1 15 24 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/1315041a21c910eaaa5eb001942c60a0.pdf dd86b9720e49a795f08aaf172cf6baa3 PDF Text Text Item ID Number ou354 Author Corporate Author U -S- Army Test and Evaluation Command, U.S. Army Av Report/Article Title Report of Test USATECOM Project Numbers 5-4-3001 01 and -02, Integrated Engineering/Service Test of an Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, Part I - Service Test Journal/Book Title Year 1965 Month/Day Ma Color Number of Images y 25 D 52 ^'vin ^- Young had this item filed under the category "Equipment - How Developed, How Used"; DA Project No. 1C543603D432; USATECOM Project No. 5-43001-02 Monday, January 29, 2001 Page 354 of 382 �6 UNCLASSIFIED Project w». t 5-q- jooc owd - ox Terf" Defense Documentation Center Defense Logistics Agency Cameron Station • Alexandria, Virginia UNCLASSIFIED �-•••.• • , . . . . - • . • . » -•-••••_ ' •• : •.' ..v. •'•-!;•;••'•.•.!'.'•• • - • - . - ; > • ' : • * .i.-:'/j:f,\--;: J;"v,."^;r.-:>' "'.i/i-';"^'^,!^ ::: :; '.$•. '-vV^^-'. "?V.''t'^'t^'fi" ;. '^: ' �K REPORT OV TEST PROJECT NUMBERS 5-4-3001-01 «nd -02 INTEGRATED ENGINEERINC/SERVICE TEST OF AN INTERIM DEFOLIANT SYSTEM CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY THE US ARMY AND US A» FORCE PART I - SERVICE TEST. USATECOM PROJECT NO. «-4-30<H-0? PA PROJECT NO. !CS43(>0-iD432 28MAY1S55 Jli U S ARMY AVIATION TEST BOARD FORT RUCKER, ALABAMA TIS A ' �NOTICE: Hher government or other drawings, specifications or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related government procurement operation, the U. S. Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor any obligation •whatsoever; and the fact that the Government nay have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data is not to be regarded by implication or othervise as In any manner licensing the bolder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use or sell any patented Invention that may in any way be related thereto. �COPY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY HEADQUARTERS, US ARMY TEST AND EVALUATION COMMAND Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005 AMSTE-NB 17 Jun 1965 SUBJECT: Final Report of ES Test of an Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force, USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01/02, DA Project 1B543603D432 TO: Commanding General, U. S. Army Materiel Command, ATTN: AMCPM-AI, Washington, D. C. 20315 Commanding General, U. S. Army Combat Developments Command, ATTN: USACDC LnO. USATECOM, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. 21005 1. References: a. Report of Test Project 5-4-3001-01/02, ES Test of Interim Defoliant System, Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force Parti, Service Test, USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-02, 28 May 1965, U. S. Army Aviation Test Board. (Incl 1). b. Appendix n to above, classified CONFIDENTIAL. (Incl 2) c. Final Report of ES Test of Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force, Part n, Physical and Climatic Tests, USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01, May 1965, Dugway Proving Ground. (Incl 3) d. Final Report of ES Test of Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force, Part IH, Dissemination Tests, May 1965, Dugway Proving Ground, classified CONFIDENTIAL. (Incl 4) COPY �£OP Y ' AMSTE-NB 17 Jun 1965 SUBJECT; Final Report of ES Test of an Interim Defoliant System ' Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force, I USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01/02, DA Project 1B543603D432 2. The final report consisting of three parts, reference 1, has been reviewed by this Headquarters and the USA TECOM evaluation of the Interim Defoliant System is as stated in the following paragraphs. 3. Tanks were filled using gravity flow from 55 gallon drums in . the absence of standard filling equipment. It is not expected that the use of hand pump (FSN 4930-255-9132) wil1 create any problems. 4. Standardized ground equipment of the type necessary for handling and mounting the spray tank did not exist in the Army inventory at the time of this ES test. 5. The maintenance package, which consisted of Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and -20P, was evaluated and considered unsuitable. The system was not operated long enough to give adequate data for determination of the spare parts list requirements. 6. Two (2) deficiencies were found during engineering and service tests, as follows: a. Rupture of forward coupling hose during a high internal pressure condition. b. Rupture of rear coupling hose during a high internal pressure condition. Corrective modifications were incorporated into the systems prior to their delivery to U. S. Air Force for the service test. 7. The system, as tested, complied with the operational characteristics of the approved SDR, except for reliability. 8. The modifications incorporated in the Defoliant Systems delivered to the U. S. Air Force for their service test should correct the 2 COPY �CO£Y_ AMSTE-NB 17 Jun 1965 SUBJECT: Final Report of ES Teat of.an Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force, USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01/C2, DA Project 1B543603D432 deficiencies and shortcomings found in this test. The U. S. Air Force testing should be monitored closely to determine the suitability of these corrections and to compile data to complete the maintenance package, to evaluate agent transfer equipment and system reliability. The requirement for a confirmatory or check test should be determined after results of U.S. Air Force testing has been evaluated. 9. Conclusions: a. The interim defeliant system should be suitable for Army use on the armed OV-1C Airplane after the deficiencies and shortcomings have been corrected. b. The interim defeliant system was found to be compatible with the armed OV-1C Airplane.. c. The flight time alloted for the service and dissemination tests was insufficient to determine adequately the reliability and life of the system and to compile an adequate spare parts list. 10. It is recommended that: a. Provided that the reliability requirement is achieved, the interim defeliant system, modified to correct the deficiencies and shortcomings, be considered suitable for Army use on the armed OV-1C Airplane. COPY �COPY_ b. The results of the U. S. Air Force serivce test of the modified system be reviewed to determine any requirement for further Army testing. c. The Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and-20P should be revised prior to production procurement of the interim defoliant system. i . , , . •_: :, ,.-.. .: , FOR THE COMMANDER: r 4 Incls as USANC - 5 cys of each Incl USA CDC - 10 cys of each Incl .;..:•. i Copies furnished: OLIVER H. ASPINWALL, JR. Capt, AGC Asst Admin Officer CO, USAMC, ATTN: AMCRD-DB (w/1 cy of each Incl) CO, USAMUCOM (w/1 cy of each Incl) CO, USA Edgewood Arsenal (w/5 cy of each Incl) CO, DPG (w/o Incls) Pres, USAAVNNTED (w/0 Incls) 4 COPY �DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY UNITED STATES ARMY AVIATION TEST BOARD "Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362 REPORT OF TEST USATECOM PROJECT NUMBERS S-4-3001-01 and -02 INTEGRATED ENGINEERING/SERVICE TEST V 'OF AN INTERIM DEFOLIANT SYSTEM CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY THE "US ARMY AND US AIR FORCE PART I - SERVICE TEST. USATECOM PROJECT NO. 5-4-3001-02 DA PROJECT NO. 1C543603D432 DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICE US Government agencies may obtain copies of this report directly from DDC. Other qualified DDG users shall request through Commanding General, US Army Materiel Command, ATTN: AMCPM-MO, Washington D.C. 20315. l Bf niff.nwi QtJABTEBS PENDING Colonel, Artillery President �I Previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. I �I Previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. [ ABSTRACT This report on the Integrated Engineering /Service Test of the Interim Defoliant System consists of three parts. Dugway Proving Ground is responsible for the Physical Test and the Dissemination Test, and reports of these tests will be submitted later. The Service Test of the Interim Defoliant System on the armed OV-1C was conducted by the USAAVNTBD at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, during the period 14 September through 6 October 1964. Two deficiencies and three shortcomings were found during this test. It was concluded that the interim defoliant system should be suitable for Army use after correction of the deficiencies and shortcomings, that the system was compatible with the armed OV-1C Airplane, that the Review Manuscripts MP 31040-240-12 and -20P should be revised prior to production procurement of the system, and that the time allotted for test was insufficient to compile an adequate spare parts list. It was recommended that the interim defoliant system be considered suitable for Army use on the armed OV-1C when the deficiencies and shortcomings are corrected and that the results of the US Air Force service test be reviewed to determine any requirement for further Army testing. �previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. I DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY UNITED STATES ARMY AVIATION TEST BOARD Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362 REPORT OF TEST PART I - SERVICE TEST OF AN INTERIM DEFOLIANT SYSTEM Table of Contents Page No. SECTION 1 - GENERAL 1. 1, 1.2. 1. 3. 1.4. 1.5. 1. 6. 1.7. 1.8. 1.9. 1. 10. . References Authority Test Objectives Responsibilities Description of Materiel Background Findings Discussion Conclusions Recommendations , SECTION 2 - DETAILS AND RESULTS OF SUBTESTS . . . 2.0. 2.1. 2. 2. 2.3. 2.4. Introduction. . . Installation Requirements Flight Safety Aspects and Dimension Data . . . Operational Data. ; . . . . . Rocket and Machine-Gun Firing During Spray Operation 2.5. Servicing Requirements . 2. 6. Evaluation of Safety Aspects. • vii 1 1 2 2 3 3 8 9 16 16 16 17 19 19 20 21 22 25 26 �Table of Contents (Continued) Page No. SECTION 3 - APPENDICES 27 I. Test Data IL Comparison with the SDR (Classified CONFIDENTIAL: presented under separate cover) m. Deficiencies and Shortcomings IV. Detailed Description of Materiel V. Coordination VI. Distribution List viii l-l II>1 III-l IV-1 V-l VI-1 �SECTION 1 - GENERAL 1.1. REFERENCES. a. Letter, STEDP-CB, Headquarters, Dugway Proving Ground, 20 February 1964, subject: "Dugway Proving Ground Test Plan . ... (OPGTP) C 432, Integrated Engineering/Service Test of an Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by the US Army and US Air Force, USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-01 and -02, " with one inclosure. b. Letter, AM3TE-NBC, Headquarters, US Army Test and Evaluation Command, 30 March 1964, subject: "Test Directive, USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-03, ED Test of Interim Defoliant System for OV-1 Mohawk, " with two inclosures. c. Letter, CDCMR-U, Headquarters, US Army Comb&t Developments Command, 4 May 1964, subject: "Department of the Army (DA) Approved Small Development Requirement (SDR) for an Interim Defoliant System, " with o n e inclosure. ••• " d. Letter, AMCRD-SR, Headquarters, US Army Materiel Command, 25 May 1964, subject: "Department of the Army (DA) Approved Small Development Requirement (SDR) for an Interim Defoliant System." e. Letter, AMSTE-NBC, Headquarters, US Army Test and Evaluation Command, 19 June 1964, subject: "Engineering/Service Test of Interim Defoliant System, USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-00. " f. Review Manuscript, MP 3-1040-240-12, "Operator and Organizational Maintenance Manual, Spray Tank, Biological, Airplane, E44 (End Item Code 958)," Department of the Army, June 1964, as corrected 8 September 1964. g. Summary Report 64-10, "Automatic Spot Counter and Sixer, " Dugway Proving Ground, July 1964. h. Letter, BUWEPS RAAD-131/14: CMM, 31 August 1964, subject: "Model OV-1 Aircraft - Recommended Flight Operating Limitations (Armament Aircraft); Revision to. " �i. Review Manuscript, MP 3-1040-240-20P, "Organizational Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools Lasts for Spray Tank, Biological, Airplane, E44, (FSN ), (End Item Code 958), " Department of the Army. 1.2. 1.2. 1. Directive. . , Letter, AMSTE-BG, Headquarters, US Army Test and Evaluation Command, 10 December 1963, subject: "Directive for Conducting an Integrated Engineering /Service Test of an Interim Defoliant System for the OV-1 (Mohawk) Aircraft Jointly with the US Air Force, USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-00," as amended 30 January 1964. 1. 2. 2. Purpose. To determine the suitability of the interim defoliant system on the OV-1 (Mohawk) for the purpose of recommending type classification. 1. 3. TEST OBJECTIVES. 1.3.1. Primary. To determine whether the performance, reliability, maintenance requirements, and suitability of the Army Interim Defoliant System for the OV-1 (Mohawk) Aircraft meet the SDR. 1.3.2. Secondary. 1. 3. 2.1. To determine whether the interim defoliant system will interfere with the defensive capability of the OV-1 armed with machine guns and rocket subsystems and whether the use of such systems will adversely affect the spray tanks. 1.3. 2. 2. To obtain data for prediction of contamination densities and area coverages for a variety of release heights and wind velocities. �1.4. : RESPONSIBILITIES. . 1.4. 1. Dugway Proving Ground. , . -L •" • . \ ' ' ^' I—• : .Dugway Proving Ground was responsible for: 1.4.1.1. Consolidating and coordinating the plan of teat. ',<••, • '' 1.4.1.2. Providing support for the Service Test accomplished at Dugway Proving Ground. , ; : 1.4. 1. 3. Conducting the Physical and Dissemination Testa. 1.4,1.4. Providing a representative to monitor the Climatic Test conducted by the US Air Force for the US Army. * -, : .v 1.4. i.5. Providing USATECOM with part IE, Physical Te«t (to include US Air Force Climatic Test) and part m, Dissemination Test, of the report of test. ; • . _ ' • • " * • • . 1 *4'2' " US Arm • ' • . - • • . - ' - - • - ' - y Aviation Test Board (USA.AVNTBD). The USAAVNTBD was responsible for: 1.4.2. 1. Providing support for, and participating in, the Dissemination Test accomplished at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. 1. 4. 2. 2. Conducting the Service Test. 1.4. 2. 3. Providing USATECOM with part I, Service Test, of the report of test. 1.4.3. US Army Biological Laboratories. The US Army Biological L/aboratorieB were responuible for providing the defoliant system for all tests. 1.5. DESCRIPTION OF MATERjEL. The defoliant system consists of two E-44 biological onvay tanko designed to epray chemical agents from an rirplane fitted for external wing stores. The system was installed on an armed OV-1C Airplane. A detailed description is contained in appendix IV. �Figure 1. Nose-cone section with four-bladed ram-air drive turbine. 1. 5.1. Tank. , The tacks are modified Aero 1C 150-gallon auxiliary fuel tanks. The npse-cone section contains a variable pitch, four-bladed, ram-air drive turbine which is coupled directly to a centrifugal pump (figures 1 and 2). The pump provides the pressure necessary to disseminate the agent at a rate up to 350 gallons per minute. The nose-cone section was protected by an aluminum bulkhead which reduced the tank capacity to 134 gallons. On the armed OV-1C Airplane, �Figure 2. Nose-cone section with upper cowling removed. the tank was further limited to a capacity of 80 gallons of agent by the store - station weight limitations. The tail section houses a motoroperated gate valve which controls the fluid flow from the chemical transfer line (pump output) to a spray boom horizontally mounted on the rear of the tank. (See figure 3.) The spray boom has 32 tapped outlets which accommodate the number of nozzles for the desired dissemination rate (figures 4 and 5). �Figure 3. .Tail section with inspection plate removed showing motoroperated gate valve. 1.5.2. Agent, The defoliant agent used during testing consisted of a 50/50 mixture of LNA and LNB called "Orange" (Chemical Corps purchase description: 198-2-47EA, Herbicide Mixtuve, Orange). The agent was dyed with six grams of Dupont Oil Rerl (C. I. 258) per liter of agent for test purposes. 6 , �Figure 4. Rear view of the interim defoliant system installed on wing station No. 4, showing the Spray boom with 32 nozzles installed. An LAU 32/A 2. 75-inch FFAR pod is mounted on wing station 6 with the XM-14 50-caliber machine-gun pod on wing station 5. 1.5.3. Controls. The gate valve and turbine brake are electrically controlled from the armu.ment panel in the cockpit, utilizing the 28-volt d. c. electrical system. "" " �Figure 5. 1.6. Close-up view of spray boom nozzles. BACKGROUND. 1. 6.1. The requirement for the defoliant system is contained in subparagraph 129d(4), appendix E, of the Combat Developments Objectives Guide. 1.6.2. The US Army Biological Laboratories were the prime contractor for developing the defoliant system for use by both the US Army and US Air Force. �1. 6. 3. The defoliant system was given a safety- of -flight release on 31 August 1964 (reference h). , <• - * j. \ ' - \* ' . * t '• -. .'V-O/' 1 "^* f 1.6.4. A coordination' meeting of all participating agencies was held at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, on 23 March 1965. The following resulted: . ' . - . .^ •*"- , . - - > > 1.6.4.1. The USATECOM representative authorized: v *-*vC*' 1 "". . ' ' , "' "'• "W*--1 a. Submission of a three -part report of test instead of one integrated report. Part I, the Service Test report, contains a complete "Section I - General" (including findings, conclusions, and recommendations of all the parts of test), and is the responsibility of the USAAVNTBD. Part II, the Physical Test, includes the Climatic Test conducted by the US Air Force. Part ffl is the Dissemination Test. Dugway Proving Ground is responsible for parts n and in and will submit these parts directly to USATECOM. '- *** j •- - ' ' : ' ' : . b. Use of pertinent data from the US Air Force test with the modified tanks to evaluate the maintenance package and refilling procedures. If possible, previous Dissemination Test data based on prediction will be confirmed. > • ' . ' • .• • 1. 6. 4. 2. Suitability of the maintenance and refilling data obtained from the US Air Force service test on the modified tanks will determine the requirement for a check test. Two tanks will be modified and made available for a check test if required. 1.7. FINDINGS. 1.7.1. General. ...,< l . v 1. 7. 1. 1. The system was installed on the armed CV-1C Airplane with adequate clearances and without exceeding center -of-gravity (e.g.) limits in any configuration. Initial installation and system check-out including filling time required 7. 72 man-hours. (Tanks were filled after being mounted on the aircraft. ) The only reconfiguration of the airplane was disconnecting the electrical cannon plugs for the Aero 65 racks on wing stations 3 and 4. The spray tank wiring was connected directly into the wing outlet located in the pylon; therefore, only manual jettison was possible. �- "" '-''.' ." ^iv%~ . "- ""-£.' '•'"'7..'V3 - • ^ ' : ..' <-- %;••:•• :,-| .*>**£&. -'• ^ : k \::^-?-.3*i .-.'•! 4 '""""J;.-'4 -' Jt ':^S'^S ^/..V;^'' 7fc« Iv^-^i^/^^^k ''i^ " • ^ >y fc^ ^^5*^- vJ^4f:^^.v-v;-r^^r?4i^V .-. - ' llfe'iS Figure '6. Gravity-f?o\v filling of installed spray tank usi:ig a 55gallon drum and an MJ-3 loading trailer. 10 �Figure 7. The MJ-3 loading trailer with load spreader supporting a spray tank in position. 1. 7.1. 2. Gravity-flow filling of the system (used to fill tanks mounted on the airplane) required 1.5 man-hours. No special transfer equipment was provided. Equipment uscr' \vaa a 55-gallon drum with attached nozzle (figure,6). A simpler and faster method of filling the tank is needed. No difficulty was encountered in filling the tank when external stores were carried on wing stations I, 2, 5, and 6. 1.7.1.3. The use of MJ-3 loading trailers which incorporate a lift platform expedited mounting and filling operations (figure 7). The only other ground-handling equipment utilized was a utility transport 11 �Figure 8. Utility transport trailer with two spray tanks installed. trailer (figure 8) capable of carrying two full tanks. This equipment is not Army standard. Mounting empty tanks on the wing stations and then filling them with agent was faster and safer than mounting full tanks. 1. 7.1. 4. The tank and packaging were not damaged and had not deteriorated, and the tank was functional after exposure to the following tests (details are contained in part U, Physical Test): a. High temperature b. Low temperature 12 �c. Temperature chock d. Rain "' e. " ' •' - '• • Humidity f. ' '"' " ' • " """• '• ; -: "- : »* Salt spray g. Sand and dust .. ... „ .1 h. Incline impact (except for splitting of cleats in shipping , i. Corner-wise drop j. Rough road haul crate) . , . _ k . Slosh . , .-..'.".'•; 1. Ground transportation vibration m. Air transportation vibration (packaging was damaged but tr>^ tank was operable) 1, 7.1. 5. Safety features of the system were considered adequate; however, there was nc de-vice to prevent spillage through the overflow tube during ground handling and accelerations. The agent was a. mild skin irritant and harmful to macadam surfaces. Spills on a sod field would cause discoloration which could be an undesirable tactical feature as it would invite attention to the area by cir craft. 1.7. 1.6. The maintenance package, which consisted of Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and -20P, was evaluated and considered unsuitable. The system was not operated long enough to give adequate data to determine a spare parts list required. No special skills or tools were required for maintenance performed during »hi? tsst. 1.7.2. Effects of the System on the Airplane Performance. 1.7,2.1. Degradation of airplane performance was minimal. No agent impinged on the airplane surfaces during spraying runs utilizing either maximum or lesser flow rates. All electrical controls in the system ops-rated satisfactorily (see appendix I). 13 �.1.7.2.2. Armament firing during spraying was satisfactory. There was no significant effect on the system operation from the firing of machine guns and rockets. When rockets were fired from stations 2 and 5, a thin layer of rocket waste materiel was deposited on one side of the *pray boom. Also, a fin-retainer button released when the rockets fired made a small dent in the spray boom. Neither of these impingements affected the operation of the system. 1.7.3. Dissemination Performance. fordetaUsT) (See part TIT, Dissemination Test, 1.7.3.1. The maximum flow rate of the system was approximately 700 gallons per minute. Lower flow rates were obtained by decreasing the number of spray nozzles prior to takeoff. 1. 7. 3.2. During 200-Vnot spraying runs utilizing the maximum flow rate, the system produced a particle-size distribution having a mas« medium diameter of 250 to 300 microns. 1.7.3.3. A deposit rate of three gallons per acre over an area greater than or equal to 20 acres can be attained under most operational conditions. 1. 7.4. Deficiencies. Two deficiencies were found during the Service and Dissemination Tests: a. Rupture of the forward coupling hose during a high internal pressure condition (figure 9). b. Rupture of the rear coupling hose during a high internal pressure condition (figure 9). These deficiencies have been corrected and the modifications incorporated in the systems delivered to the US Air Force for their service test. A complete list of deficiencies and shortcomings is contained in appendix 1«7.5. Compliance with tlvs Sm«J? Development Requirement (SDR). * The system as tested complied with the operational characteristice of the approved SDR. 14 �firm Figure 9. Ruptured forward coupling hose with torn teflon line (above) and ruptured rear coupling hose prior to removal (below). 15 �1. 8. DISCUSSION. The modifications incorporated in the defoliant systems delivered to the US Air Force for their service test should correct the deficiencies and shortcomings found in this test. The US Air Force testing should be monitored closely to determine the suitability of these corrections and to compile data to complete the maintenance package and evaluate agent transfer equipment. The requirement for a confirmatory or check test could be determined after the results of the US Air Force test are evaluated. , ' ' 1.9. CONCLUSIONS. 1. 9.1. The interim defoliant system should be suitable for Army use on the armed OV-1C Airplane after the deficiencies and shortcomings have been corrected. . '• 1. 9.2. The interim defoliant system was found to be compatible with the armed OV-1C Airplane. • - , 1. 9. 3. The Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and -20P should be revised prior to production procurement of the interim defoliant system. 1. 9.4. The flight, time allotted for the Service and Dissemination Tests was insufficient to determine adequately the life of the system and to compile an adequate spare parts list. 1.10. RECOMMENDATIONS. It is recommended that; 1. 10.1. The interim defoliant system, modified to correct the deficiencies and shortcomings, be considered suitable for Army use on the armed OV-1C Airplane. 1.10. 2. The results of the US Air Force service test of the modified system b* reviewed to determine any requirement for farther Army testing. • 16 �SECTION 2 DETAILS AND RESULTS OF SUBTESTS 17 �I Previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. I SECTION 2 - DETAILS AND RESULTS OF SUBTESTS 2.0. INTRODUCTION. The service teat was conducted at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, uuring the period 14 September through 6 October 1964. A total of 13 spraying missions were attempted with the interim defoliant system installed on the armed OV-1C Airplane; ten missions were successfully accomplished. ' . . <„.-,i 2.1. INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS. 2.1.1. Objective. • '•:••• . - . . • . . - . • • • : - • ::; ,-..-.-»( y V.T.;-. Y To determine installation requirements. 2.1.2. Method. , t . -• . The defoliant system was installed using both empty and full tanks. The time and equipment required to uncrate the system and install it were determined. The tanks were installed using the MJ-3 loading trailers. After a full spray tank was mounted on the Aero 65A rack on one wing, the MJ-3 loading trailer platform was lowered slightly to insure that the rack-mounting lugs had locked. The trailer platform left in this position precluded a high wing condition on the opposite wing' and assisted in mounting the second full spray tank. 2. 1. 3. Results. 2, 1. 3.1. A total of 6. 22 man-hours was required for initial installation and checkout. Time and equipment required for uncrating and initial installation is as follows: a. Uncrating Time: 6 men @ 25 minutes = 2. 5 man-hours Equipment used: MJ-3 loading trailer b. Installation on aircraft (1) First spray tank empty, minus spray boom: ... Time: 4 men @ 20 minutes = 1. 33 man-hours Equipment used: MJ-3 loading trailer 19 �...... (2) Second spray tank empty, minus spray boom:" Time: 4 men @ 16 minutes = 1. 06 man-hours" .,.,..,-.;•; ^Equipment used: MJ-3 loading trailer ; ., , . . . c. -v Electrical check, - J J Time: 2 men @ 10 minutes = 0. 33 man-hour Equipment used: Airplane electrical system and armament stores controls .--'..V ••_'-.';• d. Spray boom installation - (two tanks) .• , • , Time: 4 men @ 15 minutes = 1.0 man-hour ' 2. 1. 3. 2. Average time to install defoliant system empty: Time: 4 men @ 36 minutes = 2. 4 man-hours •;..: - , Equipment used: Two MJ-3 loading trailers < 3 2.1.3.3. Average time to install defoliant system full: •;; t- ; (•,:-•<. . , Time: 4 men @ 40 minutes = 2. 67 man-hours Equipment used: Two MJ-3 loading trailers ; . • • - : ',; ... 2. 1. 3.4. Initial installation and system checkout including filling time required 7. 72 man-hours. The only reconfiguration of the airplane was disconnecting the electrical cannon plugs for the Aero 65 racks on wing stations 3 and 4. . • -. . .•• 2. 1. 4. Analysis. Not applicable. 2.2. FLIGHT SAFETY ASPECTS AND DIMENSION DATA. 2. 2. 1. Objective. Determine flight safety aspects and dimension data. 2. 2. 2. Method. 2. 2. 2. 1. Weight and balance were computed for takeoff weight with full internal fuel, a two-man crew, and each spray tank filled to 80 20 �gallons. Landing weight was computed-for a 30-minute fuel reserve, two-man crew, and empty spray tanks. .£..';.. 2. 2. 2. 2. Weight and balance were computed for takeoff weight full internal fuel, a two-man crew, the spray tank full (80 gallons each), and two XM-14 machine gun pods and two LAU 32/A rocket pods all with full complements of ammunition. Landing weight was computed for a 30-minute fuel reserve, a two-man crew, empty spray tanks, empty machine gun pods, and empty LAU 32/A pods. 2. 2. 2. 3. The installation was measured to determine applicable dimensions. 2. 2. 2. 4. The system was weighed empty and filled (80 gallons of agent per tank). - - . ; . . - . ; . \- : •:-.••;-.-..-,. \-_ •; 2. 2. 3. Results. 2. 2. 3.1. Both configurations were within takeoff and landing e.g. and gross-weight limitations. DD Forms 365F are contained in . appendix I. ...... . , .....-,.- / .,/-. 2. 2. 3. 2. Ground clearances were adequate. Clearance from spray tank to ground was 21. 75 inches. 2. 2. 3. 3. Clearance from the spray boom and the closest point on the aircraft, the inboard end of the ailerons was 36. 0 inches and was adequate. 2. 2. 3. 4. Weight of the defoliant system empty was 443. 52 pounds, and weight with 80 gallons of agent per tank was 2149. 12 pounds. 2.2.4. Analysis. Not applicable. 2.3. OPERATIONAL DATA. 2. 3. 1. Objective. To determine operational data on the defoliant system with specified flow rates of 700 (normal) and 350 gallons per minute. 21 �2. 3. 2. Method. 2. 3. 2. 1. : The flow rate was set on the ground at 700 gallons per minute. The airplane proceeded along flight path and altitude designated by DPG. test officer at a true airspeed of 200 knots. The spray operation was initiated and discontinued over designated points. The test was performed twice. -.A-'-;"'.". .' ' - : . .".--. -..-v,' -. ,> V 'i-.-^..r :*;,:; •.,-!•2. 3. 2. 2. This test was repeated using a flow rate setting of 350 gallons per minute.::;;,;,;.^ ,*,-., - r - ,., i: -,.• :.•-.-:.• = <:,<,•>:; -.: ;/.v ••:ci*z.U»r;;*i: y-fil J .'•,-> .•• • a "Q, -2?. '.:.'< :";!:.• 2. 3. 3. Results. (For dissemination data, see part III, Dissemination Test. ) 2. 3. 3. 1. No agent impinged on the aircraft. 2. 3. 3. 2. ON-OFF control was effective; however, after closure of the gate valve, agent remaining in the spray boom was emitted as a fine : : ! mist for approximately eight seconds. • : 2. 3. 3. 3. Degradation of airplane performance was minimal. 2. 3.4., Analysis. Not applicable. 2.4. ROCKET AND MACHINE-GUN FIRING DURING SPRAY OPERATION. 2.4.1. Objective. To determine the effect that firing of rockets and machine guns has on the defoliant system and its operation. . 