1 15 127 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 050 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1316 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 10 1981 Title A name given to the resource Advisor's Research Study Evaluation Form for Alvin Young's report, "Agent Orange at the Crossroads of Science and Social Concern" Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand veteran health and hygiene dioxin ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 050 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1324 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Air Command and Staff College, Air university (ATC), Maxwell AFB, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981-05-01 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange at the Crossroads of Science and Social Concern Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand veteran health and hygiene dioxin Agent Orange Controversy ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 033 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0656 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fox, Jeffrey L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 16 1984 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange Study Is Like a Chameleon Subject The topic of the resource VA veteran health and hygiene dioxin Ranch Hand ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0847 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lacey, Pamela Vincent A. Lacey Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Journal of Legal Medicine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange: Government Responsibility for the Military Use of Phenoxy Herbicides Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand dioxin legislation litigation ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/71332416a2039bdbfe8b31b2bfa512d0.pdf f4807ecfcb23146c11a29eb6b3adced6 PDF Text Text 00186 Fox, Roger P. COTDOratB Author Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, Washington, D.C. RBPOrt/AftiClB TitlB Air ^ase Defense in the Republic of Vietnam 1961-1973 Journal/Book Titls YW 1979 Month/Day Number of Imaoes pp.74-79 discuss herbicide defoliation, pp.214-217 describe agents orange, blue, and white Friday, January 05, 2001 Page 186 of 194 �AIR BASE DEFENSE IN THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM 1961-1973 Roger P. Fox OFFICE OK AIR FOKCF HISTORY L'NITFD STATf-S AiR I ORCfWASHINGTON. DC., 1979 �explosives devices dictated that this complex he kept free of concealing vegetation. Ignoring the French experience, the USAF discovered anew the problems associated with defoliation of the perimeter harrier system. 46 Rarely if ever charted, the minefields of the perimeter harrier prohihited use of mamml labor to cut and remove the vegetation. The mines, fencing, and wiring prevented mowing or v.Tiipir)g by rruvruni/i.'il equipment (turning w.is un-.jtist'.iciorj on several counts. Vegetation was highlv fire resistant, particularly during the rainy season when growth was most rapid. Ii ignited slowly, even if sprayed with a flammable such as contaminated jet fuel. Because fire hardly ever consumed the vegetation, the residue went on obscuring ihe barrier syMk-m and offering cover to pcnctrators. Burning also detonated or destroyed mines and flares within the complex. Next in importance was defoliation of the base interior. Here too, the ideal was to clear the ground cover that concealed pene'raiors and reduced surveillance by defense forces. For example, the defense vegetation ne- gated sentry dog detection—the base's most reliable alarm. And the exertion in plowing through this thicket sapped dog and handler. Because the interior was without the perimeter's hazards or obstructions, it seemed that the clearing methods mentioned earlier could be given full play. In practice this was not the case. Safety factors forbade burning in or near fuel and munitions storage areas. The immense labor entailed in clearing a si/able area m .1 rcutonaMc lime ciiruili'tl manual culling C u t t i n g by hanJ nonetheless left the root .lyatcm intact, and so was well-suited to Cam Kanh Bav's wry unstable soil Flsev.-h.ere. however, an undisturbed root system meant rapid regrowth of vegetation. F.ven though scraping served well in the base interior, ihe conventional USAF civil engineer squadron usually idCKcu IMC mx-dcii iiKX(iaru/t.'ii equipment In light of these facts, ihe answer to vegetation control in the interior as on the perimeter appeared to be herbicides. By the time the Air Force turned to herbicides for base vegetation control, they were in full-scale military use in support of other ground operations The dispensing of defoliants centered on foliage along thorough fares to deny the enemy ambush cover. Spraying also focused over VC/NVA camps and assembly areas, as well as over crops intended for feeding the foe. The acreage treated with agents from the 1,000-gallon tanks of USAF UC-12.1 (Ranch Hand) aircraft rose from 17.119 in I««i2 to 608,106 in 1966."' None of these herbicides was believed to endanger humans or animals. All had been widely used in the United Slates for more than 20 years on foods and other crops, rangcland, and forests. None persisted in the soil and periodic respraying was required to kill regrowth. All were liquids. Those dispensed in RVN were designated Orange, White, and Blue. Appendix 5 gives general data on their composition, application, effect, and safety precautions. The use of these, herbicides was. a GVN program supported by the United States. The U.S. Ambassador and COMUSMACV acted jointly on GVN requests for herbicide operations on the basis of policy formed by State and Defense Departments and approved by the President.