M., Fukuoka, M.D. Light and electron microscope study of chlorobiphenyl poisoning. Arch. Environ, Health 27, 16-21, 19700 23» Norback, D.H., Allen, J.R, Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon induced modifications of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum: concentric membrane arrays. Environ. Health Perspectives 1., 137-143, 1972, 24. Norback, D»H., Allen, J,Ri> Biological responses of the nonhuman primate, chicken, and rat to chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin ingestions Environ, Health Perspectives 5_, 233-240, 1973. 15 �25. Piper, W.N., Rose, J.G., Gehring, P.J. Excretion and tissue distribution of 2,3,7,8~tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dloxin in the rat. Environ. Health Perspectives 5_, 241-244, 1973. 26. Rose, J.Q., Ramsey, J.C., Wentzler, T.H., Hummel, R.A., Gehring, P.J. The fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin following single and repeated oral doses to the rat. Tox. Appl. Pharmacol. 36, 209-226, 1976. 27. Schwetz, B.A., Norris, J.M., Sparschu, G.K., Rowe, V.K., Gehring, P.J., Emerson, J.L., Gerbig, G.C, Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Environ. Health Perspectives 5_, 87-99, 1973. 28. Vos, J. G., Beems, R.B. Dermal toxicity studies of technical polychlorinated biphenyls and fractions thereof in rabbits. Tox. Appl. Pharmacol. 19., 617, 1971. 29. Wagner, J.E., Manning, P.J. Press, New York, 1976. Biology of the Guinea Pig. Academic 30. Wassermann, D», Miller, H.J., Wassermann, M. Polychlorinated biphenyls induced rat liver adenomas. Tox. European Res. 1^, 159-172, 1978. 16 �FIGURE LEGENDS Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph of a frozen liver section stained with oil red 0 Magnification is 500X, . Figo 2 is a photomicrograph of an H&E stained paraffin section of liver from an area of bile duct proliferation with fibrosclerosis. Magnification is 800X. Fig. 3 is a photomicrograph of a PTAH stained paraffin section of the liver. The magnification is 320X. Fig, 4 is a photomicrograph of a PTAH stained paraffin section of the liver. The hyaline-like bodies are indicated by the arrows: clear centers by the small arrows, dense bodies by the large arrows, and a confluent group by the double arrow. The magnification is 800X. Fig. 5 is a photomicrograph of a lura plastic section of the liver stained with toludine blue. The magnification is 800X. Fig, 6 is an electron micrograph of an ultrathin section at 5,100 times magnification. The nuclei (N), lipid droplets (Li), concentric membrane arrays (CMA), and mitochondria (Mi) are readily observed. Fig, 7 is an electron micrograph of three CMAs viewed at 26,192X magnification. Fig, 8 is an electron micrograph of a portion of a CMA around a lipid droplet (Li). The arrows indicate areas of continuity between the outer CMA membrane and the SER. Magnification is 18,OOOX» Fig. 9 is an electron micrograph of a CMA in a liver sinus. A red blood cell (RBC) and Disse space (DS) are seen. Magnification is 18,OOOX. Fig. 10 is an electron micrograph of three lipid droplets and their associated membrane systems in a hepatocyte. Magnification is 18,OOOX. Fig. 11 is an electron micrograph of two lipid droplets x^ith associated 17 �membrane systems, and some areas of parallel aligned SER in a hepatocyte. Magnification is 18,OOOX. Fig« 1.2 is an electron micrograph of areas of condensed SER in a hepatocyte. Magnification is 18,OOOX0 Fig, 13 is an electron micrograph of several mitochondria in a hepatocyte. Magnification is 18,OOOX. Fige 14 is an electron micrograph of several mitochondria, two of which have parallel arranged cristae. Magnification is 51,000x. �• « \{'«s*' T&M?**^ ^.'''^Vkv'V ^'5-5r E _ rs-*J«*S«Sr ^ r If!nxr-* tte,™!". •» A* S ^ ^; .^^rr * ' .s-tW t.fiSzi.te&t^-J' j • *•* f •* �^^^srar$ • f/^Q3^v^i : ^n>'n:V; X>V;>V,V;- A^r^w. -.^''/V^- •*&•<"*>, c/- c,. i^ 4\^ - Jj "T^Z^T^^ -' "V^Wr.,e£ ; i"^^ • - ^^?^^^v^. fr^^x A-3 .iy % 20 �5«'**^^.*3ti^:^^*7^->>*^S"^JSl - •.' *''-:#*?'** 1--.S'•'•' , ^-^ VrfV^A^.l^'^^irr^-V'iW^v^V^ ' >- j, . • - • , •* V ... l ' ' • '' ' ' . - • - . • • ;'-.• .- »/•• ' • " ' * ' v '«•••• • ' • - • "•'.. 22 ' , ."' ; ' • ri* . '• - \ ^ f* . .. ' '. ' j '.'•.*"'.-- • ts^ti. •* / ' . ' " • ' ''•',-\:'";"'" "ii* •• • • �ft?^*** _._^^^Jij4—XcAv.^;-.tw-^^:l;.,-.,.; .i.g>.ciA.^> rt, ,n',i,A Jt'^.fA,-j..J. 21 �23 �24 �V 25 �WvV^lSfl : •j£f' ^iS" Jy^ll^^ 26 �27 �28 �/ �r -1.V'».'-«?