2.4.2. Method. 2.4.2.1. Test Configuration 1. .. With defoliant system tanks mounted on wing stations 3 and 4, LAU 32/A 2. 75-inch FFAR pods mounted on wing stations 1 and 6, and XM-14 50-caliber machine-gun pods mounted on wing stations 2 22 �Figure 10. Front view of interim defoliant spray tank mounted on wing station 3, LAU 32/A FFAR pod on wing station 2, and XM-14 50-caliber machine-gun pod on wing station 1. and 5 (figure 4), delivery of the spray was initiated in the firing range area. Rockets and machine guns were fired during spray delivery. 2. 4. 2. 2. Test Configuration 2. With defoliant system tanks mounted on wing stations 3 and 4, LAU 32/A 2. 75-inch Folding Fin Aerial Rocket (FFAR) pods mounted on wing stations 2 and 5, and XM-14 50-caliber machine-gun pods mounted on wing stations 1 and 6 (figure 10), delivery of the spray was initiated in the firing range area. Rockets and machine guns were fired during spray delivery. 23 �2. 4. 3. Results. 2.4.3.1. Test Configuration I. ", 2. 4. 3. 1. 1. Rocket and gun blast had no apparent effect on defoliant system operation. 1; ••, > 2.4. 3. 1.2. Rocket and machine-gun blast had no effect on spray system ' components. Spent rounds and links ejected downward from the machinegun pods were well clear of the spray boom. V , '. 2.4. 3. 1.3l No difficulties were encountered in using firing controls while disseminating spray. As the ON-OFF controls for the spray tanks a->-e on the BOMB fuze circuit, the rocket and gun-firing circuits are not affected. .. , (, •::. ""'-.' - ; V' ,'. • ' •": : ' '., • V ' ' ' ' . 2.4. 3. 1. 4. The spray tanks can be installed and filled with the weapon ' systems mounted in this configuration. 2.4.3.2. Test Configuration 2. • '" ' - . , . . : • „ _ - ~ , - ' 2. 4. 3. 2. 1. Rocket and gun blast had no apparent effect on defoliant system operation, ,. , 2. 4. 3. 2. 2. Gun blast had no effect on spray system components. Rocket blast, deposited a thin layer of waste material on one side of the spray boom. One rocket fin-retainer button dented the forward edge of one side of the spray boom. 2. 4. 3. 2.'3. No difficulties were encountered in using firing controls while disseminating spray. As the ON-OFF controls for the spray tanks were on the BOMB fuzing circuit, the rocket and gun-firing circxtits were not affected. 2. 4. 3. 2. 4. The spray tanks can be installed and filled with the w pon systems mounted in this configuration. 2. 4. 4. Analysis. , Because of impingement on the spray boom of burned material and the fin-retainer button, continued use of test configuration 2 could have a damaging effect on the spray boom. ' 24 ^ �2.5. SERVICING REQUIREMENTS. 2. 5.1. Objective. To determine time, equipment, and personnel requirements to fill the spray tanks. _ , „,_ i - r ; . v ,_: 2.5.2. Method. . i; ' ^ ^ ' - The tanks were installed full 11 times. Twice the tanks were installed empty and filled on the airplane. The time, equipment, and personnel required for each filling operation were observed and recorded. Ease of filling was evaluated. Scales were used for test purposes and would not be required for tactical employment. - i i: - . . _ : * • . • • ' - 2.5.3. Results. - . •• - ..•*•. . ' 2. 5. 3. 1. Standard filling equipment was not available with the defoliant system during the period of the Service Teat. The filling equipment consists of a hand-driven, dispensing pump (FSN 4930-255-9132). Gravity-flow filling using one MJ-3 loading trailer to elevate the supply drum required three men an average of 30 minutes (1. 5 man-hours) to fill two spray tanks mounted on the airplane. 2. 5. 3. 2. A comparison between loading filled tanks (80 gallons) using the MJ-3 loading trailer and filling the tanks when installed on the airplans was made. Time required to load filled tanks averaged 2. 67 man-hours. Time required to fill the tanks installed on the airplane averaged 1. 5 man-hours. 2. 5. 3. 3. The filled spray tank, loaded on the MJ-3 loading trailer, could be moved around without difficulty on smooth terrain by three men. A minimum of two men was required to move the fully-loaded spray tank on the MJ-3. Three men accomplished this task with more ease and efficiency. The lack of baffles within the tank permitted sloshing during movement; therefore, one man stabilised the filled tank while two pulled the trailer. 2. 5. 3. 4. Using two MJ-3 loading trailers to remove the two spray tanks from the airplane, place on scales for measured filling, pick up, reinstall, and hook up on the airplane required an average e'«.psed time of 47 minute*. This action was accomplished by four men. 25 �2.5.4. Analysis. Not applicable. 2.6. EVALUATION OF SAFETY ASPECTS. 2.6.1. ; Objective. ;, ; .;,,,. . To determine data for compliance with USATECOM Regulation 385-7, "Safety Confirmation." 2. 6. 2. Method. Safety aspects were evaluated during system operation. Effects of the system on aircraft operation were qualitatively evaluated. 2.6.3. Results. . .: . . .'.. ., .: 2.6.3.1. Safety features were adequate. 2. 6. 3. 2. The spray tanks were jettisoned safely at Patuxent River, Maryland (reference g, section 1). • ?••'. 2. 6.4. Analysis. Not applicable. 26 �SECTION 3 - APPENDICES 27 �APPENDIX I TEST DATA �WEIGHT AND IAUNCE CLEARANCE FORM F r. o. JW» Air •»» TACTICU. 17 S«Dt»nbtr 19*4 MOT 10 62-58S1 C*j*. Ktach KBehMlAAP MMHT ZDtfoIiutSpny 9 4. 5 M«C MWUIK ( A*B CWM O Tufa oa Wlnf 5. $Utfa»185 (3«ad4) DOTDMtmOH Or UMD i 00 400 ? Tufty OWVTU HAW MI 1 fWt/MM taMraxUM«. «*. »tfto< f«t •*#><•* toMf <uirf CIOTT rfwA* tmlfftH* JM««« • 4I 9 7.1 comtEcriom <«* in •on/ 160 K»Uoai uci* B.T n ( 297 0, HttWHL ( »>nii MJ. run ( MTO c« mro TOTM. WDCHT KMOVia 10 TiiuoorT cmaincii (fknmcM) TOTAL KIOKT WOCO TAODIT C-«.»I%M. o.c.b«m. •CT wnmcs (*/. in i_i 159 2 4 .2 Q. i 76 UTOOCl MTO UMITATICNS 1AWMT <»0 tsiso (ttJ 11994 • PtXMISSIKE C.G.TAK10TT 3. Sprty 160 *»lloni crniuTio Lioona amcmo* > Bmntf r«/M«* /real owrMnt >ypHffl>»>» T. O. < ApplivM* 1* *«a* v«4At (*•*. Ml. • AffUoOti* lofmt <**tl<t («•/. /». DD 1 ,{' 2.1. nniuno UMOM c «. p flaeaMtMxw. 154.60 <arwr>r>) / a / F. J. Kir sen WCtf KT AMO »ILAMCt AUTMOKTT L 7 k. t �WEIGHT AND BALANCE CLEARANCE FORM F DATE 17 September 1964 Masnvnup/rueMT'iia Teat r o. i-if-tt * TACTICAL <vst KtveKse FOK THAHSTORT missions} WVLAWTYPI moM JOV-1C Michael AAF SCRHU.NO. 10 62-5851 Michael AAF REMARKS REF 2 Defoliant Stray Tankt on Wing Station 185(3 and 4) Ft. Rocker, Ala. PHOT Cape. -Kindt ITEM 1 OIL ( 1 MOM/ I 0 S 3 2 3 S CM.) $ • INDEX OR WEKHT •ASK AMPLANC (FV«« Ov( C) 2 2 XM-14 Caliber .50 Machine Gun Podi on Wing Station 21 3 (2 and 5) 2 IAU 32/A 2.75H FFAR Rocket Launcber Pods on Wing Station 237 (1 and 6) fMOI-tf-tf HOME STATION r 9 1. S S. 3 OKTRIOIiriON OF LOAD fRIW a CAMS mo not ««« i^P*. .*»; '*>*/W's5 185 2 Tanks k,i»..i: '^in>. f*1. **-jw3 4 0 0 t 4 4 213 2 M.C. Podl 4 > fl if J , ft 237 2 LAU 32/A 8 1 1 p. 5 NO 2 •tlGHI 400 2 t. 0 7 3. 4 COMPUTER PLATE NO. (tfMtf) fmrtl n*nt i furructfMU to tho pilot lor •hitting tomd antf <h».'K4 Imktot .~/ ImiuliKt «*ouM kt «<,(«/. 60.. 4 S 1 2 D 8 3 1 9 9 2. 6 O^IUTING WEIGHT COMPT. CALIBER ROUNDS wsm^iMi&s CORRECTIOKS (Kif. II) CHAN6CS (-f IT -) rim COMrT. 1 INDEX OH MOM/ WEIGHT 1 5 e « Is S 7 FORWARD t 7 0 6 4 4 2 2 5 2 160 gtllota acent me 1500 rdi. immo. 14 2.75" rockets 2 1 2. 5 7 9. 9 t 2. 1 1 9 3 0 3 1 0. 6 EXTERNAL KOCXCTI 297 BUILT IN ( «*0 BOM* RAT ( <M-> EXTERNAL ( (M.) I WATER MJ. FUND ( 0*U 9 10 JATO OR RATO 11 12 13 14 CORRECTIONS d ' TOTAL WEIGHT REMOVED - TOTAL WEIGHT ADDED + + *CT DIFFERENCE (Rtf. Ill LIMITATIONS tCROS* WT. TAUOFF (».. 1S413 I PERMISSIBLE C. O. TAKEOFF • PERMISSIBLE C. C. LANC1NS P t 12S63 >£nt.r cottmtmnt ui» J. App lembt* to trot* weight (A*/. JJ). *App Ue«ftA» to tfrow weight (/?•/. /J). ™^r» 1 • dinf vafiM* /rom current mpplic*t>l» T. O. 9 TAKEOFF C O. IN SI 14. A. c. OR m. 1 6 4 1 3 2 |6 3 7. 160.71 7 JATO OR RATO AMMUNITION ttrayIrocketx,50caL, FUEL 2 4 0 3 1 4 5 0 3 3 4. S 2 3 3. 7 ?<£$**** 156.36 156.36 ttfff^vlrtf} TAKEOFF CONDITION (GprrRftrf) BOMBS 1 GROSS WT. LAKCMhG (M.) rww TAKEOFF CONDITION (CAmmcM) 15 16 ESTIMATED LANOING CONOTTION CSTIMATtD LANDING C. G. COMPUTED BY (-SifnarBrt) Bgtff&IStom /s/ F. J. Kirsch WEIGHT AND ftALAHCC AUTHDRITy <<tfful«r<) PILOT (Slf.1«f«r«) 1 Z S 6 3 2 0 6 9, 5 *. 164.73 �APPENDIX n COMPARISON WITH THE SDR (Classified CONFIDENTIAL,; Presented Under Separate Cover) �APPENDIX in DEFICIENCIES AND"SHORTCOMINGS - -.'•.•/'.•'" 'Tif-ftTi-' 'I' •' A. Deficienciea. The following deficiencies were found during the Service and Dissemination Tests: •,,* - • ; ; . ; , ; ../•- •-,>'. Deficiency Suggested Corrective Action 1. The forward coupling hose (centrifugal pump to transfer line) ruptured during s. 700gallon-per-minute dissemination and rocket firing run at approximately 200 knots true airspeed. Replace with hose which can withstand high pressures generated during spraying. 2. The rear coupling hose (gate valve to spr.ay boom) ruptured during 350-gallon-perminute -dis s eminatica flight at approximately 200 knots true airspeed. Replace with hose which can withstand maximum pressures generated during spraying. Remarks x This suggested modification has been in- ,. eluded in the tanks sent to the USAF. ; This suggested modification has been included in the tanks sent to the USAF. ... B. Shortcomings. The following shortcomings were found during the Service and Dissemination Tests: Shortcoming 1. Removal of the nose cone upper cowling (a structural member of the nose cone) for inspection and/or msiwouuii-' 2. caused the lower , Suggested Corrective Action Weld the lower half of the cowling to the tank section. in-i Remarks This suggested modification has been included in the tanks sent to the USAF. �U: Suggested . Corrective Action Shortcoming hall of the cowling to displace downward. The resulting misalignment caused difficulty in reinstalling the upper cowling. Remarks ; 2. 'There was no method of preventing agent over-flow after filling the tank to 80 gallons in a level attitude, when the tank was tilted, raised, accelerated, transported or during normal ground handling. Change to a different method of limiting the tank capacity to 80 gallons. ' 3. Wire to the ram air turbine solenoid control separated in flight. Exercise better quality control in wiring the turbine controls. 4. The cleats split in the bottom of the shipping crate. Provide shock-resistant cleats and fastenings for Level-A packaging of the item. Ill-2 ' This suggested " modification has been included in the tanks sent to the USAF. The wire was too short and was under tension. �APPENDIX IV DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MATERIEL 1. General. defoliant system consists of two F— 44 biological spray tanks. The spray tank is a modified Aero 1 .50-gallon auxiliary "- ' fuel tank'.' The capacity was. limited to 80 gallons of agent by an over- ; flow stand pipe. ' The system is operated by the 28 -volt d. c. electrical system controlled from the armament panel in the cockpit. The spray unit develops pressure for spraying by means of a centrifugal pump, " directly coupled to a variable pitch, four-bladed, ram-air driv turbine. The centrifugal pump transfers fluids from the main tank section through a suction line, and forces the fluids at high pressure through the transfer line to a gate valve control, to the spray boom. ' I'-i'HY;- •-•':-.- ',:'-.•••-• .l;-i.r •; > :•*»•;'•:<:-'.••" o.';r: , • • • - ; • . ' • ; . • . 4 •••.-; ;?b 7,-^ »:•••..••;••£ \-iV't 2. Major Components. .... , . ., .. % . .,, K... ...,,„.,.,,...; :v/,i* ,,<*} hi - ' • • . ( , : ; - . •:.•'••; :•:--•• :.-',-". _-<->r, ••• > .-. -•' ! .-.-. -.- . :,.,,. . . - ; , • ( - . , . .... , ^ r • ,.,f. ~ - . . , v ; . v . . : .. ,: The spray tank consists of three major components; the nose-, cone section, tank section, and tail section. , , t : ,,....., a. Nose-Cone Section. ........ >..,'•-,.. The nose -cone section contains the variable pitch, fourbladed, ram-air drive turbine which is mounted on a support plate. The rain-air drive turbine is directly coupled to the centrifugal pump. The centrifugal pump is connected to the suction line transfer lines by two teflon-lined rubber hoses. Electrical wiring is introduced into the nose -cone section through a conduit line. Access to the nose -cone section is accomplished by removal of the upper cowl. , b. Tank Section. This section contains the suction line and a check valve to keep the pump primed during intermittent operation. This section also contains the transfer line and an electrical conduit through the tank body. Drainage is provided by a drain plug on the bottom of the tank. Two access plates are provided on the left mid-section of the tank to accomplish maintenance and inspection of the fluid storage area. Suspension lugs with 14-inch spacing are provided. A cable with a quick-disconnect fitting on the tank end provides for electrical control IV-1 �from the airplane. An attached lanyard on the quick-disconnect fitting allows emergency separation if the spray tank is jettisoned. c. Tail Section. •MMWV^^MMMBMBMH^W • ., ., I ,'„! .Ll f ?c j ••*>••• . *"i. , * t I ....... The tail section houses an electric-motor-operated gate valve which controls the fluid flow from the transfer line to the spray boom. The spray boom is connected to the gate valve by a teflon-lined hose. The spray boom is attached to the horizontal fins with six mounting clamps. An access door is provided for maintenance and ' ' inspection of the aft section. A modified Aero 1C tail cone fairing fits over the spray boom. - , . , . . . v . - . , . , . . - , . . . ' • . . . — ..r..,,..,, . ,.., :,..,; .*,. ,,,-*.,.. ', ( . '"'3. •' Details of Operating Components and Operation. ;; •'"*•' The ram-air drive turbine incorporates a solenoid-operated brake. In the de-energized state, the ram-air drive turbine is in a braked condition with the propellers feathered. When the solenoid is energized, the propellers unfeather and rotate in a counter-clockwise direction until the ram-air drive is in the governed range of 3600 to 4000 r. p. m. at 200 knots. The ram-air drive is directly coupled to the centrifugal pump and at a drive speed of 3800 r. p. m., the pump is capable of delivering 300 gallons per minute, depending on the number of nozzles selected for the spray boom. The slide-terminating motoroperated gate valve io controlled by a stepping solenoid. Controls for operation are on the BC MB fuze circuit on the armament panel in the cockpit. The TAIL position of the BOMB fuze circuit energizes the ram-air drive brake solenoid only, and the NOSE and TAIL, position energize the ram-air drive brake solenoid, the gate valve stepping solenoid, and the gate valve motor. After the desired airspeed is attained, the armament circuit breakers are pushed in, armament power is switched on, and the BOMB fuze switch is placed in TAIL, position. To begin spraying, the BOMB fuze switch is moved through the SAFE position to the NOSE and TAIL, position, which opens the gate valve. The switch is then returned to the TAIL, position. To terminate the spraying operation, the switch is again moved to the NOSE and TAIL position, which permits the gate valve to close. The switch is then placed in the SAFE position. 4. Weights and Measurements of the Defoliant Tank. a. Capacity: 80 gallons IV-2 �b. Weight: Empty Full 221.76 pounds 1074.56 pounds c. Overall Length: 166.10 inches d. Diameter: 21.16 inches (maximum) e. Center of Gravity: Empty Full 77. 50 inches 79.18 inches f. Spray Boom: Length 73.0 inches Number of orifices: 32 IV-3 �APPENDIX V COORDINATION The following ageacie* participated in the review of the final report: US Army Aviation School US Army Combat Developments Command Aviation Agency �AP US Ar»r Arlrtta* T«» ktW, tat tactar. Atetoav. »»»•« «t UtMtCOM Nifrg *». % 4 MM-M. FM I S«*fc» TMI rf •» hurt* Ctafattuc S*tm M^BCM *Mlr kr *• US A»r •* «» A* N»w. CM IW)Mt N^ ICMMOXMU, n Mn- IMS. K r*^S »» OM. TW US-AMr *•«•«*• TM iMHl »» •*!««« U» »«rHc« M« w <W I ..... i nifcHm »>•«• «• tt» mM4 ov-» HIM 1^ rii.il, mat Omt dw M«!M W UM US AJ> ta« «r*lM Ml AD US Atmr ArtMMB TM *OM< tat tachw. AtofcMm. M^ni W U1ATICCM T»i|nt I Hit I - Wnta TM. << UMTICOM IW^A �» "•' i.'4 • " • • • ' Vv ""•'"•'.•' > * • • - / ."L /'^ • •• •' :iW'V«fr' ". X t V i •.#••• T - irV y . i"* ' ' 1 ,'" '^Sl'irTjr?,-W3^:*W '/•*•' " •• tr'1'* r .r-'** r 'JH' * ' •> * • JC "**• *•'? , ** ' **•' -«•(»"'*'• "- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 024 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0354 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, U.S. Army Aviation Test Board, Fort Rucker, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 25 1965 Title A name given to the resource Report of Test USATECOM Project Numbers 5-4-3001-01 and -02, Integrated Engineering/Service Test of an Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, Part I - Service Test Subject The topic of the resource spray equipment Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide application https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/c4cfba3f574bb8c7e8c9ecb2f4bf86e4.pdf e038bae0e5ce4f04b5c35a1b48452b2c PDF Text Text Item ID Number °0322 Author Corporate Author RepOrt/ArtJClB TitlB Vu-Graphs of Operational Aspects of Operation Ranch Hand Journal/Book Title Year °00° Month/Day Color Number of Images 0 5 Descriptor! Notes Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 322 of 341 ��7^ ��CONSOLE OPERATOR A/A 45 Y-I Spray System OPERATION RANCH HAND SOUTH VIETNAM 1967 ALViN L Y'J'JKG, .Vbpr, USAF Consultant, L/wiioiir.-iOiViul Sciences CONSOLE OPERATOR A/A 45 Y-! Spray System OPERATION RANCH HAND SOUTH VIETNAM 1967 ALVIN L YOUNG, Major, USAF Consultant, Environmental Sciences ��ALVIN I. * Consultar.t, �I 1 �SPAtff stiStGf W*«D" Q,rcfArr. etc-/23 ALVIM L. YGU?-^, A.-Vj-or, USAF ��ALVIN L YGU!'-G; A.'-,;--, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0322 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vu-Graphs of Operational Aspects of Operation Ranch Hand Subject The topic of the resource spray equipment Ranch Hand aircraft defoliation https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/9515a0a5298a768106c7e70e7cf7f48f.pdf 18aca7d062ec991475a82e567eb3c695 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00321 Author Corporate Author Report/Article TitlG Typescript: Captain Buckingham's Planned Itinerary; with typescript: listing of names and addresses; with manuscript: notes Journal/Book Title Year 0000 Month/Day Color Number of Images 6 Doscrlpton Notes Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 321 of 341 �CAPTAIN BUCKINGHAM'S PLANNED ITINERARY Sunday, May 8 Fly to Nashville, TN (615) 893-0^73 Monday, May 9 Fly to Memphis, TN Drive to Carrollton, MS Conduct interview with: Lt Col Carl W. Marshall Box 121 Carrollton, MS 38917 (601) 237-6733 or 237-6222 Tuesday, May 10 Complete interview with Marshall Drive toward De Funiak Springs, FL Wednesday May 11 Complete drive to De Funiak Springs Conduct interview with: Major Marcus B, Keene, Jr. P.O. Box 562 De Funiak Springs, FL 32^33 892-7605 Thursday, May 12 Drive to Crystal River, FL Conduct interview with: Major Charles F. Hagerty Box 174 Crystal River, FL 32629, ( 0 ) 795-3671 9^ Friday May 13 Complete interview with Hagerty Drive to Cocoa Beach, FL Conduct interview with: Dr. James W. Brown 468 Barrello Lane Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 (305) 783-989^ Saturday May 14 Complete interview with Brown Sunday May 15 Fly back to Washington �RET'D GRADE DATE OF RETIREMENT NAME /•A /?& SSAN Hagerty, Charles F, .26^08^9 MAJ January 19? 0 /^ /#»^ /:V/ <?'*/*/*/ ..'/? /•< tf Archibald, William J. X^J'-e <$&^^^ t t /•- /• Overman, Harry S. /riY&^sT, 336 2 f ^ 0*48228952 / MAJ> July.l9?0 ^X? ^/> Sf'tr**/ 7 312129>25 LTC July 196 THE FOLLOWING MAY ALSO BE RETIRED, OR THEY MAY BE IN THE RESERVES Adkins, Lloyd H. Unknown (AFSN A03065103) Devlin, Michael W. , Jr. Unknown (AFSN A0303?452 Robinson, William F., J^. >5538400L / X>r 77, /?*cA&W "/ , John R. , ' 56(^06^78 Marshall, C.W. / # ' M/ ?// Stammer, E.D. ' Unknown (AFSN A0936656) Unknown (AFSN �.) Deirffe, d, S)/ t& 3 tSr*^ Tveo? <2w^v ^rt^ cT i U'^ PL C- H 0^ ^- 3 - A/A } (0 *~ 1*2.'' \e> �67 Z. Zfdl f Jr I ^ u c ^ , (A - W* AC® /I u n ^ v U 10 O ( �V 9.t* C ' &> it : &n 7 X). 3o ^ PC 1" I M- Lar-mw UJ. HAt\-C^ �c)£ ) �&Q£0f 0 'A / -^ , / 72^ ^ Z fa ' ^/cow /nw^M/n ' / / � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0321 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Captain Buckingham's Planned Itinerary; with typescript: listing of names and addresses; with manuscript: notes Subject The topic of the resource spray equipment Ranch Hand aircraft USAF history https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/d63fdf18766b44889cd427ad6da9b1aa.pdf f76476d1854a1fc777aa8b0114d6accb PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00314 Author Corporate Author RODOrt/ArtiClO TitlO Typescripts: Special Aerial Spray Flight Information from 4500 Air Base Wing History 1962, 1963; History of C123B, Serial Number 56-4362 Journal/Book Titlo Year 000 ° Month/Day Color ' Number of Images 12 DOSCrlptOU NOtOS "em includes routing and transmittla slip, Aircraft Record Request Form, History of C-123B, Serial Number 56-4362, and Special Aerial Spray Filght from 4500 ABW History Jan-Jun 1962, Jul-Dec 1962, JanJun 1963, and Jul-Dec 1963 Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 314 of 341 �Date ROUTING AND TRANSM TO: (Name, office symbol, room number, building, Agency/Post) 1 . Initials /£,~~-~W^, 3. (/s~^> 4g cs^ 4. '/ SLIP. Date - > c > * ^ ^ ^ -~v-» u"^ js*4*j -P/CTT^ 5. Action Approval As Requested Circulate Comment Coordination , , File For Clearance For Correction For Your Information Investigate Justify Note and Return Per Conversation Prepare Reply See Me Signature REMARKS 7 tff *, Cf, DO NO'ruse this form as a RECORD of approvals, concurrences, disposals, — A -2.1 clearances, and similar actions ) FROM7(N^me, org.'symbo;, Agency/Post) Room No.—Bldg. Phone No. 5041-102 GI'O : 107V () - 241-530 ( OPTIONAL FORM 41 (Rev. Prescribed by GSA FPMR (41 CfR) 101-11.206 7-76) �SUBJECT: Request for Material DATE: ^ 24 April 1979 Aircraft record request TOi FROM: USAF/OEHL/EC Attn: Capt Livingston Brooks AFB, TX 1. Material requested | y| is attached. 78235 | | will have to be compiled. [__] is being forwarded under separate cover. | ] will be distributed automatically. Q ] will be sent as soon as possible. 2. Material requested cannot be provided because it [ ] is n o t available. The Albert F. Simp ton H Uteri col Rataorch Center, USAF HO A Maxwell AFB, AL 36112 [ ] cannot be loaned. [ _ ) i s i n single copy. [_ ] cannot be reproduced. [2~] i s classified. 3. Material requested is available on 16 mm microfilm, roll number(s) Although the Research Center maintains rigid microfilm processing quality controls, readability of offered microfilm cannot be guaranteed. While most is highly readable, some is not because of the poor quality of the original document and inherent limitations in all copying processes, as well as some reading equipment. 4. Material requested may be purchased for $ . . Make check or money order for exact amount stated and payable to , AFO, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112, and send it to AFSHRC/HOA. 5. Because of backlog of work, a delay of. .is anticipated in providing the material. 6. A large backlog of official requests makes it impossible to provide the material requested. 7. Forwarded to you for appropriate action and direct reply to the requestor, who (has) (has not) been notified of this referral. 8. Suggest you submit your request to: 9. Information concerning unit emblems may be requested from AFMPC (DPMASA) Randolph AFB, TX 78148. See A P R 900-3 for emblem procedure. 10. For availability of photography submit request to: ["_'] 1361 AVS, ATTN: Photo Depository Section, 1221 S. Fern St., Arlington VA 22202, [ | Audiovisual Records Div, National Archives, Washington DC 20408. 11. Suggest you visit our Center at Maxwell AFB to do your research. See attached brochure. 12. Before coming to Maxwell AFB for research, contact the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (SAFOIP), Washington, D.C. 20330, to obtain proper authorization for access to our documentation collection. 13. Please refer to: [7| Maurer (adj.). Air Force Combat Units of World War II (Washington: USGPO, 1961; New York: Franklin Watts, 1963). Now out of print. f " | Maurer (ed.), Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (Washington: USGPO, 1969). Available from Superintendent of ' Documents (D 301.26/6:C73/2), $8.25. |~ | Craven and Cote (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 7 vols., 1948-1958), Vols II, III, V, VII ar« available from publisher, $20.00 a volume. [" | Futrell, The United States Air Force in Korea (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pnarce, 1961). Out of print. | j Cresswell & Berger, United States Air Force History, An Annotated Bibliography (Washington, D.C.: Air Force Office of History, 1«»), Supt of Documents, GPO (0870«-0307), 50 cents. | ~ | Mueller & Carson, The Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology, 1941-1945 (Washington: USGPO, 1 975). from Superintendent of Documents, GPO (0870-00334), $14.30. | Available | Item 16 for list of references on your subject. |" J Your local library (or these or other published materials. 14. Request for extension granted. New suspense date will be: 15. Request return of material forwarded on Document Receipt Number dated , with a suspense date of ..... 16."Remarks: Reference our several tefephone conversations, attached are the following items: Aircraft record data for S/N 56-4362 and extracts from the 4500th Air Base Wing histories, January 1962-December 1963. 16mm microfilm copies of the 315th Special Operations Wing will be forwarded as soon as they are processed. I still cannot identify the other serial number. During 1966, S/N 54-568 was at Davis-Monthan and England AFB; S/N 55-4568 was stationed at Eglin AFB. TYPED NAME AND TITLE JUDY G. ENDICOTT Chief of Circulation 3800 0-245 PREV EDIT WILL BE USED SIGN A' �C-125B, Serial Number 56-4562 13 Sep Sep Jul Dec Mar *May **Jul **Jan **Apr 57 57 58 61 62 62 63 64 66 **Sep 66 Delivered to the USAF To 463d Troop Carrier Wg (TAG), Ardmore AFB, OK To 464th Troop Carrier Wg (TAG), Pope AFB, NC To 346th Troop Carrier Sq (9AF, TAG), Pope AFB, NC To 347th Troop Carrier Sq (9AF, TAG), Pope AFB, NC To 4500th Air Base Wg (TAG), Langley AFB, VA To 315th Air Div Hq (PACAF), Tan Son Nhut AB, RVN To 2d Air Division Hq (PACAF), Tan Son Nhut AF, RVN To 377th Combat Support Gp (PACAF), Tan Son Nhut AB, RVN To 315th Air Commando Wg (later designated Special Operations Wg, then Tactical Airlift Wg), stationed various times at Tan Son Nhut AB, Bien Hoa AB, and Phan Rang AB, RVN Aircraft record indicates that 56-4362 was modified to UC123B in Nov 1967. The record also indicates that this aircraft returned to the States in Jun 1968 and was modified to UC-123K, returning to the 315SOW in Sep 1968. Feb 72 To Hayes Aircraft Corp, Dothan AL for contract work Aug 72 To 911th Tactical Airlift Gp (AFRES), Pittsburgh PA Dec 72 To 901th Tactical Airlift Gp (AFRES), Laurence G. Hanscorn AFB, MA Sep 73 Assigned to same unit, but moved to Westover MA and "U" dropped from UC-123K Apr 74 To 731st Tactical Airlift Squadron (AFRES), Westover AFB, MA Nov 77 To Hayes Aircraft Corporation, Dothan AL last entry as of Oct 78 *Probably used for aerial spraying or defoliation **Possibly used for spraying/defoliation �63 Foreign Clearance: The f o r e i g n clearance section of base operations provided briefings for 233 flights to foreign destinations. The number included, 15 B-57 a i r c r a f t to Bermuda on 2 and 3 June; 20 F-100 a i r c r a f t to France on 11 and 12 June; 35 high flight a i r c r a f t ; 18 T - 2 9 navigator training flights; and, 180 other departures. It provided additional support in cooperation with the Coast Guard for the air search for the missing KB-50 discussed previously in this chapter. Special Aerial Spray Flight The Special Aerial Spray Flight was a section of the n o n - O / T authorization of the 4500th Air Base Wing. Its purpose is to p e r f o r m aerial spray missions in conformance with AFR 90-3, dated 21 March 1958, and TAG Supplement 90-3, dated 15 March 1961. The policies and responsibilities are outlined in these regulations. Training pilots to qualify as both C-123 pilots and spray pilots was a p r i m a r y problem. Pilots w e r e either qualified in one phase or the other during the entire period and at the close of the reporting period no pilot assigned to the flight was a qualified spray pilot in the C-123 aircraft. C r e w s w e r e being trained and plans indicated c r e w s qualified in b o t h phases would be available soon. Shortage of personnel in administ r a t i v e and a i r c r e w p o s i t i o n s t o g e t h e r with absence of personnel on TDY ( r o u t e d problem:) in every are.i of t h i s operation. �64 At the close of the reporting period, tests w e r e being conducted using herbicides with the Advance R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t s Agency of U. S. Government. During the period three spraying missions were conducted at Langley AFB. The statistics follow: Area sprayed. Insecticide used Flying time Total cost Cost per acre 36, 414 acres 13, 970 gallons 10: 55 hours $20, 903. 56 $0. 61 average \ Standardization Board During the period of this report, the Standardization Board has given 200 pilot and navigator standardization checks. A new standardization program has been initiated for all multi-engine support a i r c r a f t . This program includes new w.ritten examinations and a more comprehensive flight check. The two assigned personnel of the Wing Standardization Board attended the TAG SEG School. The Wing Standardization Board has only one major w r i t e - u p during the IG Inspection. This w r i t e - u p was for not being properly manned. All flight mechanics have been given a new w r i t t e n examina- tion in their appropriate a i r c r a f t . The Standardization/Evaluation Review Panel has'held one meeting d u r i n g the period of this r e p o r t . Major H e r b e r t W. Jones a s s u m e d the �65 the installation of a pony teletype circuit which, speeds the delivery of NOTAMs. Plans called for a passenger lounge, an improved dispatch section, and an improved snack bar. The Foreign Clearance section provided foreign clearance briefings to 233 flights clearing to foreign destinations. Of this number, 48 were high flight aircraft, 16 were T-29 navigation training flights, and 189 others which included many flights from the 4505th Air Refueling Wing. The section was host in providing a four-hour navigation orientation program for 150 ROTC Cadets in August. In October and November, the Foreign Clearance section moved to temporary facilities to provide space for crews standing alert during the Cuban operation. Special Aerial Spray Flight The Special Aerial Spray Flight, a section of the non Operations/ Training authorization of the 4500th Air Base Wing for the purpose of performing Aerial Spray Missions in accordance with AFR 91-22, was the responsibility of the Commander, 4500th Air Base Wing. The responsibilities included development of aerial insecticide dispersal techniques in cooperation with other government agencies, �66 training aircrews for the performance of spray missions, and maintaining a repository of special flying and technical skills for expansion, disaster relief, and tactical operations. The spray flight also maintained, published and distributed to interested agencies biological and operational information concerning the aerial spray program. During this period 16 bases were approved for aerial spray work; however, only 11 bases were serviced because modification of the aircraft for granular insecticide dispersal was not completed in time to service the 16 bases that were approved for spraying. o Statistics for this period are as follows: 28 sorties were flown. 