-"" Senior U.S. Army advisors at ARVN corps and division level were delegated authority to approve requests in which dispersal of the herbicides was limited to hand or ground-based power-spra> methods. A herhicidal defoliation request from a USAF air base was prepared and documented by the base civil engineer, using a set checklist. (See page 77.) It was then processed through U.S. military channels to the senior U.S. Army headquarters in the corps tactical zone. If approved there, it wiis sent on to ihe ARVN commanding general of the same CTZ for military approval and political clearance. It was at this point that delay most frequently occurred, due to opposition from the district and/or province chief. These officials were influenced by such things as superstition, concern for local crop damage, and possible propaganda value to the VC- NVA. Final action on requests for ground-delivered herbicides was taken at this level. If aerial delivery was desired, the request could only be approved at USMACV/JCS level. A C-123 sprays defoliation chemicals over South Vietnamese jungles �Technical factors also entered into the dispensing of herbicides. Dry weather was essential, because rain quickly washed chemicals from ilie target vegetation to nearby crops und other desirable growth. Ideally, spraying was di>ne between dawn and 1000, at ambient temperatures under 10'; C (8fi r I-"), and in calm or very low wind conditions to minimize drift. Storage and mixing points had to be kept to a minimum, isolated from cultivated areas I-'mpty herbicide drums required close control to avoid aa-i dental contamination.*' Approval and execution of herhicidal defoliation projects were lime- consuming and uncertain. In February 1968 Phan Rang requested defoliation of a 200-meter strip both inside and outside the perimeter, around the entire circumference of the base. The approving authority reduced the scope of the project to one-half the perimeter. In addition, problems in obtaining herbicide and other obstacles delayed completion of the project for 1 year.52 t- ',egeiaiu>n at Tan Son Shot and Uicn lloa hindered the base defenders throughout the 196S Tet attacks/' 1 ' 1 At Bien Hoa the approval piocess for aerial defoliation was termed "hopelessly complicated," one Checklist for Defoliation Requests 1 . Overlays or annotated photographs depicting the exact area. a. b. c. d. e. Area — province and district. UTM cooidinatcs. length and width. Number of hectares, Type of vegetation. a. Objectives and military worth. b. .Summary of incidents. Psychological warfare annex (prepared hy sector): a. Leaflets. b. Loudspeaker texts. 'v. Civil affair-* annex (prepared hy sector): a. No crops within 1 kilometer. b. Contingency plan to piovide food or money to families whose crops are accidentally damaged by rho defoliation operation 6. Certification by province chiefa. Province chief approval. t). Indemnification w i l l be made b> the Republic ot Vietnam lor accidental damage to crops. SOl.'R< f - : I.it> of Cong Rprt, it Aim <>'•>. 10 'lit.1- HIHIM.- SuKoiiiriultec on Science anil AilKMi.iulJL'h, 9!sr C iing, ! •>! ss::>\, A 1 1; l.nt't <i:nul Aiw,\rn<nl ••/ th* Viet- 77 76 �that might take two or more months. Plant growth meanwhile continued unabated. F.ven when authorized, a project was apt to l>e fettered with restrictions. Thus aerial delivery of Orange was denied at Bien Hoa, and only parts of its perimeter were approved (or chemical defoliation. Accordingly, because Blue and White were not suited to local conditions. Orange had to be dispensed from a tank truck by a power spray that did not reach beyond the second fences. Local terrain made it impossible to go outside the third and fourth fence and spray inward. 5 * As noted earlier, Binh Thuy faced the most extreme defoliation problem. Here the one herbicide approved for use was Blue, which killed only those portions of plants with which it came in contact. With the root systems left intact, regrowth was rapid. In 1 month, 2,420 gallons of Blui: valued at $22,000 were sprayed over limited areas of the interior and a narrow z.one around the perimeter of the 550acre installation without making any significant inroads against the. teeming vegetation." Herbicides for air base defense seldom if ever improved the horizontal view at installations by the desired 40 to 60 percent.*• Defoliation needs of the 10 primary bases were specific, permanent, and known in advance. Still no ongoing long-term program to satisfy them was ever set up. Instead the job was done piecemeal, with each base handling defoliation requests. Despite administrative and technical controls, chemical agents remained the single sure way to control vegetation in places where other means could not—notably in the critical perimeter complexes. As the war drew to a close, however, curbs on the use of herbicides grew more and more rigid. The last herbicide mission by fixed-wing aircraft was flown on 7 January 1971. 78 On \ May, a presidential directive ended all U.S. herbicide operations.57 In the ensuing months, mines killed eight and injured seven Army personnel who were trying to clear vegetation by band from wire entanglements and (kids of fire." With the Ambassador's full backing, COMUSMACV urged Washington to alter at once the ban on chemical herbicides because immediate defoliation was "essential to security of ba«.es." s° On IS August the President petmilted the resumption of chemical defoliation until I December 1971. He authorized the use of Blue and White but not Orange:. Approved herbicide operations were restricted to the perimeters of firehoses and installations, with delivery limited to solely helicopter or ground-based spraying equipment, under ih<* same regulations applied in the United Slates."0 As the expiration date for this authority neared, COMUSMACV asked for an extension. On 26 November 197! the President authorized continued use of herbicides and set no termination date. At the same time, he stipulated that 11 S defoliation assistance to the Government of Vietnam be confined to "base and installation perimeter operations and limited operations for important lines of communications." This policy prevailed until the last U.S. forces departed RvN in 1V73." 1 No defoliant method tried for air base defense purposes in South Vietnam proved to be at once efficient, economical, and politically acceptable. The practical value of herbicides was much impaired by technical, administrative, and political constraints, For chiefly technical reasons, the same could be said for techniques such as burning and scraping For the United States— as it had for F-'rance-—vegetation remained a major unresolved problem. V. USAF GROUND DEFENSE FORCES The enormous mass of non-combatant personnel who look after the very few heroic pilots, who alone in ordinary circumstances do all the fighting, is an inherent difficulty in the organization of the air force. Here is the chance for this great mass to add a fiehting quality to the necessary services they perform. F.vcry airfield should be a stronghold of fighting air-groundrnen, and not the abode of uniformed civilians in the prime of life protected by detachments of soldiers. Sir Winston Churchill, 194!. By lair. 196' it U:C alike Ccitdiii that U.S. ground combat forces would lake part in offensive operations, and that the Air Force would be expected to protect its own installations. The USAF reaction to this unwelcome task was alien 10 the U.S. armed forces.3 It was to ship the basic means of air base defense to South Vietnam man by man and item by item. Then in the combat zone the Air Force assembled, organized, and trained these troops More than 8 months passed before this process began to turn out forces that showed elementary skill in executing their unit mission.-' Security police squadrons were formed in this manner at the 10 major bases in RVN. These units became the focal point of USAF ground defense during the entiie war. Tactical versus Nuniaclurai Organization The governing USAF directives* wert silent on how to organize and employ security police in a hot war. Hence USAF ground defense forces in RVN were structured to cope with CONUS contingencies in a cold war. A security police squadron in RVN * Air Force Manual ( A I M ) 207-1. Doctrine, and Requirements for Security of Air f-orce Weapons Systems, 10 June L%4 <Mir*r\e.letl by M-M ?07-1. 10 Urn 68. and in turn by AF-M 207-1, 10 Apr 7 0 ) . AF-M 205-1 Air Police Security Operation*. !5 February I0!)!? l.-epla.ed by AF-M 2(17-7, Handbook for Security F'oices. IS J u l h6, which w-'a by A I - M ?i>7 ?. 1 5 .Suiif f> ! >> 79 �APPENDIX 5 Herbicides Employed in Air Base Defense Operations* General Antiplant agents are chemical agents which possess a high offensive potential for destroying or seriously limiting the production of food and defoliating vegetation These compounds include herbicides that kill or inhibit the growth of plants; plant growth regulators that either regulate or inhibit plant growth, sometimes causing plant death; desiccants that dry up plant foliage; and soil sterilants that prevent or inhibit the growth of vegetation by action with the soil. Military applications for antiplant agents are based on denying ihe enemy food and concealment, Antiplant agents in use a. ORANGE. (1) Description Agent ORANGE is the Standard A agent. It is composed of a 50:50 mixture of the ri-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (app D and Cl. TM 3-215). ORANGE appears as a dark-brown oily liquid which is insoluble in water but miscible in oils such as diesel fuel. It weighs about 10.75 pounds per gallon and becomes quite viscous as the temperature drops, solidifying at 45° F. It is noaeorrosive, of low volatility, and nonexplc.sive, but deteriorates rubber, (2) Rate of application. The recommended rate of application of ORANGE is 3 gallons per acre. This may vary depending on the type of vegetation. In some situations better coverage may be obtained by diluting ORANGE with diesel fuel oil, which results in a less viscous solution that is dispersed in smaller droplets. Dilution may also be required when using dispersion equipment which does not permit the flow rate to be conveniently adjusted to 3 gallons per acre, (3) Effect on foliage. ORANGE penetrates the waxy covering of leaves and is absorbed into the plant system. It affects the growing points of the plant resulting in its death Rains occurring within the first hour after spraying will not reduce the effectiveness of ORANGE to the extent that they reduce the effectiveness of aqueous solutions. Broadlcaf plants are highly susceptible to ORANGE. Some grasses can be controlled but require a much higher dose rate than broadleaf plants. Susceptible plants exhibit varying degrees of susceptibility to ORANGE. Death of a given plant may occur within a week or less, or may require up to several months depending on the plant's age, stage of growth, susceptibility, and the dose rate. (4) Safety precautions and decontamination. ORANGE is relatively nontoxic to man or animals. No injuries have been reported lo personnel exposed to aircraft spray. Personnel subject to splashes from handling the agent need not be alarmed, but should shower and change clothes at a convenient opportunity, ORANGE is noncorrosive to metals but will remove * Lib of Cong Rpt, 8 Aog 69, lo ihe House Subcommittee OR Science, Research, and Development of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, 91st Cong, 1st sen, A Technological Assessment of the Vietnam Defoliant Matter: 4 Cast History, pp 67-73. 214 aircraft paint and walkway coatings. Contaminated aircraft should be washed with soapy water to remove the agent. Rubber hoses and other rubber parts of transfer and dissemination equipment will deteriorate and require replacement, since ORANGE softens rubber. 2. BLUE (Phytar 560G) (1) Description. Agent BLUE is an aqueous solution containing about 3 pounds per gallon of the sodium salt of cacodylic acid, the proper amount of surfactant (a substance which increas.es the effectiveness of the solution), and a neutralizer to prevent corrosion of metal spray apparatus. BLUE is 'he agent normally used for crop destruction. (2) Rate of application. BLUE may be sprayed as received from the manufacturer without dilution, if desired The recommended application rate fi'T crop destruction )•> about I to .2 gallons per acre. However, much higher use rates of BLl 'E arc required to kill tall grasses, such as elephant grass or sugarcane, because of the large masses of vegetation For hand-spray operations, two gallons of RI UF diluted with water to make 50 gallons will give a solution that can be dispersed by hand at a rate equivalent to approximately 1 to 3 gallons of pure agent per acre. Air Force C~123s spray defoliation chemicals over the A Shau valley �A Vietnamese soldier sprays fuel oil on dense foliage to determine the effectiveness of defoliation by fire. This failed because the fire would not keep burning (3) Effective on foliage. Enough BLUE applied to any kind of foliage will cause it to dry and shrivel, but the agent is more effective against grassy plants than broailicaf varieties. Best results are obtained when the plant is thoroughly covered, since the agent kills by absorption of moisture from the leaves. The plants will die within 2 to 4 days or less and can then he burned if permitted to dry sufficiently. BLUE in low dose rates can also prevent grain formation in rice without any apparent external effect. The plant develops normally but does not yield a crop. Spray rates higher than about one-half gallon per acre usually kill the crop. Although BLUE can produce relatively rapid defoliation, regrowth may occur again in about 30 da>s. Repeated spraying is necessary to provide a high degree of continuous plant kill. (4) Safety precautions and decontamination. Normal sanitary precautions should be followed when handling BLUE. Although it contains a form of arsenic, BLUE is relatively nontoxic. It should not be taken internally, however. Any material that gets on the hands, face, or other parts of the body should be washed off at the first opportunity. Clothes that become wet with a solution of BLUE should be changed. Aircraft used for spraying this solution should be washed well afterward. When WHITE is added to BLUE, a precipitate forms that will clog the system. If the same spray apparatus is to be used for spraying .agents WHITE and BLUE, the system must be flushed to assure . that all residue of the previous agent is removed. Effects of aerial defoliation c. WHITE (Tordon 101). (1) Description, The active ingredients of agent WHITE are 20 percent picloram and 80 percent isopropylarnine salt of 2,4-1). Active ingredients constitute about 25 percent of the solution. A surfactant is also present. WHITE is soluble in water, noncorrosive, nonflammable, nonvolatile, immiscible in oils, and more viscous than ORANGE at the same temperature. (2) Rate of application. WHITE usually should be applied at a rate of 3 to 5 gallons per acre on broadleaf vegetation. However, the rate may vary depending on the type of flora. Quantities required to control jungle vegetation may vary from 5 to 12 gallons per acre. This quantity exceeds the spray capability of most aircraft spray systems for a single pass. It is usually unfeasible in large-scale military operations to apply such large volumes. For ground-based spray operations, however, high volumes are necessary. Handspray operations cannot evenly cover a whole acre with only 3 gallons of solution. Three gallons of WHITE diluted to a 30-gallon solution can be more easily sprayed over an area of one acre. 'The manufacturer recommends diluting WHITE with sufficient water to make a 10-gallon solution for each gallon of agent. (3) Effect on foliage. WHITE kills foliage in the same manner as ORANGE, since 80 percent of the active ingredient is 2,4-D. PICLORAM is more effective than 2,4-D, but acts slower. WHITE is effective on many plant species, and equal to or more effective than ORANGE on the more woody species. The material must he absorbed through the leaves. The water solution does not penetrate the waxy covering of leaves as well as oily mixtures, and is more easily washed off by rain. (4) Safety precautions and decontamination. WHITE exhibits a low hazard from accidental ingestion. However, it may cause some irritation if splashed into the eyes. .Should eye contact occur, flush with plenty of water. Splashes on the skin should be thoroughly washed with soap and water at the first opportunity. Contaminated clothing should be washed before reuse. When WHITE is used in the mam*- rqnipment as BLUE, all of the WHITE should bo removed bet'oie using BLUE. The two agents produce a white precipitate that will clog spray systems. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 017 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0186 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fox, Roger P. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, Washington, D.C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Air Base Defense in the Republic of Vietnam 1961-1973 Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand herbicide blue https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/7816c1ba91c986e6e84ae5c7367ec986.pdf 780dc09c507c37f6a88971f8b06b70f6 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00320 Author Corporate Author Roport/Artlck) TltlO Appendix 1: Characteristics of Herbicides Used in Southeast Asia Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color n Number of Images 7 DeSCrlptOU NOteS Handwritten note at top says "14 May Court Proceedings" Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 320 of 341 �APPENDIX 1 Characteristics of Herbicides Used in Southeast A^sia The chemicals present in the defoliant mixes employed by the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia were developed originally to control weeds, that is, plants growing in places where nan does not v^ant them to be. Veeds present serious problems to agriculture because they compete with crops for available sunlight, moisture, and nutrients. For millenia the only v:eapons farmers had to use against woods were mechanical, such as the hoe and the plow. In 1896 the modern use of chemicals to control weeds began with the work 'of a French scientist named Honnet. He observed th?t the seedlings of wild mustard, a common weed in Uestern Europe, died when sprayed with a fungicide developed for use on "rape vines. Bonnet later found that copper sulfate, a component of the fungicide, would selectively kill the wild mustard growing in a cereal crop. Other research showed that chemical compounds such as sodium nitrate, ferrous sulfate, and dilute sulfuric ncid also acted as selective herbicides against broad-leafed weeds in fields o* cereal plants with narrow, upri~ht leaves. These compounds were dossicants and worked by extracting water from plant tissues. Their selectivity depended on the broad, level surfaces of the weeds collecting more of the chemical rpray or dust than cereal leaves. The performance of these chemicals, except for dilute sulfuric acid, war, however, erratic. fyr.th^tic nlant hormones or plant r;rcr.:th regulators, precursors of the primary herbicides used in Vietnam, vere difrco'-'omd in the l°30s. The first synthetic plant horr.one herbicides were ruite e:-:nensive and < �therefore impractical as agricultural chemicals. A search undertaken to find less expensive and more active artificial plant hormones in 19^2 identified 2,lj-dichloropheno2<yacetic acid (2,li-D) as one of the most promising. Field trials during the World t.'ar II years proved that a related compound, 2,lj,3>-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,h,5>-T) could also be used as a selective herbicide. These\two compounds later became important agricultural chemicals, and they were the primary components of several of the herbicides employed in the Hanch Hand procram. T) Geoffrey 5. Blacknan, The Effects of Herbicides in fouth Vietnam, Part B, Working Papers; An Historicpl Survey; olM>he; peyfljqojnpnt jxf Herbicide_s (Washington. B.C.: National Academy of Sciences, February Three terms used throughout this study need to be defined: "herbicide," "defoliant," and "dessicsnt." A herbicide is a chemical which will kill or injure a plant when applied to air, soil, water, or the plant itself. 9 \ The defining characteristic of defoliants is that they cause the leaves of a plant to fall prematurely, although the plant may or may not die as a result• A dessicmt is a diving ?,:~rent which causes a plant's tissues to lose their moisture, thereby killin-' or dana^ing the nlant. a dessic?nt may or may not result in subseau^nt dofoli"tion. chemical r.ay fall into one or nore of these categories. The use of Thus, a given ?-TO of the tnrms, "herbicide" nnd "defoliant" are used practically interchangeably in discursions nbout the Ranch Hrnd program, but ronoti-nes tlio riiffcrences in moaning may be important. . �Rprfc, Review and Evaluation of ARPA "Defoliation" Program in South Vietnam ffi&J, p 5. None of the herbicides used in Southeast Asia were of a new or experimental nature. They had all been used .for several years in commercial agriculture both in the United States and in other countries. By way of illustration, in 1961, the year before the Ttanch Hand program be,e;an, about IjO million acres plus hundreds of thousands of miles of roadsides, railroads, and utility rights of way were treated with phenosy herbicides in the United States. Of this total, wore than ten million acres, an area about one-fourth tho size of South Vietnam, received aerial spray applications. The » herbicides used in Southeast Asia were familiar agricultural chemicals, and aerial spraying of them was common* Hprt, Review and Evaluation of ARPA "Defoliation" Program in South Vietnam [&)®J9 p ii. ci �The compounds 2,h~D and 2,)i,i>-T are chlorinated phenoxy acids, and herbicides contain them in the acid form, as salts, and as esters, Wiich form is chosen for a specific application depends on desired characteristics such as solubility, volatility, and melting point. The persistence of 2,lt-D and V 2,1;,5-T in soil is limited to only a., few weeks^ and. high dosages are . ••*-> '£{'<• necessary to pibduce 1(^=::^ir[^--!^^^-^^ , con si' (goncem n^s developea over the potential danger from 2,3,7,0-tetrachlorodibenzopara-dioxin, corimonly known as dioxin, an impurity present in 2,l4,5>-T. Fnenoxy herbicides are growth regulators which have extensive effects on the structure of plants. Their a c t i o n is generally r^pid, and the fact that thej ray spread throughout a p l a n t allows them to a f f e c t alr.cst a l l of its biological a c t i v i t i e s . A plant's reaction to 2,'-(-D or 2,'J,5-T jr. ay result in an a V n o r r a l p r o d u c t i o n of buos or roots and the excessive giowth of tissues. In lesser concentrations, the g r o w t h in tissues s u r r o u n d i n g a p l a n t ' s v a s c u l a r system and the resultant r e s t r i c t i o n in the flow of n u t r i e n t s r a y cause a slow death of the plant. In ;-:hort f these two hc-rl ic'' jes s t i m u l a t e a p r o l i f e r a t i o n of t i s K u C ) ^ ^The Coriinitlee on tte Kffccts of J:erMci:'.es in Vir.-tnrin, j i a l Fit" re arch C o u n c i l , Tne J^I^cts _pf j:'/_r": i c i d - J c in T o u t h V i ' / i r, •-.•-.: Tari ^, ( W n - h i n r t o n , D . C . : Natfonal Acricur.y of Pcic-.-jccr;", "lV7'0 • pp. 11-21, 31; Floyd K. A:.;hton and Alclon S. Crafts, Kone of A c t i o n of J i c r b i c i _ d r n , (New York: John W i l e y & Tons, 1973)i PP- '---?'°-S. P i c l o ; ,iii. r:H A t?iird r c : ' j " .r.-J i:.«-'.-i ' n '.:.'-• * :.'.-:h r;'. r": ici':e fo: r •:'!::1 ( •„ '.r; �was p i c l o r a r o . Sold commercially as Tordon, it has the formal chemical name of '4--aifiino-3f5»6-"';richloropicolinic acid. is a white powder with a smell like chlorine. In its pure state, it Piclorarc's toxicity to man is thought to "be lower than that of 2,'4-D or 2,4,5-T. ] Like the phenoxy herbicides, picloran. regulates plant growth, "but the precise r.echanisirs involved are not known. It is an extremely mobile compound, being readily a"; i~ :>rV:d by both the l e a v e s and roots and transported throughout the plant's t i s s u e s . against woody plants. Its "ability enhances its e f f e c t i v e n e s s Sore of the effects of picloram ere to .stunt leaves and cause terr.inal g r o w t h to stop. Also, tissues a l o n g the stem proliferate, and the stem tends to lend and split. d e t e r i o r a t e , and th-3 pl-i.nt r-oon n i o s . Roots ir.ay Cor pa red to 2 , V - D , p i c l o r a m is i;iuch i.ore r o b i l e , "hotter able to i ; ; n e t r a t e roots, and nore toxic to plants. One i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n picloram and the phonoxy h c - r b i c i d o s is that it is j - ^ r s i s t c n t in .soils whereas the ]Viorjoxy coi:ipounds g e n e r a l l y are not. Its j-:-r:. : istonce a l l o w s H to bo i;r.ed as a general noil s t o r i l a n t xuider sone conditions. ^ ^Tne Cor:.:'dttee on the h f f a c t s of Herbicides in V i e t n a m , Tn^ Kffpcts_o_f I-:trbi_ci(:c-s__in n_outh_Vj ctnnr:;: rart__A, p. JI-15; A.'.hton and CrafCs~, pp." '4f3-';i8V C a c r . i y l i c Acid 0 II CH 3 - -As - -OH CM 3 • �Cacodylic a c i d , formally known as hydroxydiiriethylarsine oxide and sold as Fnytar, is not a plant- growth regulator like the other three herbicides. Rather, it functions as an "uncoupler," keeping v the plant from using the products of its metabolism for growth and tissue maintenance. It is thought that the effectiveness of cacoaylic a c i d , like other arsenic, compounds 4Bqp85lpyused as herbicides, derives from its ability to substitute arsenic for phosphorus in biocheMcal reactions. Its effects on a plant are to stop g r o w t h , r-i.i^ck re.T-brane integrity, and cause drying, yellowing, a n d , e v e n t u a l l y , death. Because drying i s - i t s primary observable effect, cacodylic acid is often labeled as a der-sicant. It is a c o n t a c t herbicide and is rapidly rendered i n e f f e c t i v e in soil. Cacodylic acid, an. "organic compound, can replace i n o r g a n i c forms of arsenic such ;is sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate in a herbicide role. These inorganic arsenic cor.'pcn.-i.is are very toxic to both nan .'>nd anir.ils and can cause accidental fatalities. £aee£fitc acid itself is slightly toxic to humanSj*> a probable lethal oral dose of one ounce or r.-orc, alUjongh it has l i t t l e or no t o x i c i t y whcr. a p p l i e d to the skin. ^ '-A:;hton rmd C r a f t s , pp. l'47-l60. Cor.binations of ty.L-se four hc-rbicidc.-.-: xc-re 'jiod to f c r r u l a t e the d i f f e r e n t color-ci-ic-d a r o n t r i.-r.c-d in the r.-i/ch Hai.d o j o r a l i c n :in Sc.-.ithcist Ar-.ia. Table 1 lists the composition of these m �TABLE 1 Major Herbicide Mixtures Used in Vietnam^ Military Color Code or Trade Name* Pink Composition (active ingredientsi £ n-bufcyl ester of 2,L.5-T £ isobutyl ester of 2,[),5-T Green 100£ n-butyl ester of 2,h,$-T Pink-Green mixture 80£ n-butyl ester of 2,li,5l-T 20£ isobutyl ester of 2,1/,5-T Binoxol !r>0£ butyoxyethanol ester of 2,lj-D $0% butyoxyethanol ester of 2,h,5-T Trinoxol 100$ butyoxyethanol oster of 2,b,5-T » 501? n-butyl ester of 2,1,-D 305 n-butyl ester of 2, 2Q% isobutyl ester of 2 Purple Blue 100^ sodium salt of cacocfyrlic ncid Orange $Q% n-butyl ester of 2,la-D 50£ n-butyl ester of 2,)i,5-T Orange II 501 n-butyl ester of 2,lj-D 5CK icooctyl ester of 2,11,5-T Vhite fiO'? triisopropanolaninfi salt of 2,lj-D 20'' triisopropanolanine snlt of picloram a. Herbicide drums were identified bjr a four-inch-wide circular band of paint colored in correspondence with there color codes. The Coriuiittee on the Effects of Herbicides in Vjotnan, llr.tionnl Research Council, The Effects of j->j.rMcji(iof in South Viet ruin; Part t (rnshin^ton, D.C.: i:ati^r.?il /cnr'eny of" Sciences, 197TT), p II-Tf rprt, !?«view ?nd Evaluation of / t u'/ "TVjfnlir-tion" Pror;r?n in South Vin^ner. /Y)&Jt pp 31-32; rrrt, Capt /-Ivin L. Yonn",, et, al, U5AF Occupational and rm-i?'on-Tftn Health Laboratory, The Tb?"icolo'y, rinvironriental ^ate, ar,d rur.an P.ick of Herbicide Orange anr5 Its Associated Moxin, <"'ct 7B, p 1-7. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0320 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appendix 1: Characteristics of Herbicides Used in Southeast Asia Subject The topic of the resource herbicide toxicology herbicide properties Ranch Hand https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/2700448d4c27fac85d82aaafc94508c9.pdf 99f0f4db39c2196f5e1875b47be6f336 PDF Text Text 00174 Auther International Business Machines Corporation, 1601 N. Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 ReDOPt/ArtlCle Title Application File Description: Herbicide File (HERBIE - MACV) (HERB01 OASD/REPRO) Yuan 1971 March 1 Mr 17 Description of a database of herbicide application mission data. Friday, January 05, 2001 Page 174 of 194 �. p]' cation File Description V Herbicide File (HERBIE - MACV) {HERB01 - OASD/REPRO) File Dote: 1 March 1971 Project Officer: John C. Patterson 8312, OX7-2356 File Programmers: A.B. Harmon F.J. Sears IBM Support Group 0X5-0491 This Application File Description has been prepared by the International Business Machines Corporation, 1601 M. Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209, for the National Military Command System Support Center under DCA Contract Number DCA 1QQ-70-C-Q014. �CHAPTER 1 FILE DESCRIPTION Purpose The purpose of the HERBIE file is to provide users with a means of retrieving herbicide mission history data. The data in the file is classified CONFIDENTIAL. Information Types Data in the file is presented in a single fixed record for each unique flight mission. Information on flight number, mission route, type and quantity of herbicide sprayed, abort reasons appeared in the original file {HERBIE). When the file was revised by OASD (REPRQ) data on'track length, flow rates, concentration rate and acres sprayed were added. Input Source The HERBIE file, was developed for use by the Military Assistance Command, Chemical Operations Division, Vietnam, Data for this file was extracted -from monthly worksheets prepared by Chemical Operations Division, MACV, using information received from their .primary data sources. File Revision History The HERBIE file has been converted to a new and expanded file, HERB01. The data in the new file includes all of the data in HERBIE with the addition of several new data fields, This new data, designed to enhance analysis of herbicide missions, was developed by specially prepared programs using HERBIE data as input. The new data fields are identified in Chapters 2 and 3 by marking with an asterisk. User Organization The Regional Programs Division of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OASD/REPRQ) is the primary user of the information in this file. Data Record Arrimgen'ent: Data contained in each record of the ^EKBQl file is arranged •as follows: Control Set - Uniquely identifies a record �1. 2. Date of flight mission Combat Tactical Zone over which a mission was flown 3. Mission Project Number 4. ' Multiple run of mission indicator 5. Multiple province, mission coverage indicator. Fixed Set 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Province Data Aircraft scheduled and delivery data Herbicide type and gallons sprayed Aircraft abort data Run type Acres sprayed Concentration and flow rates Total track length of mission, Periodic Set 1 - Mission Track Data 1. 2. Coordinate data - UTM and Lat/Leng Length of legs of track of mission File Growth Rate The file is not expected to grow except through corrections to present data records. It includes data from July 1965 to December 1970. File Size The file contains approximately 5100 fixed records and 13,500 periodic records. The record size ranges from 104 to 1216 bytes and the file occupies 20 cylinders of 2314 disk of space. A magnetic tape copy of this file is maintained. �CHAPTER 2 FILE FORMAT TABLE File Name - HERB01 FLD/GRP NAME STATEMENT OPERATOR FIELD SIZE YY MM DD DATE FIELD FIELD FIELD GROUP 002 002 002 FIELDS - YY CTZ NUMBR XRUN MISSION FIELD FIELD FIELD GROUP ALPHA ALPHA ALPHA ALPHA MM FIELD GROUP CTL CTL CTL CTL FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD GROUP MULTI FIELD FIELD GROUP FIELD PROJ 001 006 002 002 002 002 ALPHA NUMER ALPHA NUMER NUMER NUMER ALPHA AIRA 002 . 