-«2.T:Sl'vii v! ;W '*'«k1~V5 ^^^a^m^£vM> N 30 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2190 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Turner, J.N. D.N. Collins Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Binghamton State Office Building Soot-Induced Morphologic Alterations in the Liver of Guinea Pigs, Preliminary Report Submitted to Dr. D.O. Carpenter, January 6, 1982 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB animal testing PCBs Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2191 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carpenter, David O. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from David O. Carpenter to Alvin L. Young, March 17, 1982 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation analytical studies PCBs https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/46d7e8c1116de53f865536a8067e89d2.pdf 63a37902c59369ab5873526d5b2db506 PDF Text Text RBDID Number °2193 Author Eadon G > - Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Report/Article TltlB Comparisons of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples From the Binghamton State Office Building Journal/Book Title Year 1982 Month/Day March Color Number of Images D 24 Dascrlpton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2193 of 2293 �Comparisons Of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples From the Binghamton State Office Building G. Eadon, K. Aldous, G. Frenkel, J. Gierthy, D. Hilkerr L. Kaminsky, P. O'Keefe, J. Silkworth and R. Smith Center for Laboratories and Research ( New York\State Department of Health Albany, N^ 12201 March, 1982 �Soot samples from two separate samplings of the Binghamton State Office Building (BSOB) have been the objects of a coordinated interdisciplinary study at the New York State Health Department. On May 26, 1981, replicate soot samples were collected from above the ceiling panels of 16 of the 17 floors of the BSOB. Each sample was subjected to exhaustive soxhlet extraction (benzene). One portion of each extract was analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), another for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and related compounds. A third portion of all extracts not spiked with PCDDs and PCDFs as part of the chemical analysis procedure was examined using the cell keratinization assay. Another set of experiments utilized a much larger soot sample collected by a vacuum cleaner on the 3rd and 4th floors of the BSOB shortly after the fire occurred. The bulk of this sample has been used in animal toxicology studies. However/ portions of this soot were extracted and analyzed for PCBs, PCDFs, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCDF). The cell keratinization assay was also applied to an extract of this sample. The results of each of these studies have been described in detail in separate reports (Smith et al. , 1981a, 1981b, 1982; Silkworth et al., 1982; Gierthy et al., 1982). This paper will seek comparisons among the various chemical and biological data sets generated with these samples, and will attempt to determine whether the results are mutually consistent. �Chemical Data The number of samples which could be analyzed for PCDFs and related trace contaminants is severely limited by the difficulty of the analytical procedure. In contrast, the quantitation of the much more abundant PCBs is a fairly straightforward process; more than 800 PCB analyses have already been reported on BSOB-related samples. If the ratios of PCB to PCDF are approximately constant then the results of the PCB analyses can be used to estimate PCDF levels, with a considerable savings in time and manpower. Table I contains analytical data relevant to the PCB and PCDF (tetra through octa chlorinated) concentrations on soot samples collected from 16 of 17 floors of the BSOB, and on the soot sample used in animal toxicology experiments. The PCB concentrations vary by nearly 3 orders of magnitude, while total PCDF levels vary from not detected approximately 1200 ppm. «1.0 ppm) to For the 11 samples in which the ratio of total PCDFs to total PCBs has been determined, the total PCDFs measured ranges from 51 ppm to 1200 ppm, and the ratio of PCDF to PCB averages .066 * .024 (error limits represent one standard deviation). t Thus, the total PCDF levels correlate with PCB levels. More detailed consideration of the data in Table I indicates that the total concentrations of tetra CDFs, penta CDFs and hexa CDFs (groupings which include the isomers predicted (see later) to be most active with respect to acute oral toxicity and keratinization) relative to the total PCDF concentration is relatively constant (Table II). In the 11 samples for which these ratios have been determined, tetra CDFs constitute 33 + 5% �of the total PCDF mixture, while penta