368,050 acres were covered. 33,484 gallons were aerially dispersed. 68:40 spray time was recorded. 75:10 f e r r y time to and from bases sprayed. $.33 average cost per acre for the period. $52,170. 90 total cost for this period. Sixteen missions were flown in support of the Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPAJ tests conducted at Eglin AFB, Fla. The program began during the last week of June 1962. 33:40 hours spray time was recorded in dispersing 4, 251 gallons of spray. Plans have been made to complete the ARPA test in the spring of 1963 at Eglin AFB, Fla. �53 Special Aerial Spray Flight The special aerial spray flight continued operations providing aerial insecticide dispersal services for agencies of the Department of Defense and for other agencies as directed by Hq TAG. The flight continued development of aerial insecticide dispersal techniques in cooperation with interested government agencies; it trained aircrews; it maintained records of special flying and technical skills needed for expansion, disaster relief, and tactical operations; and it maintained, published, and distributed to interested agencies biological and operational information. The flight was a non operations-training section authorized by AFR 91-22, 10 September 1962, and it was responsible to the commander of the 4500th Air Base Wing. The flight was supervised by Capt. Carl W. Marshall and had a complement of 17 pilots, 10 flight engineers, one clerk typist, and one entomologist, Dr. (Capt.) Claude T.' Adams. Seven aircraft were assigned to the flight. Three of these were committed to Viet Nam, one was undergoing modification to a granular spray system, one was undergoing calibration tests �54 for a new and larger spray system at Eglin AFB, Fla. , and two were available for spraying in the United States. Headquarters TAG approved 21 government reservations for spraying. By the end of the period, only seven of these areas had been sprayed because of the unusually low temperatures experienced this spring. Statistics covering the spray operations follow: Sorties flown Acres sprayed Gallons sprayed Hours flown spraying Hours flown ferrying aircraft to spray sites Average cost of spraying per acre Total cost of spraying operations 85 209,720 68,000 59:05 31:40 $. 36 $74, 731. 30 In addition to the spraying of government reservations, the flight was engaged in three other activities. The first was a calibration test conducted at Lackland AFB, Tex. in January. The 6570th EPI Laboratory at Lackland was to evaluate the dispersal techniques and procedures used by the spray flight. Even though the 6570th EPI Laboratory had the responsibility to set up the test program, their personnel were not familiar with the present day modern dispersal techniques. As a result, the evaluation program was of little value. �55 A second activity took place at Eglin AFB, Fla. A program began in May to test a larger spraying system. The test program was still underway at the end of the period and the final results may be available in July or August. The last of the three activities took place in Viet Nam. Three crew and aircraft were committed to this operation during the entire period. The average length of tour for each crew averaged approximately four months, with the tours being rotated among the spray flight personnel. This rotation of crew personnel to Viet Nam caused an occasional temporary shortage of qualified spray flight crews in the United States. The mission in Viet Nam concerned defoliation activities. Safety The Office of Safety incurred three personnel changes during the period 1 January through 30 June 63. A civilian secretary to the Director of Safety was promoted and transferred to Hq TAG. Immediately following this action, a freeze was placed on hiring civilian personnel a,nd as a result, the position was abolished to enable the Wing to meet a directed manpower cut. �49 over-water navigation proficiency flights during the period. F i f t y - s e v e n navigators used these flights to accomplish the AFM 60-1 flying requirements. Twenty-eight proficiency flights were scheduled during the six-month period. Eighteen were flown as scheduled and 10 were cancelled or aborted due to maintenance. Special Aerial Spray Flight The Special Aerial Spray Flight, authorized by AFR 91-22, 10 September 1962, was responsible to the Commander, 4500th Air Base Wing. The mission of the Spray Flight was as follows; To provide aerial insecticide dispersal services for all agencies of the Department of Defense (DOD) and other government agencies as directed by Headquarters TAG; to develop aerial insecticide dispersal techniques in cooperation with other government agencies; to train aircrews and maintain records of special flying and technical skills, for expansion, disaster relief and tactical operations; and to maintain, publish and distribute to interested agencies biological and operational information. During this reporting period there were 17 pilots, 10 flight �50 engineers and one clerk assigned with Captain Carl W. Marshall as OIC. Spray Flight was also authorized an Entomologist, Captain Claude T. Adams. Of the seven assigned C-123 spray aircraft, three w e r e in Viet Nam conducting defoliation missions, one aircraft completed modifications to the granular system and underwent calibration testing at Macon Municipal Airport, Ga., and spent the remainder of the period conducting spray operations against fire ants at Liberty Field, Ga. progress. This operation is still in 9 These figures do not include the granular dispersal now being conducted against fire ants, since this project is not completed, nor does it include our defoliation missions in Viet Nam or a special insecticide control mission against bombay locusts in Bangkok, Thialand. No serious problems w e r e encountered; however, due to the rotation system of personnel to the Viet Nam area, aircraft manning of c r e w s s u f f e r e d occasionally due to lag time between crews returning and replacement crews rotating. Flying Safety The Wing experienced no accidents during the reporting period � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0314 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescripts: Special Aerial Spray Flight Information from 4500 Air Base Wing History 1962, 1963; History of C123B, Serial Number 56-4362 Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand aircraft pesticide application spray equipment https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/6d756e3798a3feb87ce9f888ef9eca00.pdf bfab4644bc6cb4df7e6420cf79c1b6c5 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00294 Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Typescript: Pre 65 DFL Spray Operations RUN Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images 9 OeSCriptOU NOtBS Includes data table of number of gallons of military herbicide procured by the U.S. Department of Defense and disseminated in South Vietnam during the period January 1962 - December 1964, source of table listed as USAF OEHL Report, p. I-9 Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 294 of 341 �p re 65 rirL Spray '"'Derations R M M The first actual test mission in Q outh Vietnam was flown along a road north of Kontum by a VMA 1 7 H-^-l helicopter equioned with a '1°, Navy Helicopter Insecticide Dispersal Apparatus L i q u i d (HTn/U,) Sprav system ^ 1 0 August 1 Q61. Two weeks later, the first fixed-winn: spray mission was flown by a V M A ^ C-47 . stretch of route Thanh. 1 T his mission, flown on ?'» August, a four km 3 about RO km north of Saigon near the V i l l a g e of Chon Roth of these missions disnersed the herbicide n}.noxol . On ? January 1 9^?, President ^ennedy authorized l i m i t e d n^L operations o an experimental nature against separate targets which together comprised about 1 6 miles o^ the total distance about ^ miles along route 1C S between Hien Hoa and Vung T au . Three C-t?3 equipped with MC-1 spray tanks (1000 g a l l o n caoacity) landed at Tan Son Mhut on 7 January 1Q6?. for Ranch Hand until 1 December 1 Tan Son Mhut remained the headouarte 9^*S when the unit mov^d to Rion �The first Ranch Hand spray mission was flown on the morning of 1 96?. A target north of Route 1 1 1 At 0«?o and 0 January one Ranch "and C-1?? sprayed less than 200 gallons of herbicide purple. January along Route > Januar 5 was chosen adjacent to a swath, a "MA17 C-47 had sprayed with herbicide pink on ?9 n^cember 10*>1. 0900 on the morning of ir T wo spray missions were flown on 1 1 *•> which inaugurated the ''anch M and program. Swath width was 500 feet for the first flight and 400 feet for the second flight. A g a i n purple was applied. the following three days. Missions continued along R^ute The mission on the 1 1 ^ on 6th completed the initially authorized spray work which totaled to sorties, used 7,9?0 gallons of herbicide and covered 6,9?0 acres. During the period January - March 6?, many training missions were also flown. On one low level mission, in February 1 96 9 , a D anch Hand aircraf T crashed, destroying the aircraft and k i l l i n g the three crew members. plane went down in an inaccessable area off of "oute 1 5 between Men ll h oa and Vung Tau. Ranch Hand again flew spray missions on 1U-17 February 1Q<5?. 1i n n the lth, they sprayed a target along Route 1'-J which was approximately 1 0 miles long by 400 yards wide and totaled 1^00 acres. T hat same dav they sprayed about 900 acres surrounding the *'han Co airfield. the 1 5th was accomplished on a stretch of Route along Route 1 4 on the previous d a y . T 1 Spraying on the same dimension as he ^ather Hoa area, in the souther portion of the Ca Man penensula, was sprayed on the ifth and i?th of �February. T hese February operations took 1 ? sorties, used 1R'-! drums of purple herbicide and covered 7,800 acres. With the exception of the Rien Hoa airfield and the T han T uy Ha ammunition storage area which were treated by WA 17 helicopters, the spra missions on 17 February completed the i n i t i a l coverage of all authorized targets. Ranch Hard aircraft resprayed the areas alons Rt 1 ^ on ?n Marc 1 .. There was a break in herbicide operations for five months after this mission, to await evaluation of the chemical effects on the foliage. On 1 7 and ?1 July 6? V N A F sprayed scrub growth north, northeast and west of the runway at Bien Hoa. Ranch Hand began spray operations a g a i n d u r i n g the oeriod 3 to 7 September. Six soray missions were conducted along the n ng ^oc River i n An Xuyen Province. Spray operations were again resumed on ?o September. S September and 11 October 1 R etween the period Q(S2, "anch u and sprayed a total of more than 9,000 acres dispensing ?7,6UB gallons of purple herbicide. These missions cleared vegetation along about SO m i l e s of rivers and c a n a l s in the Ca Mau Penensula. 30 November 1 Q6? authorized clearances por ^ specific areas to be snrave �proposed in the July recommendation and also delegated the authority to approve the employment of herbicides in future operations. Highway 1 south of Tuy Hoa on Highway 1 Fast side of 1 '4 Oec ft'3. On 1« *• ?U nee 6? U km of south of Oui Nhon . After these missions were completed defoliation activities were halted until the advent of the rainy season the following June. carried out crop destruction using 5 H-V4 heliconters equipped ^o^ cron destruction. T Vietnam occurred on he first test crop destruction operation in South 1 0 Aug 61. V M A ^ helicopter sprayed trinoxol on crop near a v i l l a g e north of r>ak TO. D resident Kennedy's basic authority for Ranch Hand prohibited crop destruction. Vietnamese program. r ron destruction remained an ai On ? Oct 6? President Kennedy allowed crop destruction operations. restricted Area to be sprayed were portions of a ^ k square area of Phuoc Long Province. The base for this crop destruction program was the air strip at Nui ^ara in D huoc Lons D rovince. US Airforce C- 1 ?3's transported chemicals supplies and equipment to this base. With advise and assistance of American technicians, the South Vietnamese installed HTDAT, spray equioment on five VMA 1 7 H-?ii hel icooter,": Spray operation began on the morning of ? 1 Nov ^"> . A total of ^O gallons of Herbicide "Rlue" (cacadylic acid") was spraved over about 400 acres of crops. On 9? Nov 6P they again spraved Herbicide " n lue" on a total of 375 acres o^ crops in Phuoc Long D rovince. Ranch Hand began a p p l y i n g herbicides along *46 km of canals in the r/\ M(\'r �penensula in June 1C )63. Fight sorties were flown in this region of TV Corns between 6 and P June dispensing 7,?00 gallons of chemicals. Tv ^e unit flew spray missions along a powerline extending *>om Ha Lat to Rien From 3-?7 July Hoa. during 1 1 96?, Ranch Hand sprayed m,7?p g a l l o n s of herhici'il 9 sorties along 58 km of transmission l i n e right-of-way. Ranch Hand spray operations ceased after the July spray missions due to request by the Thai government to assist in the control of locusts. Ranch Hand resumed spray operations in October 1 U Oct 1 1 963. between the period 963 and 1? Jan 1QM they dispensed 7 i f ^ f t n g a l l o n s of herbicide o six separate target complexes. T hree of* these i n v o l v e d h i g h w a y s , one wa a railroad, one was a canal on the Ca M au Peninsula and the southern tio o r the peninsula which connected directly with the Gulf of Thailand. This target required 1^ sorties and uijO^O g a l l o n s of defoMant. March & April 1 During 954 targets were sprayed on the Ha Mau Peninsula. In January 1 Q6iJ, authority was delegated to the senior Mc; Advisors serving with Vietnemise d i v i s i o n for hand-spray operations. This great! reduced log time that has existed from proposal to completion of small defoliation projects; i.e., around depots, airfields and outnosts. Locations and tvpes of herbicides unknown at this time A mission flown by D anch ^and along a canal in the Me v.or\e rielta on ?? April 1 96M accidently caused crop destruction near the model strategic �hamlet of Cha La. During a mission on 30 April 1 9*>U in the Helta, "anch "and aircraft received considerable ground fire. One of the two r _ i ? V s received a hi in one of its engines at this time the pilot feathered the engine and dumped his herbicide load. After encountering this intense ground fire on 30 A p r i l , Ranch Hand discontinued operations until 1 9 May. Spraying resumed on that date against a canal "0 miles south east of Saigon. T his target was spraved for two days, however, spraying was discontinued d u r i n g their mission on the third day due to increased ground fire and damage to the aircraft an spray equipment. Twice during May & June iQfiU Ranch Hand shifted its base of operations north to Da Nang. Targets sprayed were m a i n l y w i n d i n g mountain roads which connected South Vietnemese outposts along the Laotion border. T he flew a total of 26 sorties from DA Nans. During July 1 964 Ranch Hand resprayed areas of the d e l t a that had been discontinued on 30 Apr. Ranch Hand completed the re-soray of these area on ?? July New spray equipment was received by Ranch Hand in August of 1Q(S'J. T his equipment, known as A/A^Y- 1 , incorporated snray booms under each wins, boom under the tail and a new 2R horse power pump which increased the �pump presure from 3^ to ^0 psi and boosted the herbicide pl.ow rate 1 70 to ?80 gallons per minute. D rior to the arrival of this new equipment MC-1 spray tanks were used for spray mission. After the a r r i v a l of this equipment the unit flew 3 1 defoliation sorties along Rt 1 4 and also did more spraying in the northern part of South Vietnam before the end of "'P'SH. On 3 October one of 1 1 96iJ, Ranch Hand flew its first croc destruction sorties, 9 flown between 3 and War Zone D. 1 3 October against a complex of ^ields nea During November and December 1Q^U, Ranch Hand planes flew croo destruction sorties in Phuoc Long Province. destroyed 76?0 acres of Viet riong croos. 1 During iQ^n the unit Prior to 3 Oct iQ^4 the Vietnemese destroyed crops by VM/\^ H-34's and hand delivered spray on th ground . A test program was conducted in T hailand in 1Q^ ^ 1f )<SR to determine effectiveness of acre applications of Purple, Organe and other c a n d i d a t e chemical agents in defoliation of u p l a n d jungle vegetation reoresentive o-p Southeast Asia on duplicate 1 0 acre plots. Agent Organe was first tested Thailand in ^eb Attached is a breakdown of g a l l o n s of herbicide disseminated in South Vietnam by the US during the period January 1Q^P- December' �T here is no e v i d e n c e o*" A g e n t Orange bein? soraved durin!? the neriod - 1964. 1 �• ,'ur.ber of gallons of military h e r b i c i d e procured by the U.S. Department of Defense and disseminated in South Vietnam during the period January 1962 - December 1964. Military Herbicide Gallons of Formulation Pounds A c t i v e Ingredient Blue 5,200 10,000 Green 8,208 66,980 Pink 122,792 1,001,980 Purple 145 ,_0_00 1 , 1 80_, 300_ 281 ,200 2,259,260 Total Source of table: USAF OKHL Report, p. 1-9 * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0294 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Pre 65 DFL Spray Operations RUN Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide application military impact Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0291 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-09-01 Title A name given to the resource Clipping: Spray Planes Shield Crippled Craft From Ground Fire Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand aircraft popular press military impact https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/4242c11bdf97e51356fa69dce748eb0c.pdf bdd23ee31f1fcb10cb1ed20e7e8c2e9b PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00237 Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title F°rm: Military Insecticides, Use in Vietnam, AOPA/November-December 1983, Document Source: Historical Summary (RCS: MACSJS-01) June 67 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color U Number of Images 1 DOSOrlptOU NOteS Summarizes equipment used for dispersal of insecticides in March 1967 Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 249 of 341 �Military Insecticides Use In Vietnam AOPO/ttovember-December 1983 Document Source •.-^\ S I » V x^_ ^ \ ^ ™ —\ ^^^ Date of Document ° ^ Insecticides Mentioned (Type/Quantity/Use) MfcCV I O o C Other Information If Available Method of Application : location of Application Military Unit if Different from Above Names of Personnel Mentioned Significant Event(s) - Spill, Fire, Explosion, Clean-up � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0237 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Form: Military Insecticides, Use in Vietnam, AOPA/November-December 1983, Document Source: Historical Summary (RCS: MACSJS-01) June 67 Subject The topic of the resource pesticide application Ranch Hand aircraft https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/d02a2f1d2e377afc53cceda977db002d.pdf 1f5002f585008762592b365567b3d7cb PDF Text Text °0221 Item ID Number Author CorpOratB Author Headquarters, United States Military Assistance Comma RODOrt/ArtlOlO TItlfl Typescript: Medical Service, Aerial Dispersal of Insecticides, 23 March 1970 Journal/Book Title °00° Month/Day Color Numbor of Images r 6 Doscrlpton Notes Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 233 of 341 �'% *>& +MACV Dir 40-10 HE1ADQUARTERS UNITED STATES MILITARY ASSISTANCE COMMAND, VIETNAM APO San Francisco 96222 DIRECTIVE NUMBER 40-10 23 March 1970 (MACMD) MEDICAL SERVICE AERIAL DISPERSAL OF INSECTICIDES 1. PURPOSE. This directive prescribes policy, procedures, and responsibilities for aerial dispersal of insecticides from fixed and rotary wing aircraft by the US military In the Republic of Vietnam (RVN). 2. APPLICABILITY. Forces. This directive applies to all Free World Military Assistance 3. GENERAL, Aerial dispersal of insecticides permits rapid coverage of large areas and the treatment of areas inaccessible to ground operated equipment. This method of dispersal is effective in the control of arthropod vector of disease. Although it provides advantage over ground treatment, limitations are imposed by: a. b. Availability of aircraft and aircrews. Co 4. Meteorological conditions, such as wind, rain, temperature, and visibility. Attitudes of the local population regarding effects of insecticides on people, animals, and crops. POLICY. "~~ " a. •-*. Aerial dispersal of Insecticides is to be approved only under the following conditions: (1) For the control of mosquitoes and other pests of medical importance when: (a) Permanent control measures, such as land drainage and filling, cannot be accomplished. (b) There is no access for ground dispersal equipment. (c) Screening, repellants, space sprays, and residual treatments are not adequate in controlling vector-borne diseases. *This directive supersedes MACV Directive 40-10, 25 April 1968. �MACV Dir 40-10 . (d) Ground fog, mist, or other insectlcldal mixture• do not control large population* of disease transmitting Insects. (e) Treatment of a major breeding area by aircraft dispersion is more economical than the use of ground equipment. . (f) The installation/area commander has trained personnel (medical and/or engineer) to conduct entomological surveys, to indicate areas requiring treatment, to schedule proper dates for spraying, and to determine spray effectiveness. (2) For pest control when arthropod borne disease outbreaks occur, requiring rapid coverage of large ground areas. b. In view of the significant incidence of malaria In the RVN, the aerial dispersal of Insecticides from military aircraft to support military operations is authorized. c. Only aerial dispersal equipment which has been approved by the Armed Forces Pest Control Board is to be used to disperse Insecticides from fixed or rotary wing aircraft. d. Malathion (either 57 percent water emulsifiable concentrate or 95 percent technical B-grade) used at a rate not to exceed 0.5 pounds of the technical toxicant per acre is the only Insecticide currently approved for aerial dispersal in the RVN. Request* to use other insecticides are to be justified and forwarded to this headquarters, ATTN: MACMD-PS. e. Aerial dispersal equipment which has been used to dispense herbicides is not to be used to disperse insecticides. f. ... The Command Surgeon, MACV, is authorized to communicate directly with the following units for coordination of aerial insecticide dispersal: I (1) US Navy Preventive Medicine Unit, NSA Da Nang - NAVFORV. (2) 20th Preventive Medicine Unit (SVC) (FLD) - USARV. (3) 172nd Preventive Medicine Unit (SFC) (FLD) - USARV. (4) 7th AF Tactical Air Control Center. (5) Twelfth Special Operations Squadron, 7th AF. g. Aerial dissemination of insecticide leaflets and/or aerial loudspeaker broadcast missions are to be scheduled in conjunction with aerial spray missions by the 7th AF Tactical Air Control Center. 5. RESPONSIBILITIES. © �:V Dir 40-10 a. The Command Surgeon, MACV, la to: (1) Exercise joint staff supervision and approval authority for aerial dispersal of insecticides. (2) Coordinate all aerial insecticide dispersal operations. (3) "* Evaluate information relative to the effectiveness of the aerial dispersal of insecticides. (4) Furnish 7th AF necessary Information for the preparation of operation and support plans for the fixed wing aerial delivery of insecticides. b. The Commander, 7th AF, is to plan, coordinate, and execute fixed wing aerial delivery of insecticides on MACV approved areas, and the aerial dissemination of insecticide leaflets and/or aerial loudspeaker broadcasts on those targets when required. He is to also coordinate all support required by C123 aircraft crews at the designated operating locations. c. The Commanders, USARV and NAVFORV, are to plan, coordinate, and execute the rotary wing aircraft delivery of Insecticide on MACV approved areas and provide necessary life support equipment Including, but not limited to, flight suits, helmets, and gloves for helicopter,spray crews. d. The appropriate corps tactical zone (CTZ) commander is to: (1) Supply required insecticides and engineer entomology personnel necessary for the preparation and aircraft loading of spray material, and provide liaison personnel to the aircraft commander. (2) Furnish personnel to conduct entomological surveys to delineate breeding areas, establish timing of spray applications, and determine effectiveness of control operations (requests for these individuals should be directed to the appropriate unit listed In paragraph 4f, above). (3) Provide helicopter and crew when the requesting unit has no helicopter capability. The appropriate unit listed in paragraph 4f, above, is to furnish the aerial spray equipment, operator, and Insecticide. e. 6. The Psychological Operations Division, MACV, is to provide aerial loudspeaker broadcast tapes and special Insecticide leaflets for this program. PROCEDURES. a. Requests for aerial dispersal of insecticides are to be forwarded to this headquarters, ATTN: MACMD-PS, for evaluation and command approval. Requests are to contain the following Information on each area to be sprayed: (1) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates. �MACV Dir 40-10 '* i ' (2) An overlay depicting the area. (3) ,.r .-*•:•: ii Designation and location of all battalion-sized units, hamlets, and other centers of military and/or civilian population in the area. (4) Malaria experience in the area (total cases of malaria, incidence rate per 1000 personnel per year, percentage of total cases due to vivax - malaria, and other information as appropriate). (5) Statement concerning availability of helicopter and crew to fly the aerial •pray mission if the area is less than 20 square kilometers. (6) Name, rank, unit, location, and telephone number of a contact or project officer. (7) Statement indicating desirability of insecticide leaflet missions and aerial loudspeaker missions prior to and/or after insecticide spray missions. (8) Approval of district or province chief of areas surrounding spray target if civilian areas are included in the target. b. Approved requests are to be incorporated in the aerial spray program as follows: f (1) Areas 20 square kilometers or larger or areas which cannot be feasib!^; |; V*i^ sprayed with rotary wing aircraft, or ground equipment, are to be scheduled for aerial spray by C123 aircraft. (2) Approved requests for aerial spray of areas less than 20 square kilometers are to be forwarded to the appropriate unit listed in paragraph 4f, above, with a recommendation that coordination be effected with the requesting unit. c. Requests are to be approved for a time period determined by MACV based on medical priorities and aircraft availability. 7. REPORTS. This directive requires no report. 8. REFERENCES. a. AR 40-574/AFR 91-22/SECNAVINST 6250.5. b. TM 5-632/AFM 85-7/NAVDOCKS MO-310. c. Joint State/AID/Defense Message OASD/ISA 6249. DTG 130204Z November 1965. �MACV Dir 40-10 FOR THE COMMANDER: W. G. DOLVIN Major General, USA Chief of Staff LOUIS J. PROST Colonel, USA Adjutant General DISTRIBUTION: B Plus: 200 - MACMD �C1, MACV Dir 40-10 HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES MILITARY ASSISTANCE COMMAND, VIETNAM APO San Francisco 96222 CHANGE 1 DIRECTIVE - 12 June 1970 NUMBER 40-10 (MACMD) MEDICAL SERVICE » AERIAL DISPERSAL OF INSECTICIDES Directive Number 40-10, this headquarters, 23 March 1970, is changed as follows: 1. Page 3. Paragraph 5d is superseded as follows: d. The appropriate corps area/zone coordinator is to: 2. Page 3. Paragraph 5d(D is superseded as follows: (1) Coordinate with the local facilities engineer who is to supply required insecticides and engineer entomology personnel necessary for the preparation and aircraft loading of spray material, and provide liaison personnel to the aircraft commander. 