005 FIELDS - AGENT HIT MISSION ALPHA FIELDS - AIRF AGENT GAL AGGAL ALPHA ALPHA GROUP FIELDS - DATE FLAG SEQNQ PROV AIRF AIRA AIRP AIR ALPHA ALPHA ALPHA ALPHA XRUN 001 FIELDS - CTZ RECID DD 001 008 001 FIELDS - NUMBR MULTI PRQJ MODE 902 AIRP ALPHA NUMER ALPHA GAL NUMER �FLD/GRP NAME STATEMENT OPERATOR FIELD SIZE MABRT WABRT BABRT ABORT FAIL FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD GROUP 001 001 001 001 NUMER NUMER NUMER NUMER ALPHA FIELDS - MABRT TYPE HECTARE SQKILO ACRES AREAS FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD GROUP WABRT FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD ENDFS ABORT ALPHA NUMER NUMER NUMER ALPHA SQKILO GROUP ACRES ALPHA FIELDS - PRQV FAIL AREA CONT FLOW TRACK 0TMID UTM LATLONG CORDS KMLEG MILEG BABRT 001 . 008 008 008 . FIELDS - HECTARE FIXED MODE 008 008 008 008 002 008 015 015 004 004 AIR AGGAL HIT TYPE AREAS CTL NUMER NUMER NUMER NUKER ALPHA ALPHA ALPHA COORD NUMER NUMER �CHAPTER 3 FILE DETAIL Field/Group names preceded by an asterisk (*} are new field/groups in HERB01. All other fields/groups appear in both the KERBIE and HERB01 versions of the Herbicide file. Control Set ! £ FIELD/ GROUP LENGTH CODE DATA VALUES *YY FIELD 2 65-70 ALPHA This field contains the year of the mission, i.e., 70 for 1970. *MM FIELD 2 1-12 ALPHA This field contains the month of the missions, i.e., 04 for April. *DD FIELD 2 1-31 ALPHA This field contains the day of the mission. DATE F in HERBIE G in HERB01 6 ALPHA This data element contains the date of the mission. *CTZ FIELD 1 1-4 ALPHA This field identifies the Combat Tactical Zone over which the mission was flown. *NUMBR FIELD 8 ALPHA This field contains the mission project nuriber which is normally six characters-left justified. *XRUN FIELD 1 A, B, C, etc. ALPHA « This field identifies the first, second, third, etc. run of the mission. �ID FIELD/ GROUP LENGTH *MISSION GROUP 9 CODE DATA VALUES . ALPHA This group contains a unique mission number for a project. *MULTI FIELD 1 X ALPHA An 'X1 in this field indicates that the mission covered more than one province; if blank, only one province. PROJ F in HERBIE G in HERB01 11 ALPHA This data element contains a unique identifier for each mission. RECID GROUP 17 ALPHA This group is composed of DATE and PROJ and provides a unique identification for each record in the file. Fixed Set *FLAG FIELD 1 Table A-l ALPHA This field is generated after analysis of the records or after the results of various statistical analysis have been calculated. *SEQNO FIELD 6 OTMER This field is generated by a special range program. The sequence number is used to facilitate preparation of plots. PROV FIELD 2 Table A-2 ALPHA This field contains a code representative of the province in which the mission was flown or, in case of a multi-province mission, the province in which the mission started. AIR? FIELD 2 H'l".''" This field contains the number of aircraft scheduled �FIELD/ GROUP ID LENGTH CODE • DATA VALUES to fly the mission. AIRA FIELD 2 NUMER This field contains the number of aircraft actually airborne for the mission. AIRP FIELD 2 NUMER This field contains the number of aircraft actually making delivery (productive) on a mission. *AIR GROUP 6 NUMER This group contains the data elements AIRF, AIRA, and AIRP. AGENT FIELD 2 0=Orange B=Blue W=Hhite ALPHA This field contains the type of herbicide used on a particular mission. GAL FIELD 5 , NUMER This field contains the number of gallons of herbicide sprayed during a mission. *AGGAL GROUP 7 ALPHA This group contains the data elements AGENT and GAL. HIT FIELD 2 NUMER This field contains the number of hits taken during a run. MABRT FIELD 1 NUMER This field contains the number of aborts, either air or ground, attributable to maintenance. V7ABRT FIELD 1 NUMER This field contains the number of aborts attributable to weather. �FIELD/ ' GROUP ID BABRT FIELD LENGTH CODE 1 DATA VALUES NUMER This field contains the number of aborts attributable to battle damage, ABORT FIELD 1 NUMER This field contains the number of aborts attributable to sources other than BABRT, WABRT, and MABRT. *FAIL GROUP 4 . ... NUMER This group contains the data elements MABRT, WABRT, BABRT, and ABORT. TYPE FIELD 1 D=Defoil- ALPHA ate C=Crop •;.--' This field contains the type of mission flown. , *HECTARE FIELD 8 NUMER This field contains a three decimal place value equal to the reciprocal of the content of the field CONT. *SQKILO FIELD 8 NUMER 8 NUMER 24 NUMER Not used. *ACRES FIELD Not used. *AREAS GROUP This group contains the data elements HECTARE, and SQKILO and ACRES when used. *FIXED GROUP 46 . ALPHA This group contains the dat*i "laments AIR, AGGAL, HIT, FAIL, TY'.'!r, an ,1 ;.....". *AREA FIELD 8 • 8 �FIELD/ ROUP G IE LENGTH' CODE DATA VALUES This field contains the number of acres sprayed. (Not to be confused with field ACRES which is not used.) It is computed by multiplying TRACK by .08 by 247 by AIRP. The value contains two decimal places of precision. *CONT FIELD 8 NUMER This field contains the concentration of herbicide in gallons per acre. It is computed by dividing GAL by AREA. The value contains two decimal places of precision. *FLOW FIELD 8 < NUMER This field contains the flow rate in gallons per second of herbicide dispensed from a single • aircraft during a mission. It is computed by dividing GAL by a figure obtained by multiplying AIRP by TRACK by 14.95. The value contains two decimal places of precision. *TRACK FIELD 8 NUMER This field contains the total distance flown, in kilometers, during the spray portion of a mission, and is computed by summing the periodic field KMLEG. Each track contains at least two points, a start and stop point. The value is rounded and has no decimal places of precision. Periodic Set 1 UTMID FIELD 2 ALPHA This field contains the control field for the subsets. They represent either UTM coordinate start, turn or stop points, depending on the coordinate to which they are attached. A' value of 10 represents the start point of the first leg of a mission and succeeding values (11, 12, 13, etc.) represent turn points. The last value in the run is the end point. A 20 or 30, etc. represents the start of a second or third leg of a mission and succeeding values represent turn points within that leg of the mission. UTM FIELD 8 ALPHA This field contains the UTM coordinate value �IE FIELD/ GROUP LENGTH CODE DATA VALUES which represents the point of start, turnr or stop of the leg of the mission. *LATLONG FIELD 15 ALPHA This field contains the latitude-longitude equivalent of the UTM value converted by a UTM conversion program. *CORDS FIELD 15 " COORD This field contains the KIPS coordinate mode presentation of LATLONG and is included in the file to enable the execution of the circle search and polygon overlap features of NIPS. *KMLEG FIELD 4 NUMER This field contains the computed great circle distance in kilometers between adjacent coordinate points which defines a leg of a mission. KMLEGs for a mission are summed for TRACK. f *MILEG FIELD 4 NUMER This field contains the converted value of KMLEG in miles, computed by multiplying KMLEG by .62. 