CDFs constitute 40 + 3%, and the hexa CDFs constitute 18 ± 7% of the total mixture. Thus, the PCB concentration can be used to predict approximate concentrations of each family of chlorinated dibenzofurans in these samples. For illustrative purposes, Table III contains the measured and predicted concentrations. Further studies will be required to rigorously validate the use of PCB analysis as a surrogate for the more elaborate analytical procedures. Since concentrations of dibenzodioxins and biphenylenes (Stalling, 1981) have not yet been determined in these samples, it cannot be demonstrated that the concentrations of these compounds correlate with PCB concentrations. Further, the samples analyzed to date have all been collected before May, 1981 and have been predominantly obtained from the same location on the 17 floors. The validity of the observed correlation must be tested with more recent samples and with samples taken at other locations; the similarity of the ceiling panel samples and vacuum cleaner sample is encouraging in the latter regard. Finally, the validity of the observed correlation in the very slightly contaminated samples likely to be generated during the ! final phases of the clean-up should also be tested. �Biological Data Evaluation of the consistency of the chemical data and the biological data requires knowledge of the concentrations and toxicities of particular congeners believed to be especially active. Because of the very few reference standards available, the laboratories of the Health Department have produced little congener-by-congener analytical data. Therefore, in the following discussions it will be necessary to assume that within a particular isomeric series the relative concentration of a given isomer is comparable to its concentration in a sample earlier subjected to congener by congener analysis (Stalling, 1981; Rappe, 1981). Among the tetra CDFs, the isomer believed to be most toxic is 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDF (Poland et al., 1977). Stalling and Rappe report that this isomer constitutes 68% and 41% of the tetra CDFs. Based on these results it will be assummed that 2,3,7,8-TCDF constitutes 50% of the total tetra CDF concentration in these samples. Given the greater toxicity of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated isomers (Poland et al., 1977) the most toxic penta CDF isomers are predicted to be 1,2,3,7,8- and 2,3,4,7,8-penta CDF. Stalling and Rappe report that these congeners comprise together 47% and 53% of the penta CDF mixture. A value of 50% will be assumed in subsequent discussions. Given the greater toxicity of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated isomers (Poland et al., 1977), the most toxic hexa CDF isomers are predicted to be 1,2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,6,7,8-, 1,2,3,7,8,9- and 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexa CDF. Rappe reports that the total concentration �of three of these isomers in a BSOB sample was 49% of the total hexa CDF concentration. A value of 50% will be assumed here for the four isomers. Knowledge of the relative concentrations of dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans will also be required for these discussions. In the soot sample used in animal toxicology experiments, the 2,3,7,8-TCDD/2,3,7,8-TCDF ratio was determined to be .025 (Smith et al., 1981b). this sample. This ratio will be used in connection with However, since analytical data on the dioxin levels in the remaining samples is not yet available, an estimate of these concentrations must be made. In a sample analyzed by Rappe and Stalling, Rappe concluded that the tetra through octa PCDD/PCDF ratio was about .01, and Stalling concluded that it was less than .02. In a heavily contaminated soot sample, Smith et al (1981a) concluded that the 2,3,7,8-TCDD/2,3,7,8-TCDF ratio averaged .015. The average ratio observed in the three samples was .017; this value will be assumed for the ceiling panel derived soot samples. Based on Stalling's report (1981), the biphenylene/dibenzofuran ratio in a sample was less than .067. This value will of i necessity be used in subsequent discussions. Efforts are presently underway to obtain experimental data on the soot samples currently under discussion to place these estimates on a firmer basis. a. Animal Toxicology Experiments It is difficult to rigorously demonstrate consistency between results obtained via chemical analysis and acute toxicity data for a number of reasons. The chemical data is incomplete; �7 not all classes of toxicants have been quantified,and the