3. This transmittal sheet is to be filed in front of the publication for reference purposes. FOR THE COMMANDER: W. G. DOLVIN Major General, USA Chief of Staff W. A. RUTLEDGE Colonel, USA Adjutant General DISTRIBUTION: C Plus: 200 - MACMD 100 - MACAG-AP � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 018 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0221 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Headquarters, United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Medical Service, Aerial Dispersal of Insecticides, 23 March 1970 Subject The topic of the resource pesticide application pest control methods Ranch Hand aircraft https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/5f9ee0dc48e3ce9eaf0b7eb8ac0668d6.pdf 16db34463a85f49de8f4cf645cd61bd5 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00220 Author Commanding General, United States Army, Vietnam R8DOPt/ArtlClB TitlO Command Health Report for June 1969 (RCS MED-3 (B-4)) Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images n 4 Descriptor) Notes Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 232 of 341 �DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY HEADQUARTERS. UNITED STATES A R M Y VIETNAM APO SAN FRANCISCO 66375 AVHSU-PM SUBJECT: Command Health Report for June 1 6 (RCS MED-3 (Rr-4)) 99 3 3 F~//. Commanding General United States Army Vietnam APO San Francisco 96375 A. Health of the Command 1. Personal (a) Physical condition of troops s Most major consolidated and individual Command Health Reports describe the physical condition of ITS Aray personnel as adequate or satisfactory while a few reports indicate the physical statue of their personnel as being excellent. The overall health of the command remains at a satisfactory level although there were again increases in total disease admissions. (See Tab A). (b) Sanitary discipline: The following selected comments are included because it is felt that they most accurately describe the level of sanitary discipline and personal hygiene among US Army personnel. The 1st Infantry Division reports* "Sanitation standards remain at a high level throughout most of the Division base camp areas. Some units have reached, and continue to maintain, superior sanitation standards. These units are examples of what • good command emphasis can accomplish in improving the living conditions and morale of the troops. The sanitation of IDP's and fire support bases continues to present problems. The Division Surgeon plans to visit these areas as often as air transportation will permit. Any difficulties of, a medical nature should be brought to his attention so that corrective action can be initiated at this level.. Sanitation teams should make frequent Inspections of their unit areas and report the results to the Medical Operations Officer for his action." ^ The 4th Infantry Division makes this comment on personal hygiene: "With a few exceptions personal hygiene is adequate. The monsoon season presents particular difficulty in maintaining clothing resupply. Some units, the tactical situation permitting, have periodic rotation of troops through fire �AVHSD-PM 28 July 1969 SUBJECT: Command Health Report for June 1969 (RCS MED-3 (R-4)) bases or trains area for rest, clean-up, drying out and a change of clothes. The 1 1 Infantry reports such a policy and also supplies a change of clothing /4 every four days and socks every two days. The 1/35 Infantry reports a similarly successful program which allows also health education, dental check-ups, and other medical activities." The status of sanitary discipline within the llth Armored Cavalry Regiment is described as follows: "Sanitary discipline is generally good but continued command support is still needed in the field locations. Increased emphasis on field sanitation teams with a proposed plan to have squadron MSC officers assume more supervisory control over the teams is hoped to improve sanitation in the field." From the 3d Brigade, 82d Airborne Division conies this report: "The sanitary discipline within the Brigade is good. Because of operational conditions in some of the areas} i.e., inundated areas, personal hygiene is sometimes less than desirable but it is good as can be expected under existing conditions. Adequate shower facilities are available in all permanent installations and fire bases. There is a fly problem around one of the fire bases (Hardcore, 1/508 Infantry). This is due mainly to the civilian garbage dumps surrounding the fire base. This will continue to be a problem until the garbage sites can be destroyed or relocated. Trash and garbage cans are covered within the fire base itself and field sanitation is excellent. Arrangements are being made through Brigade Vietnamese Liaison Officer to look into the possibility of relocating garbage sites away from the fire base. Rodent control seems adequate. There were only two rat bites on post during this period. There are adequate rat traps within the Brigade." Finally the 1st Infantry Brigade, 5th Infantry Division (Mech) reports: "Rodents have not been a major problem in base camp areas, primarily because of good area sanitation. Sanitation of bunker areas on camp perimeters has been of variable quality. Food and refuse in bunker areas will attract rats which in turn attract snakes, creating a hazard to those on guard duty*. Pacific Architects and Engineers have assumed the Post Engineer functions of entomology and rodent control at Red Devil and LZ Sharon. They have set out rodent anticoagulant bait boxes on these bases and refill them at scheduled intervals. Steps have been taken to insure better police in perimeter bunkers. They havealso assumed responsibij^ty^^fjgr^JLBjgJB^M^ " baseia. General area sanitationfinal water monitoring before consumption and waste disposal are still under the responsibility of each company through its Field Sanitation Teams." (c) Bathing facilities, adequacy of clothing and status of training in personal hygiene and field sanitation: The 1st Infantry Division Surgeon states: "Some units continue to need work on their shower drainage systems. Several small marshes, heavily populated with insects, have been found in the �rnjU-PM 28 July 1969 rBJECT: Command Health Report for June 1969 (RCS MED-3 (R-4)) are again meaningless due to the constant variation of numbers and locations of collecting stations, and the inability of units to timely process all collections. Trends are important, and even with the inaccuracies it can clearly be concluded that mosquito populations are sharply increasing in locations affected by the monsoon rains. Total numbers identified this quarter were: 7582 for April, 13,060 for May, and 28,830 for June. Disease and epidemiological data found elsewhere in this report indicate the continuing rise of known and suspected mosquito-borne diseases in RVN. 6. Medical Zoology Section (a) Small animal processing: Five hundred and twenty-eight (528) rodents were processed during the month of June. (b) Plague analysis: Rodent spleens, flea pools and aerology samples were forwarded to the Institute of Pasteur at Nha Trang or Saigon for plague analysis. Serology of a Bandicota indica (a large rat type rodent) from Long Binh Post was plague positive. No spleens or flea pools were positive for plague. (c) The overall average number of fleas per rodent (flea index) continued to increase as April was 0*59; May was 0.95 and June was 1.2. Whereas, this overall index may be inaccurate and of questionable value it is interesting to note that off-post the index was about 3.0 while on-post it was only O c ?c The only similarily significantly high individual location index was at Cam Ranh Bay off-post with a 3*07 which though high is down from the 3c97 of May. (b) Rodent mites were of significance in the Cu Chi area. A marked increase in Leptotrombida mites indicates a greater than usual danger of scrub typhus in that area* * 7. Aerial Dispersal of Insecticides (a) Air Force C-123 "Ranch Hand"« Both C-123 aircraft continued in use.. The target interval varied, but is approaching the desired of 10 days, The following missions were flown in the month of June. The number accompanying the area indicates the number of missions if more than one: Phu Cat (3), Hue/Phu Bai (3), Due My (6), Da Nang (6), Ninh Hoa (3), Phan Rang (3), Chu Lai U), Men Hoa (2), Ap Nam/Phuoc Tho (3), Tan Son Nhut (2), Long Binh 199th FSBs, Cam Ranh ( ) Dong Ha/Quang Trl ( ) and Pleiku. A total of 2, 3, 15,775 gallons of 95$ malathion was applied to the areas listed in"the 46 missions completed. ; (b) Helicopter Spraying: Eight Agavenco insecticide sprayers finally arrived. Four each were assigned to the 20th and 172d Preventive Medicine Units respectively. The rigs as received were unsuitable for ultra low volume (ULV, which is 0.5 Ib/acre) application of malathion. Commendable I Zl �AVHSU-PM 28 July 1969 SUBJECTS Command Health Report for June 1969 (RCS MED-3 (R-4)) work has been done by MAJ Waddell, Staff Entomologist, 20th Preventive Medicine Unit to calibrate the rigs using available nozzles and components. Due to his success helicopter spray missions should begin sometime in July. (c) Unauthorized Aerial Sprayings (1) Jfelicopter herMcide_8joijyej^_j£QjjyjaiejbQ_j)e used for.._tJie unauthorized dispersajTof Tnagcticides^incontradiotion to the provisi " Directive 4 - 0 01. " (2) From 28 February 1968 thru 1 March 1969, USAF, PA&E, and Preventive Medicine Unit activities utilized or had in stock at the end of this period about 3960 55-gallon barrels of 57J6 malathion. However, USA Inventory Control Center, Vietnam figures show that 8686 barrels were issued during the same period. Approximately 2 0 0 0 gallons of CONCENTRATED 6,0 malathion appears to have been used by unauthorized sources. (3) Authority and thus responsibility for helicopter application of insecticides has been delegated to the conaanders of the preventive medicine units and detachments. Such missions must be conducted under the supervision of a medical entomologist. Such authority has not been granted to major tactical unit chemical officers or even surgeons. NOTE: When helicopter application of insecticides are deemed advisable by the unit surgeon the nearest preventive medicine unit, detachment or section should be contacted. A list of such preventive medicine units, their addresses, and telephone numbers is contained in Appendix I, Change 1 to USARV Regulation 4 0 1 . .-2 8. Pesticides (a) Safety and Toxicology: As malathion is an insecticide with acute dermal toxicity of approximately one half that of DDT all supervisors of personnel handling malathion must adhere to the provisions of USARV Regulation 4-7 04. (b) Shortages of several items continue to exist. All instances of insecticide supply problems at any level should be documented and forwarded direct to. Headquarters, USARV, Office of the Surgeon, ATTNs Entomology Consultant, APO 96375. 28 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 018 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0220 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Commanding General, United States Army, Vietnam Title A name given to the resource Command Health Report for June 1969 (RCS MED-3 (B-4)) Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand aircraft pesticide application pesticide application https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/fdb812cbd07a84da42eb93379b661ed7.pdf 72b624434fbabe9f784e1883036edfff PDF Text Text Item ID Number: 00139 Author CorpOPatB Author Department o* the Ar-ny, O".ce of the Ad.utarit Genera Alexandria, VA ROpOrt/ArtJClO Title ' atjl° MACV hxed 'VinS Aircra r t Herbicide Incidents. 15 October 1981 Journal/Book Title Year k00^ Month/Day Color Number of Images 14 DeSCrlpton NOtOS Includes two payus of handwritten summary of data Friday, janufi-y 05. ^001 Page i89 of 19-: �OF Office of the Adjutant General Alexandria, October 1981 *ACV FIXED WIN T G fl.IRCRPFT HP g IVCIDRNTS altitude Incident Code >T "orbs Taoe Abort List (1972) A l t i t u d e at tirne of J - Jettison of Herbicide DOT - DUTID on Target WT - Krone: Target (Herbicide snrayed-not Jettisoned) CWL - Crash With Load 30Q - Soill on Ground At'B - Abort No DUIID Total of Aircraft on mission M Tntrv is listed on 197? list of Aborts r. Aircraft ission is vertifiod as on Merbs Tane .":"•..• IT 10 >! A L t'ACTS: In addition to this listing there is evidence of R Aircraft crashes durin<? thn v;ar, but, onlv one can bG docu^onted at this ti~e. Also there is evidence of 12, not oreviouslv reoorted , aborted missions in 196^ which are nondin.7 validation. �liERRICIDR MACV FIXRD Wire JATK MISSION NO. LOCATION OJi'M) ALTITUDE INCIDRNT CODE AGENT GAL. Wr/ACRFT HRRPS TAPi? 107? N'RW in SCO VERY *F.<;.HKS AFCRT LIST 1Q6H I'fiK U»K J L'"K U^'K ? V 0 "^ Y=;.S 1966 6s- >">31 ? '-'•737 CROUOOTn !]"K J UMK 1.1 IK ? vn '10 Yfi1^1 10^1 jalloTs/Mission 56071? XSH5H230 L'MK J 0 UVK "JO y [ i ^i j ?000 3allons/Mission 101-1 Gallons/Mission Over Water f>'l1Q13 T?_1Q_iq JFL 1965 '-^23 •>ni8l2 ^-'-<335 J»::< UMK J i:»t 100 ^ ? 5S')730 u-if XS235870 U.K WT u^ UNK UNK vo YES ^ppi •>-70f,H XT-^3?5 UNK -! UM"< UMK .'4 V:"1 Y^ Ovnr rubber Plantation .60829 UNK XS3I«5809- »» WT ^ U,K »" MO YKS i(inO/Gal Ions/Mission 66090? JNK WR 170399095325 UMK WT UNK U«K 3 *iO YES 661001 1-Q?f>9 UMK U^K DOT UN'K UMK Jl NO YKS B'^n Gallons/Mission NO YRS ?700 Gallons/Mission YF.S *? WO 1300 Gallons/Mission Wrt YKS T •570111 1-2095 UMK UNK DOT 0 UMK 3 670 1 1 2 1-730* II «K U,K AND n UKK 1 . �"I&CV FIXED WTN'G AIPCRftFT HK^PICTDR T"IUCENTS -inf. K .-,7,,,., 1-^, 0?o/2'l-27/*l 1 6-K.a J -7013 1 V< XD320330 Ut.K ^702*9 2-^1- x'r a ' if > i!'3'-;9001:36. Li M r < -'TS.Sir>' NO. LOCATION .LTITM.OE (ijTM } TMCIDEMT CODE UKHR.S TAP"1--" f .v>' I;ISCOV»RY 107? flhOKT LI.ST PKr'S^KS GAL. "r/AC^PT 0 'INK 3 "•'! Y-S 1°.o" G3llons/'-"is3ion CVL 0 UNK 3 '•"0 V H1 '-^ .700 qallons/'Sission wr T 27no T \ (i7 T^ '-TOT " • j i l u f i s / -ii :::>i'jri flGEHT I " 907111:3 0 700 5 "'0 Y-!S U»X j ,JT 0 IJVK '1 •^ YES Past Enl of Target 2^00 Gallons/mission Ur:< UNK DOT p 250 3 VO TRS 1500 Gallons/mission 3 .c ?7 r, BO")?0-77T1 ^0 Feet DOT 0 (INK 3 \s YES ?7HO Gallons/Xission •I-P71* PTO 370-0 7 7 " Um J UNK 1000 fi -0 YKS 570 in 6 *4-3<.'i3 U'JK L'VK WT p. U"K ? M 0 YES P-ist End of Target 1500 Gallons/Mission •.''7'.> 4? 3 !)_-, 1 7 J YD&024-6426 U.K J B aoo 3 NO YES 1%!"> Gallons/Mission '-70S-', r, _ ;< i| .1 U.K UN !C DOT W UWK ^ •JO YES 5510 Gallor.s/Vission •'705^5 l-K YT690U40- UNK ,T w aoo U,K '"70'- 10 f , _ 1 -r '-; v UN'K U^K WT 0 U"K 3 -7-301 3-r? XT C 175^65 'JMK :y.'i^'- --•r,-- ()•:-< 07031°; ,- 3 1 oo '-.yc;-*^ •'70 '-12 1 YES VO YES O f f End of I'nr^ot P?50 da lions/Mission �•-'ACV FIX^D '.JP-rO ATRCHfl.FT M.SR '-.".Tr! •-.s-'-ioti ::o. LOCATION ALTIT'JDP: IMCIDRMT AGENT GAL. "p/'C^FT HV^V-.BY H«%R-^ T.flP^ ftPQivr LIST (UTM) fS7!~)fiOri ,, , 7CW«, son j W ,on ,.,-< f": 707 "ft 7-HVi U'X Utr< nor 0 P.O -.73711 u-:< BHlt j 0 R no i ,, . X?oa3 7 •:0 YF, ;-o YK? ,-,-, YRS Ions/fission 21Q' /* f tor I'/n-Off T V/ c XT9S15 YT0113 """ 6v«, 3 r.70317 7-61 ?7 u« u». «i " -i j^7 y 1 "0 Y'-'S Off i - '-»« 1U3/23-3V C!i5n UNK j R UWK «-!»« = TO 8 80 3^0 J p 1000 3 vo ' Y-:S Y^ '-"I 00 Gallons/Mission I • YKS 115 0 flallons/i-'isaion MO Ove Sea-3 ^liles Over '•las of DsNanst st, r l^ : :0 Gallons/Mission 17 :':70S.17 U'iK IJNK "-«« j B 200 3 YES YKS ^i| MO itiles Northeast It u-Lai ( Gallons/Mission 1S ) T Of r 07.90. 0-13114 iJ^'K UMK AND 0 [WK r, «719« 9-7-.W u« UNK «T 0 UMK •J r-70<!2f, 9-7??2 (,X ,,< AMD " UNK ' YKS YFS *«5 MO NO YKS YRS Y'vS fff> -0 3r50 3^'^ Gallons/Mission Off O f f Knfl of Target 2q f j <*!*Lions/fission ?60 Gallons/mission �FIX^D WINC- A r R C R f l F T ;A->- MI? "TOP NO. LOCATION (UTM) " AGRMT .LTITUiJS G.ftL. Mr/.CRPT [JG]5^H<^ yflpc; CO PR 107? flP'lRT f,T8T ,70927 ,.*«, U-< U,K W 0 UMK , YF:?! Y^'.S #S •TO -00 ^llona/'1laf 670957 }-7'S5 UHf .;NK A-D w U'-'K 3 Y»S r-s ^7 r-) PHOT '.IallonR/"isf -S71QP8 ;-T=°- Uv< UMK • VD 0 UMK ^ Y^S Y--S « i"i i«sn ^non.s/Mi,, '- 3?I - U T a« VT p ™ ^ ,.-> YR, O f f r-in'i of . r ar-?et "•^ o o i n 3 1 1 o *"i s / ^ i sc «TC«9 5-r? 15 UMK UNK AND R •J...K 3 Y-S MO ?DOO Gal Ions/Vis; ' '"<HO Ij_fl«11 im UMK AND P. UW ? YRS •,-7 -,029 ' '• T "9jO ','--iJT°. UNK UNK DOT UNK UMK 3 r;1pn2 10-55* U-K i T M IT Af'D P UMK 3 '•n-» 10.-^ UNK I T\T f AMD P UNK £ 7 1 00"; 10-12S3 UI:K UNK AMD •> <-,7m6 IP-1^6 UNK UVK J 'vi^i n-1^4 LINK UKK • .'V^rt n-?i7P •INK S7inio n-,-.is n--:v»? .' i ' ' 1 ', Y ^ S HI ?nOT Gallons/Mss ' vo YRS Poundrifis of Proj. 3-2-1-65 YPS Y?.S «12 SO 3001 Gallons/Misf 3 Y-vS Y.S 'M, MO ?0m Gallons/Miss UMK ^ IBS YRS #14 MO 193^ Gallons/Mis." R ^T 3 vo YKS Dunned in RiT MQJ 1700 Gallons/Miss A-'D P iJMK 1 YRS YFS f11 ro 1fllr> Gallona/Miss ' U^ r,Nn 0 UMK * YKS Y : 'S -*17 r-O -.000 UNK urK a-n n .»pr u YRS Y!-'S ff 1 ^ NO ?«no ".aiion^Mi.,, u««c IHK ;«n '••' I»«K 1 YR, Y ••<: '( in M n n,Uon,/'-!l« �TNCID^KTS y!/V_QV F'lXRD _WI!>'G A I R C R A F T ^•i>: ^TSSTO" NO. LOCATION (UTM) •LTITUns AORMT HAL. Ir/AC^T pp5p<5 T A P S 1Q7P ^000 Clallons/^ission PO 3000 Gal lons/^ission fp^ ft?? -0 ?7r?r| Gq lions/fission Y^-S Y K S '*23 NO ?Qnn :>.!lons/'(ission YI-.S Y^S f p q MO ?301 •,lr3llons/':ission MO YKS Y^ yp.s *?5 MO 3-^00 -n^l lons/Xission u YES YKS .»2fi MO 3000 "allons/'-'issioi H v,, Y-.S "27 wo P^ r >o riallons/V.ission Y.S YF;S .''29 MO 3000 0^1 Ions/Mission Y"S Y-'S ^0 VO it^O .^llonn/Misslon NO YES Sprayed Off Opoosite Luon<y r?oa 3900 Gallons/Mission YES # 3 1 NO 2150 Gallons/mission NO YKS Very tyear Bien !1oa (Map) YKS '/3? NO f>00 Gallons/Mission 10-M372 UNK U»K AND V IU1K ^ Y^S Y K S "20 571017 10-^538 UNK •JVK AND w UMK /a Y^S ™ *" 571021 1C-5?aq UNK UVK «»D V UW '« YPS 571026 10-7*57 Ur< UMK AND 0 vx* U VM'^7 10-7012 "JVK 'JMK AMD '• • UMK a '71029 ^-575 L'f'K 2500 J w 1000 UV< S711P2 11-^ UPK UMK AMD 'J 'JMK 6711^1 11-S36 u-::< UMK AND n UNK ?.71inS I1-iq^3 u- | | » | rr AMD 0 IJK'K 671H7 ll-<^5 UNK i T^^ y AMD 571117 11-53?*) UVK \ \ V 6T AND 0 urK " 7 571 iifl 11-5633 UNK UK-< WT w UMK 1 £ 11-6120 UNK UNK AND o J II VK ,W AND 0 UNK " UMK ' * UNK -=71122 11-5973 UNK '"" •10 571016 .71 120 >'»•••? O T ^ C O V - R Y A PORT LIST CODE ri »T j* Li iv i\ 3 3 YFS YES �F I X F D V.'IT-'y a r ? C P a F T ^ IMCIOEMT PATV -issioM NO. LOCATION -/1 123 11- -693 :iv< UVK AND n U"K 11 ^71130 II-CW ,ir, r."< AND 0 U'-'K ^ •5V 11 30 11-9r:70 UKK U"K V-T n UMK *Y1^!| 5^8 XS3S5*)? 3T)o DOT U^< IJMK IJMV 071233 12-2097 M UMK AMD w UMK •5 •' 7 1 :? 1 0 RI.-S5S 1-T133591 12-30 J UMK Uf-'K UM'< •371211 12-2*03 JN'lf UN'K AND 0 UNK 3 571P13 12-^196 UliK U-K AND rt UMK ^ *71 ? ? S i?-?w y«K UV.T i-'T 0 UMK UNK 3^00 J 0 — 1-^173 UMK UN'< AVD l-3'4?7 UMK UNK ''80105 ;'}^O1 1 £> 0*0113 ALTITUDK MBIT GAL. Mr/«PR*T HPBPSTA" ". (17? f1'1'7'/ | > l^f"OV^' l *Y yro; Y- n^ rc y,. v ';- q; T--.vfirf<3 !"•> j} -^ Ji 2000 Oall3n=/»lr,Rion ii,- Y^ vn Y^ Y'rS "3S NO 30CP C-?llons/".ission -o yrs Over yjuter YRS Y-3S R7 MO nso Sallona/^isslon YE5, Y^.S . 3 R T!0 2000 Gallons/Mission 3 ».n YS.S Off ''Ind of Tar~ct ?30 n Gallons/Mission 1000 UMK HO T,, DonT f'ai River 15 TTI East of Siaron n UMK 3 YES YRS -HP NO 1650 Gallons/Mission AMD i UfTK YW YW tin NO 17m Gallons/mission ^ * V,, Snrav Drifts'1 ? 0 ?• 0 G a 1 1 on s / '•"• i s ." i c n ^01?3 1-6^12 UN-< UMK ftVD n UNK •• YES YE "3 /"I11 ,0 3000 ..lallonS/MiMIon 5502"? P-2P2 UVK U\'K AMD 0 u»» 3 Y-S YKS MS NO 1 f 300 Gallons/Mission -0,02 ;>-?•>•-; UNK CN. M>D -1 UN'K s YFS V« ..< MO 'JOOO ';.^1 lons/"-!lnsion �•'ACV F I X 50 WIMP, a i R C R A F T 1'FR g ICTD F MK -issioa •:<!. LOCATION (UTM) ALTITUDE ACRNT GAL. "r/.C-FT HRPRS T,P. CO DP 107P , m =,11on=/.-i.,,ton 7 , MO „, So! 11 v/hilo on Ground •TO V 17 '3 YK^ fll: 7 '"0 ^^0 '.'i :: illO!!lS/ - '^S53iOn '•0 Y'..--. ?vcr Water 17'!0 r,»nons/^ission Y^ *U« vo ?QOO Gallons/'lission YPS .?•"):< N'orth of Siaeon (Cu'on^ C i t v ) YRS *ri1 "0 ^000 Gallons/Mission Y^S »^ MO 5000 Gallons/Mission ?iO ytvs Defoliation of Pase Caro Area 3000 Gallons/mission YRS YFS .'/55 NO 4500 Gallons/Mission YUS Y K S #5 f t NO 5000 "allons/'lission YES S57 h C YF070570- •rriOS 5-33*0 „., UK, SOG 0 ™ c; *nW UN'K •JN'K ,000 DOT W ,nnn Uf'K :-/M09 J..3P77 •JNX •J«K AND V (JMK ^ roan a.ii}75 UKK I:KK J 0 IJMK ? '.can, «-5 en? UN'K UNK AND 0 UNK 3 YFS <:Oi!2S U-1257? USK f!5on J 0 100^ 6 YRS .0.30 4-14202 UNK L'^-'K AMD W UNK 6 YES ^' ' j \) 1 5-363 UFK UNK AND R UNK 6 YKS SO 50? 5-V5M 'JHK UVK WT W UNK , "Ml 2 5-S033 UNK UNK AMD '•i UNK 6 305 1 5 5-697'J UNK .:MK AND W UNK 6 H n c, i ^ ^ 7?63 I(f |I"V \J * "• AND rt 1 4 1 / W MM IT 1 J 1 *\ c ) ,500 DOT ST1.I.KS ,, , -K*. •V~'<?0>1 up;-.! HT-'COVKRY ;. ->T^r MST W UV'-r ^ - YRS V i000 M.T! Ions/Mission �MfH:'V '•: LOCATION (UTM) j AT^CPflF'T H^ ALTITfJDS ,0,»T dflL. M AP") = T LLST , 5?6 5-11763 *.< UMK *MD W UM, 527 5-^6 UN'K 5onn J W noo V30 5-1~7 2 ? U*K UNK W w UHK , c':n6 S,_i;p(j U»< 60T) DOT MW UFK 500 £, _ ~ 0 7 Ynnr^n «soo ,i rv IJMIf 7 YRS y^s !-T0 'i^OO n3 lions/ '-Ms? ion y-.s *'-' South of Xinn Loc yv s *5Q :J '"* vm"1 "qllors/^issinn -T ^ y., «q '•'1 m 1 ,', (5 ni .™,.w r/«CRFT CODE Y ^ =; ^ c c id f?n tfj 1 Ou~nD , Y-, ''tf^'S ',' n C* f -*i ^ XA r ' i J '•" 1^00 CJallois/yission nil <-*&3 L'N-K UWK DOT 0 U«1T P, 616 6-^1? li'jr U.K OOT w UMST 619 IE-W L'-.'K 7500 J w U','K ^V-501P f,SOT J «-?•.!* UKK UN^ UVK YS140510 f.p-^ '..-.^.; n29 w•>« M "1 YRS foil Gallons/Mission ^ "0 Y'S -^ ^llcni./vtMlon moo ^ ro YKS ?DOO ;:-allons/Missicn l!MK liHK UMK «-, YRS DOT n ON«C , 10 Y^S ?ot;Q Gallons/Xission 2500 VT p 'JNK urx K-O YRS Runir Sqt Zone and Over Water JN'K u?."c DOT w UNK 5 NO Y^;S 5000 Gallons/mission UNK UVK J 0 mm 1 ^ 1 vo YKS YFS » 709 --12 7-7^1 INK �M OATK •1I3SIO!" NO. LOCATION (UTM) ACV FTX3D WING AIRCRAFT MERPICIDR P'CIDF'*TTS .' LTITUOE AGR«T GAL. Mr/ftCRFT HI5RRS T.ftPl=: 107P N'KW DISCOVERY !---:-i«pscs ft PORT LISTS CODE ™ PMUOC ftK Village f'O Y-S Over Mour.tain POH*! 3 MO YRS 2000 3allons/"!i?slon UN'K fi MO Y^ 57^0 Gill.-.ns/yission UN'K UMK U^K "0 YFS ,1 UNK IR'K UMK '0 ' YRS 4200 DOT UN:< U«K UK< VO Y YT5177-5453 5^00 J UNK UNK 11 WK MO YES 6711 UNK 1000 J p UMK ? N'C YES T-miediately After Take Off and then return to RIEN HO A 2000 Gallons/Mission 631 119 6705 UNK UNK DOT B UNK 3 MO YES 2000 Gallons/Mission 5*1121 UN'K UNK 500 B UNK UNK MO Y-7S On Take Off FPOTJ HI'-JN HO A 5H.1P01 L'V.K UN'K 1SOO 0 UMK UMK ro 5?OB?1 3-1725 BP220920RP220890BP 100 840- U«K DOT R 1000 3 "° 630S26 UNK BP6359P" 4000 J UNK UNK UNK 6 SO 331 9-2391 UKK UMK DOT B UNK -0922 017 .^ UN'K WK DOT n 6*1929 U"K XS403800 4700 DOT W929 UN'K YTH40930 7500 531107 UN'K YT21538QYTOR0230 5*1107 LTK fi«1119 •' J " 5 Tiiles South West RTF.M HO A Runway �:iflt:v VIXFD WIMG AIRCRAFT >A?rf XISSJON TO. LOCATION (UTM) ALTITUDE I"CIDEMT CODF AGWT OAL. «p/«CRFT „, , , - , S81221 6701 UN-K UMK AND VJ UNK 1 iv^ UN< 7500 WT 0 -JMK \ 9 '. ) 1 P o n-v »"•"' pono J V n,K C,K DOT i-K WT 107? t:*CW DISCOVRHY PKMftRKS A n O R T LISTS *™ ,< , HPRPS TAPH ••' •T) ^ .-, 30TO 'j-illons/'-'ission Y-S «0 •n n^ ^ y^s Over PIM'j T!'Y UNK ..MK \:o Y-:S ^nir FI-1W MO A '.'J UMK •j -n YF ^ 1003 CtalloWlwl:* ,T 0 UM, 3 NO Y C1 ^ '/'roi^-T V^illev Y-S 1Q6Q ? ••* '1 ? 0 P 6701 :<P306 6 '? OS 983571S Q 2 3 2 "? UNK JN- 3^00 J 0 U«K .IVK MO Y^ i 90 It 11 U::K YC9010 70no J UN'K •IMK WK MO YKS Over ''ountains 59^1? 6700 uXK UMK DOT 0 UNK s NO YES Hi«rh Winds 3000 (Jal due to Abort 2nd Pun but 1 Plane DOT 3Q0112 6703 UN'K IW DOT ^ UNK s r:o Y^S j O f) i \? | ,, , U?,'K 2000 DOT 0 I) MIC UK"? r*o YK. Possibly sane as above j 0 'T i) 2 2 UN< HTHS23 ^no •,T UVK UNK UNK wo Y-;S Me?ir TAri KY r 7 •J»IK 1JMK DOT 0 IW 3 VO YKS 300H G-I lions/fission ^O.'12't ' °' t �'•i'Cv FIXED wj"i AIRCRAFT K^PPTCTDF: TvicijjfZI3. uppt^cj T A P ^ 1Q7? ePOF'T Ll.Si'S PJCIDEK1! CODR AG^T OflL. nir/ACRFT UN'K [JOT UMK iriK - r;O i- lion GHllon^LasiO,, U'JK L'Mlf WT n UMK c ^:0 YF,r, Sprp.ved outside tsr-'et ^000 r.lallons/''!issior U'JK u::< UI--3C wr 0 UMK UMV NO o Y n.* '*j LONfl PTfHi Villgse 5 7" 7 '.'- JHK J -JVC u« Vfl Y« iJUTin Valve .activated 70^210 67^1 U">'V yi:r< v'T 0 ;JN'K x: 0 Y"S Soravnl Lite 2200 'Jallonn/Missio.'. 7.10110 ST« am J B UMK NO Y'iS 5700 Gallons/mission UVK AMD p K'O 1050 Gallons/Mis? ion OATH; XI S3 ION NO. LOCATION (UTM) 'ju-'VlU 6r* 7, Vl 30 110ZV173131* <':Q0710 67Tt ^909 — S91319 1970 701216 6793 F r** cf oC.c^.j!i Q Tvi' ^j ur.'K ULTIT'JDK ^ ^ 7 NKW DISOOV^RY R5MARKS �O-io t O- lo 5 t U �CT' 3 p -f s (TJ UJ J? 1 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 017 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0189 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Department of the Army, Office of the Adjutant General, Alexandria, VA Title A name given to the resource Table: MACV Fixed Wing Aircraft Herbicide Incidents, 15 October 1981 Subject The topic of the resource HERBS database Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide application https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/430775cddb875139c1a668b530b471b0.pdf 76714eb4ca6e132a123fda36b73f6942 PDF Text Text Item ID Number: 00039 Author Corporate Author Hayes International Corporation RepOrt/ArtlGlB Title A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color IJ Number of Images 15 DeSCrlptOU NOtBS Filed witn Thursday, November 16, 2000 documents from 1970 in the Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Page 39 of 46 �Anoymous A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System Hayes International Corporation RNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL1 CORPORATION �THE A/A45Y-1 INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER The A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser, designed and manufactured by Hayes International Corporation, Birmingham, Alabama, is a complete airborne defoliant dispensing system. The dispenser is packaged to permit rapid installation into, and removal from, C-130 and C-123 aircraft, with only minor modifications required to the affected aircraft. See figures 1 and 2. The Internal Defoliant Dispenser, Part No. A/A45Y-1, provides for loading, transporting and dispensing of 1000 gallons of defoliant chemical, and in case of an emergency, dumping the full load overboard in less than 45 seconds. The tank and cradle assembly is mounted on detachable casters which are removed before anchoring in the host aircraft. A control console is electrically connected into an electrical network which in turn is connected to the aircraft electrical system, certain controls and indicators in the flight compartment and the electrically operated units within the system. Pressure is applied to defoliant chemical, by an engine and pump assembly mounted on the same frame with the tank. The defoliant is transported to a nozzle assembly mounted in the slipstream of the aircraft in such a manner that a strip 250 feet wide along the line LEADING PARTICULARS Length (app) Width (app) Height (app) (without casters) Weight Empty Full Capacity Normal operating pressure Normal dispensing interval Emergency dump duration Electrical system Dump valve operation Refill time (app) Dump valve Spray valve Suction valve 16 feet, 4 inches 4 feet, 10 inches 6 feet, 5 inches 1420 Ibs 12,420 Ibs 1000 gallons 60 + 5 psi 3 to 4 minutes Less than 45 sec. 28 volts dc (supplied by host aircraft) Electrical or manual 20 minutes Electrical, 10 inch Electrical, 3 inch Manual, 3 inch �TANK VENT MANHOLE COVER DUMP VALVE (See figure 4) TANK LIQUID LEVEL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR ENGINE EXHAUST VIBRATION ISOLATOR SEGMENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (See figure 3) MAIN SPRAY VALVE TIE-DOWN FITTINGS CONTROL CONSOLE (See figure 5) RECIRCULATING LINE JET PUMP REFILL CRADLE NOTE: SEE FIGURE 6 FOR TAIL BOOM AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT. SEE FIGURES 7 AND 8 FOR INSTALLATION IN C-123 AIRCRAFT. Figure 1. Major Components of Defoliant Dispenser �Figure 2. Defoliant Dispenser (right side) �of flight is effectively covered. The nozzle assembly is designed for the most effective atomizing of the defoliant and coverage of foliage to be destroyed. The dispensing operation and, in emergency, the dump valve operation can be controlled from either the control console near the tank and cradle assembly or from the pilot's position in the flight compartment. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS The internal defoliant dispenser is capable of containing 1000 gallons of defoliant which can be completely dumped overboard by remote control or manually in less than 45 seconds. The pump is capable of maintaining 60 + 5 psi pressure during the normal 4 minute (app) period of operational spraying. Refilling the tank assembly is accomplished with power and equipment contained within the defoliation dispensing system. TANK AND CRADLE ASSEMBLY The tank and cradle assembly is the major unit of the entire system, having; a 1000 gallon tank with baffles, manhole, tube connections and stabilizing and tiedown brackets; an engine and pump assembly which consists of a four cylinder horizontally opposed engine and pump directly coupled to the engine crankshaft; and a cradle which carries the tank, and engine and pump assembly and is provided with four casters which are readily detachable. A temperature gage and a fluid quantity gage are installed in the tank. The engine is slightly modified from its original configuration to achieve adaptability to the requirements of the dispenser system. The detachable casters are to provide limited mobility and are removed when the unit is tied down. The defoliant used in the dispenser is stored in the tank and is fed through a suction line to the pump (two assemblies used on C-130 aircraft). The pump is driven by an air-cooled engine and forces the defoliant through a discharge line to a spray valve. A recirculation line is provided so that when the spray valve is closed, the defoliant will recirculate back through the tank. When the spray valve is open, the defoliant is forced into the spray boom and atomized by spray nozzles. When the tank is empty, a float-operated switch, located in the tank, automatically stops the engines. On C-130 aircraft, when either tank is empty, the engine of the empty unit will automatically shut down. The spray valve will not automatically close until the second unit's tank empties and the float switch is actuated, shutting down its engine. �The centrifugal pump consists essentially of an impeller and a pump body, and is driven by the engine through a direct drive. The engine drives the pump and the speed of the engine controls the quantity of defoliant being dispensed. See figure 3. The recirculation line incorporates a jet-pump (ejector) tank refilling system which utilizes the fluid left in the tank from prior operation to initially operate the jet pump. TEMPERATURE GAGE Temperature gage, located on the side of the tank, indicates temperature of the defoliant in the tank. LIQUID METER A liquid meter, located on the side of the tank, indicates the defoliant quantity in the tank. DUMP VALVE The dump valve is a 10 inch gate valve having both electrical or manual activation. It is designed for horizontal (vertical flow) installation and liquid flow in only one direction. The bottom of the defoliant tank incorporates a vortex interupter and adapter to which the dump valve is secured and is in perfect alignment with an opening and spring loaded door in the belly of the aircraft. A high speed motor coupled to an actuator provides 2 second operation of the dump valve in either direction and circuit manipulation to indicate open condition. See figure 4. CONTROL CONSOLE The control console is the nerve center of the defoliation system. All functions are controlled from this position; all monitoring equipment is located in this position; and the electrical supply is channeled and protected at this position. Prefabricated electrical cables tie the control console to all related parts of the system, including the controls on the pilot's instrument panel and the aircraft electrical supply system. Tandem or single installations are controlled and monitored from the control console without any changes or alterations being performed. In the event of electrical power failure of the aircraft electrical system, certain critical functions have an option of manual operation. See figure 5. �Figure 3. Centrifugal Pump �Figure 4. Dump Valve �FLUID POWER REFILL FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE FWD UNIT AFT UNIT STARTER AND SPRAY CHOKE THROTTLES INDICATORS VALVE TANK EMPTY FWD UNIT AFT UNIT ENGINES FWD UNIT OIL PRESSURE LOW OPERATE SPRAY VALVE THROTTLES OPEN t FWD /~\ UNIT \\~J\ ^ AFT \{-J\ UNIT \ CLOSED Figure 5. Control Console AFT UNIT OIL PRESSURE LOW OPERATE �MAGNETO SWITCH The MAGNETO switch (AFT UNIT and FWD UNIT) is a single-pole, doublethrow toggle switch used to control the engine magneto. In the down position the engine magneto is grounded; in the up position the ground is removed from the magneto, permitting the engine to run (if tank is not empty). CHOKE SWITCH The CHOKE switch (AFT UNIT and FWD UNIT) is a spring-loaded pushbutton switch used to control the solenoid that actuates the engine choke. When pushed in, the CHOKE switch applies power to the engine choke solenoid. START SWITCH The START switch (AFT UNIT and FWD UNIT) is a spring-loaded pushbutton switch used to control the engine starter. When pushed in, the START switch applies power to the engine starter. The START switch is guarded to prevent accidental engagement of the engine starter. THROTTLE SWITCH The THROTTLE switch (AFT UNIT and FWD UNIT) is a three-position toggle switch, spring-loaded to the neutral position. The switch has INCREASE and DECREASE positions and is used to electrically control the engine throttle through a geared servo-motor. The engine throttle may be set at any intermediate position between minimum and maximum engine rpm by positioning the switch to INCREASE or DECREASE and releasing to the neutral position when desired engine RPM is reached. A governor on the engine regulates maximum engine RPM. SPRAY VALVE SWITCH The SPRAY VALVE switch is a single-pole, double-throw toggle switch used to electrically open and close the spray valve. In the OPEN position power is applied to open the spray valve; in the CLOSED position power is applied to close the spray valve. The SPRAY VALVE switch is guarded in the CLOSED position. A cockpit SPRAY VALVE switch is provided for control of the spraying operation by the pilot. �DUMP VALVE SWITCH The DUMP VALVE switch, located at the extreme left side of the control panel (figure 5), provides electrical control for the dump valve. The switch is provided with a guard which maintains the switch in the CLOSED position. Placing the switch in the OPEN position actuates the valve motor and opens the dump valve. The cockpit DUMP VALVE switch provides positive electrical control for opening the dump valve by the pilot. Operation is in conjunction with the console DUMP VALVE switch. Placing either switch in the OPEN position will actuate the dump valve motor and open the dump valve. FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE The FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE (AFT UNIT and FWD UNIT) is a singlepole, double-throw toggle switch (with a holding coil) used to override the float switch (in tank) when the float switch has grounded the magneto. The FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE is spring-loaded in the down position and when placed in the up position, enables the engine to be run when the tank is empty (in order to fill the tank using the pump). The holding coil holds the FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE in the up position until the float switch is actuated. ENGINE TACHOMETER The engine tachometer is dual indicating (two needles) and indicates engine speed in hundreds of RPM. FLUID PRESSURE INDICATOR The FLUID pressure indicator indicates fluid pressure in increments of 4 PSL When properly calibrated this gage can be used as a flow-rate indicator. CIRCUIT BREAKERS Four circuit breakers (STARTER AND CHOKE, THROTTLES, INDICATORS, and SPRAY VALVE) control power to the control panel and provide protection from electrical overload and short circuits. 