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&lt;p&gt;For more about this collection, &lt;a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a"&gt;view the Agent Orange Exhibit.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more about this collection, &lt;a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a"&gt;view the Agent Orange Exhibit.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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00394

Author

Anonymous

Corporate Author
Report/Article Title

Dioxin

JOUPnal/BOOk Title

Science News

Year

1976

Toxicity Data Sent to Aid Italy

Month/Day
Color

! ]

Number of Images

1

DeSGrlptOn Notes

Alvin L

- Young filed this item under the category
"Human Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicides and TCDD"

Tuesday, February 06, 2001

Page 395 of 526

�- ^.ji1' V

:'•''.'. • ! '•

i ' •'' '

'•

, :
"

• ••'

!I|T,,

.

„ ni ||yerh&lt;5ated and the safety yal ve
fdw: }n -'ITJI Italian Chemical factory last
My,; M;c)6ud,'!' containing over, two
pounds of'the moist .toxic synthetic cliethicat known, contaminated &amp; cone-shaped
ar*a,oi several hundred acres, In, the
Weeks after the accident; about 50 people
were hospitalized and symptoms of toxicity were treated in more than 250 others.
Over a thousand small animals in the area

Since July, hundreds of people have
been evacuated from Seveso, an area near
Milan. Italian authorities now still must
decide if and how to try to return the
region to normal life.
Replacing the top layer of soil in the
contaminated area may be a feasible solution,, according to a report recently sent
to Italian health officials by Barry Commoner, and Robert E. Scott of the Center
for Biology of Natural Systems at Wash^rtgton University in St. Louis. Commoner
and Scott collected data from two American experiences with the toxic chemical
involved, dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetraehlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, also called TCDD).
Dioxin is an unintentional byproduct of
the manufacture of trichlorophenol. The
Italian plant shipped trichlorophenol to
Switzerland and Clifton, New Jersey, to
be mide into hexachlorophene for antibacterial soup.
In one American precedent to the Sc, veso accident, soil of four horse arenas
in rural Missouri was accidently contaminated with dioxin in 1971. The soil had been
sprayed with industrial waste oil from a
trichlorophenol plant. The amount of contamination in the arenas was similar to that
in Seveso.
Commoner and Scott collected the reports on this incident. Dioxin was still
detectable after three years in an undisturbed arena, but was undetectable in two
other arenas where about 12 inches of
contaminated soil had been removed and
replaced. The reports describe death of
small animals and illness of horses and
people. The most severely affected
humans were children who played in the
soil. Symptoms included urinary tract
bleeding, gastrointestinal illness, chloracne and headache. Among the horses
there was also a high incidence of spontaneous abortions and birth defects.
Other observations of dioxin in the environment come from the Air Force.
1 richlorophenol contaminated with dioxin
was used to manufacture the herbicide
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5T), which was sprayed in Vietnam. Between 1962 and 1964, the Air Force released herbicide contaminated with dioxin
in a Florida test area during trials of spray
equipment. When use of ,"2,4,5-T was
prohibited, the Air Fora: began additional
studies of the degradation of the herbicide
constituents, including dioxin, to aid in
DECEMBER 4,1976

fit eels of tjerpiciiac constituents; on
life around . the , spray-testijng!"sitc.
concentration ot' diox)n there' isi only about
disposal ;of the remaining 2.3 million gal- a thirty thousandth as great as the concen:
tration in the most contaminated area at
lons of herbicide.
i
(
These Air Force studies found the half- ! Seveso. Commoner and Scott report that
,,)ife of dioxin to be 190 to, 330 days:: • (he studies showed, dioxin concentrated in,
;• According to the reports, dioxin is not , the livers of mice, rncadowjarks and suni moved in the soil by either water or diffu- fish. Beach mice had enlarged livers and
sion. Thus degradation of dioxin in the spleens and also a decreased number of
soil at Seveso would require seven to fetuses, indicating either reduced fertility
or early fetal death.
fourteen years before reoccupation could
Detoxification studies are complicated
' be safely undertaken. But despite heavy
rainfall, dioxin will probably not spread by the absence of a simple, rapid method
into the groundwater or to other regions. of measuring dioxin. Detection now reThis immobility supports the feasibility of
quires a combination of gas chromatogreplacing the upper layers with uncontaraphy and mass spectroscopy and may
take a month, Commoner says. So far
minatcd soil as an effective way of rapidly
reducing human contact with the chemi- studies provide no guide to effective
cal.
methods of decontaminating buildings
The Air Force studies also looked at the and equipment.
G

Clicks hasten quail egg hatching
Eggs in the nest can be a noisy lot when
hatching time approaches. The last day
before hatching, the embryos of birds such
as chicken, duck, bobwhite and Japanese
quail make clicking sounds as they breathe.
These noises and other prehatching vocalizationsseemtobeessential fornormalcommunications between mother birds and their
young (SN: 10/21/72, p. 264).
Clicks, as communication among the
eggs, now have been given a role in
controlling development. The egg sounds
seem to influence final maturation of quail
embryos and to synchronize their emergence from the eggs.
The timing of egg hatching is important
for many species of birds whose nests are
on the ground and whose offspring hatch
already well-developed.
Synchronous
hatching of eggs reduces the time parent
birds must spend trying both to incubate
eggs and to protect and feed the mobile
hatchlings.
Artificial clicks, 37-millisecond bursts
of broad-band noise, presented to quail
eggs from a loudspeaker can influence the
hatching time. Nigel K. Woolf of Johns
Hopkins University Medical School, John
L. Bixby of the California Institute of
Technology and Robert R. Capranica of
Cornell University report that the hatching
time of quail eggs was advanced when the
eggs were stimulated with synthetic clicks
for two hours during the final three days
of incubation. This period included time
before and after most quail embryos first
crack their shells.
The earliest hatching, about a day before the normal lime, was observed when
the eggs were acoustically stimulated on
the 17th day of incubation, two days before normal hatching. Clicks presented to
embryos less than 14.5 days old had no
effect. The researchers suspect embryos
are unable to hear the clicks that early in
development.
If an embryo that had not been exposed

to the clicks was removed from its shell
a day early, it would not be fully developed and could not survive. The quails
that hatch early after the click stimulation,
however, are not premature by any physiological or behavioral measures.
"Since the time of hatching can only
be changed if the developmental sequence
leading to hatching is also changed, it
follows that the acceleration of hatching
time is the result of accelerated embryogenesis," the researchers write in the
Nov. 26 SCIENCE. "This report provides,
to our knowledge, the first unequivocal
evidence that the rate of development of
a vertebrate embryo can be affected by
brief exposure to sensory stimulation during the prenatal period."
G

Temperatures down
The Commerce Department's quarterly
long-range weather forecast was issued
some two weeks early this fall at the
request of the House Subcommittee on
Energy and Power. The reasons are not
hard to find; an unusually cold fall has
raised fears that winter may be particularly
bitter this year, occasioning even more
spending for expensive foreign oil. The
advance report does not allay those fears.
While couching their prediction with
odds that would hardly excite a gambler,
the meteorologists say the wind patterns
that brought chilly northern air down into
much of the United States early this autumn now appear to be firmly established.
Thus the South, the southern Great Plains
and the Ohio valley may expect an abnormally cold winter, while the upper Great
Plains, the California coast and the Pacific
Northwest should experience warmer than
usual temperatures. The confidence levels
for these predictions, however, are less
than the usual 60 percent, and in other
areas of the country the odds for deviation
are just too close to call.
D
359

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