concentrations of individual congeners have not been established. More important, however, very limited data is available on the acute oral toxicities of individual PCDFs, PCDDs or Polychlorinated Biphenylenes. Nevertheless, despite these and other difficulties, crude comparison of this data will be attempted. A useful first step is to express the observed acute oral toxicity of the soot in terms of "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents", i.e., the concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, that, in an inert matrix, would produce the observed LDgQ. An extract of soot when administered to guinea pigs in aqueous suspension exhibited an LD5Q equivalent to 327 mg soot/kg. When 2,3,7,8-TCDD was administered under identical conditions, it exhibited an LD50 of 19 ug/kg. If the soot in fact had contained only 2,3,7,8-TCDD at 58 ug/g, its extract would be predicted to exhibit an LD,-n of 327 mg soot equivalents/kg. Therefore, the "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" contamination of the soot is 58 ug/g. The chemical data can then be used to "predict" the "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration of the soot, based on known toxicities of the components. This is a complicated task, since no data is available on the LDcris of dibenzofurans in bu guinea pigs other than 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF, and since very limited data is available on the PCDDs. The following assumptions will therefore be made about the I<DCQS of these compounds: (1) The ratio of the LDcQs of a particular PCDF congener and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF will be the same as the ratio of the LD5Qs oE the correspondingly substituted PCDD congener and 2,3,7,8-TCDD. �8 There is no direct experimental data to support this assumption. (2) The LD50s of PCDFs and PCDDs lacking chlorines on all four lateral positions will be sufficiently high that their influence can be ignored in this calculation. This assumption is based on the LD5Qs in guinea pigs of 2,8-diCDD, 2,3,7-triCDD, and 1,2,4,7,8-penta-CDD. All have LE> s more than 450 times higher than that of 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD itself (Table IV). (3) Introduction of a single additional chlorine substituent on a 2,3,1,8-substituted congener has essentially no effect on the congener's guinea pig LD . This assumption is based on comparison of the LD5Qs of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,3,7,8~tetra-CDD (Table IV). (4) Introduction of two additional chlorine substituents on a 2,3,7,8-chlorinated congener raises its LD,-0 by a factor of at least 29. The assumption is based on comparison of the LD5Qs of 1,2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,6,7,8-, and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexa CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Table IV). (5) The LDf-QS of compounds with more than 6 chlorines will be sufficiently large that their influence can be ignored in this calculation. This assumption is based on comparison of the LD5Qs of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Table IV). These assumptions require that attention be focussed only on the tetra, penta, and hexasubstituted PCDDs and PCDFs. The concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDF in the sample used in animal toxicology experiments was measured at 48 ppm; since the data in Table IV indicates that the LD5Q of 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF is about three times that of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, this is equivalent in terms of acute toxicity to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of ca. 16 ug/g. �Based on assumption (2), other tetra CDFs can be neglected in this calculation. The penta CDFs were measured at 120 ug/g. If 1,2,3,7,8- and 2,3,4,7,8-penta CDF together constitute 50% of the penta CDFs, and if their LDcQS are equal to that of 2,3,7,8-TCDF, this is equivalent in terms of acute toxicity to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of ca. 20 ug/g. Based on assumption (2), other penta CDFs can be neglected in this calculation. hexa CDFs have been measured at 70 ug/g. The The isomers believed to have the lowest LD5Qs (1,2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,6,7,8-, and 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexa CDF) are expected to comprise 50% of the total hexa CDF mixture. Since, based on assumption (4), their LD^s are 29 times higher than that of 2,3,7,8-TCDF, this is equivalent to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 0.4 ug/g. calculated