10 �SPRAY BOOM The spray boom (figure 6) is desinged to accommodate 18 spray nozzles and provide a method for dispensing the defoliant over a wide area. The spray boom is constructed of 4-1/2 inch diameter steel tubing. The discharge line is off-set from the centerline of the spray boom to allow the aircraft's ramp to operate with the dispenser installed. Eighteen spigots are welded to the spray boom to receive the spray nozzles. C-123 aircraft utilize only 12 of the spray nozzles and the remaining six spigots are capped. The spray boom is attached to the fuselage with six struts. AIRCRAFT INSTALLATION The dispenser installation in C-123 aircraft consists of towing the tank and cradle assembly (unfilled) into the aircraft and securing it to the aircraft floor utilizing twenty 10, 000-pound hook and chain assemblies and the cargo floor tie-down fittings (figures 7 and 8). All piping and hose assemblies are installed and the console assembly mounted to the aircraft floor. The spray boom and connecting struts are attached to outside fittings on the aircraft and the electrical cables are connected. In the case of the C-130 aircraft, two dispensers are installed in the same manner, and interconnected. n �TIE-DOWNS SPRAY NOZZLE TAIL BOOM INSTALLATION STRUTS Figure 6. Spray Boom and Associated Plumbing 12 �r. Figure 7. Installation in C-123 (left side) 13 �Figure 8. Installation in C-723 (right side) 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 004 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0039 Series The series number of the original item. Series I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Hayes International Corporation Title A name given to the resource A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System Subject The topic of the resource spray equipment Ranch Hand aircraft https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/f6466e4a220a26a2f5aa0f104ad4f369.pdf ac11cb87888be563c26479549f6a3976 PDF Text Text Item ID Number Author 20 Anonymous Corporate Author Report/Article Title Minutes A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System Support Conference, 25 and 26 August 1966 Journal/Book Title Year ™GQ Month/Day Color M Number of Images 4G Pages 33, 34, and 38 fold out; includes addendum: memo and replacement page for Item 9-66-2 of the minutes Tuesday, November 14, 2000 Page 20 of 25 �Anonymous 1966 Minutes A/A45Y-1 internal defoliant dispenser system: Support Conference ES A/A45Y-1 INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER SYSTEM SUPPORT CONFERENCE 25 AND 26 AUGUST 1966 .r •^•^••Kjtr.&.x.- *>y:s'vrT«£?3n£*' ''^^^•M^^^-^^^>'?'--'^^ - 'JOftSf-Z':'* - JSW--^ f'.>5^ */S*^":/,' I £>*r*Sst .-. ./-TSBS&e'J*sS7- . -. _ Sel. '<'*,;'. J <i'-J^-- �INDEX Item Number Title Page Number Summary 1 Section I Introduction/Ranch Hand Report 2 Section n A/A45Y-1 System Status Technical Manual Status 3 Section DI 9-66-1 9-66-2 4 9-66-7 Action Items Ground Support Equipment TCTQ for Installation of A/A45Y-1 System in UC-123B Aircraft, Class V Mod 1776 Retrofit Installation of MARK HI Engine Spares Retrofit Installation of Optimized (Redesigned) Wing Boom onUC-123B Aircraft Maintenance Data and Technical Order Verification Maintenance Training of Ranch Hand Personnel 13 Section IV General Comments/Observations 14 Section V A/A45Y-1 Defoliation Conference Attendees 16 Section VI Distribution 17 Section VII A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System System Description Capabilities and Limitations Leading Particulars Tank and Cradle Assembly Control Console Dump Valve Spray Boom Aircraft Installation Viet Nam Ranch Hand Operations Optimized Defoliant Handling System Portable Defoliant Handling Unit 18 9-66-3 9-66-4 9-66-5 9-66-6 5 5 7 8 10 11 12 18 18 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 32 37 �Figure Number Title Page Number Illustrations Figure 1 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 10 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Major Components of Defoliant Dispenser Control Console Dump Valve Tail Spray Boom and Associated Plumbing Wing Spray Boom Existing Defoliant Transfer System Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Viet Nam Optimized Defoliant Handling System Layout Defoliant Handling System Components Tank Trailer Defoliation Liquid Refill 19 22 23 24 25 29 33 34 38 Photographs Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 2 3 8 9 11 12 13 14 Defoliant Dispenser (right side) Centrifugal Pump Installation in C-123 (left side) Installation in C-123 (right side) Ranch Hand Work Area Hour Glass Tank and Pump Hour Glass Tank and Pump (insulated) Hour Glass Spider Pump 20 21 26 27 30 30 31 31 �SUMMARY 1. The first Logistics Support Meeting for the A/AU5Y-1 Defoliant Dispenser was held at Hayes International Corp, Birmingham, Ala., on 2li and 25 Aug 1966. 2. The purpose of this meeting was to review program status, evaluate "Major Problem Areas", and initiate and assign action as required to assure the timely and successful completion of program requirements for enhancement of logistic support. 3. Areas within this program requiring action, further refinement and overall close surveillance are documented in section III and IV of these minutes. Lu A follow-up meeting was determined essential in order to review progress made on action items, reassess support posture, and include representatives of agencies absent from this meeting. 5. The minutes of this meeting will be used as a basis of agenda for the next meeting. Each action agency should complete their assigned action in accordance with the scheduled dates, if possible, and be prepared to present status of action taken at the next scheduled meeting. Additional items may be added to the agenda for review and discussion at this time. However, to assure adequate time for evaluation and staffing, it is necessary that proposed agenda items be submitted to WRAMA (WRNQO) at least one week before the scheduled meeting date. 6. The next meeting is tentatively scheduled at Hayes International Corp., Birmingham, Ala., 11-13 Oct 1966. Confirmation of date and location will be provided by separate correspondence. 7. It is desired to take this opportunity to compliment each representative for his active participation and support. Especially appreciated are the efforts of Hayes International in hosting this meeting and the fine assistance rendered. The productive results obtained and anticipated as a result of this meeting will be beneficial to all agencies concerned, and should improve SEJu-support and operational capability. ROBERT N. SCHEIDECKER Major, USAF Chief, Operations Branch Directorate, Materiel Management �SECTION I INTRODUCTION/RANCH HAND REPORT 1. Mr. W. B. O'Neal welcomed the conferees and opened the meeting. Introduction was given by Lt William Crea, Air Force Project Engineer. Status of the program was reviewed by Mr. Don Smallwood, Hayes Project Engineer (Reference Section II). 2. Captain Peshkin gave the report from Ranch Hand. They are growing very rapidly and a considerable number of problems have developed. As early as January or February, it was realized that additional aircraft were going to be programmed for SEA. Storage, maintenance, and training requirements were anticipated; however, no staff support was furnished after discussions with operations and maintenance personnel at Tan Son NHut. Finally, the aircraft began to arrive. Storage problems still exist as does spare parts support. Flying continues at approximately 25 sorties per aircraft per month. This is the MACV planning figure for programming chemicals. Ranch Hand would like to be able to operate from an additional operating location in the II Corps area to increase sortie effectiveness. There are presently 9 aircraft in the country 3 at Da Nang and 6 at Tan Son NHut. The operation continues successful because the equipment is basically good and the air frame is the best available. The defoliant system has the same characteristics, simplicity, and reliability. The main problems are as indicated below. Ranch Hand has been fortunate in their maintenance support resulting in almost 100$ aircraft availability. Many of Ranch Hand's problems could be helped by better staff support. �SECTION II A/A45Y-1 SYSTEM STATUS ITEM CONTRACT 1. A/A45Y-1 Prototype 08(635)3609 2. A/A45Y-1 Production 08(635)3609 3. Dump Valve Kit 08(635)4894 4. Wing Boom Prototype 08(635)5710 5. Wing Boom Production 08(635)5710 6. Engine Mod Mark III 08(635)4894 QUANTITY DELIVERY DATE REMARKS Sept. 1963 Used in C-130 Test at Eglin Systems started at Hayes 20 Aug. 1964 Six Operational Systems in Viet Nam. One destroyed in C-123 crash in Viet Nam. Seven delivered to FairchildHiller Corp. for installation in C-123. One awaiting dump valve and will be shipped to Fairchild-Hiller. One remaining at Hayes for Wing Boom Test. One unassigned. Three cannibalized for spare parts by Eglin. 17 Aug. 1965 All operational A/A45Y-1 systems equipped with dump valve. Sept. 1966 Fabrication complete by 23 Aug. 1966. 20 March 1967 (Anticipated) Delivery to be 150 days after approval of Prototype. 15 Jan. 1967 (Anticipated) Twelve to be installed on new purchase of twelve A/A45Y-1 by WRAMA and the remaining three for spares. �TECHNICAL MANUAL STATUS ITEM STATUS REMARKS T. O. 11C15-3-4-2 FIELD, DEPOT OVERHAUL WITH IPB INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER MODEL A/A45Y-1 Awaiting validation of System Manual. In process review performed at Hayes by WRAMA, 20 and 21 July 1966 T. O. 11C15-3-4-2 FIELD, DEPOT OVERHAUL WITH IPB INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER MODEL A/A45Y-1 In process. Manual change to add Mark III engine pump controls T. C. T. O. (Proposed) No contractural requirements. Never was negotiated as per supplemental agreement number 2. Contractor recommends preparation of T. C. T. O. for installation of system in C-123 aircraft T. O. 11C15-3-4-2 FIELD, DEPOT OVERHAUL WITH IPB INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER MODEL A/A45Y-1 In process. Change to cover wing boom program T. C. T. O. In process. To cover installation of wing boom A/A45Y-1 on C-123 for aircraft T. O. 's To cover installation of Mark HI engine controls in field to retrofit existing systems T. C. T. O. Awaiting receipt of 118A and contract coverage �SECTION III ACTION ITEMS Item Number 9-66-1 - Ground Support Equipment; a. Problem Presented; (1) There are four 1,000 gallon Transfer Tanks (Hour Glass) and one 2,5'00 gallon Fuel Servicing Unit, Type F-7 currently located at Tan Son NHut with a 5>000 gallon R-2 Storage Tank in the process of installation. There are also three 1,000 gallon Transfer Tanks (Hour Glass) located at Da Nang. The unsystemized arrangement and limited capacity of this equipment does not give sufficient capability to; (1) Fill aircraft that are located at Tan Son NHut, (2) Turn-around aircraft as rapidly as necessary, and (3) Operate with the three different type chemical agents now being used. The present system is characterized by the following; (a) Insufficient tank storage capacity, (b) Insufficient transfer capacity which limits turnaround time, (c) Inability to systematically select proper chemical appropriate to target requirements, (d) Inability to evacuate unused agent from tanks in aircraft. (2) The present system is progressively deteriorating due to use of 1952 vintage Hour Glass transfer equipment. This system cannot be supported and therefore will be eliminated from inventory at failure or when sooner replaced. Glaring deficiencies of this system are as noted; (a) Non-standard system, (b) Limited or no spare parts available, (c) Fire hose used to connect transfer tanks deteriorates in from h to 10 days, (d) Contamination of flow system (mainly due to rubber particles from fire hose lining plus sand and other foreign particles introduced by siphoning probes) because of lack of well thought out systems approach, (e) Inadequate pumping capability (Spider pump used for siphoning agent from 55 gallon drums is old and weak). b. Progress to Date: (1) An R-2 Storage Tank (5,000 gallon), salvaged from an R-2 Servicing Unit, is to be installed by Ranch Hand to provide additional transfer and storage capability and is awaiting plumbing installation by Base Civil Engineer. (Compatibility of this tank with existing chemical agents is doubtful). (2) One F-7 Servicing Unit is now in use with five more on order. (So far this equipment is functionally satisfactory, but will need teflon hosing and seals for compatibility with existing agents). �(3) Use of ARMY Bladder Tanks for storage is being investigated by 377 Combat Support Group (Base Fuels), Tan Son NHut. (Question of agent compatibility still remains) . (I;) The A/AU5T-1 System has a self -filling capability, but was found to be too slow and therefore incompatible with quick turn-around requirement. Use of B-l and B-1A Nitric Acid Servicing Units (2,000 gallon capacity) were proposed by Hayes as they were believed to be in excess storage. Investigation by WRAMA Vehicle Manager revealed these units to be unsatisfactory for their designed purpose and were dismantled and removed from inventory. c. Action to be Taken and Action Agency; (1) Provide adequate bulk storage and pumping facilities for three different chemical agents at two, possibly three different bases. A requirement exists for the simultaneous filling of as many as nine aircraft at Tan Son NHut and three at Da Nang with a possible total of five at Da Nang and three at another operating location (does not include Lucky Tiger). Action agency to be determined. (2) Provide additional F-7 Servicing Units to Ranch Hand WRAMA (WRNR). (3) Provide teflon hoses and gaskets for F-7 Servicing Units WRAMA (WRNR). d. Forecast for Completion; (1) Fixed facility - to be determined. (2) Additional F-7 Servicing Units - accomplished. (3) Teflon hoses and gaskets - to be determined. �Item Number 9-66-2 - TCTO for Installation of A/AlpY-1 System in UC-123B Aircraft, Class V Mod 1776: a. Problem Presented; Eglin AFB Contract AF 08(635)-l|89lj, dated 20 Oct 1963', provided a line item for data in accordance with DD Form llj.23 covering preparation of TCTO for installation of A/Al^Y-l System in UC-123B Aircraft (AFPI 71r ;>'31-(l8). Repeated attempts by Contractor, AFATL, and A/Al^T-1 IM have been unsuccessful in obtaining from C-123 SSM appropriate documentation (AFLC Form 118A) identifying type of TCTO and aircraft handbook revisions desired. Ranch Hand representatives advised that considerable difficulty is being experienced by Flight crews and Aircraft Maintenance personnel due to lack of appropriate -1 Flight Manual Supplement and Aircraft Maintenance Handbook data reflecting this systems installation. This creates an obvious problem with operation and maintenance as well as a serious problem with indoctrination of new crews due to high percentage and frequency of personnel rotation. k' Pro gre s s to Da t e: None c. Action to be Taken and Action Agency: (1) WRNB initiate documentation for preparation of TCTO covering installation of basic A/Al^Y-1 system using Hayes tail boom and de-modification of aircraft (removal of tank and cradle assy) back to cargo configuration. (2) WRNB initiate documentation for preparation of TCTO covering installation of Ranch Hand wing and tail boom and marriage with basic Hayes A/Al^Y-l System. (3) WRNB establish requirement for preparation of Aircraft Maintenance handbooks concurrent with requirement for respective TCTO's. (li) "WRNB initiate immediate action to provide Ranch Hand with required supplement to T. 0. 1C-123-1 Flight Manual reflecting Defoliant Spray configuration. d. Forecast for Completion: Delinquent - In view of non-participation in this meeting by C-123 SSM personnel, a report of intended action and progress made is required at next meeting tentatively planned for 11-13 Oct 1966. �Item Number 9-66-3 - Retrofit Installation of MARK III Engine: a. Problem Presented; AFATL (ATCB) has provided for complete modification kits to retrofit present operational Ranch Hand Dispensers, utilizing MARK I and MARK II engines, to latest ARMY standardized MARK III engine configuration. The A/Al^Y-l system has not been made full standard by AFSC; therefore, responsibility rests with AFSC to provide retrofit kits and required TCTO for Field installation. b. Progress to date; Required number of kits have been placed on Contract AF 08(635)-k&9k with Hayes International. c. Action to be Taken and Action Agency: (1) AFATL (ATCB) submit request to WRAMA (WRNSTR) for AFPI 18 covering this modification and appropriate handbook revisions. (2) WRNSTR provide AFPI 18 as required. (3) Contractual provisions by AFATL for TCTO and handbook revis ions. d. Forecast for Completion; (1) 25 Sep 66. (2) Provide AFPI to AFATL within five days after receipt. (3) To be determined - contingent on authority for reprogramming funds within project 2^25 and subsequent initiation of Purchase Request. �(2) Reference a(2) above. WRAMA (WRNQ) will review this problem with appropriate personnel at "WRAMA and Eglin AFB to determine specific cause and remedial action. (3) Reference a(3) above. WRAMA (WRNQ) will review end item spares requirements to determine proper course of action necessary to provide adequate spare assemblies to support Field operations where battle damage or loss might be incurred requiring complete assembly replacement. Coordination with the using activity will be required. d. Forecast for Completion; (1) Reference c(l) above. (a) Revision of AFLC Form 2? - 15 Sep 1966. (b) Spare parts recomputation - lii Oct 1966. (c) Release of spare parts orders to contractor/vendors to be determined based on method to be employed. (2) Reference c(2) above. 13' Sep 1966. (3) Reference c(3) above. 30 Sep 1966. �Item Number 9-66-14 - Spares; a. Problem Presented; (1) Requirement for M&O spare parts for support of A/Ai^I-1 System is expected to reach critical proportions in the very near future due to, (1) increase in number of spray aircraft, (2) late provisioning action in relation to first operational units, and (3) system contamination by grit and rubber particles resulting from poor system arrangement and servicing equipment that is incompatible with presently used chemical agents. Also, WRAMA has received a flood of requistions for spare parts exceeding initially provisioned quantities, which did not consider system contamination problem. Lack of spare parts support is a limiting factor in Ranch Hand operations. (2) Spare parts orders are not being received by Hayes from Eglin AFB, procurement agency (APGC), in a timely manner. (3) No provisions have been made to procure and stock spare complete assemblies, such as, Tank and Cradle Assembly, Engine and Pump Assembly, and Control Console Assembly. b. Progress to Date: (1) Reference a(l) above. A quantity of stop-gap spare parts were procured by AFATL on Contract AF 08(63£)-U89U. However, these have proven inadequate to sustain desired degree of Ranch Hand operation pending delivery of spare parts as a result of formal provisioning by WRAMA. Some support has been furnished by Hayes International through their engineering representative previously stationed with Ranch Hand. Further, WRAMA and DCASO at Hayes are working together with the contractor in an attempt to expedite vendor delivery of specific spare parts. (2) Reference a(2) above. A previous review of this problem with Eglin AFB, procurement activity, was supposed to have alleviated this condition or at least improved flow of documentation from Eglin to Hayes. Further investigation is in order. (3) Reference a(3) above. No progress to date, c. Action to be Taken and Action Agency; (1) Reference a(l) above. The programming check list (AFLC Form 2?) will be revised to reflect increase in number of systems and bases to be supported, and spare parts requirement will be recomputed for appropriate procurement action. 10 �Item Number 9-66-5 - Retrofit Installation of Optimized (Redesigned) Wing Boom on UC-123B Aircraft: a. Problem Presented; No authorization currently exists for installation of the Optimized Wing Boom on Ranch Hand and Lucky Tiger Aircraft. The__wirig..,b,oqra,,npjrf.jgmpl.Qyed by aircraft in SEA, is a ^wn-sl^dajd^^ "c^mpa"tible™¥itff~agen"t"s""n'o*w'"in use, and is not logisticailV"supportable,. f-,,. L™., « „„ „, * ™ . , v , ( ^ n . . ^ * ^ ' - * f !*.* ?-.* < w , h ™ « ^ - « ^ * " * " ' -•«! •.•..^^-*«'^***«f-^^-^''*M'~'*^-mt*l**^™*^-*-»™-'*VKKf~f:<i.-*KX***VJVKVt<*VK* b. Progress to Date: The Optimized Wing Boom is presently being developed by AFATL under Contract AF 08(635)5710 with Hayes International. c. Action to be Taken; The using command will establish appropriate requirement for installation of Optimized Wing Boom. d. Forecast for Completion: 23 Sep 1966. 11 �Item Number 9-66-6 - Maintenance Data and Technical Order Verification; a. Problem Presented: Maintenance data has not been provided field activities due to delayed verification of technical order. This has created considerable difficulty regarding system maintenance and identification of spare parts requirements. b. Progress to Date: Hayes has completed technical order draft in MIL Spec format. Preliminary review of blue line draft has been accomplished by WRAMA at Hayes. Equipment is currently available at Hayes and ready for verification. However, it has a MARK I configured engine installed. The MARK III engine is still pending delivery from vendor's plant where it is being mated to the pump. It was agreed that the difference between the MARK I and MARK III engine was not sufficient to warrant further delay in verification of technical order. WRAMA agrees to accomplish verification on existing equipment with MARK I engine. Final draft is to reflect the MARK III configuration, which will be verified against engineering drawings. c. Action to be Taken and Action Agency; (1) Hayes will take immediate action to establish a date with WRAMA (WRNSTR) for verification meeting at Hayes. Time of meeting should be established to allow a minimum of l£ days for proper notification of participating activities. Ranch Hand representatives agreed there will be no requirement for participation by their activity in this verification. In lieu thereof WRAMA will explore the possibility of obtaining using command assistance from personnel of SAWC at Eglin AFB, who have a current and specific knowledge of .Ranch Hand operation. (2) Assistance of the Hayes - DCASO Quality Office will be required in the performance of this certification and will be primary point of contact relative to WRAMA/Hayes coordination of proposed date of certification meeting. d. Forecast for Completion: At the earliest possible date. 12 �Item Number 9-66-7 - Maintenance Training of Ranch Hand Personnel a. Problem Presented: Newly assigned Ranch Hand Maintenance personnel upon arrival have little or no knowledge as to maintenance of the A/AU5Y-1 dispenser due to there having no prior training on this system. The resulting problems are obvious. b. Progress to Date; None c. Action to be Taken; (1) Ranch Hand should establish and submit an official requirement in accordance with AF Regulation 50-9 to Air Training Command citing type and scope of training required. However, due to extreme urgency of existing requirement, it was requested by Ranch Hand that a contractor representative (Hayes) be provided in the interim, pending development of training capability by ATC. If interim contractor support for indoctrination of Ranch Hand Maintenance personnel is not provided, some other immediate means of training must be investigated. (2) Discussion of contractor support indicated the most feasible and expeditious approach would be use of an existing Eglin AFB contract. However, this will require approval and funding by Hq USAF. d. Forecast for Completion: (1) Ranch Hand submit requirement as soon as possible. (2) Final action on this requirement is yet to be determined. 13 �SECTION IV GENEIUL COMMENTS/OBSERVATIONS 1. Forthcoming flight test of the protype optimized wing boom was introduced as a discussion item by AFATL representative, Lt. Crea. Also recognized was the recent diversion of UC-123B aircraft to Dallas, Texas, pending deployment and voluntary participation and support of Hayes International for the purpose of spraying insecticide in encephalitis infected areas. It was noted that this disease is not restricted to the CONUS as was indicated by an Associated Press report reflecting loss of 381i lives so far this year out of 1616 cases throughout Japan. As a result of the tremendous effectiveness and publicity of the C-123 spray operation in Dallas, it is envisioned that additional requirements are forthcoming for use of A/Alji?Y-l equipped aircraft for insecticide spraying on a world-wide basis, especially in SEA. Lt. Crea indicated he would communicate with TAG regarding intended use of insecticides with the defoliant system. If use is contemplated, TAG will be asked to establish a formal requirement for test of insecticides concurrent with test of defoliants during flight test of optimized wing boom at Eglin during September and October 1966. 2. The Ranch Hand mission is not consistent with the mission of the organization to which they are assigned. This leads to competition for resources, maintenance, and Staff Support. Proper emphasis or priority has not been placed on the defoliation mission thereby restricting the establishment of appropriate facilities for storage and transfer of more than one type chemical agent at Tan Son NHut and other operating locations. A definite advantage is envisioned by identification of the defoliation system as a weapons systems for the delivery and dissemination of chemical ordnance. Specifically, one advantage of a weapons systems identification would be to rationalize the storage and.loading problem by having the chemicals handled by personnel who handle other Air Force ordnance. This could possibly result in taking the aircraft maintenance people out of the ordnance loading business. This was not introduced as a problem as appropriate agencies were not in attendance for proper discussion and action assignment. However, aforementioned weapons systems identification has considerable merit and should be evaluated by PACAF and Hq USAF to determine specific advantages to be derived for further discussion during next meeting. 3. A need was expressed by Ranch Hand for a pamphlet depicting defoliation spraying in SEA covering subjects such as: a. Chemical type, effect and hazzards. b. Type crop and vegatation recognition. c. Psyochological effect on populace. �Such a pamphlet would be invaluable for indoctrination of new crews upon arrival in SEA and would be used to supplement present verbal instructional methods which are accomplished mostly during normal spray missions. Hayes International expressed an interest in preparing such a manual as they have the knowledge and capability. However,, discussion was deferred to next meeting at which time it is hoped that the office of primary responsibility may be able to offer some constructive advice relative to obtaining this pamphlet. 