10 �CHAPTER 4 FILE MAINTENANCE This file is static and no update or expansion is expected. Periodically, during analysis of the file, if an error in the data is found and the correct value for the error can be determined, the error is corrected. Otherwise, the record in error is flagged, and no further action is taken. 11 �CHAPTER 5 RETRIEVAL AND OUTPUT This file developed. is new and Output from HERBIE is (REPRO) analysts and are requirement. standard reports have not been responsive to the needs of OASD of " a one time report or plot A formatted record dump has been prepared for display of* data in each of the two HERBIE files. Additionally, Vietnam-wide plots of mission tracks by year and herbicide type have been prepared. . '- 12 �APPENDIX A CODE TABLES 13 �TABLE A-l FLAG CODE LIST 1 Less than two UTM coordinates per track, or total number of aircraft in AIRP = 0 or blank, or total number of gallons in GAL = 0 or blank. 2 The concentration (CONT) is more than two standard deviations away from the mean. 3 The inversion of concentration is less than two standard deviations away from the mean. 4 Same as 2 except that FLOW is examined. 5 Conditions 2 and 3 exist at the same time. 6 Either conditions 2 and 4 or conditions 3 and 4 exist at the same time. 7 Conditions 2r 3, and 4 exist at the same time. 14 �TABLE A-2 PROVINCE CODE LIST Quang Tri Thua Thlen Quang Nam Quang Tin Quang Ngai Hue Da Nang II CORPS 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 93 94 Kontuin Binh Dinh Pleiku Phu Bon Phu Yen Darlac Khnah Hoa Ninh Thuan Tuyen Due Quang Due Lam Dong Binh Thuan Cam Ranh Dalat III CORPS 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 95 96 Binh Tuy Long Khanh Phuoc Long Binh Long Binh Duong Tay Ninh Hau Hghia Bien Hoa Phuoc Tuy Long An Gia Dinh Vung Tau Saigon IV CORPS Go Cong Kicn "UO:VT Kien ?/.cnr Dinh Tuopg Kien Hoa 30 31 32 33 34 15 �PROV CODE PROVINCE NAME 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 Vinh Binh Vinh Long An Giang Kien Giang Chuong Thien Phong Dinh Ba Xuyen An Xuyen Bac Lieu • Chau Doc Sa Dec 16 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 016 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0174 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: International Business Machines Corporation, 1601 N. Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1 1971 Title A name given to the resource Application File Description: Herbicide File (HERBIE - MACV) (HERB01 - OASD/REPRO) Subject The topic of the resource herbicide application Ranch Hand HERBS database https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/47ef0b4886f38ad4a9d600b08d3bac51.pdf 04e34ae56889e17ee4381e79d4a149a8 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °0329 Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Chart: Timeline 1961-1971 Journal/Book Title Yoar 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D 2 Possibly timeline of Ranch Hand missions? Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 329 of 341 �A "B P C U X L M: /O 7( f> ' f - r / A " ."• u \ ft. C«M O ? , p t Q. 0? -»v �Q L.I- tc. Lft *> <; ...: $. C * r - 'A tirf- L h 41, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0329 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chart: Timeline 1961-1971 Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand troop location USAF history Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0290 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February Title A name given to the resource Clipping: Defoliation Cuts Guard Needs Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand popular press military impact Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0292 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fawcett, Denby Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 21 1966 Title A name given to the resource Clipping: Defoliation Has Its Drawbacks Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand popular press military impact Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0299 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Title A name given to the resource Clipping: Dressed for Battle Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand popular press protective clothing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0289 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-02-01 Title A name given to the resource Clipping: U.S. Launches Biggest Drive in Vietnam Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand popular press military impact Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0293 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 20 1966 Title A name given to the resource Clipping: USAF 'Prevents' Forests: Spray Denies VC Concealment Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand popular press military impact Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 052 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1390 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dioxin: Report from the Environmental Protection Agency and Report from the Office of Science and Technology Policy Subject The topic of the resource public opinion risk assessment civilian exposure Ranch Hand ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 054 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1433 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stellman, Steven D. Jeanne M. Stellman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived American Journal of Industrial Medicine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Title A name given to the resource Estimation of Exposure to Agent Orange and Other Defoliants Among American Troops in Vietnam: a Methodological Approach Subject The topic of the resource HERBS database veteran health and hygiene Ranch Hand dioxin ao_seriesIII