Thus, the PCDFs are to constitute a "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration of 36 ug/g. The concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD itself has been measured at 1.2 ppm in this sample. Other tetrachlorinated dibenzodioxins are predicted to have much higher LD,-QS and can be ignored. The concentration of other PCDDs in this sample are unknown, but are likely to be comparable to the TCDDs. Thus, the dioxins as a whole probably have a negligible influence on the soot's "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration. Stalling (1981) has reported on the presence of polychlorinated biphenylenes in a soot sample from BSOB; he cites unpublished results by Dr. Alan Poland that suggests that the toxicity of the 2,3,6,7 congener is comparable to that of 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD. If Stalling's ratio of biphenylene to dibenzofuran is (.067) is assummed to hold for all of these �10 compounds, and if it is assummed that the biphenylenes have acute oral toxicities three times that of the corresponding dibenzofurans, it can be calculated that the biphenylenes will contribute about 0.2 times as much "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity as the dibenzofurans. Thus, to a very crude approximation, the polychlorinated biphenylenes account for a "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" concentration of 7 ppm. In summary, the dibenzofurans and the tetra CDDs are estimated to constitute a "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity of 37 ug/g. Together, the remaining dibenzodioxins and the biphenylenes probably provide a significant but smaller "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity. This calculation is in good, probably somewhat fortuitous agreement with the observed activity in the soot-equivalent to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 58 ug/g. Since considerable effort has been devoted to animal toxicology experiments on a single large sample of soot, it is important to assess whether this sample is reasonably typical. The data in Table I indicates that the average PCB concentration in 16 samples collected above the ceiling panels at the BSOB is ( 7200; the PCB concentration in this sample is 5,000 ppm. " The average total PCDF concentration on 14 such samples was ppm; the total PCDF concentration in this sample is 320 ppm. The average ratio of total PCDF to PCB in the 12 samples for which this is well defined is .066; the ratio for this sample was .063. The proportions of tetra- penta-, and hexa CDFs in this sample are similar to those in the ceiling panel samples (Table II). the sample used in animal toxicology experiments appears Thus, �11 comparable to the samples collected from above the ceiling panels, based on presently available data. b. Cell Keratinization Assay Development of the cell keratinization assay based on an in vitro keratinization model (Knutson et al., 1981) has been pursued because of its potential use as an alternative or supplement to chemical analysis. Both applications demand that the biological and chemical methods generate mutually consistent results. One question can be answered fairly readily. Do the two methodologies agree which samples fall into particular broad categories of contamination? The samples and blanks run as part of this program exhibit four broad categories of contamination. Blanks did not exhibit positive responses in this assay. A single sample (floor 1) exhibited activity equivalent to 0.01 0.10 ppm 2,3,7,8-TCDD; chemical analysis detected only 0.2 ppm Tetra-CDF. Three samples (floors 4,6, and 14) exhibited activities near 0.10 - 1.0 ppm; chemical analysis confirmed low levels of PCDFs in these samples (total PCDFs of 51, 76, and 87 ppm). The remaining samples in which PCDFs were detected chemically exhibited activities ranging from 1.1 - 11 ppm to 5.3 ! - 53 ppm. Chemical analysis confirmed that these samples were more heavily contaminated (total PCDFs of 410 , 200, 320, 1200, 400, 750, and 670 ppm). Table V. These results are collected together in They suggest that the keratinization assay results correlate with chemical data. It is markedly more difficult to determine whether the activity observed in the cell keratinization assay is quantitatively consistent with chemical analysis. Little �12 published information exists to relate the keratiniation activities of the various compounds present in the soot to one another. However, the following assumptions will be made to permit a crude calculation: (1) The ratios of the activity of a particular dibenzofuran congener to 2,3,7,8-TCDF is equal to that of the ratio of the activity of the corresponding dibenzodioxin congener to 2,3,1,8-TCDD. assumption. (2) There is no direct support for this 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDF is 1/20 as active as 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Knutson et al., 1980). (3) Congeners not substituted at all four lateral positions are sufficiently inactive to be neglected. This assumption is based on comparison of the activities of 2,3-, 2,7-, 1,6-, 1,3,6,8-, 1,3,7,8-, and 2,3,7- chlorodibenzodioxins to 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD. al., 1980) (Table VI). (4) (Knutson et Introduction of a single additional chlorine on a 2,3,7,8 chlorinated nucleus decreases activity by a factor of 2. This assumption is based on a comparison of the activities of 1,2,3,7,8-Penta CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Knutson et al., 1980) (Table VI). (5) Introduction of two or more chlorines depresses activity sufficiently to make the activity of such compounds negligible. This assumption is based on comparison of the activities of 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexa CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Knutson et al., 1980) (Table VI). (6) Polychlorinated biphenylenes are 1/2 as active as the corresponding dibenzodioxin. This generalization is based on comparison of the activities of 2,3,6,7-tetra CB and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD (Knutson et al., 1980) (Table VI). As a direct result of assumptions (3) and (5), the bulk of keratinization activity will reside in tetra- and penta- �13 chlorinated compounds. As already discussed, 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF is predicted to be by far the most active tetra CDF, and expected to constitute 50% of the tetra CDF mixture. Since 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF is 1/20 as active as 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity due to this compound can be obtained by dividing the total tetra CDF concentration by 40. Similarly, the "TCDD equivalent" activity of the two most active penta CDFs can be estimated by dividing the total penta CDF concentration by 80. The calculated "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity due to PCDFs is compared to the experimentally observed value for a number of samples in Table VII. The PCDDs will make a significant contribution to the cell keratinizing activity of these samples; although they are estimated to be 1/50 to 1/100 as abundant as the PCDFs, they may be 20 times as potent in the assay. The polychlorinated biphenylenes may be even more important factors in this analysis. Stalling's data suggests that they may be 1/10 to 1/20 as abundant as the PCDFs. as active. However, they are reported to be 10 times Thus, the calculated values in Table VII are likely to be below the values that would be calculated if more complete t analytical data were available. However, in view of the large uncertainties present in these calculations and the data upon which they are based, the calculated and experimental data are in fair agreement. It should be noted that the soot sample used in the animal toxicology experiments exhibited a cell keratinizing activity of 2-20 ppm "2,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents", and a calculated activity of 4 ppm due to PCDFs. This differs from the "2,3,7,8-TCDD �14 equivalents" calculated and observed in the animal toxicology experiments This does not represent a discrepancy in the data. Rather, it is due primarily to the large difference between the ratios of the guinea pig LD5Qs for 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and the corresponding ratios of cell keratinization activity. Conclusions (1) Available chemical data indicate that the relative concentrations of PCBs, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-CDFs, and total PCDF are similar in soot samples taken from above the ceiling panels of the BSOB, and in a sample collected by vacuum cleaner during the early stages of the clean-up. If this relationshiip is valid for samples collected at other times and from other locations, the PCB analysis can serve as a useful surrogate for the more difficult analytical procedures. (2) A soot sample exhibited an LDcQ in guinea pigs equivalent to 58 ppm 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD. If certain assumptions are made about the chemical composition of this sample and the LD s of the compounds therein, it can be calculated that the PCDFs, tetra CDDs, and the biphenylenes should account for ca. 45 ppm "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent" activity. Since this calculation ignores other chlorinated dioxins, it is in good (probably fortuitous) agreement with the observed value. Based on these results, there appears to be no basis for proposing unusual synergistic or antagonistic effects among the components in this mixture. (3) The cell keratinization assay can reliably distinguish among samples containing widely differing concentrations of PCDFs. If certain assumptions are made about �15 the chemical composition of compounds therein, it can be calculated that the observed keratinizing activity in these extracts is generally plausible. (4) Chemical analysis and the cell keratinization assay suggest that the soot used in animal toxicology studies is fairly typical of the soot samples collected from above the ceiling pannels of the BSOB. �TABLE I Concentrations (ppm) of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in. Soot Samples Taken From the Binghamton State Office Building Floor # PCBsa PCDFsb Tetra CDF 2 28 3 4 1300 1 6 5 840 7 8 9 2800 6600 1800 23000 10 11 12 9600 21000 11000 13 3400 14 15 930 10000 16 9200 17 Ave 3-4* 6500 7200 5000 0.2 <8g 16 220 23 190 70 320 140 250 d d 32 300 h 220 145 100 Penta CDF <0.2g <9g 21 280 36 180 79 440 170 360 d d 31 310 150h 260 165 120 Hexa CDF <0.3g <llg 13 180 14 35 32 290 84 260 d d e 56 89h 140 86 70 Hepta CDF <0.3g <12g 1.2 62 3 3.7 14 100 6.5 97 d d 5.8 71 33h 32 31 20 Octa CDF <0.3g <14g 1.2 21 0.5 -- 3 35 2 31 d d 2.8 17 llh 15 11 4 51 760 76 410 200 1200 400 1000 — 87 750 670 438 310 .027 .062 .11 .052 .042 .048 .094 .075 .103 .066 .062 Total PCDF Ratio Total PCDF cone. PCB c o n e . . 0 6 1 (a) quantitated as Arochlor 1254; data uncorrected for recovery (b) correction for recovery incorporated ( ) not sampled because of dissimilar ceiling construction c (d) data not used because of poor recovery of internal 37 C1-Tetra CDF standard (<10%) (e) data lost because of instrumental malfunction; for purposes of calculation of total PCDF, it is assummed that hexa CDF is % the concentration of penta ( f Table 2) c. (f) soot collected by vacuum cleaner and used in animal toxicology studies (g) detection limits are per congener, not per chlorination number data not corrected for recovery. Instrument malfunction caused loss of data on 37C1-Tetra CDF recovery �Table II Relative Proportions of Tetra-, Penta-, Hexa-, Hepta- and Octachlorodihenzofurans in Soot Samples Taken from the Binghamton State Office Buildinga Floor # 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 17 Aveb Tetra CDF 31 29 30 46 35 27 35 25 37 39 33 33 ± 5 32 Penta CDF 41 37 47 44 40 37 41 36 36 41 39 40 ± 3 38 Hexa CDF 25 24 18 9 16 24 21 26 -- 7 21 18 ± 7 22 2 8 4 1 7 8 2 10 7 10 5 6 ± 3 6 Hepta CDF 3-4° _ Octa CDF <1 3 1 <1 1 3 <! 3 (a) Expressed as percent of total PCDF in sample.' (b) Error limits represent one standard deviation. (c) Soot sample used in animal toxicology studies. 3 2 2 _-— 1 �CO Table III Comparison of Predicted3 (and Observed) Concentrations (ppm) of PCDFs in BSOB Soot Samples Floor # 1 3 4 9 6 10 11 14 15 17 3-4 Jetra CDF 0.6(0.2) 26( 8) 17(16) 56(23) 133(190) 39(70) 60(320) 190(140) 420(250) 19(32) 200(300) 130(220) 100(100) Penta CDF 0.9(<.2) 30(<9) 19(21) 64(36) 151(180) 45(79) 130(440) 220(170) 480(360) 21(31) 230(310) 150(260) 115(120) Hexa CDF 0.3(<.3) 16(<11) 10(13) 33(14) 79(35) 23(32) 70(290) 115(84) 250(260) 11C") 120(56) 78(140) 60(70) Hepta CDF 0.1(<.3) 5.6(<12) 3.6(1.2) .6(1.2) 12(3) 28(3.7) 8.4(14) 99(100) 41(6.5) 90(97) 5(5.8) 43(71) 28(32) 22(20) Octa CDF .04(<.3) 1.3(<1.2) 4.2(0.5) 10(--) 35(35) 15(2) 32(31) 1.4(2.8 15(17) 10(15) 84 () Total PCDF 1.9 2(<13) 80 51(51) 3(3) .400(1200) (a) Prediction based on PCB levels and average ratio calculated in Table I and II 580(400) 1300(1000) 57(87) 610(754) 400(670) 300(310) �19 Table IV Influence of Structure and Chlorination Pattern on Guinea Pig Oral LD5Qs (Male, Hartley, 200-250g) Compound LD3 U • <f «— cn(ug/kg) 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD 2.5a 2,3,7,8-Penta CDF 5-10b 1,2,3,7,8-Penta CDD 3.1° 1,2,3 ,4,7,8-Hexa CDD 73C 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexa CDD 60-100° 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexa CDD 70-100° 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hepta CDD >600° 1,2,4,7,8-Penta CDD 1,125° 2,3,7-Tri CDD 29,444° 2,8-Di CDD 730,000° a J.B. Silkworth, D. McMartin, A.P. DeCaprio, R. Rej, S. Kumar and L. Kaminsky (1981). Acute toxicity in guinea pigs and rabbits of soot from a polychlorinated biphenyl-containing transformer fire, N.Y. State Dept. of Health Report, January 6, 1982. J.A. Moore, E.E. McConnell, D.W. Dalgard, and M.W. Harris (1979). Comparative toxicity of three halogenated dibenzofurans in guinea pigs, mice and thesus monkeys. NY Acad. Sci. 320, 151-163. °E.E. McConnell, J.A. Moore, J.K. Baseman, and M.W. Harris (1978). The comparative toxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in mice and guinea pigs. Toxi co 1. Pharmacol. 