15 �SECTION V A/A45Y-1 DEFOLIATION CONFERENCE ATTENDEES Mcij Robert N. Scheidecker, WRAMA Capt Richard Peshkin, Ranch Hand Lt William J.Crea, Jr., ATCB SMS Charles Lightner, Ranch Hand Mr. Gene Smith, WRAMA W.B. O'Neal, Hayes C.F. Conklin, Hayes J.L. Harrington, Hayes John Bonta, Hayes Don Smallwood, Hayes J.E. Merk, Hayes Stan Burkot, Hayes Ronnie Dear, Hayes M.J. McMahan, Hayes 16 �SECTION VI DISTRIBUTION Nr of Copies 2 2 Activity 2 MACV 7th AF (DOPR) (DMP) (DAFSC/AFSC Lia Off) 315th ACW (DO) h 309th ACS (SASF) 1 1 3 1 1 h 377th CSG (DGM) (D/fo) 377th QMS llith ACW (Comdr) PACAF (DM) (DM) (DMMB) Hq USAF (AFRDDA) (AFRDQRA) (AFSMEAA) (AFXOP) (AFSMSDA) TAG (DOFT-S) (DOO-S) (DORQ-FM) ATC (ATTAT-B) Dept of Aerospace Munitions (GS-WC) AFLC (MCMTA) (MCMTE) (MCO) (MCOOM) ASD (ASJB) 1 1 l 1 3 3 AFSC (SCSMM) HQ RTD (RTTtf) UljOSth CCT3 SAWC-LC AFATL (ATCB) SAAMA (SANM) 12 (SANNR) (SAOR) WRAMA (WRNQO) Name J-3 Chemical Branch Major Haugaton Lt Col McCellan Maj Richard Engian Lt Col Reddrick Major Kline Lt Col Ferguson Major Dresser Captain Peshkin S/MSGT C. B. Lightner Col Harris Lt Col Carter Major Sibley Colonel Bradburn Colonel Thomas B. Kennedy Lt Col C. N. Powell Maj ¥. A. McKinney Lt Col Carter Lt Col May Mr. Ed Dougherty Maj Vinson Maj White Maj Marshall Capt Adams Maj Novikoff Lt Col Gibson TSgt Gailes Mr. Fields Mr. Whitacre Mr. Finch Mr. Clark Mr. Brown Mr. Brothers Mr. Pfiefer Mr. Goodwin Capt John R. Spey Lt Col Huston Lt Crea Mr. Arthur Miller Mr. Jack Burton Maj R. N. Scheidecker 17 �SECTION VII A/A45Y-1 INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER SYSTEM SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser, designed and manufactured by Hayes International Corporation, Birmingham, Alabama, is a complete airborne defoliant dispensing system. The dispenser is packaged to permit rapid installation into, and removal from, C-123 aircraft, with only minor modifications required to the affected aircraft. (See figures 1 and 2.) The Internal Defoliant Dispenser, Part No. A/A45Y-1, provides for loading, transporting and dispensing of 1000 gallons of defoliant chemical, and in case of an emergency, dumping the full load overboard in less than 45 seconds. The tank and cradle assembly is mounted on detachable casters which are removed before anchoring in the aircraft. A control console is electrically connected into an electrical network which in turn is connected to the aircraft electrical system, certain controls and indicators in the flight compartment and the electrically operated units within the system. Pressure is applied to defoliant chemical, by an engine and pump assembly mounted on the same frame with the tank. The defoliant is transported to a nozzle assembly mounted in the slipstream of the aircraft in such a manner that a strip 250 or 300 feet wide along the line of flight is effectively covered. The nozzle assembly is designed for the most effective atomizing of the defoliant and coverage of foliage to be destroyed. The dispensing operation and, in emergency, the dump valve operation can be controlled from either the control console near the tank and cradle assembly or from the pilot's position in the flight compartment. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS The internal defoliant dispenser is capable of containing 1000 gallons of defoliant which can be completely dumped overboard by remote control or manually in less than 45 seconds. The pump is capable of maintaining 60 + 5 psi pressure during the normal 3- to 4-minute period of operational spraying. Refilling the tank assembly is accomplished with power and equipment contained within the defoliation dispensing system. 18 �A / A 4 5 Y - 1 INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER .TANK VENT .MANHOLE COVER DUMP VALVE (SEE FIGURE 5) TANK LIQUID LEVEL ENGINE EXHAUST VIBRATION ISOLATOR SEGMENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (SEE FIGURE 3) TIE-DOWN FITTINGS MAIN SPRAY VALVE RECIRCULATING LINE CONTROL CONSOLE (SEE FIGURE 4) JACKING LUG TEMPERATURE INDICATOR JET PUMP REFILL CRADLE NOTE: SEE FIGURE 6 FOR TAIL BOOM AND FIGURE 7 FOR WING BOOM. FIGURES 8 AND 9 SHOW A/A45Y-1 INSTALLED IN C-123 AIRCRAFT. Figure 1. Mo/or Components of Defoliant Dispenser 19 �Figure 2. Defoliant Dispenser (right side) LEADING PARTICULARS Length Width Height (without casters) Weight Empty Full Capacity Normal operating pressure Normal dispensing interval Emergency dump duration Electrical system Dump valve operation Refill time (approx) Dump valve Spray valve Suction valve 16 feet, 4 inches 4 feet, 10 inches 6 feet, 5 inches 1420 pounds 12,420 pounds 1000 gallons 60 + 5 psi 3 to 4 minutes Less than 45 seconds 28 volts dc (supplied by host aircraft) Electrical or manual 20 minutes Electrical, 10 inch Electrical, 3 inch Manual, 3 inch 20 �TANK AND CRADLE ASSEMBLY The tank and cradle assembly is the major unit of the entire system, having a 1000-gallon tank with baffles, manhole, tube connections, and stabilizing and tiedown brackets; an engine and pump assembly which consists of a four cylinder, horizontally opposed air-cooled, engine and pump directly coupled to the engine ,H Figure 3. Centrifugal Pump crankshaft; and a cradle which carries the tank, the engine and pump assembly, and is provided with four casters which are readily detachable. A temperature indicator and a liquid lever gage are installed in the tank. The engine is slightly modified from its original configuration to achieve adaptability to the requirements of the dispenser system. The detachable casters are to provide limited mobility and are removed when the unit is tied down. The defoliant used in the dispenser is stored in the tank and is fed through a suction line to the pump. The pump is driven by an air-cooled engine and forces the defoliant through a discharge line to a spray valve. A recirculation line is 21 �provided so that when the spray valve is closed, the defoliant will recirculate back through the tank. When the spray valve is open, the defoliant is forced into the spray boom and atomized by spray nozzles. When the tank is empty, a float-operated switch, located in the tank, automatically stops the engines. The centrifugal pump consists essentially of an impeller and a pump body, and is driven by the engine through a direct drive. The engine drives the pump and the speed of the engine controls the quantity of defoliant being dispensed. (See figure 3.) The recirculation line incorporates a jet-pump (ejector) tank refilling system which utilizes the fluid left in the tank from prior operation to initially operate the jet pump. CONTROL CONSOLE The control console is the nerve center of the defoliation system. All functions are controlled from this position; all monitoring equipment is located in this position; and the electrical supply is channeled and protected at this position. Prefabricated electrical cables tic the control console to all related REFILL FLUID POWER FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE FWD UNIT AFT UNIT STARTER AND SPRAY CHOKE THROTTLES INDICATORS V A L V E TANK EMPTY FWD UNIT AFT UNIT ENGINES FWD UNIT OIL PRESSURE LOW OPERATE AFT UNIT OIL PRESSURE LOW OPERATE MAGNETO SPRAY VALVE © THROTTLES OPEN INCREASE t PILOT POSITION FWD UNIT (o) (o) AFT UNIT DECREASE Figure 4, Control Console 22 �parts of the system, including the controls on the pilot's instrument panel and the aircraft electrical supply system. Tandem or single installations arc controlled and monitored from the control console without any changes or alterations being performed. In the event of electrical power failure of the aircraft electrical system, certain critical functions have an option of manual operation. (See figure 4.) DUMP VALVE The dump valve is a 10 inch gate valve having both electrical or manual activation. It is designed for horizontal (vertical flow) installation and liquid flow in only one direction. The bottom of the defoliant tank incorporates a vortex interrupter and adapter to which the dump valve is secured and is in perfect alignment with an opening and spring loaded door in the belly of the aircraft. A high speed motor coupled to an actuator provides 2 second operation of the dump valve in either direction and circuit manipulation to indicate open condition. (See figure 5.) Figure 5. Dump Valve 23 �SPRAY BOOM The prime function of the spray boom is to discharge the defoliant under pressure at such a location and at such an angle that air flow, in the proximity of the discharge (spray) nozzle, contributes to the proper density of spray, the consistency of the defoliant blanket; and the lateral dimension of the effective strip. Two spray booms are available when the C-123 model aircraft is used and each boom satisfies a specific set of requirements. TIE-DOWNS TAIL BOOM INSTALLATION STRUTS Figure 6. Tail Spray Boom and Associated Plumbing 24 �LEFT HAND SIDE OF FUSELAGE AT THIS POINT CENTER WING PIPING EXTERNAL BOOM I 3 >Q CO •o CD o o NOZZLE FAIRING SPRAY NOZZLES INBOARD OF NACELLE NOZZLES OUTBOARD OF NACELLE <L FUSELAGE �The tail spray boom (figure 6) is mounted outside the aircraft, approximately midway of the aft cargo loading door. It is designed for simple and fast installation and removal and erovldesjjoyerage of a 250 foot strip. The wing spray boom (figure 7) is installed in the inside of the center wing and externally underneath the outboard wing. As compared to the tail boom, its instaltion and removal is more complex and is considered a more permanent installation. The wing boom provides coverage of a 300 foot strip and the effectiveness of the application is more uniform. Installation and removal of either spray boom does not require special skills or special tools. Figure 8. Installation in C-723 (left side) �AIRCRAFT INSTALLATION The dispenser installation in C-123 aircraft consists of towing the tank and cradle assembly (unfilled) into the aircraft and securing it to the aircraft floor utilizing twenty 10,000-pound hook and chain assemblies and the cargo floor tie-down fittings (figures 8 and 9). All piping, hose assemblies and electrical cables are installed which tie the A/A45Y-1 dispenser into the aircraft (as modified) systems, and the control console is secured to the aircraft floor; thus, making the aircraft-dispenser combination ready for servicing and operation. Figure 9- Installation in C-123 (right side) 27 �VIET NAM RANCH HAND OPERATIONS A sketch of the ground support equipment used by RANCH HAND to refill the A/A45Y-1 dispensers with agent is shown in figure 10. The refill system presented here is the system used at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Viet Nam. It utilizes four 1000 gallon HOURGLASS tanks. A similar refill system is used at Da Nang, but utilizes only three HOURGLASS tanks. These tanks are the predecessor to the A/A45Y-1 and incorporate a 10-horsepower engine and pump unit by which the agent is transferred into the aircraft. The agent is delivered in 55-gallon drums, then pumped from three drums at a time into the refill tanks. This is the slowest part of the operation. The procedure for filling tanks is as follows: a. The number 2 tank is filled from 55-gallon drums. b. The agent in the number 2 tank is pumped into tank number 3. c. Agent in tank number 3 is then pumped into tank number 4. d. Tank number 2 is refilled and the agent pumped into tank number 3. e. Tank number 2 is again refilled from the drums and pumped into tank number 1. f. All other tanks now filled, tank number 2 is refilled again. Upon return from a mission, the aircraft is backed as close as possible to the refill tanks and the systems are refilled with agent using a commercial fire hose. After completion of the days work the HOURGLASS tanks are filled and the agent transferred into the aircraft. The refill tanks are then refilled in preparation for a second mission. Due to the long time needed to fill from the drums, the RANCH HAND crews are limited to only one turn around, or a total of two missions. A big disadvantage of refilling in this manner is the problem of contamination to the agent. Foreign matter gets into the refill tanks and from there into aircraft defoliant dispensing system. The rubber inside lining of fire hoses, presently used, is acted upon by the defoliant and causes large pieces of rubber to be released into the defoliant stream, thereby reducing the system effectiveness. See figures 11 thru 14 for potographic on-site refill operations. 28 �Figure 70. Existing Defoliant Transfer System Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Viet Nam 29 �Figure 17. Ranch Hand Ytork Areo Figure 12. Hour Glass Tank and Pump 30 �Figure 13. Hour Glass Tank and Pump (Insulated) Figure 14. Hour Glass Spider Pump 31 �OPTIMIZED DEFOLIANT HANDLING SYSTEM GENERAL A complete optimized defoliant handling system utilizes three engine-pump combination units to transfer the defoliant from original containers to A/A45Y-1 units in aircraft readied for an operational defoliation mission. A storage tank, platform, control consoles, hoses, and nozzles, combined into a well balanced system, accomplish the entire defoliant handling operation. Economy of man-hours, reduction of turn-around time and elimination of wasted defoliant are the prime factors for consideration. (See figures 1 and 2.) GENERAL LAYOUT DESCRIPTION A platform, having a height compatible with a flat bed trailer and an area to accommodate a 10,000 gallon tank and three engine-pump transfer units, is located in close proximity to truck roadways and aircraft parking ramp. The platform would have one engine-pump unit on the side adjacent to the truck roadway, a 10,000 gallon tank in the center and two engine-pump units on the side nearest the aircraft parking ramp. Hoses, nozzles, and manifolds are used to tie all major components into a well balanced and efficient system. SPECIFIC The actual arrangement of the defoliant handling system is contingent on the complexion and layout of the particular air base; however, certain specifics must be met to achieve maximum effectiveness. PLATFORM The platform is a locally manufactured structure approximately the same height as a flat bed trailer and having lateral dimensions as necessary to accommodate the shape and size of the 10, 000-gallon tank plus the related units. A support for a suction hose and manifold is located on the truck side of the platform and is designed so that the suction manifold is supported at approximately the centerline of the flat bed trailer. The platform deck has 1/4-inch cracks between decking members to dissipate any defoliant spillage. ENGINE AND PUMP UNIT The engine and pump unit is identical to that incorporated in the A/A45Y-1 dispenser and is specifically engineered for effective transfer 32 �Figure 15. Loyo«f �FOi LIME LIME 55 GAL FOR f If 16. Defoliant 34 �of defoliant under sustained operation. The engine is a government standard, air-cooled, four cylinder, four stroke cycle, horizontally opposed model modified for remote control when mated with the control console. The engine is available in large quantities, economical to operate, proven in performance, and easily maintained due to maximum accessibility. It is designed to operate a minimum of 1500 hours at rated load and speed between major overhauls. Its extensive use in defoliation operations tends to standardize maintenance and provide a spare parts source through controlled cannibalization. The pump has been modified by the manufacturer so that it attaches to the engine at the blower section and the drive end of the crankshaft thus giving the engine and pump a one to one ratio. Shock mounting is provided to the engine-pump unit. CONTROL CONSOLE The control console is located at the end of the storage to permit visual monitoring of any engine-pump unit on the platform. All transfer functions are controlled by a single operator at the control console position. In addition to control functions, there are certain monitoring gages and instruments installed in the instrument panel of the control console. The electrical network is considered semi-permanently installed and so arranged that simple maintenance is quickly accomplished. TANK The tank has a 10, 000-gallon capacity, protected sight gage, manhole, vent, drain line connection, and facilities for securing to the platform. The sight gage is a vertically mounted glass tube with connections to tank at each end, protectors to reduce the probability of breaking, and calibrations to indicate tank contents. MISCELLANEOUS Suction Hose. Suction hoses are provided having an inside diameter which will not be too restrictive to defoliant flow and having a wall structure to prevent collapse of hose. Hoses which are frequently disconnected have quick-disconnects to prevent rapid deterioration at connecting points. Pressure Hoses. Pressure hoses are capable of pressures up to 100 psig and have adapters in cases where control nozzles are attached. Hose material is selected to withstand the chemical action of the defoliant. 35 �SYSTEM TIE-IN The storage tank is located in the approximate center of the platform with one engine-pump unit on the truck side of the platform and two engine-pump units on the aircraft side of the platform. The single engine-pump unit has a 3-inch suction hose connected between the pump and the suction manifold. The suction manifold has three 1-1/4 inch suction hoses attached which are suspended from the suction manifold in such a manner as to hang directly over three 55-gallon drums on the flat bed trailer. A control console is secured to the platform deck in the proximity of the end of the storage tank and is electrically connected to the engine-pump unit. Two engine-pump units and their companion control console are located on the aircraft side of the platform and are shock mounted to the platform deck. The suction ports of the two engine-pump units are manifolded so that a single line attaches to the bottom of the storage tank. The discharge (pressure) ports of the two engine-pump units are also manifolded and after the pressure manifold, a single line conveys the defoliant to the aircraft having A/A45Y-1 dispensers to be serviced. Check valves are installed in pump discharge lines to permit operation of a single engine-pump unit when demands are less than maximum. At each aircraft position, a smaller pressure line with a shutoff nozzle is connected into the main line hose. These two engine-pump units are controlled concurrently from a single control console. An electrical network is provided which gives electrical tie-in of all related electrically functioning units. Cable insulation is chemically unaffected by defoliant in the environs of the defoliant handling system. CAPABILITIES Transfer 10, 000 gallons from drums to storage tank (less truck move time) Service two A/A45Y-1 dispensers (in aircraft) Service four A/A45Y-1 dispensers (in aircraft) Remotely controlled functions: 1. Drums to storage tank shutoff valves 2. Storage tank to aircraft main lines (2) shutoff valves 25 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 3. Engine throttle ^ Engine starter Engine & ignition 6 36 �PORTABLE DEFOLIANT HANDLING UNIT The portable defoliant handling unit idea is conceived for military installations where limited servicing of A/A45Y-1 dispensers might be required. The trailer is capable of traveling at faster speeds and for greater distances than the A/ A/A45Y-1 dispenser and, being a powered unit, it speeds up the servicing of the dispensers installed in aircraft. Overall dimensions are kept within limits which will permit air transportation of loaded units to isolated landing fields or airstrips. Technical data and capabilities are contained in figure 17. 37 �DESCRIPTION HAOt FtOM- HAYfS /wr<S*«*t tefOLIATIOM StSfitNSeX. _ fOR MlttTHAY UHfgLS j TMfS »gf VSfO. It » 8 to PI.Y FIK1 tttiiS VtttHT 1,O6O «.»$, IS,OOO ISS. t,t»6O Og vtrtt nspioTt .ceNrtot. sr/ineM POM tHttee WUCMFT 8V OCCSATOS IHStif ffltCSfifr n» PltfYtNT SOftP&lfT. Ktt*S.Ufl6HTS,fST. UHftii tiffin SPIillM®, ttOSf 3 JW, DIA. X 10 f f LON6 Hosts uirnoutcx coMwecroMS taun£D IN rusrs. fsott svi^fNsioN. s@i/st,e VflLVt xCO</PLM6 LU.H1 TMl f STOP suirctf THtOTTiE Figure 17, Tank Trailer F l t l f R FOSL SA4E FUEL Litjoid Refill 38 �66 IWIEPft/lTIOVXl CORPORATION SMTWTFS SMTWTFS SMTWTFS SMTWTFS JAN FEB MAR APR 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 o 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 8 15 22 29 1 6 7 8 13 14 15 20 21 22 27 28 MAY 1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 e 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 O 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 JUN 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 SEP 4 6 7 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 2 9 16 23 1 8 15 22 29 2 3 9 10 16 17 23 24 30 — 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 O 3 5 11 12 10 17 18 19 24 25 26 31 6 13 20 27 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 3 AUG 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 1 8 15 22 29 NOV 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 1 .._ 2 8 15 16 22 23 29 30 1 2 "~3 10 17 24 JUl OCT 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 2 3 4 9 10 11 16 17 18 23 ® O 30 2 9 16 23 30 -3 10 17 24 31 DEC 5 12 19 26 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 © * NOTES 39 �NOTES 40 �I I I t METROPOLITAN SCALE ONE INCH F.QUftiS APPROXIMATED 2 = MILES Controlled Access Highways 'fi'.-s-:e c-o ?. ' w-'v =• !--ec-c'ges' Other Dual Thoroughfares Principal Through Routes Other Paved Roads Streets and Connecting Roads Mileage Distances between red dots Highway £gj) ,nterstate Numbers. \~S @ U.S ^""^ @State [77] Counts I �MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION AIR LINES Air France Alitala Air Lines BOAC & BOAC Cunard Delta Air Lines Eastern Air Lines Southern Airways Trans World Air Lines United Air Lines Hotels: Pick-Bankhead 2300 5th Ave. North Dinkler-Tutwiler 2005 5th Ave. North Essex House Hotel 605 North 21st Redmont Hotel 2101 5th Ave. North Thomas Jefferson Hotel 1631 2nd Ave North PHONE 251-7076 324-1291 323-7259 592-9601 323-7711 595-3737 WX-9000 592-9611 251-3231 252-8161 322-1771 251-0171 252-7141 (apartments) (apartments) Motels and Motor Inns: Anchor Motel 4121 3rd Ave South Birmingham Airport Motel Municipal Airport Downtowner Motor Inn 2224 5th Ave North Guest House Motor Inn 951 South 18th Holiday Inn (downtown) 1313 3rd Ave. North Holiday Inn (Irondale) 7941 Crestwood Blvd. Parliament House Motor Hotel 420 South 20th Roebuck Motels 9229 4th Ave. South Sheraton Motor Inn 2040 Highland Ave. South Town House Motor Hotel 2008 8th Ave South 595-6157 592-0061 324-0601 324-8653 323-8931 592-0311 323-7211 833-9152 323-4413 251-9235 Physicians And Surgeons Exchange 871-4611 TAXI CABS Yellow Cab Co. Two Way Cab Co. Checker Cab Co. Stricklin Taxi Cab Co. 252-1131 592-7421 323-7741 841-3239 42 �DEPAR"MEHT OF THE 1 AIR FORCE HtADQUARTERS V.ARNER ROBINS AiR MATERIAL AREA (AFLC) ROLJINi AiR FORCE BASti, GEORGIA 31093 A V , N o r ° w i i N Q O (Mr. Ginith/^Olj1?) T0: 1? Oct 1?66 l,o/U sties Support Conference, A/Ai^Y-l Dispeaser, Defoliant, C-123 A i r c r a f t (WIAMA(WRNQO) Ltr, 19 Sep 1966 and WRAMA Msg (U) WRNQ-3256?, /O Sop 1966) r rAC (DOFT-S/Maj Marshall) Langley Al^B Va 23365 Request action Item Number 9-66-2 "TCTO for Installation of A/Al6'Y-l System in UC-123B Aircraft, Class V Mod 1776" be removed from referenced conference minutes and replaced with attached revised Item Number 9-66-2 "Installation of A/Ali$Y~l System in C-123B Aircraft" . K)H THE COMMANDEJi-y ROBERT N. SCHEIDECKER Major, USAP1 Chief, Operations Branch Directorate, Materiel Management 1 Atch Subj Minutes Item Number 9-66-2 )DOF1 �Horn Number 9-66-2 - Inatf^Ut^ a . Problem Presented; Difficulty was reported by AFATL personnel in obtaining appropriate documentation from C-123 Aircraft SSM for procurement of data on Eglin APB Contract AF 08(635)-l489ii dated 20 Oct 1965. Also, problems were reported in obtaining -1 Flight Manuals and Maintenance Handbooks by Ranch Hand Personnel. b. Progress to Date: 1. Since the A/Alt5l-l System was being procured on an R & D Contract and had not been approved by CSAF/AFLC for installation in the C123 Aircraft, no action could be taken by the SSM to provide for procurement of TCTO data. 2. Flight and operational information for those C-123 Aircraft having A/Al^Y-l System installed is provided in T. 0. 1C-123(B)-1 dated 15 July 1965 and 1C-123B(1)-15-1 dated 23 Apr 1966. WRAMA is now conducting a complete review of the -1 Manual and at completion any change needed will be made. MR. ll;78-3 dated 21 Jun 1966 approved procurement of necessary installation TCTO 1C-123-590, Engineering Data and Handbooks changes for the approved Class V Mod 1??6. Procurement action is now being negotiated with Fairchild-Hiller for this data. Pending delivery of this data, the schematics and sketches as shown in the operational manual may be utilized to perform minimum maintenance. c. Action to be Taken an_d Action Agency; 1. Ranch Hand Personnel take action through appropriate distribution channels to obtain available Dash One Handbook data for A/Ali5Y-l System installed in C-123 Aircraft. ?. SSM make follow-up action to assure procurement of additional required data in a timely manner. 3. d. SSM expedite - 1 Flight Manual Review. Forecast fo_r_ Completion: Target date for delivery of additional data including published -1 Flight Manual is Feb 1967. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 002 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0020 Series The series number of the original item. Series I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1905-05-19 Title A name given to the resource Minutes A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System Support Conference, 25 and 26 August 1966 Subject The topic of the resource spray equipment Ranch Hand aircraft https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/9098f5da95da08100660fbf213683621.pdf b9cea019ad99fb8a7c6fba0d5ecc3b0b PDF Text Text Item D Number °1795 Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Rmort/ArOdfl TlflB Typescript: Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1961nivui i/ni uuu MUD 1971 _ June 14 _ 1983 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color n Number of images 9 DeSCTlpton NOtBS Alvin L Youn 9filed tnis item under "Vietnam Veterans Twin Study." Typescript is a synopsis of information from Chapters I and III of The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin (see Item 1165). Wednesday, July 11, 2001 Page 1796 of 1870 �USE OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1961-1971* Alvin L. Young MAJOR, USAF, Ph.D. Herbicides used in support of tactical military operations in South Vietnam from 1961 to 1971 are today, twelve years after the last herbicide mission, the center of intense scientific debate involving not only medical but also legal, political and ecological issues. This paper reviews the historical and operational concepts and some potential human exposure considerations involving the military use of herbicides in the Southeast Asian Conflict. Synthesis technology, efficacy data, and field application techniques were developed for the two major phenoxy herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4--D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) during World War II at Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. Following World War II, the commercial use of these two "synthetic" organic herbicides revolutionized American agriculture. In 1950, more than 10 million pounds of these materials were used annually for weed and brush control in the United States. By 1960, in excess of 36 million pounds were used. In May 1961, the Office of the Secretary of Defense requested the Fort Detrick personnel to determine the technical feasibility of defoliating jungle vegetation in the Republic of Vietnam. By early fall, 1961, 18 different aerial spray tests (defoliation and anticrop) had been conducted with various formulations of commercially-available herbicides. The choice of these herbicides was based upon the chemicals that had had considerable research, proven performance, and practical background at that period in time. Also, such factors as availability in large quantity, costs, and known or accepted safety in regard to their toxicity to humans and animals was considered, The results of these tests were that significant defoliation and anticrop effects could be obtained with two different mixtures of herbicides. The first was a mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,^,5-T and the iso-butyl ester of 2,4, 5-T. This mixture was code-named "Purple". The second "military" herbicide was code-named "Blue" and consisted of the acid and sodium salt of cacodylic acid. The colored bands which were painted around the center of the 55~gailon drums served as aid to the identification by support personnel. . * The first shipment of Herbicides Purple and Blue was received at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, on 9 January 1962. These were the first military herbicides used in Operation RANCH HAND, the tactical military project for the aerial spraying of herbicides in South Vietnam. Two additional phenoxy herbicide formulations were received in limited quantities in South Vietnam and A synopsis of Information from Chapters I and III of The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92, USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. (Authors: A. L. Young, 3. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and 3. W. Tremblay) 1978. 6-14-83 �evaluated during the first two years of Operation RANCH HAND. These were code-named Pink and Green. By January 1965, two additional military herbicides, code-named Orange and White, had been evaluated and brought into the spray program. Herbicide Orange replaced all uses of Purple, Pink, or Green, and eventually became the most widely used military herbicide in South Vietnam. The composition of the three major herbicides used in South Vietnam were as follows: 1. Herbicide Orange Orange was a reddish-brown to tan colored liquid soluble in diesel fuel and organic solvents, but insoluble in water. One gallon of Orange theoretically contained 4.21 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4--D and 4.41 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4,5-T. Orange was formulated to contain a 50:50 mixture of the ri-butyl esters of 2,4~D and 2,4,5-T. The percentages of the formulation typically were: n-butyl ester of 2,4-D .free acid of 2,4-D n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T free acid of 2,4,5-T inert ingredients (e.g., butyl alcohol and ester moieties) 2. 49.49 0.13 48.75 1.00 0.62 Herbicide White White was a dark brown viscous liquid that was soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of White contained 0.54 pounds of the active ingredient of 4-amino~3,5,6~trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2.00 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4-D. White was formulated to contain a 1:4 mixture of the triisopropanoamine salts of picloram and 2,4-D. The percentages of the formulation were: triisopropanolamine salt of picloram 10.2 triisopropanolarnine salt of 2,4~D 39.6 inert ingredient (primarily the 50.2 solvent triisopropanolamine) 3. Herbicide Blue . •* Blue was a clear yellowish-tan liquid that was soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of Blue contained 3.10 pounds of the active ingredient hydroxydimethyarsine oxide (cacodylic acid). Blue was formulated to contain cacodylic acid (as the free acid) and the sodium salt of cacodylic acid (sodium cacodylate). The percentages of the formulation were: cacodylic acid sodium cacodylate surfactant sodium chloride 6-14-83 4.7 26.4 3.4 5.5 �water antifoam agent 39.5 0.5 As previously noted, not all of the herbicides used in South Vietnam were used throughout the entire 10 years (1962-1971) encompassed by the Department of Defense defoliation program. In addition, 2,4»5-T formulations used early in the program are believed to have contained higher levels of the toxic contaminant TCDD (2,3,7,8~tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or "dioxin") than did the formulations used in later years. The three time periods shown in Table 1 can be differentiated on the basis of specific herbicides used and the mean dioxin content. TABLE 1 THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE TIME PERIODS DURING THE US MILITARY DEFOLIATION PROGRAM IN SOUTH VIETNAM AND MEAN DIOXIN CONTENT PERIOD HERBICIDES USED - (CODE NAMES) MEAN DIOXIN CONTENT (PARTS PER MILLION)* January 1962 June 1965 Purple, Pink, Green Blue July 1965June 1970 Orange White, Blue 2+ 0 July 1970 October 1971 White, Blue 0 * ** 32** 0 Found only in 2,4,5-T containing formulations. Value based on analyses of five samples. Orange based on the analyses of 488 samples. Herbicide Orange was the most extensively used herbicide in South Vietnam. Orange accounted for approximately 10.7 million gallons of the total 17.7 million gallons of herbicide used (Table 2). It was used from mid-1965 to i June 1970. However, as stated in Table 2, Orange was not the only 2,^5-T containing herbicide used in the defoliation program. Small quantities of Purple, Pink, and Green, all containing 2,4,5-T were used from 1962 through mid-1965. In subsequent sections of this document, the term "Herbicide Orange" will refer to all of the 2,4,5-T containing herbicides used in Vietnam (Purple, Pink, Green, and Orange). 6-14-83 �TABLE 2 NUMBER OF GALLONS OF MILITARY HERBICIDE PROCURED BY THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND DISSEMINATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM DURING JANUARY 1962 - OCTOBER 1971 Code Name Herbicide Orange 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 1965-1970* White 2,4-D; Picloram 1965-1971** Blue Cacodylic Acid 1962-1971** Purple 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 1962-1965 Pink 2,4,5-T 1962-1965 Green 2,4,5-T 1962-1965 Quantity Period of Use Total * First fixed-wing spray mission of Herbicide Orange April 16, 1970; last helicopter spray mission of Herbicide Orange June 6, 1970. ** Last fixed-wing mission January 9, 1971; all herbicides under US control stopped October 1971. Use Patterns of Individual Herbicides Each of the three major herbicides (Orange, White, and Blue) had specific uses. Ninety-nine percent of Herbicide White was applied in defoliation missions. It was not recommended for use on crops because of the persistence of Picloram in soils. Because the herbicidal action on woody plants was usually slow, full defoliation did not occur for several months after spray application, thus, it was an ideal herbicide for use in the inland forests in areas where defoliation was not immediately required, but where it did occur it would persist longer than if the area were sprayed with Orange or Blue. Herbicide Blue was the herbicide of choice for crop destruction missions involving cereal or grain crops. Approximately 50 percent of all Blue was used in crop destruction missions in remote or enemy controlled areas with the remainder being used as a contact herbicide for control of grasses around base perimeters. Ninety percent of all Herbicide Orange was used for forest defoliation and it was especially effective in defoliating mangrove forests. Eight percent of Herbicide Orange was used in the destruction of broadleaf crops (beans, peanuts, 6-14-83 �ramie, and root or tuber crops). The remaining 2 percent was used around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communication lines. Table 3 shows the number of acres sprayed with herbicides in South Vietnam within the three major vegetationai categories. TABLE 3 THE NUMBER OF ACRES TREATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971, WITH MILITARY HERBICIDES WITHIN THE THREE MA3OR VEGETATIONAL CATEGORIES Vegetationai Caafegory Areas Treated* Inland forest 2,670,000 Mangrove forests 318,000 Cultivated crops 260,000 Total 3,2*8,000 "Areas receiving single or multiple coverage. Certain portions of South Vietnam were more likely to have been subjected to defoliation. Herbicide expenditures for the four Combat Tactical Zones of South Vietnam are shown in Table 4. These data were obtained from the HERBS tape (a computer listing of all herbicide missions in South Vietnam from 1965 through 1971). Total volume is in close agreement with the actual procurement data shown in Table 2. TABLE 4 US HERBICIDES EXPENDITURES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971: A BREAKDOWN BY COMBAT TACTICAL ZONE* ical Zones Orange Herbicide Expenditure fgalions) White Blue ''* CTZ I .2,250,000 363,000 298,000 CTZ II 2,519,000 729,000 473,000 5,309,000 3,719,000 294,000 1*227^000 11,305,000 *35jpOO 5,246,000 62*000 1,127,000 J7,678A000 CTZ III des Saigon) CTZ IV Subtotals Grand Total 6-14-83 �In addition to herbicides, numerous other chemicals were shipped to South Vietnam in 55-gallon drums. These included selected fuel additives, cleaning solvents, cooking oils, and a variety of pesticides. The insecticide Malathion was widely used for control of mosquitoes and at least 400,000 gallons of it were used from 1966 through 1970. In addition, much smaller quantities of Lindane and DDT were used in ground operations throughout the war in Southeast Asia. The distribution of the herbicides within Vietnam after their arrival did not occur randomly. About 65 percent was shipped to the 20th Ordnance Storage Depot, Saigon, and 3.5 percent was shipped to the 511th Ordnance Depot, Da Nang. Numerous aircraft were used in the air war in Vietnam, but only a few of these aircraft were used for aerial dissemination of herbicides. The "work horse" of operation RANCH HAND was the C-123, "Provider". This cargo aircraft was adapted to receive a modular spray system for internal carriage. The module (the A/A 45 Y-l) consisted of a 1,000-gallon tank pump, and engine which were all mounted on a frame pallet. An operator's console was an integral part of the unit, but was not mounted on the pallet. Wing booms (1.5 inches in diameter, 22 feet long) extended from the outboard engine nacelles toward the wing tips. A short tail boom (3 inches in diameter, 20 feet long) was positioned centrally near the aft cargo door. Each aircraft normally had a crew of three men: the pilot, co-pilot (nagivator), and flight engineer (console operator). During the peak activity of RANCH HAND operations (1968-1969), approximately 30 U C-123K aircraft were employed. However, many other squadrons of non-RANCH HAND C-123 aircraft were routinely used throughout South Vietnam in transport operations. The control of malaria and other rnosquito-borne diseases in South Vietnam necessitated an extensive aerial insecticide application program. From 1966 through 1972, three C-123 aircraft were used to spray Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide. These aircraft could be distinguished from the Herbicide-spraying aircraft because they were not camouflaged. These aircraft routinely sprayed insecticide adjacent to military and civilian installations, as well as in areas where military operations were in progress, or about to commence. Approximately 10 to 12 percent of all herbicides used in South Vietnam were disseminated by helicopter or ground application equipment. Generally, helicopter crews were not assigned to herbicide spray duties on a full-time basis and rotated the spraying duties with other mission requirements. The military UH-1 series of helicopters, deployed by the Air .Force, the Army, and Navy units, generally sprayed the herbicides. The most common spray system used was the AGRINAUTICS unit. This unit was installed in or removed from the aircraft in a matter of minutes because it was "tied down" to installed cargo shackles and aircraft modifications were not required for its use. The unit consisted of a 200gallon tank and a collapsible 32-foot spray boom. The unit was operated by manual controls to control the flow valve and a windmill brake. Generally, each helicopter had three crew members. A summary of the aircraft used in herbicide and insecticide operations is shown in Table 5. 6-14-83 .6 �TABLE 5 US MILITARY AIRCRAFT USED IN THE DISSEMINATION OF HERBICIDES AND INSECTICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM Aircraft Camouflaged Chemical Disseminated UC-123/UC-123K Yes All Herbicides UC-123K No Malathion Yes Orange, Blue Helicopter Air Force UH-1 Army UH-1B/UH-1D Navy UH/iE Various ground delivery systems were also used in South Vietnam for control of vegetation in limited areas. Most of these units were towed or mounted on vehicles. One unit that was routinely used was the Buffalo turbine. It developed a wind blast with a velocity up to 150 MPH at 10,000 ft^/minute volume. When the herbicide was injected into the air blast, it was essentially "shot" at the foliage. The buffalo turbine was useful for roadside spraying and applications of perimeter defenses. The herbicides of choice in these operations were Blue and Orange. Table 6 reviews the pertinent chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange. Table 7 reviews both the application parameters of the spray system used in the UC-123K aircraft and the characteristics of the spray itself. Generally, herbicides were sprayed in the early morning or late afternoon, so as to minimize the effects of air movement on particle dispersion. 6-14-83 �TABLE 6 PERTINENT CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HERBICIDE ORANGE Formulation Concentrated (8.6 Ib ai/gai)* Water Insoluble Density = 1.28 Vapor Pressure 3.6 x 10~* mm Hg at 30°C NBE** 2,4-D : 1.2 x 1Q~4 NBE 2,4,5-T : 0.* x 10-* TCDD : Viscous 1 x 10-* . 40 centipoises at 20°C Noncorrosive to rnetal Deleterious to paints, rubber, neoprene Long Shelf life * ** Pounds active ingredient (2,4™D and 2,4,5-T) per gallon. NBE - Normal Butyl ester. TABLE 7 APPLICATION PARAMETERS AND SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE C-123 MODULAR INTERNAL SPRAY SYSTEM Aircraft speed Aircraft altitude Tank volume Spray time Particle size: 100 microns: 1.9% 100-500 microns: 76.2% -. 500 microns: 21.9% 87% impacted within 1 min 13% drifted or volatilized Mean particle volume Spray swath Mean deposition Total area/tank Knots indicated air speed 6-14-83 130 K1AS* 150 feet 1,000 gallons 3.5-4 minutes 0.61 microliters 260 + 20 feet 3 gallons/acre 340 acres �SUMMARY The choice of herbicides used in South Vietnam in Operation RANCH HAND, 1962-1971, was based upon those herbicides that had been widely used in world agriculture, shown to be effective in controlling a broad spectrum of vegetation, and thought to be safe to humans and animals. The major herbicides used in South Vietnam were the phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These two herbicides were formulated as the water insoluble esters and code-named by the military as Purple, Orange, Pink and Green. A water soluble amine formulation of 2,4~D was used in Herbicide White. Two other herbicides were extensively used by the military, picloram (in White) and cacodylic acid (in Blue). An estimated 107 million pounds of herbicides were aerially disseminated on 3 million acres in South Vietnam from January 1962 through October 1971. Approximately 94 percent of all herbicides sprayed in Vietnam were 2,4-D (56 million pounds or 53 percent of total) or 2,4,5-T (44 million pounds or 41 percent of total). The 44 million pounds of 2,4,5-T contained an estimated 368 pounds of the toxic contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin). Ninetysix percent of all 2,4,5-T was contained in Herbicide Orange; the remaining 4 percent in Herbicides Green, Pink and Purple. However, Herbicides Green, Pink and Purple contained approximately 40 percent of the estimated amount of TCDD disseminated in South Vietnam. Green, Pink and Purple were sprayed as defoliants on Jess than 90,000 acres from 1962 through 1964, a period when only a small force of US military personnel were in South Vietnam. Ninety percent of all the Herbicide Orange (containing 38.3 million pounds of 2,4,5-T and 203 pounds of TCDD) were used in defoliation operations on 2.9 million acres of inland forests and mangrove forests of South Vietnam. 6-14-83 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 066 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1795 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1961-1971, June 14, 1983 Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand herbicide application Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide properties ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/bbe3dd5ae7a23003154d445c92e1fa7b.pdf 2829adad1af30d0df77eb7a31551d451 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 0031G Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Manuscript: Meeting Notes: Meeting with Dr. Terry Biery and Lt. Col. George Rowcliffe at AF/Pest Control Board Meeting, WRAMC, Washington, D.C., 13 September 1979 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Ll Number of Images 4 Desoripton Notes Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 316 of 341 �13 £c ���- TV L. &jgtfo '. ^r A,<"oa ^i r^€^oUoi^j0etc LA& ^r'csQ*^ V � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 020 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0316 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Manuscript: Meeting Notes: Meeting with Dr. Terry Biery and Lt. Col. George Rowcliffe at AF/Pest Control Board Meeting, WRAMC, Washington, D.C., 13 September 1979 Subject The topic of the resource spray equipment Ranch Hand aircraft https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/293c71af89da87614c118285fe2c4494.pdf 7f7f144e445462eed16aad842ebd06e1 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °0363 Author Smallwood, A. M. Corporate Author Hayes International Corporation RepOrt/ArtlClO Title lnternal Defoliant Dispenser A/A45Y-1 Journal/Book Title 1967 Month/Day Color Octot er > n Number of Images 62 DOSOrlptOH Notes ^lvin L- Youn9 nac) tnis item filecl under the category "Equipment - How Developed, How Used"; contracts AF 08(635)-3609 and AF 08(635-4894 Monday, January 29, 2001 Page 363 of 382 �Smallwood, A.M., 1967 /UNLIMITED Internal Defoliant Dispenser A/A 45Y-1 AD 833 990 Technical Report distributed by Defense Technical Information Center DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY Cameron Station • Alexandria, Virginia 22314 ^ERQMEDICAE LIBRAI JAN 10 1980 UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED COCUMENTS �THIS REPORT HAS BEEN DELIMITED AND CLEARED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE UNDER DOD DIRECTIVE 5200,20 AND NO RESTRICTIONS ARE IMPOSED UPON ITS USE AND DISCLOSURE, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED, ��AFATL-TR-67-127 Internal Defoliant Dispenser A/A45Y-1 A. M. Small wood R. I Dear . A. R. O r t H J HAYES INTERNATIONAL CWPORATION T E C H N I C A L R E P O R T A F IT L - T R - 6 7 - I 2 7 OCTOBER 1967 This document is subject to special export controls and each transtnittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may bo made only with prior approval of the Air Force Armament Laboratory (ATCB), Eglin AFB, Florida 3 AIR FORCE ARMAMENT LABORATORY AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND E G L I N A I R FORCE B A S E . F L O R I D A �INTLKNAL DEl'OLIANT DISPENSER A/AU5Y-1 A. M. Smallwood R. L. Dear A. R. Ortell Tills document is subject to special export controls ami each transmittal to foreign governments or I'ureign nationals may be made only with prior approval of the Air i'orce 'Armament Laboratory (ATCD), Eglin AID, Ilorula �FOREWORD Under Contracts AF 08(G35)-3609 and A F 08(G35)-4804, Hayes International Corporation, Birmingham, Alabama has developed the A A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser as a quick in-out system for the C-130 and C-123 aircraft. This report, covering tlie period of October 19G5 thru October 196.7, formally records the engineering data generated under the above contracts including results, conclusions, and recommendations. This report is covered under project number 2525 and task o der number 02 and deals primarily with AF Contract AF 08(635)-<t894. The cognizant USA F'project engineers for this program were Lt Arnold \V. Blomqaist, Lt Jon II. Arvik, Lt W. J. Crea, Jr. and Lt K. A. Reynard of the Air Force Armament Laboratory, RTD, Biological-Chemical Division (ATCB), Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Messrs. A.M. Smallwood (project engineer), R. L. Dear, and A.R. Ortell.wcrc the principal investigators and authors of this report. Mr. J. F. Cundiff provided considerable technical assistance in programming the digital computer for the program and writing the fh'id analysis. Messrs. F. J, Weatherbee, J. D. Stewart, and B. L. Lewis provided considerable technical assistance in the design of the A/A45Y-1 dispenser. Mr. J. L. Harrington, Chief of the Airborne Weapons Group, was responsible for the overall effort. Information in this report is embargoed under the Department of State International Traffic In Arms Regulations. This report may be released to foreign governments by departments or agencies of the U. S. Government subject to approval of the Air Force Armament Laboratory (ATCB) Kglin AFB, Florida 32542, or higher authority within the Department of the Air Force. Private individuals or firms require a Department of State export license. Publication of this report does not constitute Air Force approval of the report's findings or conclusions. It is published only for the exchange and stimulation of ideas. Nicholas H. Cox, Colonel, USAF Chief, Bio-Chemical Division ii �ABSTRACT Hayes International Corporation has developed the internal defoliant dispenser, A/A45Y-1,suitable for quick in-out installation in the C-1^0 and C-123 aircraft. The internal defoliant dispenser provides for loading, transporting, and dispensing of 058 gallons of defoliant chemical, and in case of an emergency, dumping the full load of chemical overboard in leas than one minute. The dispenser was designed to deliver agent at a concentration of three gallons per ncrc over an effective swath width of 120 feet from an altitude of 150 feet in either the C-123 or C-130 aircraft. The results of tests conducted at h'glin Air Force Base, Florida indicated that the optimum parameters for the C-K10 aircraft were an altitude of one hundred feet and a maximum swath of .seventy feet to obtain a concentration of three gallons per acre. The optimum parameters for the C-12;J aircraft were an altitude of 150 feet and a maximum swath of 10 icet for the same concentration. The fuselage-mounted spray boom does not deliver the defoliant agent far enough outboard to be affected by the action of the wingtip vortices. Previous testing with defoliant agent demonstrated that wing mounted booms subject the spray to these vortices and produce wider swath width. It is recommended that an optimized wing boom be developed in order to increase the swath width. This document is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may be made only with prior approval of the Air Force Armament Laboratory (ATCH), l.'glin A F B , Florida :',2~>1'2. iii (The reverse side of this page is b l a n k . ) �BLANK PAGE �TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I H IE IV V INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF A/A-I5Y-1. INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER TANK AND CRADLE ASSEMBLY DUMP VALVE CONTROL CONSOLE MAGNETO SWITCH . CHOKE SWITCH START SWITCH THROTTLE SWITCH SPRAY VALVE SWITCH DUMP VALVE SWITCH FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE ENGINE TACHOMETER FLUID PRESSURE INDICATOR CIRCUIT BREAKERS SPRAY BOOM AIRCRAFT INSTALLATION DEVELOPMENT TEST OF THE A A-15Y-1 INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE LIQflD LEVEL GAGE CALIBRATION CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VARIOUS AGENTS REFILL BY MEANS OF THE I N T E R N A L DEFOLIANT DISPENSER JET PUMP EMERGENCY DUMP TEST FLOW HATE TEST USING AN INDUCED PRESSURE . . . . SYSTEM PRESSURE LOSS ANALYSIS DISPENSER PERFORMANCE RANGE SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONSEQUENT RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDICES I SPRAY BOOM DRAG ANALYSIS n AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND iw\LANCE IH STRESS ANALYSIS (C-123 AIRCRAFT) IV STRESS ANALYSIS (C-130 AIRCRAFT) V MILITARY SPECIFICATION REFERENCES PAGE 1 2 4 G G f, 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 13 17 17 17 IK 24 2-1 2-1 <17 r>:$ .r>r> f»7 05 99 127 Ml �LIST OF ILLUSTHATIONS FIGURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1-1 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 D d f g II h^ K = = = = = - Major Components of Defoliant Dispenser Defoliant Dispenser (right side) Centrifugal Pump Dump Valve . Control Console Spray Boom and Associated Plumbing Installation in C-123 (left side) Installation in C-123 (right side) Typical Agent Deposition (C-123 Aircraft) Typical Agent Deposition (C-130 Aircraft) . . . .Refill Test Apparatus Refill Rate with Various Agents Using A 10-Foot Length of Refill Hose Refill Rate with Various Agents Using A 20-Foot Length of Refill Hose Refill Rate with Various Agents Using A 30-Foot Length of Refill Hose Refill Rate with Various Agents Using a 50-Foot Length of Refill Hose Emergency Dump Rate lor Various Agents with A/A45Y-1 Dump Valve Flow Rate Test Apparatus System Performance Test Results A/A45Y-1 Fluid Flow Schematic A/A45Y-1 Fuselage-Mounted Spray Boom System Pressure Loss A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range - Agent: Water. A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range - Agent: Orange or Purple A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range - Agent: Blue . A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range - Agent: White . Speed Penalty Determined From C-123 Speed/Power Data . 20 21 22 23 . . 25 26 27 29 35 4^ 49 . . .. . . 50 51 52 50 ^ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS internal diameter of pipe, feet internal diameter of pipe, inches friction factor in formula hj j ;i fLv"/D2g acceleration of gravity, 32.2 feet per second per second total head, feet of fluid loss of static pressure head due to fluid flow, feet of fluid resistance coefficient or velocity head loss in the formula, h L = Kv 2 /2g vi PAGE 4 5 7 y 9 10 n ..12 14 15 19 �LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (Concluded) L L/D P Q q R S = = = = = = length of pipe, feet equivalent length of a resistance to flow, pipe diameters pressure, pounds per square inch gauge rate of flow, gallons per minute rate of flow, cubic feet per second at flowing condition Reynolds number specific gravity of liquids relative to water, both at standard temperature (00°K) v A ft We = = = mean velocity of flow, feet per second differential between two points weight density of fluid, pounds per cubic feet absolute viscosity, pound mass |>cr foot second or poundal seconds |x>r square loot Me = absolute viscosity, slugs per loot second or pound force seconds per square foot vii (The reverse side of this page is blank.) �SECTION I INTRODUCTION The purpose of this technical rc|x>rt is to present engineering dnta generated under Contracts AF »8(G35)-3G09 and AF 08(G35)-4894. These contracts resulted in the development of the internal defoliant dispenser, A/A45V-1, designed to disseminate various chemical agents-utilizing C-123 and C-130 aircraft. The capability for quick installation and removal of the dispensing system with minimum modification to the aircraft was a prime requirement under these contracts. Compliance with this requirement resulted in the use of a fuselagemounted spray boom. Due to the narrow spray swath width generated by the fuselage-mounted boom, an Air Force-developed wing spray boom is used to achieve a wider swath width in current tactical applications. The report contains a description of the dispenser. This is followed by a section on development tests of the internal defoliant dispenser. System performance is then provided encompassing liquid level gage calibration, conversion factors for various agents, refill by jet-pump, emergency dump test, flow rate test using an induced pressure, fluid analysis of system with thirtyfoot fuselage-mounted spray boom and dispenser performance. Within the appendices arc fuselage spray-boom drug analysis, weight and balance analysis for C-123 and C-130 aircraft, stress analysis, and dispenser specifications. 1 (The reverse side of this page is blank.) �SECTION II DESCRIPTION OF A/A45Y-1 INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER The A A-15Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser is a complete airborne defoliant dispensing system. The dispenser is packaged to permit rapid installation into, and removal from, C-130 and C-123 aircraft, with only minor modifications required to the affected aircraft. 809 figures 1 and 2. . The Internal .Defoliant Dispenser, Part No. A/A45Y-1, provides for loading, transporting and dispensing of 958 gallons of defoliant chemical, and in case of an emergency, dumping the full load overboard in less than one minute. The tank and cradle assembly is mounted on detachable casters which are removed before anchoring in the host aircraft. A control console is electrically connected to the aircraft electrical system, controls and indicators in the flight compartment, and the electrically operated units within the system. Pressure is applied to defoliant chemical by an engine and pump assembly mounted on the cradle assembly. The defoliant is transported to a 30-foot fuselage-mounted spray boom. The fuselage boom incorporates eighteen (18) whirljet spray nozzles through which the defoliant chemical is discharged into the airstrcam. LEADING PARTICULARS Length (app) Width (app) Height (app) (without casters) Weight Empty Full Capacity Normal operating pressure Normal dispensing interval Emergency dump time Electrical system Dump valve operation Refill time (app) Dump valve Spray valve Suction valve 16 feet, 4 inches 4 feet, 10 inches G feet, 1905 Ibs 12, 055 Ibs with agent having a specific gravity of 1.27 958 gallons 55 +_ 5 psi 3 to 4 minutes Less than 1 minute 28 volts dc (supplied by host aircraft) Electrical or manual 15. 5 minutes with an agent having a specific gravity of 1.27 through a 50-foot length of refill line Electrical, 10-inch diameter Electrical, 3-inch diameter Manual, 3-?nch diameter The dispensing operation and emergency dump valve operation can be controlled from either the control console near the tank and cradle assembly or from the pilot's position in the flight compartment. The pump is capable of maintaining 55 \_ 5 psi pressure during the normal 3-1/2 minute (approx) period of operational sprnying. Refilling the lank assembly is accomplished with power and equipment contained within the dispensing system. �,TANK VENT MANHOLE COVER DUMP VALVE TANK ENGINE EXHAUST LIQUID LEVEL VIBRATION ISOLATOR SEGMENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP MAIN SPRAT VALVE CONTROL CONSOLE TEMPERATURE INDICATOR JET PUMP REFILL CRADLE Figure 1. Major Components of Defoliant Dispenser Tank and Cradle Assembly The tank and cradle assembly is the major unit of the entire system comprising (1) a 058 gallon tank with baffles, manhole, tube connections and stabilizing and ticdown brackets: (2) an engine and pump assembly consisting of a four cylinder horizontally opposed engine and pump directly coupled to the engine crankshaft; and (.'