44, 335-356. 0 �Table V o CSl Comparison of the Observed Keratinization Activities with Total PCDF Concentrations Observed Floor I "2,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents(ppm) Total PCDF Concentrations 1 . 1 1 0 - 6 0.1-1.0 76 4 .11-1.1 51 14 .12-1.2 87 3 1.2-12 b 9 1.1-11 1200 8 1.6-16 200 3-4a 2-20 310 10 3.2-32 400 15 4.0-40 750 17 4.0-40 670 7 5.3-53 410 a Soot used in animal toxicology experiments •L^ Total concentration not defined, (cf. Table I) b (ppm) �21 Table VI Influence of Structure and Chlorination Pattern on Relative Activity in the Cell Keratinization Assay3. Compound Relative Activity 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDD 1 2,3,7,8-Tetra CDF 0.05 2,3/6,7-Tetrachlorobiphenylene 0.5 1,2,3,7,8-Penta CDD 0.5 2,3,7-Tri CDD 0.01 1,3,7,8-Tetra CDD 0.01 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexa CDD 0.005 1,3,6,8-Tetra CDD < .003 1,6,-DiCDD < .001 i 2.7-DiCDD < .001 2.3-DiCDD < .001 (a) Data adapted from J.C. Knutson and A. Poland (1980). Keratinization of mouse teratoma cell line XB produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: an in vitro model of toxicity, Cell 22, 27-36. �Table VII Comparison of the Observed Keratinization Activity in BSOB Soot Samples with Value Predicted based on PCDF Concentrations « Floor # Observed "2,3,7,8-TCDD equi Lents" (ppm) Calculated "2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents" (ppm) PCDFs only 1 .Ol-.l (b) 6 0.1-1.0 1 4 .11-1.1 1 14 .12-1.2 1 3 1.2-12 (b) 9 1.1-11 10 8 1.6-16 3 3-4a 2-20 4 10 3.2-32 6 15 4.0-40 10 17 4.0-40 9 7 5.3-53 7 (a) -(b) Sample used for animal toxicology studies, PCDFs not detected in chemical analysis. �; 23 REFERENCES Gierthy, J.P. and Prenkel, G.D. (1982). A preliminary report on the c.,-aluation of an In Vitro assay for the detection of "dioxin-like" activity using extracts of soot from the Binghamton State Office Building. New York State Department of Health Report, January, 1982. Knutson, J.C. and Poland, A. (1980). Keratinization of mouse cell line XB produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: an in vitro model of toxicity. Cell, 22, 27-36. Poland, A., and Glover, E. (1977). Chlorinated biphenyl induction of aryl hydrocarbon hyudroxylase activity: the structure-activity relationship. a study of Mol. Pharmacol., 13, 924-38. Rappe, C. (1981) Report on the analysis of Binghamton soot. Report, University of Umea, Sweden, 1981. Silkworth, J. , McMartin, D., DeCaprio, A., Re j, R. , O'Keefe, P., and Kaminsky, L. (1982). Acute toxicity in guinea pigs and rabbits of soot from a polychlorinated biphenyl-containing transformer fire. January 6, 1982. New York State Department of Health Report, �'> • I A 'i 24 i Smith, R.M., O'Keefe, P.W. , Hilker, D.L., Jelus-Tyror, B.L., and Aldous, K. (1981a). Analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a soot sample from a transformer explosion in Binghamton, New York. New York State Department of Health Report, February 20, 1981. Smith, R.M., Hilker, D.L., O'Keefe, P.W., Kumar, S., O'Brien, J., Jelus-Tyror, B.L., and Aldous, K. (1981b) Analysis of a Binghamton soot sample for tetrachlorodibenzofurans and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. New York State Department of Health Report, October 1, 1981. Smith, R.M., Hilker, D., O'Keefe, P.W., Kumar, S., Aldous, K., and Jelus-Tyror, B. (1982). Determination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins in soot samples from a contaminated office building. New York State Department of Health Report, March, 1982. Stalling, D.L., (1981) Chlorinated dibenzofurans and related compounds in soot formed in a transformer fire in Binghamton, ( N.Y., Preliminary Report, Columbia National Fisheries REsearch Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2193 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eadon, G. K. Aldous G. Frenkel J. Gierthy D. Hilker L. Kaminsky P. O'Keefe J. Silkworth R. Smith Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-03-01 Title A name given to the resource Comparisons of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples From the Binghamton State Office Building Subject The topic of the resource BSOB PCBs analytical studies