!) a cradle equipped with four detachable casters which carries the tank and engine and pump assembly. A temperature gage and a fluid quantity gage ai-e installed in the tank. The engine is slightly modified from its original configuration to achieve adaptability to the requirements of the dispenser system. The detachable casters arc provided for limited mobility and arc removed after the unit has been positioned in the aircraft. �'Figure 2. Defoliant Dispenser (Right Side) �The defoliant in the tank is fed through a suction line to the pump (two assemblies used on C-130 aircraft). The pump driven by an air-cooled engine forces the defoliant through a discharge line to a spray valve. A recirdilation line is provided so that the defoliant will'reeirculate back through the tank when the spray valve is closed. \Vhen the spray valve is open, the defoliant is forced into the spray boom and atomized by spray nozzles. When the lank is empty, a float-pi>erated switch located in the tank automatically stops the engines. On C-130 aircraft, when either tank is empty, the engine of the empty unit will automatically shut down. The spray valve will not automatically close until the second unit's tank empties and the float switch is actuated. Tlu centrifugal pump (figure 3) consists essentially of an impeller and pump body and is driven by the engine through a direct drive. The speed of the engine controls the quantity of defoliant being dis|>ensed. The recalculation line incorporates a jet-pump (ejector) tank refilling system which utilizes the fluid left in the tank from prior operation to initially operate the jet pump. A temperature gage and liquid-level indicator located on the side of the tank indicate defoliant temperature and quantity respectively in the tank. Dump Valve The dump valve is an electrically or manually operated 10-inch diameter gate valve (figure -1). It is designed for horizontal (vertical flow) installation and liquid flow in only one direction. The bottom of the defoliant tank incorporates a vortex interrupter and adapter to which the dump valve is secured. The dump valve assembly is aligned with an opening in the belly of the aircraft. Tlus ojxming is covered by a spring-loaded door. A high speed motor coupled to an actuator provides 2-second operation of the dump valve in either direction. Valve-open condition is electrically indicated on the control console and on the pilot's instrument panel. Control .Console ft The control console is the nerve center of the defoliant system (figure 5). All functions arc controlled from this position; all monitoring equipment is located in this position; and the electrical supply is channeled and protected at this position. Prefabricated electrical cables tie the control console to all related parts of the system including the controls on the pilot's instrument panel and the aircraft electrical supply system. Tandem or single installations are controlled and monitored from tlie control console without any changes or alterations being performed. In the event of failure of the aircraft electrical system, (certain critical functions have an option of manual operation. Magneto Switch - The MAGNETO switch (AFT UNIT and F\VD UNIT) is a singlcpblci double-throw toggle switch used to control the engine magneto. In the down position the engine magneto is grounded. In the up position the ground is removed from the magneto permitting the engine to run (if lank is not empty). �Figure 3. Centrifugal Pump Choke Switch - The CHOKE switch (AFT UNIT and F\VD ITCIT) is a springloaded pushliutton switch used to control the solenoid that actuates the engine choke. When depressed, the CHOKE switch applies power to the engine choke solenoid. Sta_ Switch - The START switch (AFT ITs'IT and FU'I) I^IT) is a spring-loaded pusi iiitton switch used to control the engine starter. When depressed, the START switch applies power to the engine starter. The START switch is guarded to prevent accidental engagement of the engine starter. Throttle SwUch - The THROTTLE snitch (AFT UNIT and FU'I) UNIT) is a threeposition toggle switch spring-loaded to the neutral position. The switch lias INCREASE and DECREASE positions and is used to electrically control the engine throttle through a geared servo-motor, The engine throttle may be set at any intermediate position between minimum and maximum engine vpm by positioning the switch to INCREASE or DECREASE and releasing to the neutral position when desired engine RPM is reached. A governor on the engine m a i n t a i n s engine speed at a given setting. �Figure 4, Dump Valve Spray Valve Switch - The SPRAY VALVE switch is a single-pole double-throw toggle switch used to electrically open and close the spray valve. In the "OPEN position power is applied to open the spray valve. In the CLOSED position power is applied to close the spray valve. The SPRAY VALVE switch is guarded in the PILOT position. A cockpit SPRAY VALVE switch is also provided for control of the spraying operation by the pilot. Dump Valve Switch - The DUMP VALVE switch, located at the extreme left side of the control panel (figure 5), provides electrical control of the dump valve. The switch is provided with a guard which maintains the switch in the CLOSED position. Placing the switch in the OPEN position actuates the valve motor and opens the dump valve. The cockpit DUMP VALVE switch provides electrical control for opening of the dump valve by the pilot. Operation is in conjunction with the console DUMP VALVE switch. Placing either switch in the OPEN position actuates the dump valve motor and opens the dump valve. Float Switch Override - The FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE (AFT UNIT and FWD UNIT) is a single-pole double-throw toggle switch (with a holding cc.l) used to override the float switch (in tank) when the float switch has grounded the magneto. The FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE is spring-loaded in the down position and when �FLUID REFILL f t O A l SHITCM OvrKKIOt fwD UNtl A F T UH1T STARTIR AND CHOKf T H R O I T L C S IMOICATOR1 IPRA1 VALVf © OICBfAlt © © Figure 5. Control Console placed in the up position, enables the engine io be run when the tank is empty (in order to fill the tank using the pump). The holding coil holds the FLOAT SWITCH OVERRIDE in the up position until ihc float switch is actuated. Engine Tachometer - The engine tachometer is dual indicating (two needles) and indicates engine speed in hundreds of HPM. Fluid Pressure Indicator - The FLUID pressure indicator indicates fluid pi'ossurc in increments of 2 PSI. When properly calibrated this gage can be used as a flow-rate indicator. Circuit Breakers - Four circuit breakers (STARTER AND CHOKE, THROTTLES, INDICATORS, and SPRAY VALVE) control power to the control panel and provide protection from electrical overload and short circuits. Spray Boom The spray boom (figure (>) can accommodate 18 spray nozzles for dispensing the defoliant. The spray boom is constructed of 4-1/2-inch diameter steel tubing. The discharge line is off-set from the ccntcrlinc of the spray boom to allow the aircraft's ramp to operate with the dispenser installed. The spray boom is attached to the fuselage with six struts. �INSTALLATION SlUUTi SPRAT NOZZLI SPRAY BOOM INSTALLATION iTKUTS Figure C. Spray Boom and Associated Plumbing Aircraft Installation Installation of the dispenser in C-123 aircraft consists of towing the tank and cradle assembly (unfilled) into the aircraft and securing it to the aircraft floor utilizing twenty 10, 000-pound hook and chain assemblies and the cargo floor tie-down fittings (figures 7 and S). All piping and hose assemblies, and the dump valve chutes, are installed and the console assembly mounted to the aircraft floor. The spray boom and connecting struts are attached to outside fittings on the aircraft and the electrical cables are connected. In the case oJ the C-130 aircraft, two dispensers are installed in the same manner and ; interconnected. . 10 �Figure 7. Installation in 0123 (I,clt Si<!o) 11 �^'4- Figure 8. Installation in C-12.3 (Right Side) 12 �SECTION III DEVELOPMENT ThST OF THE A/A45Y-1 INTERNAL DEFOLIANT DISPENSER Development tests and evaluations of A/A45Y-1, In the C-130 and C-123 aircraft Force Base, Florida,, durlm; the period of for the C-130 and 26 June 1964 to 22 July objectives were to determine: the internal defoliant dispenser, were conducted by APGC, Ef-.lin Air 2 October 1963 to 20 December 1963 1964 for the C-123. The test compatibility of the dispenser with the aircraft capability of instillation servicing (refilling) capability removal'of the dispenser from the particular aircraft in accordance with Hayes* operation and maintenance manuals are.?, coverage capability. It was fouvi'l during these/evaluations that the dispensers were compatible with both aircraft. The aircraft commander reported no unitsu.il effects on the flight characteristics of either aircraft in transporting the loaded dispenser. Dispenser iiv-t .illation and removal tests scheduled for the C-130 aircraft were not accomplished due to desip.n chanr.es that affected the [-.round h a n d l i n g of the dispenser. Three i n s t a l l a t i o n and removal tents wen- conducted durin-.-, the C-123 test program. The three t»-sts (install and remove) required 12, 5, and It manhours, respectively. Thr> refillini-. procedure as recomnendcd by Hayes' operations and maintenance nanuals was satisfactory but somewhat inefficient (40 minutes per dispenser for the C-lJO aircraft). A r;e 1 f - 1 i 11 infeature was incorporated by Hayes prior to the C-123 test, program which reduced the time required to f i l l each tank iron 40 minutes to 20 ninultv; when fillinc, is done from 35-tviilon drum::. The area coverage capability test of the dispenser (s) in the C-130 and C-123 aircraft was conducted to determine ground concentration of defoliant: agent (gallons per acre), swath width (feet.), droplet si/.e (microns), and flow race (gallons per minute). The desired ground concentration of three gallons per acre for a 120-foot swath width was not obtained. Figure-; ') and 10 illustrate typical agent deposition from the tvo aircraft. In both test--;, the desired droplet size of 150 to 30G milrons mass median diameter was obtained. The maximum flow rate obtained during' the C-130 and C-123 tests were 390 and 275 gallons per minute, respectively. 13 �C-123 AIRCRAFT SWATH WIDTH (FEET) Figure 9. Typical Agent Deposition (C-123 Aircraft) �C-130 AIRCRAFT 6 CPA (GAL) 5GPA H o 4 CPA 03 O Q ' , 3GPA I 2 CPA — I GPA 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 30 SWATH WIDTH (FEET) Figure 10. Typical Agent Deposition (C-130 Aircraft) 60 90 �SECTION IV SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Liqiii d -Level Gago Ca lib rat ion Before any system performance tests could be conducted, it was necessary to calibrate the liquid-level gage which is mounted on the siiie of the defoliant dispenser. To calibrate this gage, the dispenser was first weighed in the empty condition and the weight recorded. The t.ank was then filled with water to the 1/4 mark on the gage and weighed. Water was then added until the 1/2 mark on the gage was reached, and the tank again weighed. Filling then continued to the 3/4 mark and the weight: recorded. The dispenser Was then filled to the "Full" level and the weight recorded. At this point, the water was pumped out through the spray valve until it reached the level at which the float switch cuts the system off. The dispenser was then weighed again and the weight recorded. This procedure was repeated twice to obtain an average weight for each level. From these weights, the volume (in gallons) was calculated for each level on the gage, The results were: Gage. Level Volume (Gal) Full 958 3/4 807 1/2 495 1/4 184 Float Switch Cut-Off 54 Conversion Factors for Various All system performance testing was conducted using water as the agent; however, values were also needed for the agents which are used in the system. For this reason, additional small-scale tests were conducted to determine factors whic. could be used to convert the values obtained for water to values for each agent. To determine chc conversion factors applicable to refilling the tank, a small pump rated au 2.3 gallons per minute was used to pump one gallon of water and one gallon of each agent from one container into another through 3/4-inch tubing. The time required to accomplish this for each liquid was recorded. The conversion factors were then calculated by dividing the average values of pur.iping time for each agent by the pumping time for water. 17 �Results wore as follows: Specific Gravity Viscosity (75°F) (Cent is tokos) Conversion Factor Purple 1.27 38.2 1.161 Orange 1.27 38.2 1.161 Blue 1.335 8.8 1.124 White (Tordon 101) 1.15 243.0 1.312 Agent In determining conversion factors applicable to the gravity dump time through the A/A45Y-1 dispenser's emergency dump valve, a Zahn #3 cup was used. Forty-four millilitcrs of each agent and water were allowed to flow through cup and the time recorded for each. Here, again, conversion factors were obtained by dividing the values for each agent by the value for water. Results were as follows: Agont Orange Conversion Factor . 0.90 Purple 0.90 Blue 0.85 White (Tordon 101) 1.45 Refill by Moans of tlio Internal poi'oll.-mt Dispenser Jet Pump The apparatus used in performing this test is illustrated in figure 11. It was set up such that the inlet end of the refill hose was at the same elevation as the jet pitnp so that induced head loss would not be present. Using a ten-foot section of refill hose (MIL-H-8974-32), the time was recorded for filling che dispenser to the 1/4 level on the liquid level gape. The water was then .pumped out until the float switch cut off the system. Time was then recorded for filling the system to the 1/2 level. This procedure was repeated for 3/4 and "Full". Three tests were run at each level in order to obtain an average time. Those tests were repeated using 20, 30, and 50-foot lengths of refill hose. The values of refill time obtained for water were converted to the agent values by the methods discussed in Lho previous section. Refill time as a function of quantity of liquid is presented in figures 12 through 15 for each agent. 18 �JET PUMP 59 GAL DRUM WATER SUPPLY LINE Figure 11. He-fill Test Apparatus �1000 FULL LEVEL (958 GAL) 3 4 LEVEL (807 GAL) 1/2 LEVEL (495 GAL) to o ORANGE OR PURPLE WHITE (TORDON 101) 1/4 LEVEL (1S4 GAL) 100 FLOAT SWITCH CUT-OFF LEVEL (54 GAL) 10 11 12 13 14 15 REFILL TIME (MINUTES) Figure 12. Refill Kate with Various Agents Using A 10-Foot Length of Refill Hose 16 1? 18 �1000 FULL LEVEL (958 GAL) 3 ' 4 LEVEL (807 GAL) 1 2 LEVEL (495 GAL) ORANGE OR PURPLE WHITE (TORDON 101) 1/4 LEVEL (184 GAL) 100 FLOAT SWITCH CUT-OFF LEVEL (54 GAL) 10 11 12 13 14 REFILL TIME (MINUTES) Figure 13. Refill Rate with Various Agents Using A 20-Foot Length of Refill Hose 15 16 17 18 �1000 FLOAT SWITCH CUT-OFF LEVEL (54 GAL) 11 12 13 14 15 Figure M. Kefill Hate with Various Agents Using A 30-Foot Length of Hel'ill Hosts 16 17 18 �1000 FULL LEVEL (958 GAL) 3 4 L E V E L (807 GAL) o 1/2 LEVEL (495 GAL) o ORANGE OR PURPLE 300 ^ WHITE (TORDON 101) 1/4 LEVEL (184 GAL) 200 100 FLOAT SWITCH CUT-OFF LEVEL (54 GAL) 1 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 REFILL TIME (MINUTES) Figure 15. He-fill Rate with Various Agents Using a 50-Foot Length of He-fill Hose 16 17 18 �Emergency Dump Test In determining the dump rate through the A/A45Y-1 emergency dump valve, the tank was filled with water three times to each of the liquid levels indicated on the liquid level gage. In each case, the valve was actuated electrically and the flow of water from the tank timed until the water level reached the float switch cut-off point (54 gallons). The values of time were converted for each agent and plotted as a function of gallons of water or agent to be dumped (figure 16). FlowRate Test Using an Induced Pressure The objective in conducting this test was to determine the flow rate of the dispenser for any given pressure or head. The apparatus used in the performance of this test is illustrated in figure 17. A flowmetcr (Scries 5000, Pottermeter) with a three-inch nominal inside diameter was mounted to the downstream side of the spray valve. A three-inch manual gate valve was mounted immediately downstream of the flowmeter. In addition, an indicator (Potter Aeronautical Corporation Model 519) was connected to the flowmetcr to indicate flow rate in gallons per minute. In conducting the test, pressure was induced into the system by manually changing the orifice area of the ga.te valve thus varying the restriction imposed upon the flow of water. At all times the level of the water in the tank was held between the "3/4 level" and "full" to iisure the same positive head of liquid on the suction side of the pump and a constant engine speed ot 3600 RPM was maintained. At each position of the gate valve blade, the spray valve was electrically actuated to the open position. The pressure from the indicator on the console and the flow rate from the flow indicator were recorded. The test was conducted three times, moving the valve blade from "closed" to "full open" in small increments, to insure reliable data. The test results were plotted in terms of induced back pressure versus flow rate. The conversion factors, previously discussed, were applied to the values for water and curves were plotted for the specific agents involved. These test results arc presented in figure 18. System Pressure Loss Analysis The purpose of this analysis is to ?.»«.ilytlcally determine the dispenser pressure loss at various fluid flow rates. In the following section the results of the analysis is combined with the previously mentioned flow rate test to form the dispenser performance range. The majority of the formulae used in this analysis is extracted from Reference 2. Many of the values used are extracted from Reference j{. When a formula or value taken from this paper is used, the page number ofl which it is found is noted on the right hand side of the page. 24 �1000 i i i r^ FULL LEVEL (958 GAL) 7 900 3 4 LEVEL (807 GAL) 800 \WATER BLUE- 7 700 ORANGE OR PURPLE' a. £00 500 1 7 LEVEL (495 GAL) z in O _J O \ WHITE T (TORDON 101) 3 O Ul (O 400 L 7 7 300 '/ 200 1.4 L E V E L (184 GAD- 100 FLOAT SWITCH CUT-OFF LEVEL (54 GAL) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 DUMP TIME (SECONDS) Figure 1C. Emergency Dump Kate for Various Agents with A A'15Y-1 Dump Valve 80 �3 IN. MANUAL GATE VALVE Figure 17. Flow Rate Test Apparatus First of all, the line sizes must be determined. Determination of line size from tank to spray boom: Requirements: 400 p,pm @ 15 ft/sec v = 0.408 Q/d2 d = 0.408 Q/v 400 0 408 15 d = 3.298 inches 26 Page 3-2 �90 -t S 80 ID */> S a. o £ o S 70 60H i o 50 40- 30 20 0 100 200 FLOW RATE - CPM Figure 18. System Performance Test Results 400 �However, the 3-inc'i suction and discharge ports on the Gorwan-Rupp pump necessitated using 3-inch outside diameter (O.D.) tubing with a 0.0d25-inch wall thickness. Thus, a slit-Jit: increase in velocity occurs. The fuselage-mounted spray boom is constructed of 4.5-inch O.D. stainless steel tubing with a wall tliicknoss of 0.237 inches. The increase in line size in the boom was dictated by structural stiffness requirements for Ll.e C-130 aircraft which has a considerably greater speed capability than the. C-123 aircraft. The agent which is pumped through the tubing system shown in figure 19 has a specific gravity of 1.3 and a viscosity equal to 30.0 ccntistokes @ The total head is found in four parts. The first part to be. analyzed is the suction line; i.e., the section of line between the spray tank and the pump. Suction Head: Suction line velocity: Page 3-2 Equation 3-2 .408 .408 v = (2.S75)2 10.74 ft/sec Reynolds number: Page 3-2 Equation 3-3 32.2 /-Co. = JJJc 8.2 x 10-4 (81.2>(0.240)(19.74) (32.2) (8.2 x 10'4) Rc = 1.456 x 104 28 Page 11-5 �359.1 1 A =^ y WHtRL JET SPRAV NOZZLE - NO 3 < Bl?0 5C-ELBO* REDUCER OME INCH TO 3 i 1 IN POPPET V A L V E VEE B*Mt> COUPLING 3 IN DIA FLEX LINE 3 IN. POPPET CHECK VALVE 3 IN. VALVE - WOTOR OPERATED 3 IN VALVE - MANUALLY OPERATED PUMP - MOTOf! DRIVEN SUCTIOMCONE PIUKIO O U T L E T '1 IN LilA LINE TAIL BOOM - 4 1 2IN. 0 0 19. A/A45Y-1 Fluid Flow Schematic �Friction factor: For a 3-inch SolieiUilc-40 pipe at a flow having an RC = 1.456 x 10* the friction factor Is: f = 0.029 Page A-25 = £ - .'°4 = 1.38 C .029 Page A-26 Suction cone: L/D 12 inch radius 90° bend: L/D = 13.6 Page A-27 L/D = 7.5 Page A-27 30 Page A-30 12 inch radius 29° bend: Schedule 40 90° standard elbow: L/D = Exit into pimp: L/D = £ = —L. = f .029 34.43 Summation o£ L/D's: L/D = 1.38 + 13.6 + L/D L 7.5 + *= = 34.48 86.96 = (DHL/0) = L 30.0 + (69)(.4) 8.6 020 20.87 feet Total equivalent length oC pipe: L = 2/12 + L = 0.167 +.1.0 L 12/12 = + 53/12 + 4.417 * 26.,45 feet 30 + 20.87 20.87 �Head loss due to flow through suction cone, tubing, bends, and exit i n t o pinup: hL h, L = hi. = 0.1863 0.1863 = &— Page 3-2 Equation 3-5 d 2.875 19.368 foot of a«;cnt Head loss for 9-incli f l e x i b l e hose (3-inch O.D.): For AGO gpm, the pressure drop is 0.7 p s i / f t 0.7 p s i / f t x 0.75 ft hL = (0.525) (2. 31) hL = = (1.213)(1.3) = Anaconda Catalog G-700, Page D-5 0.525 psi 1.213 feet of water = 1.577 foot of agent Head loss for a 3-inch gate valve: The formula for A l l in inches is: For 400 gpin, /'-.I I hL = (7. 34) (1.3) = = AH = 0.0000:459Q2 7.34 inches O t 7 9 6 Fcot of agcnt Total Suction Head: hL = 14/12 + 19.368 + 1.577 + 0.796 hL = 1.167 + 19.368 + 1.577 + 0.796 hL = 22.908 feet of agent Next the head is found for the discharge l i n e ; i.e., the line between the ^ump and the spray boom.: The line velocity and the friction factor arc the same as for the suction line. i Sharp edged entrance to pump: L/D = £ = f -.* °.5 0.029 = 17.24 Page A-26 �Two (2) Schedule-40 90° standard elbows: L/D 45° - ()3) = 2(0 60.0 Page A-30 12-inch radius: L/D = (40(53 = 1.).3) 7.50 Page A-27 45° Miter bend: L/D 45° = 15.0 Page A-27 9-inch radius through fuselage: L/D = 12.0(.533) = 6.4 Summation of L/D's: L/D = 17.24 + 60.0 + 7.5 4- 15.0 + 6.4 L/D L = L/D(D) - •= 106.14 (106.14)(0*240) = 25.47 feet Total equivalent length of pipe: L = L = 14 18 21.5 . 26.75 . 192 , 46.625 . , , - , - , 12 + 12 + ~TT + ~W~ T T2 + ~12~ + 25 ' 47 1.167 + 1.500 + 1.792 + 2.229 + 16.00 + 3.885 + 25,47 L = 52.043 feet Head loss due to flow oF agent through elbows, bends, tubing, and sharp-edged entrance to pump: hT h. = L hL <= 0.1863 0.1863 ( . 2 ) (52.043)(19.74) 009 2.875 = 38.109 feet of agent Head loss for 3-inch check valve: 32 �Tlio formulae for the pressure drop and lici.nl loss thronj'.li t h i s chock valve are: 1 A P = .-0.005Q + l«l. = 2.0 CAP)(2.3l)(S) For tin- Q of /»00 npm: AP = 0 therefore However, for flow ralos loss than A 00 upm, there w i l l he a p p r e c i a b l e head loss. lleaJ loss Tor 'Uinch v.ate v a l v e : Tliis value is Hie same as for t h e \\mc v a l v e In the sue- 1 ion l i u o . iij = 0.7% feet of ai-.fnt Head loss for C l o x i b l o hose ( J - i n o l i O.D.): Tlu-ro are llireo (3) sod ions of f l e > - i h l e l i n e between the spr.iy valve and the spray boom. I, Pressni-e drop = .: K ». 'yS^JjJvjq 0.7 p s i / f t b (j = !),_ =, 20.80 feet (see l >-iiu-h f l e x hose in sue I ion l i n e ) (0.7 |>si/l'l)(:>O.K'))C>. •}]) (!..:>) = A 3.0 1 J foe( of at-ent T o t a l Dl.sehari',0 Head: -Ih. '- :W.lO l l h. 0.7'K. -I- 0.7'Xi + 4J.'M3 = 8 2 . 7 I A feet: of no'nL - �At this point in the system, the flow of agent leaves the 3-inch lino and enters the spray boom, which is shown in figure 20. The line size for the spray boom has .already been determined as 4.5-inch O.D. stainless steel pipe with a wall thickness of 0.237 inches. The nozzle arrangement is symmetrical about the centerline of the spray boom; however, the entrance to the boom is offset approximately six feet from the centerline. In this analysis, the worst condition, which is the longer section of spray boom. Is analyzed for a flow rate of 200 gpm. There are a total of eighteen nozzles on .the spray boom. Each nozzle dispenses agent at a rate of 400 gpm/18 nozzles or 22.22 gallons per minute. As the flow passes each nozzle, the total flow rate is reduced by this amount. With each chance in flow, the agent velocity, friction factor, and Reynold's number also change. These values must be recalculated at cacli nozzle location in order to find the head loss in the next section of line. In calculating the spray-boom head loss, the first head loss is encountered where the 3-inch O.D. discharge line exits into the 4.5-inch O.D. boom. This is calculated on the basis of a sharp-edged exit. K = L/D L 1.00 = - L/D(D) = L = Page A-26 34.48 (44) (,4) 3.8 020 81275 feet Head loss due to exit from discharge line: h. L h L = 0.1863 ~^d = 0 1863 ( , P29) (3.275) (19.74)2 0• " ' 2.875 hT = 6.059 feet of agent Station 0.0 to Sfation 149.63 /.a r,i 12.47 feet 34 �STA 25138 SI* 233 A3 STA 22163 STA 20ft] STA 19763 STA IBS 43 STA 1736} STA 16163 STA 1496} STA CC 4 SYMETRlCAL EXCEPT AS SHO»N If"fl'"T T 3-E I !—17 3 i- • 7 EQUAL SPACES — - 101 3 4 Figure 20. A, A45Y-1 I^usclagc-Mounted Spray Boom �Velocity: v v .408 Q/d 2 = ,408 = 20 ° (.2) 4062 .0 48 v = 16. 087 / 5.034 f i / s e c Reynolds number: Dv R0 32.2 /rc (81.12)(.3355)(5.034) 32.2 (8.2 x = R0 I0"f) 5190 Friction factor: f = 0.037 Head loss: "L IIT L .1863^ 1863 ( . 0 3 7 ) ( 1 2 . A 7 ) ( 5 . 0 3 4 ) 2 4.026 = ' j^ = = 0.541 foot of agent Station 149.63 to Station 161.63 L Q = = Q = 3G 1.0 feet 200 - 22.22 177.78 B pni �v .408 Q/il 2 = 177.78 v " .408 v = 4.47 1 } f l / s o c (4.02() 2 (8l.l2)(.333--,)(4.475) ( 3 2 . 2 ) ( 8 . 2 x 10*') Re 0.038 hL h, = ll| = ,18ft 3 .J863 =. - .015 s 4.026 fCH't Of flJ'.CMlt S l a t i o i i 161.63 I o S t a t i o n 173.63 L Q = = 177.78 - 1.0 foot 22.22 = 135.56 (4.026) 2 v R0 = = 3.<)H) it /sec _(».!. U) (.33!>5) ( 3 2 . 2 ) (8. 2 x 10-'1) Re = 1030.90 R0 = x 4037 x velocity velocity �f hL = (.040) (1.0).(3.916)3 .1863 . h^ = 0.040 0.028 feel of agent Station 173.63 to Station 185.63 L Q = v 155.56 = .408 Rc « - 1.0 feet 22.22 14 • , (4.026) 2 = = f .- l« T '= = = 3.356 ft/sec 3460 0.0415 (.0415)(1.0)(3.356) 2 1 nir 4.026 -,«<•-. J .1863 = 133.34 ft/sec 1030.90 x 3.356 Re , h = 0.022 feet of aj;cnt Station 185.63 to Station 197.63 L Q = 133.34 = - 38 1.0 feet 22.22 = 111.12 gpm �v v Re = /ft0 .408 = = 1T.I.12 (4.026)2 2.797 ft/sec 1030.90 x 2.797 t = = 2883 0,044 (P044)(1.0)(2.797): * f 4 7 0 2 6 ,0,, .1863 h^ = 0.016 feet of agent Station 197.63 to Station 209.63 L Q v = = 1.0 feet 111.12 - 22.22 88.90 408 " Rc = = 2 238 ft/sec - = 2307 0.047 1863 (•0^7)(1.0)(2.238) : 4.026 - L h, 88.90 gpm (1030.90)(2.238) = f h, = = 0.011 feet of agent 39 �Station 2 ' . 3 to Station 221.63 0)6 L Q - 88.90 = 1.0 Coct - 22.22 = 66.68 66.68 v = .408 R_ = 2 = (1030.<>C) (1.678) = 0 IL = = 1730 0-037 "^ hj 1.678 ft/soc 4,026 0.005 foot of ap.ont Station 221.63 to Station 233.63 L Q = 66.68 v - .408 R0 = = - 1.0 foot 22.22 , , , -.2 v { -t • VJ..O^ = 44.46 >-,pm = 1.119 f t / H o c (1030. «())< 1.110) 1 1 5'. -10 = = 0.055 1154 �hT . .1863 L 4.026 hL = 0.003 ffiet of agent Station 233.63 to Station 251.38 - Q - Rc .0 48 » 1.479 feet 22.22 gpm 22.22 (.2) 4062 = 0>559 Et/scc - (1030.90)(0.559) = h, L 576.27 1863 (0.ni)(l.A70)(0|.559)2 ' 4.020 hL * 0.002 feet of agent Total Spray Room Head Exit from discharge line Station 0.0 to Station 149.63 Station 149.63 to Station 161.63 Station 161.63 to Station 173.63 Station 173.63 to Station 185.63 Station 185.63 to Station 197.63 Station 197.63 to Station 209.63 Station 209.63 to Station 221.63 Station 221.63 to Station 233.63 Station 233.63 to Station 251.38 Total Spray Boom Head 6.059 feet 0.541 0.035 0.028 0.022 0.016 0.011 0.005 0.003 0.002 6.722 foot of agent 41 �An illustration of the plumbing through which the flow of agent travels from the point it leaves the spray boom until it enters the airstream is presented also in figure 20. Since the maximum pressure change between pump and nozzle occurs at the outboard nor.sle (Station 251.38), the head loss is calculated at this station. In leaving the spray boom, the agent flows through a sudden contraction. However, the flow must also make a 30° turn. In order to properly analyze this condition, the L/D ratio is found for a sudden contraction and also a 30° miter bend. Head Loss -_ Spray Boom to Check Valve; Flow; Q = 22.22 gpm Velocity: v= -^TiToi^ v «' 8.239 ft/sec Reynolds number: R e (81.12)(.087)(S.239) (32.2)(8.2 x 10"4) Re = 2203 Friction factor; f = 0.050 30° Miter bend: L/D = 8.0 Sudden contraction: d^ = 1.049 inches; d., * 4.026 inches T • 4.026 rr d 42 Page A-27 �K = 0.43 Page A-26 K 0.43 f " 0.05 L/D 8.6 Summation of L/D's: 3.0 + 8.6 L/D 16.6 L « L/D(D) -f- 5'875 L = L 16.6(.087) + 0.490 = L 1.444 -t- 0.490 = 1.934 feet Head loss: h = L 1863 ( . 5 ) d.934) (8.239)2 000 ' 1.049 hj ** 1.166 feet of agent Check valve head loss: Pressure drop = 1.85 psl @ 22.22 gpra h^ = 5.556 feet of agent Contraction upstream of 3/4 inch street elbow: dj^ = 0.719 inches d2 = li = 0.801 d2. K = O f 12 45 43 0.897 inches James, Pond' & Clark, Inc. Catalog,Pg 6. �22.22 v » 17.537 ft/sec R = (81. 12) ( 0 ) (17. 537) .6 (32. 2) ( . 2 x 10"4) 8 Re = 3233 f - 0.045 , K " I 0.12 0.045 •' = 2 67 6 ' L = L/D(D) = (2.667) .(P-719) L * 0.160 feet hj = .1863 (-045)(0.160)(17.537)2 h^ = 0.573 feet of agent 90° street elbow: L/D = 50 Average internal diameter V = 408 - = 0.88 inches 22.22 (.82 08) v = 11.707 ft/sec R = (81.12)(.073)(11.707) (32.2)(8.2 x 10"4) Rc = 2626 f = 0.0475 44 . �L h 10 = L/D(D) = = L S.O—^ « 3.67 feet 1863 (•M75)(3.67)(11.707)2 ' . 0.88 HL = 5.058 feet of agent Contraction downstream of 3/4-inch street elbow: di = 0.500 Inches dl d£ = 0.941 inches _ 0.500 ~ °5 '3 K = 0.32 v = 0.408 .(2.2!-2..2). (0.50) 2 R = 36.263 ft/sec (81.12)(.042)(36 263) (32.2)(8.2 x I ' ) D4 = e „ 0.042 T/n L/D = — = --—•• 32 = 7 7 f 0.042 L/D(D) = L = 0.317 feet = 1863 ( 0 2 ( . 1 ) 3 . 6 ) .4)037(6232 0.50 hL = 6.523 feet of agent Spray Nozzle: From the data available in the Spray Systems Company Catalog 25, a formula was derived to calculate the pressure required to dispense a known flow of agent. The formula is: 45 �P = 0.069215 f Q per Kozzle 12 I Conversion Factor I The value of the conversion factor can also be extracted from this catalog if the specific gravity of the agent is known. QPN = 22.22 gpm C.F. 0.877 0.069215 P •= 44.431 psi (44.431 lb/in2)(144 in2/ft2) 81.12 lbs/ft3 = 78.872 feet of agent Total head loss downstream of spray boom: Spray boom to check valve: Check valve: Upstream contraction: 90° street elbow: Dowastream contraction: Spray nozzle: 1.166 feet 5.556 0.573 5.058 6.523 78.872 97.748 feet of agent Total pump head for 400 gpm: Suction head: Discharge head; Spray boom head: Head downstream of spray boom: Total Mead ( 0 gpm) 40 22.903 82.714 6.722 97.748 H 210.092 feet of agent This analysis demonstrates the procedure lor determining the total head for a certain agent at a certain flow rate. The head for any flow rate can he calculated in the same manner. Likewise the total head £an be found for any liquid agent hy changing the values for specific gravity, viscosity, and the spray nozzle conversion factor. 46 �This procedure has been programmed for the IBM Model 360-30 computer. The program was exercised for four different agents currently being used in conjunction with the A/A45Y-1 system in addition to water. Flow rates ranging from 1 to 400 gpm were analyzed. The agents and their characteristics are shown in the following cable. Liquid Agent Viscosity (? 80°F (Ccntistokcs) Specific Gravity Water Orange Purple Blue White (Tordon 101) 1.000 1.270 1.270 1.335 1.150 . Spray Nozzle Conversion Factor 1.00 38.2 38.2 8.8 243.0 ' 1.000 0.887 0.887 0.865 0.931 The results of the computer tabulations were plotted for total head (feet) versus flow rate (gpm) and are illustrated in figure 21. Dispenser Performance Range Successful operation of the dispenser depends upon the ability of the crew to recognize the dispenser's capabilities and limitations. The dispenser performance information presented herein is sufficient in scope to permit an estimate of what may be expected of the dispenser under normal conditions. In order to determine the operating range of the dispenser, it was necessary to perform a test to establish the pump performance curve and secondly, to mathematically perform a fluid analysis of the entire dispenser from the tank to the spray nozzles. This test and analysis has bo:;,-! explained in the two previous sections. Figures 22 through 25 combine the aforementioned test and analysis curves to establish the operating range of the dispenser for various chemical agents. The intersection of the two curves represents the maximum flow rate obtainable at 3600 engine KPM. In using these graphs, locate the desired flow rate on the horizontal scale of the appropriate agent graph; move vertically to the point of intersection with the theoretical system loss curve; then move horizontally and read the required pressure from the vertical scale. The speed (rpm) of the engine must be adjusted while spraying, so that che required pressure is indicated on the pressure indicator located on the control console. The cross-hatched area labeled "Operating Range" encompasses all values of back pressures or pressure losses that the system can theoretically pump against as a function of engine speed and flow rate. 47 �UJ UJ u. < UJ £ 200 FLOW RATE - GPM Figure 21. System Pressure Loss 300 400 �9080- 70- UI HI u. 1 a < itto o o_ UJ X 50100 40UJ D. 302010- o- 200 FLOW RATE - GPM Figure 22. A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range - Agent: Water �300 90- 200 ,-PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE - 3600 RPM 80- 70- tu ui m en o 60- 1U X i ////, 50- UJ 100 u en a. 40- as m ^h s ^OPERATING; RAKGE ^ 30- 20- 10- 0- 100 200 300 FLOW RATE - GPM Figure 23. A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range -Agent: Orange or Purple 400 �9080- 7060Q. i 01 o: UJ HI u. 1 o < til X 5040- Of Q. 30 - 20- 10- 0- 100 200 FLOW RATE - GPM Figure 24. A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range - Agent: Blue 400 �300 90- 200 ^Tmrr-^ 8070to o 60- ui ui X a. V//7WK 50100 UJ ce A M L3 UI tfs ae. • PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE - 3400 40- X -MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE POINT CL 30- \THEORETICAL SYSTEM LOSS CURVE 100J 100 200 300 FLOW RATE - GPM Figure 25. A/A45Y-1 Dispenser Performance Range - Agent: White 400 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 025 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0363 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smallwood, A. M. R. L. Dear A.R. Ortell Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Hayes International Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-10-01 Title A name given to the resource Internal Defoliant Dispenser A/A45Y-1 Subject The topic of the resource spray equipment Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide application