1 15 51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 047 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1167 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. B. M. Shepard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Chemosphere Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Title A name given to the resource A Review of On-Going Epidemiologic Research in the United States on the Phenoxy Herbicides and Chlorinated Dioxin Contaminants Subject The topic of the resource VA congenital birth defects health studies ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/88b0387f2618f28bb8f1f21d444237a1.pdf 036404e4b93d718a512fe1dae45447af PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01375 Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Report/Article Title Abstract: Health Assessment of Herbicides: A Case Study of the Phenoxy Herbicides Journal/Book Title Year 1984 Month/Day February 8 Color n Number of Images 31 DoSCriptOD NOtOS ltem also includes the "Weed Science of America, Twenty-Fourth Meeting, 1984, Program, Hyatt Regency Miami, Miami, Florida, February 8-10,1984, Theme: Weed Science and High Technology" Thursday, May 03, 2001 Page 1375 of 1403 �HEATLH ASSESSMENT OF HERBICIDES: A CASE STUDY OF THE PHENOXY HERBICIDES Alvin L. Young * Department of Medicine and Surgery Veterans Administration Washington, D.C. 20420 Abstract of Presentation Weed Science Society of America Hyatt Regency Miami Miami, Florida February 8, 1984 *Current Address: Senior Policy Analyst for Life Sciences Office of Science and Technology Policy New Executive Office Building Room 5005 Washington, D.C. 20506 �Health Assessments of Herbicidest A Case Study of the Phenoxy Herbicides. A. ElYoung, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. Few environmental or occupational health issues have received the sustained international attention that has been focused on the phenoxy herbicides and their associated chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin contaminants. Although much of tiie present concern centers around veterans of the Vietnam Conflict who believe they were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a contaminant of the military defoliant "Agent Orange", the potentially larger issue is whether human health has been significantly impacted because of the widespread use of dioxin-oontaminanted herbicides to enhance agricultural production. During the 5-year period from 1965 to 1970, the United States Air Force applied more than 40 million liters of Agent Orange in South Vietnam. Some two million American military personnel served 1-year tours during the same period. Recently, many veterans of that era have reported medical problems that possibly . 9*. stem from exposure to Agent Orange during their military assignments. Their complaints have ranged from tingling in the extremities to rare forms of cancer. Some veterans have fathered children with birth defects and have suggested that Agent Orange is the culprit. Similar health issues have been raised by citizen groups in areas where the phenoxy herbicides are commercially used. Tb conduct epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to the phenoxy herbicides and the dioxin contaminant, it is necessary to first know what health outcomes should be selected for study. Secondly, one must be able to identify a study cohort with a high likelihood of exposure and a control group with a low or no probability of exposure. Lastly, a sufficient number of individuals in each cohort must be located, recruited and examined in order to give statistical �validity to the results. These three requirements, so important for the conduct of valid studies, are in themselves not clearly defined with respect to either the chemicals used or the populations at risk. Health studies of the effects of phenoxy herbicides and/or the dioxin contaminant are very difficult under conditions of normal agricultural use, but become immensely more complex when conducted with cohorts briefly exposed over a decade ago during the conditions of war in a tropical environment. The basis for resolving the phenoxy herbicide controversy must in large measure stem from the results of scientific inquiry. Accordingly, the Veterans Administration (VA) in cooperation with other Federal Agencies in the United States Government has initiated extensive health studies of veterans exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam Conflict. In addition, numerous studies of non-veteran populations exposed to the phenoxy herbicides and TCDD have been initiated. To date, more than 20 human health studies have been or are now being conducted by agencies of the Federal Government. The cost of these studies presently exceeds 80 million dollars. The results" «f many of these studies will be presented. �WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA TWENTY-FOURTH MEETING 1984 PROGRAM Hyatt Regency Miami Miami, Florida February 8-10, 1984 Theme WEED SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY �1983-1984 Executive Committee of the WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA C. G. McWhorter, President Southern Weed Science Laboratory PO Box 225 Stoneville, Mississippi 38776 J. D. Nalewaja, President Elect Agronomy Department North Dakota State University Fargo, North Dakota 58105 J. D. Riggleman, Vice President DuPont Biochemical Department Barley Mill Plaza Wilmington, Delaware 18898 T. ). Sheets, Past President Pesticide Residue Research Laboratory North Carolina State University 3709 Hillsborough Street Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 D. L. Linscott, Secretary USDA-ARS 622 Bradfield Hall Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 G. R. Miller, Treasurer Department of Agronomy 1509 Gortner Avenue University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 |. L. Hilton, Editor-in-Chief Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute USDA-ARS Building 001 235 BARC-W Beltsville, Maryland 20705 T. |. Sheets, Acting Chairman Constitution and Operating Procedures Committee Pesticide Residue Research Laboratory North Carolina State University 3709 Hillsborough Street Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 C. J. Cruse, Executive Secretary 309 West Clark Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 �24th Meeting WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA President's Welcome 2 The 1984 Program 2 Spouses' Program 3 Location of Major Committees, etc 4 Committee Meetings 4 Summary of Program 5 Complete Program 7 WSSA Board of Directors 38 WSSA Editors 39 Committees and Committee Memberships 40 WSSA Fellows 44 WSSA Original Honorary Members 45 WSSA Honorary Members 45 WSSA Past Presidents 45 Sustaining Members Inside Back Cover PLEASE BRING THIS PROGRAM WITH YOU TO THE MEETING �WELCOME TO Ml AM I It is a privilege and an honor for me to welcome WSSA members, spouses, and guests to the 24th meeting of the Weed Science Society of America. Miami has always been one of the more favored meeting sites and our hotel for the 1984 meeting has some of the best facilities ever. The Program Committee, chaired by John Nalewaja, and the Local Arrangements Committee, headed by David Teem, have worked hard to develop an excellent program and in providing good facilities for the meeting. This group has also done an excellent job in providing our members and guests optional activities before and after the meeting. Several outstanding speakers will add to the interest and excitement of our program and challenge us, along with our usual array of volunteer speakers, in discussing future advancements in weed science technology. I join President Elect Nalewaja, the Program Committee, and the Local Arrangements Committee in welcoming you to Miami. We hope that you have a highly successful meeting, as we examine challenges for weed science technology in future years. Preregistrants will receive prepacked registration material at the registration desk. The registration desk will be open on Tuesday, February 7, and will remain open for most of the meeting. Prcrcgistration will be $20 member and $30 nonmcmber, and registration at the meeting will be $30 member and $40 nonmember. WSSA A W A R D S LUNCHEON-Pleasc purchase tickets for this event through prercgistration or at Ihc registration desk. ABSTRACTS- Bound abstracts of the papers presented will be provided with registration and extra copies can be purchased with prercgistration, at the meeting, or from the WSSA Business Office. The number in parentheses after each title in the program refers to the number of the abstract. PROGRAMS—Please bring your advance copy of the program with you. Extra copies will be available at the registration desk for a small charge. We look forward to seeing you in Miami. -John D. Nalewaja, Program Chairman SPOUSES PROGRAM SCHEDULE OF EVENTS -C. G. McWhorter, President, WSSA TUESDAY, February 7,1984 Location: Orange A THE 1984 PROGRAM The Program Committee has prepared an excellent program, and the Local Arrangements Committee has been diligently arranging for what should be a pleasant well-organized meeting. You arc invited to attend the WSSA Annual Meeting in the new Hyatt Regency in Miami. The theme of the meeting is "Weed Science and High Technology". The General Session will contain the Presidential Address by C. G. McWhorter, presentations by experts on Rccombinant DNA and Cell Culture and Results of Exposure to Herbicides and Human Health. Special symposia will involve Microbiological Weed Control, Herbicides and Water Contamination, New Methods for Educational Weed Science Programs, and Methodology for Assessment of Herbicides in Soil. These symposia will have presentations by leading scientists and will provide an opportunity to learn the latest information on the various topics. The 1984 Program contains over 250 presentations, not including the symposiums, which provide information on the results of the latest research relating to all aspects of Weed Science. The New Developments from Industry section will again be combined with the Poster section. Authors for these papers will be present for presentation and discussion of their data from 8:00 to 9:45 a.m. on Wednesday, and the posters will remain displayed until noon on Thursday. Everyone is invited to attend the joint meeting of the Regional Project on Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (S-136) and the WSSA Biological Control of Weeds Committee on Tuesday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., and Wednesday 8:00 a.m. to 9:50 a.m. REGISTRATION-We recommend that you preregister, both to save money and to save time at the registration desk. Preregistration materials were sent to WSSA members in November and anyone not receiving them should request material from Claude Cruse, WSSA Executive Secretary, 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, IL 61820. 2:008:00 PM Register at WSSA Registration Desk WEDNESDAY, February 8,1984 Location: Orange A 8:009:30 AM Coffee and Pastries Registration Tour information, general Miami information 9:30— 5:00 PM Unique Miami Tour Villa Vizcaya: narrated tour of mansion and of the exquisite formal gardens, plus unique gift shop. Luncheon: served at waterfront restaurant with choice of menu items; browse around Coconut Grove. Fairchild Tropical Gardens: guided tram ride around 83 acre tropical botanical garden, plus visit to rare plant house. Tour Cost: $28.00 (includes luncheon) THURSDAY, February 9,1984 Location: Orange A 8:009:00 AM 9:0011:45 AM Coffee and Pastries Program designed to include children Tour information, general Miami information Seaquarium: guided tour of oceanarium, monorail ride, and three shows-Flipper of TV farm, Hugo the Killer Whale, and the Sea Lion Circus. Return to hotel in time for Awards Luncheon. Morning Tour Cost: Children $10.50 Adults $14.00 �2:306:00 PM Shop or Skate: spouses and kids board buses tor West Dade County where children will be accompanied by a youth counselor to Super Skate Center (bring socks) and spouses will be taken to the discount fashion district then on to the I-alls Shopping Plaza. Afternoon Tour Cost: Children $15.00 (includes skate rental and game tokens), Adults $10 00 FRIDAY, February 10,1984 Location: Orange A and B 8:009:00 AM 9:0010:30 AM Coffee and Pastries General Miami information Fashion Colors and You: seminar on biggest fashion topic of the year . .. Individual Color Coding . . . a great guide to simplify make-up and fashion decisions. The speaker will take individual appointments for private colorcoding for the remainder of the day. Seminar-No charge Private Color Coding-$40.00 LOCATION OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES AND ACTIVITIES 10-Noon 10-Noon 1—3PM 1-3 PM 1-3 PM 1—3PM 1—3 PM 1-3 PM 1-5 PM 1-9 PM 1-3 PM 1-5 PM 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 PM PM PM PM 3-5 PM 2—5 PM 3—5 PM 3-5 PM 7-10 PM 8-10 PM 8-10 PM Resolutions Poinciana A Weeds Today, Parent UM S-3 Directory of Personnel Engaged in Weed Science Bougainvillea A Education Poinciana A Extension Camellia Fellows and Honorary Members Allamanda Herbicide Handbook Marigold Historical UM S-2 International Affairs UM S-3 Photo Contest Orchid A Weed Today Board of Directors Lantana Aquatics Plant Management Society Board Meeting Orange Blossom B Computer Application Orchid B Herbicides for Minor Uses Orchid D Local Arrangements, 1985 Bougainvillea B Losses Due to WeedsWeed Causing Losses Poinciana B Meeting Site Policy and Site Selection . . . UM S-S Reviews of Weed Science Orange Blossom C Terminology Hibiscus A Weed Science Editorial Hibiscus B USDA-ARS . . .Tuttlc Ballroom Center and South Advertising of WSSA Publications . . . . Orchid B Second Weed Science Journal Orchid D WEDNESDAY, February 8 7-9 AM Executive Secretary Gardenia B & C Local Arrangements Gardenia B & C D..ur:~ 0 -I-..; Public Relations. t «.aii.a A Azalea n Press Gardenia A Placement Service Azalea B Photo Contest Display Promenade Photo Contest Judging (Photographs must be delivered to Orchid A by 5:00 PM Tuesday, February 27) Orchid A Spouses' Program Orange Blossom A S-136 Biological Control of Weeds UM S-1 WSSA Support Industry Displays Corridor Display February 7 THURSDAY, February 9 4—6 PM Finance. . . . Lantana FRIDAY, February 10 7 —Noon Board of Directors UM S-4 Additional committee meetings or changes in time or location will be posted on the bulletin board near the registration desk. Committee meetings arc open to all who may wish to attend. COMMITTEE MEETINGS TUESDAY, 8-10 AM 7-10 AM 8-5 PM 8-10 AM 8-10 AM 8-10 AM 8-10 AM 8-10 AM 8-10 AM 10-5 PM 10-Noon 10-Noon Weeds Today Editorial and Board of Directors UM S-3 8-9:50 AM S-136 and Biological Control of Weeds. . . UM S-1 2-4 PM Mimograph Camellia 1:30-5 PM Business Meeting for S-136 Members. . . . UM S-1 Room Local Arrangements, Miami . . . Orange Blossom C Associate Editors-Weed Science UM S-2 Biological Control of Weeds and S-136. . . UM S-1 Constitution and Operating Procedures . Orchid B Extension Award UM S-5 Finance Orchid D Membership Lantana Sustaining Membership Marigold Weed Alert Camellia Board of Directors UM S-4 Adjuvant Terminology . Allamanda Parent Awards Bougainvillca A SUMMARY OF PROGRAM TUESDAY, February 7 Committee Meetings 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM Registration (including spouses) 2:00 PM to 8:00 PM Board of Directors 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM S-136 (Open Meeting) 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Room/Area Assigned Rooms Promenade UM S-4 UM S-1 �WEDNESDAY AM, February 8 Registration (including spouses) Promenade 7:30 AM to 5:00 PM S-136 (Open Meeting) DM S-1 8:00 AM to 9:50 and S-136 members only 1:30 to 5:00 PM XII-XIV. New Developments from Industry and Posters UM S-4 and 5 8:00 AM to 9:45 AM (Posters accompanied by authors from 8:00 to 9:45 AM on Wednesday, but posters will be displayed until noon Thursday) General Session Brickell, Flagler and Monroe Ballroom 10:00 AM to 12:00 X. XI. Physiology Jasmine Soil Aspects Symposium Continued, 2:00 to 3:15. . University Auditorium FRIDAY AM, February 10 Board of Directors 7:00 to 11:45 AM I. Agronomic Crops VII. Teaching and Extension IX. Ecology and Biological Control Symposium: Microbiological Control of Weeds X. Physiology XI. Soil Aspects XIII. International Weed Science UM S-4 Tuttle Brickell Flagler Jasmine Monroe Hibiscus A WEDNESDAY PM, February 8 I- -A. I-B. II. V-VI. VII. IX. X. XII-XIV. Agronomic Crops Monroe Agronomic Crops Tuttle Horticulture Crops Hibiscus B Aquatic and Marginal Weeds and Regulatory Aspects Symposium: Impact of Ground and Surface Water Contamination on Pesticide Regulations Hibiscus A Teaching and Extension Symposium: New Approaches to Information Transfer. .Flagler Ecologyand Biological Control . . Orchid C and D Physiology Jasmine New Developments from Industry and Posters on display UM S-4 and 5 THURSDAY AM, February 9 Registration, 8:00 to 12:00 Promenade I—A. Agronomic Crops Tuttle I-B. Agronomic Crops Orchid C and D II. Horticultural Crops Orchid A and B V. Aquatic and Marginal Weeds Hibiscus B IX. Ecology and Biological Control Hibiscus A X. Physiology Jasmine XI. Soil Aspects Symposium: Assessment of Methodology for Field Evaluation of Herbicide Behavior in Soils University Auditorium XII—XIV. New Developments from Industry and Posters on display UM S-4 and 5 WSSA Awards Luncheon Brickell, Flagler, 11:30 AM to 1:30 PM and Monroe Ballroom THURSDAY PM, February 9 I. III. IV. VI. VIM. IX. Agronomic Crops Turf and Ornamentals Pasture, Rangeland, Forests, Rights of Way, and Industrial Sites Regulatory Aspects Equipment and Machinery 3:30 to 5:00 Ecology and Biological Control Tuttle Hibiscus B Orchid C and D Orchid A and B Flagler Hibiscus A COMPLETE PROGRAM WEDNESDAY AM, FEBRUARY 8 SECTION XII POSTER SESSION NEW DEVELOPMENTS FROM INDUSTRY Posters will be arranged by number in the room and will remain on display (unaccompanied) until 12:00 Noon on Thursday, February 9. Section XII will meet as a group at 7:45 AM preceding the session to select a Section Chairman-Elect and to discuss any additional section business. Location: UM S-4 and 5 Section Chairman: A. R. Bell, Uniroyal Chemical Division of Uniroyal, Inc., Bethany, CT. Authors Present: Wednesday 8-9:45 AM DOWCO 453 ME, Performance and Registration Status. J. C. Ryder* and R. D. Vatne, Dow Chemical USA, Midland, Ml. Weed Control with AC 222,293 in Cereals. N. Luke*, American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, NJ and G. B. Kinoshita, Cyanamid Canada, Inc., Willowdale, Ontario (258). UC77179, A New Industrial Herbicide. ). E. Gallagher* and R. A. Shaw, Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC (259). Summary of Lactofen Experimental Use Permit for Weed Control in Soybeans. F. R. Taylor* and J. Deli, PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (260). *Dcnotes person presenting paper. 7 �SD95481, A New Soil-Applied Herbicide for Use in Broadleaved Crops. J. H. Long*, Shell Chemical Co., Houston, TX, J. W. May and ]. R. Goss, Shell Development Co., Modesto, CA (261). Growth of Yellow (Cyperus esculcntus L.) and Purple (Cyperus rotundus L.) Nutsedges Along a Moisture Gradient. R. D. Williams*, L. R. Ahuja, and R. R. Huckleberry, USDA-ARS, Durant, OK (278). New Developments with Poast® Herbicide. W. McAvoy* and R. Evans, BASF Wyandotte Corporation, Parsippany, NJ. Effects of Mefluidide on the Chemical Composition of Wheat Forage and Grain Yield Components. T. H. Dao, USDA-ARS, El Reno, OK (279). WSSA SUPPORT INDUSTRY DISPLAYS Location: Corridor Display, Level One Stewart Agricultural Research Services Inc. Ellsworth R. Stewart, Macon, MO Virginia Chemicals Inc. Logan C. Bostian, Portsmouth, VA Cenex Mike Harrell, St. Paul, MN Micron West Corporation Frank McGravey, Houston, TX WEDNESDAY AM, FEBRUARY 8 SECTION XIV POSTER SESSION Posters will be arranged by number in the room and will remain on display (unaccompanied) until 12:00 Noon on Thursday, February 9. Section XIV will meet as a group at 7:45 AM preceding the session to select a Section Chairman-Elect and to discuss recommendations for improvement of the Section. Location: UMS-4and 5 Section Chairman: L. L. Whatley, Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State. Authors Present: Wednesday 8-9:45 AM Distribution of Weed Seeds Within Soil Structural Units as Affected by Tillage. M. R. Pareja*, D. W. Staniforth, and G. P. Pareja, Iowa State University, Ames (274). Germination and Growth Inhibitory Sesquiterpenoids from Iva axillaris Pursh. R. B. Wolf* and G. F. Spencer, USDA-ARS, Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria, IL (275). Water-stress Induced Germination of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) Seeds. R. B. Taylorson, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD(276). Induction and Release of Secondary Seed Dormancy in Wild Oats (Avena fatua). H. R. Tilsncr* and M. K. Upadhyaya, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver (277). Influence of Isouron on Several Plant Growth Systems. R. M. Devlin*, S. J. Karczmarczyk, and I. I. Zbicc, University of Massachusetts, East Wareharn (280). Effects of Dicamba on Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esu/a L.) Cell Cultures. D. S. Galitz, North Dakota State University, Fargo (281). Cellular Alterations from Foliar Applications of HOE-39866, SC-0224 and Glyphosatc. R. R. Bellinder*, R. E. Lyons, S. E. Scheckler, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, and H. P. Wilson, Virginia Truck and Ornamentals Research Station, Painter (282). Comparative Metabolism of Atrazine, CDAA, and EPTC in Proso-Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and Corn. G. Erza* and G. R. Stephenson, University of Guelph, Ontario (283). Interaction of Dowco 453 and Fluazifop-butyl with Auxin Responses. M. Barrett* and G. L. Olson, University of Kentucky, Lexington (284). Metabolism and Translocation of Some Pyridinyloxyphenoxy Propionic Acid Herbicides in Rhizomatous Quackgrass [Ayropyron rcpens (L.) Bcauv.]. P. Hendley* and J. W. Dicks, ICI Pic, Jealott's Hill Research Station, England, and T. ). Monaco, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (285). Uptake and Translocation of Fluazifop-butyl in Three Annual Grasses. J. F. Derr*, T. J. Monaco, and T. ). Sheets, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (286). Analysis of Fluazifop Residues in Vegetable Crops Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. N. L. Yates*, R. B. Leidy, T. ). Sheets, and T. J. Monaco, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (287). Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Residue Analysis of Atrazine. B. D. Dunbar* and M. R. Barrett, USDA-ARS, Akron, CO (288). Chemical Control of Triazine Resistant Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and Pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) in corn. E. P. Furest*, M. Barrett, and D. Pcnner, Michigan State University, East Lansing (289). Optimum Growth Stage and Rate Affecting the Activity of SC0224 in Controlling Quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.]. P. C. Bhowmik, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (290). Ethcphon Influence on Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) Control by Glyphosate and Dicamba. R. L. Anderson, USDAARS, Akron, CO (291). Effect of Spray Volume and Surfactant Concentration on Glyphosate Efficacy. D. E. Bayer* and Gary L. Darmstadt, University of California, Davis (292). Chemical Weed Control in Burley Tobacco in Virginia: A TenYear Summary. C. L. Foy* and H. L. Witt, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg (293). Herbicides and Their Use in Canadian Forests. R. Prasad, Forest �Pest Management Institute, Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario (294). The Clearance of Herbicides for Minor Uses. M. E. Burt*, G. M. Markle and R. H. Kupclian, Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR-4 Project), New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick (295). A Rotary Herbicide Wiper for Orchard and Nursery Weed Control. W. V. Welker* and D. L. Peterson, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, W V ( 2 9 6 ) . Repeated Applications of Residual Herbicides on Growth and Yield of Apple. E. J. Hogue* and A. Gaunce, Agriculture Canada, Summerland, British Columbia (297). WEDNESDAY PM, FEBRUARY 8 SECTION I-A AGRONOMIC CROPS Location: Monroe Ballroom Section Chairman: J. M. Chandler, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. Moderator: L. M. Wax, USDA-ARS, University of Illinois, Urbana. 1:00 Wild Oat (Avena fatua L.) Control in Wheat with AC222,293. S. D. Miller* and J. D. Nalewaja, North Dakota State University, Fargo (1). 1:15 Chlorsulfuron and Related Compounds for the Control of Wild Garlic (A/lium vineale L.) in Winter Wheat. E. ). Peters* and R. A. McKelvey, USDA-ARS, and Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia (2). 1:30 GENERAL SESSION WEED SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY Full-season Interference by Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) in Spring Barley at Various Soil Fertility Levels. J. S. Conn*, USDA-ARS, and J. A. Delapp, University of Alaska, Fairbanks (3). 1:45 Location: Brickell, Flagler, and Monroe Ballroom Chairman: J. D. Nalewaja, President Elect, WSSA, Agronomy Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo. Wild Proso Millet (fanicum miliaceum L.) Control in Corn. J. A. Fawcett* and R. G. Harvey, University of Wisconsin, Madison (4). 2:00 Welcome. F. A. Wood, University of Florida, Dean for Research, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville. Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Control in Corn. R. Behrens*, D. D. Warnes, and D. W. Kidder, University of Minnesota, St. Paul (5). 2:15 Future Needs in Weed Science—Presidental Address. C. G. McWhorter, President, WSSA, USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS. Control of Quackgrass [Agropyron repcns (L.) Beauv.j with Glyphosate and SC-0224. P. T. Kivlin* and J. D. Doll, University of Wisconsin, Madison (6). 2:30 Recess 2:45 Genetic Engineering Impact on Weed Science: Recombinant DNA. James R. Wild, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station (299). Control of Volunteer Corn in Soybeans. L. E. Paul* and E. L. Knake, University of Illinois, Urbana (7). 3:00 A Systematic Approach to Quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.j Control in Soybeans. J. L. Wilhm* and W. F. Meggitt, Michigan State University, East Lansing (8). 3:15 Weed Control and Weed Flora in Soybeans after Three Years of Stale Seedbed Planting. C. D. Elmore* and L. G. Heatherly, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS (9). 3:30 Interference and Control of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) in Soybeans. S. K. Harrison* and C. S. Williams, University of Illinois, Urbana, and L. M. Wax, USDAARS, Urbana (10). 3:45 Evaluation of Chlorsulfuron for Russian Thistle (Salsola kali L. var. rusthenica) Control. F. L. Young* and D. R.Gealy, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA (11). 4:00 Effects of Some Herbicides, Surfactants, and Their Interactions on Cogongrass. B. A. Al-)uboory* and A. A. Sarmaly, Baghdad, University of Bagdad, Iraq (12). 4:15 Discussion Interactions of Herbicides and Crop Culture Systems. M. M. Schreiber*, USDA-ARS, and M. D. White, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (298). WEDNESDAY AM, FEBRUARY 8 10:00 10:10 10:30 10:55 f 11:20 11:45 Genetic Engineering in Weed Science: Cell Culture. J. M. Widholm, Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana(300). Health Assessment of Herbicides: A Case Study of the Phenoxy Herbicides. Major Alvin L. Young, USAF, Veteran's Administration Central Office, Washington, DC (301). Adjourn 10 11 �WEDNESDAY PM, FEBRUARY 8 WEDNESDAY PM, FEBRUARY 8 SECTION I-B AGRONOMIC CROPS SECTION II HORTICULTURE Location: Tuttle Ballroom Section Chairman: j. M. Chandler, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. Moderator: P. A. Banks, University of Georgia, Athens. Location: Hibiscus B Moderator: S. Dennis, Stauffcr Chemical Co., Dayton, N). 1:00 Evaluation of Postemergencc Grass Herbicides in Citrus. Megh Singh*, D. P. H. Tucker, and Brian S. Combs, University of Florida, AREC, Lake Alfred (63). 1:15 Sod-Planted Versus Conventionally-Planted Peach Trees. W. V. Welker, |r.*, USDA-ARS, Kearncysville, WV (64). 1:30 Interactions Between Groundcovers and Golden Delicious Apples. John Shribbs* and W. A. Skroch, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (65). 1:45 Responses of Frascr Fir, Norway Spruce, and Hemlock to Glyphosate: Effect of Rate and Time of Application. W. A. Skroch* and J. C. Ncal, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (66). 2:00 Effect of Additives on Quackgrass Control with Glyphosate. J. A. Ivany*, Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (67). 2:15 Responses of Five Ground Cover Species to OT Applications of Glyphosate: Effects of Rate and Time. J. C. Ncal* and W. A. Skroch, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (68). 2:30 Recess 2:45 Influence of Weed Control Programs in Intensive Cropping Systems. N. C. Glaze*, C. C. Dowlcr, A. W. Johnson, USDA-ARS, and D. R. Sumncr, University of Georgia, Tifton (69). 3:00 Factors Influencing Fluazifop-butyl Activity in Horticultural Cropping Systems. Reid J. Smeda* and A. R. Putnam, Michigan State University, East Lansing (70). 3:15 Another Culture Derived Plantlets of Atrazine Resistant Rutabaga Genotypes. V. Souza Machado*, ). Shupe, University of Guelph, and W. Keller, Agriculture Canada, Ontario (71). 3:30 Comparison of Pendimethalin and Tillage for Potato Weed Control. D. C. Nelson* and J. F. Giles, North Dakota State University, Fargo (72). 3:45 Effects of Soil Temperature on Early Growth of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberl Herrm.) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theorphrasti Medic.) in Soybeans. J. L. Michael*, R. S. Fawcett, and S. E. Taylor, Iowa State University, Ames (22). Weed Control by Chcmigation with Mctham. J. R. Teasdale*, P. B. Adams, and R. B. Taylorson, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD (73). 4:00 Carbohydrate Production by Weeds. A. F. Wiese*, E. S. Nussbaum, and T. Vongkaysone, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bushland (23). Influence of Herbicides on New Tuber Formation and Control of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). W. Pereira*, G. Crabtree, and R. D. William, Oregon State University, Corvallis (74). 4:15 Discussion 4:30 WSSA Business Meeting (Tuttle Ballroom) 1:00 Antagonism Between Broad leaf and Grass Control Herbicides. A. G. Dexter*, J. D. Nalewaja, and S. D. Miller, North Dakota State University, Fargo (13). 1:15 The Interaction of Bentazon and Haloxyfop-methyl or Sethoxydim. C. S. Williams*, University of Illinois, Urbana, and L. M. Wax, USDA-ARS, Urbana (14). 1:30 1:45 2:00 2:15 2:30 Potential Interaction of Acifluorfen and Bentazon Combinations when Used to Control Common Broadleaf Weed Species in Michigan Soybeans. V. M. Sorensen*, W. F. Meggitt, and D. Penncr, Michigan State University, East Lansing (15). The Effectiveness of Fluazifop-butyl Alone and in Tank Mixture with Bentazon or Acifluorfen. W. A. Dortenzio*, J. T. Daniel, S. A. Harrison, W. K. Majure, S. H. Newell, and R. P. Rose, ICI Americas Inc., Goldsboro, NC(16). Synergistic Response of Tank-Mixing Fomesafcn with Bentazon for Broadleaf Weed Control in Soybeans. W. H. Palmer*, R. P. Rose, J. J. Bates, C. V. Greeson, and W. A. Dortenzio, ICI Americas Inc., Goldsboro, NC (17). Interaction Between Bentazon and Fluazifop for Annual Grass Control. J. L. Godley* and L. M. Kitchen, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge (18). Recess 2:45 Chlorpyrifos-Metribuzin Interactions in Soybeans. P. A. Banks, University of Georgia, Athens (19). 3:00 Performance of SD 95481 in Herbicide Combinations for Broad Spectrum Weed Control in Soybeans. J. R. Goss* and J. W. May, Shell Development Company, Modesto, CA (20). 3:15 Cultural Practices and Chemical Weed Control in Cereals in the Dry Regions. S. T. Kukula* and A. Dakcrmanji, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria (21). 3:30 3:45 4:00 Discussion 4:30 WSSA Business Meeting (Tuttle Ballroom) 12 13 �WEDNESDAY PM, FEBRUARY 8 WEDNESDAY PM, FEBRUARY 8 SECTION V-VI SYMPOSIUM SECTION VII TEACHING AND EXTENSION SYMPOSIUM Impact of Ground and Surface Water Contamination on State and Federal Pesticide Use Regulations New Approaches to Information Transfer Location: Hibiscus A Organizer: J. E. Gallagher, Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, and R. E. Eplce, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Whiteville, NC. Moderator: R. E. Eplee, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Whiteville, NC. Symposium Summarizer and Discussion Leader: S. Fertig, USDA-ARS, Beltsville.MD. Location: Flagler Ballroom Section Chairman: C. L. Elmorc, University of California, Davis. Moderator: J. V. Parochetti, USDA, Washington, DC. 1:00 New Methods, New Modes and Innovative Approaches to Successful Cooperation and Education Programs in Weed Science. James V. Parochetti, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, and Clyde L. Elmorc, University of California, Davis (127). 1:00 Agriculture, Pesticides and the South Florida Environment. J. R. Orsenigo*, Florida Sugar Cane League, Clewiston, FL(119). 1:15 Extension in the 80s-An Overview. Denzil O. Clcgg, Associate Administrator, Extension Service, USDA, Washington, DC. 1:20 "The Temik Experience". R. C. Back*, Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC(120). 1:30 Role and Responsibilities of Extension Specialists. Vivan Jennings, Associate Director, Iowa State University Cooperative Extension Service, Ames. 1:40 Assessment and Regulation of Pesticides in Runoff, Water Bodies, and Ground Water. R. W. Hoist*, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (121). 1:45 Industry's Role in Education and Technology Transfer. William D. Sewell, Chevron Chemical Co., Richmond, CA. 2:00 Chemical Properties Which Regulate Herbicide Movement in Soils and Waters. J. B. Weber*, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (122). 2:00 Discussion Leader, Warren Shaw, USDA, Beltsville, MD. 2:20 Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters by Chemicals: Kinetic Aspects of Desorption of Pollutants by Runoff Waters. R. D. Wachope* and A. N. Sharpley, USDAARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, and USDA Water Quality and Small Watershed Research Laboratory, Durant, OK (123). 2:40 Recess 2:50 Need for Feedback from Fate and Effects Studies of Herbicides into Integrated Aquatic Weed Management. K. Reinert*, M. L. Hinman, J. Rogers, Jr., and K. L. Dickson, Institute of Applied Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton (124). 3:10 Planning Aquatic Plant Management Programs. J. T. McGehee* and J. C. Joyce, US Army Corp of Engineers, Jacksonville, and the Center for Aquatic Weeds, University of Florida, Gainesville (125). 3:30 The Role of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations, Now and in the Future, in the Development Evaluation and Regulation of Pesticides. F. A. Wood*, University of Florida, Gainesville (126). 3:50 Recess 2:30 Changes in Production Practices and Economics Affecting Education and Technology Transfer in Weed Science in the Next Decade. Orvin Burnside, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 2:45 Role of ARS Technology Transfer. Andrew M. Cowan, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL. 3:00 Extension Publications, Preparation and Distribution Under Restricted Resources-New Roles and New Techniques (User Charges). Ovid Bay, Extension Service, USDA, Washington, DC. 3:15 A State's Perspective on Education and Technology Transfer Techniques. Ellery Knake, University of Illinois, Urbana. 3:30 FAIRS-Florida Agricultural Information Retrieval System. D. Teem, H. Beck, F. Johnson, and J. Stimac, University of Florida, Gainesville. 3:45 Demonstration of Florida Retrieval System. 4:15 Open 4:30 WSSA Business Meeting (Tuttle Ballroom) Summary and Discussion: S. Fertig, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD. 4:30 2:15 WSSA Business Meeting (Tuttle Ballroom) 14 15 �tilon theophrasti Medic.) Seeds. R. J. Krcmer* and R. J. Aldrich, University of Missouri and USDA-ARS, Columbia (153). WEDNESDAY PM, FEBRUARY 8 SECTION IX ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 4:30 WSSA Business Meeting (Tuttle Ballroom) Location Orchid C and D Section Chairman and Moderator: G. R. Leather, USDA-ARS, Frederick, MD. 1:00 1:15 1:30 The Six- Year Effect of Weed Management Levels and Multiple-Cropping Sequences on Weed Populations. C. C. Dowler*, N. C. Glaze, and A. W. Johnson, USDAARS, Tifton, GA (142). Growth of Red Rice Biotypes (Oryza sativa L.) and Interference of Strawhull Red Rice with Rice. A. Diarra*, R. J. Smith, Jr., and R. E. Talbert, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, and USDA-ARS, Stuttgart (143). Identification of Competitive Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Selections to Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) and Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum L.). Challaiah*, O. C. Burnside, G. A. Wicks, and V. A. Johnson, University of Nebraska and USDA-ARS, Lincoln (144). WEDNESDAY PM, FEBRUARY 8 SECTION X PHYSIOLOGY Location: Jasmine Section Chairman and Moderator: R. D. Gruenhagcn, Yardley, PA. 1:00 Uptake, Translocation and Metabolism of Flurazolc (MON-4606) Safencr and Acetochlor (MON-097) Herbicide in Grain Sorghum. Lucinda Jackson*, John Yopp, and George Kapsuta, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (189). 1:15 Allelopathic Activity of Rye (Secale cereals L.) Residues and Extracts. J. P. Barnes* and A. R. Putnam, Michigan State University, East Lansing (146). Physiological Studies with the Herbicide SafenersCGA43089 and CGA-92194. P. Zama* and K. K. Hatzios, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg (190). 1:30 Phytotoxicity of Products from Rhizospheres of Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids (SSH). D. R. Forney* and C. L. Foy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg ( 1 47). Biochemical Responses of Inbred and Hybrid Corn (Zea mays L.) to R-25788 and Its Distribution with ETPC in Corn Seedlings. M, M. Lay* and A. M. Niland, Stauffer Chemical Co., Richmond, CA (191). 1:45 Possible Multiple Effects of PC-671 (ASSIST) in Prevention of Mctribuzin Injury to Soybeans. B. D. Riggle* and Donald Penner, Michigan State University, East Lansing (192). 2:00 Morphological Differences Between Water Impermeable and Permeable Regions of Coats of Certain Weed Seeds, G. H. Egley and R. N. Paul, Jr., USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS (193). 2:15 Allelopathic Exudates from Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) Trichomes. R. L. Houtz*, A. R. Putnam, and S. K. Ries, Michigan State University, East Lansing (150). Temperature Control of Germination and its Possible Role in the Survival of a Nondormant Population of Wild Oat Avena fatua L. A. 1. Hsiao*, R. Sawhney and W. A. Quick, Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Regina, Saskatchewan (194). 2:30 Characterization of Some Phy to toxic Components of Rye (Secale cereale L.). D. G. Shilling* and A. D. Worsham, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (195). 3:30 Inhibition of Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Several Species of Legumes by Quackgrass [Agmpyron repens (L.) Beauv.J. L. A. Weston* and A. R. Putnam, Michigan State University, East Lansing (151). 2:45 3:00 3:45 A Survey of Soil Microorganisms for Herbicidal Activity. R. M. Heisey*, J. DeFrank, and A. R. Putnam, Michigan State University, East Lansing (152). Recess Effect of Shade on Soybean Photosynthesis and Growth. E. W. Stoller*, USDA-ARS, and J. T. Woolley, University of Illinois, Urbana (196). 3:15 The Influence of Weeds on Nutrient Availability and Uptake by Corn and Soybeans. M. A. Elakkad*, R. Adams, and R. Behrens, University of Minnesota, St. Paul (197). 1 :45 2:00 2:15 The Effect of Rye (Secale cerea/e L.) Mulch, Tillage and Crop Competition on Weed Densities in Three No-Till Systems. D. G. Shilling* and A. D. Worsham, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (145). 2:30 Recess 2:45 Allelopathic Effects of Lantana (Lantana camara L.). N. R. Achhireddy* and M. Singh, University of Florida, 1FAS, Lake Alfred (148). : 3:00 Collection and Bioassay of Allelopathic Compounds from Root Exudates of Axenic Dwarf Spikerush [Eleocharis co/oradoensis (Britt.) GillyJ Cultures. J. M. DiTomaso* and F. M. Ashton, University of California, Davis (149). 3:15 4:00 Examination of Microorganisms and Deterioration Resistance Mechanisms Associated with Velvetleaf (Abu- 16 17 �3:30 The Effect of Wheat Clover Crop Age on the Response of No-Till Corn to Glyphosate. John L. Spilsbury* and A. Douglas Worsham, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (199). 3:45 Physiological Response of Lentil Cultivars and Associated Weeds to Metribuzin. E. E. Hassanein, Weed Control Research Section, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Cairo, Egypt, D. R. Gealy* and L. A. Morrow USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA (200). 4:00 Influence of Surfactant Usage on the Efficacy of Acifluorfen-Sodium in Soybeans. R. D. Mclaughlin*, Rhonc-Poulcnc Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ (33). 11:00 Discussion 11:30 WSSA Awards Luncheon Section Business Meeting 4:30 10:45 WSSA Business Meeting (Tuttle Ballroom) THURSDAY AM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION I-B AGRONOMIC CROPS THURSDAY AM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION I-A AGRONOMIC CROPS Location: Orchid C and D Section Chairman and Moderator: J. M. Chandler, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. 8:15 Location: Tuttle Ballroom Section Chairman: J. M. Chandler, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. Moderator: A. R. Martin, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 8:15 Influence of Soil Compaction on Trifluralin Phytotoxicity to Corn. A. G. Martin, T. N. Jordan*, and G. C. Steinhardt, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (24). 8:30 Multiple Applications of Cyanazine on Field Corn. L. E. Whitsell*, Shell Development Co., Modesto, CA (26). 9:00 Topical Phytotoxicity of Trifluralin, Pendimethalin, Fluchloralin, and Metolachlor to Cotton. J. R. Abernathy*, J. W. Keeling, and J. D. Reeves, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Lubbock (27). Trifluralin for Weed Control in a Fallow-Wheat Rotation. ). Anderson*, A. R. Irvine, W. R. McGregor, and M. F. McLaughlin, Elanco, Winnipeg, Manitoba (35). Winter Annual Weed Control in Dryland, Reduced Tillage Systems. S. E. Blank, Monsanto Agricultural Products Co., Kennewick, WA (36). Influence of Mefluidide on Wheat Yield Components. B. J. Hook* and L. M. Kitchen, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge (25). 8:45 9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 The Effect of Adjuvants in Combination with Pendimetalin for the Postemergence Control of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic). R. M. Herrick* and R. D. llnicki, Rutgers University, NJ (28). Recess Early Preplan! Herbicide Application for No-Till Corn and Soybeans. R. S. Fawcett, Iowa State University, Ames (34). 9:00 Effects of Tillage and Weed Management on Yields of Double-Cropped Wheat and Soybeans. M. P. Mascinanica* .and II. P. Wilson, Virginia Truck and Ornamentals Research Station, Painter (37). 9:15 The Effect of Sicklepod (Cassia oblusifolia L.) Population Density on Water Usage in Soybeans. T. N. Tripp* and P. A. Banks, University of Georgia, Athens (38). 9:30 Recess 9:45 Weed Control in Ridge-Till-Planted Soybeans and Grain Sorghum. D. L. Regehr* and K. A. Janssen, Kansas State University, Manhattan (39). 10:00 Weed Control Strategics for Corn/Soybean Rotations and Conservation Tillage. L. M. Wax*, USDA-ARS, and J. W. Hummel, University of Illinois, Urbana (40). 10:15 Effect of Application Factors on Postemergence Phytotoxicity of Fluazifop-butyl, Haloxyfop-methyl, and Sethoxydim. D. D. Buhler* and O. C. Burnside, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (29). Serial Herbicides for No-till Soybeans. H. D. Kerr* and C. J. Barnes, University of Missouri, Columbia (41). 10:30 A Comparison of Several New Postemergence Grass Herbicides. G. Gowgani* and R. Falconer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (30). The Use of Chlorsulfuron and DPX T6376 for Control of Wild Garlic (Allium vineale L.) in a Winter WheatSoybean Double Crop Rotation. A. R. Leys* and F. W. Slife, University of Illinois, Urbana (42). 10:45 Influence of Annual Grass Weed Control on Soil Moisture in Chemical and Conventional Fallow Systems. L. A. Morrow* and R. I. Papendick, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA (43). 11:00 Discussion 11:30 WSSA Awards Luncheon 10:15 Soybean Oil as a Carrier or Adjuvant for Postemergence Herbicides. L. R. Oliver*, V. E. Banks, and J. T. Walker, University of Arkansas, Fayettcville (31). 10:30 Soybean Oil Concentrate Applications on Selected Plant Species. C. B. Coffman* and W. A. Centner, USDAARS, Beltsville, MD (32). 18 19 �THURSDAY AM, FEBRUARY 9 THURSDAY AM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION II HORTICULTURE SECTION V AQUATIC AND MARGINAL WEEDS Location: Orchid A and B Section Chairman and Moderator: C. E. Bestc, University of Maryland, College Park. Location: Hibiscus B Section Chairman and Moderator: J. E. Gallagher, Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC. Control of Certain Resistant Weeds in Cranberries. A. Y, Shawa*, Washington State University, Pullman (75). 9:00 8:15 Treatment of Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinium) with Asulam in Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Fields. D. E. Yarborough* and A. A. Ismail, University of Maine, Orono (76). Control of Aquatic Weeds in Drawn-down Canals with Sulfomcturon (Oust®) and Glyphosate (Rodeo®). L. W. J. Anderson* and N. Dechorctz, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis (105). 9:15 8:30 Weed Control with Hexazinone in Lowbush Blueberries. K. I. N. Jensen, Agriculture Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, and F. Huston*, DuPont Canada, Streetsville, Ontario (77). Effect of Herbicide Rate and Spray Volume on Glyphosate Phytotoxicity. T. K. Van*, USDA-ARS, V. V. Vandiver, Jr., University of Florida, and K. K. Steward, USDA-ARS, Fort Lauderdalc (106). 9:30 8:45 Use of Napropamide for Strawberry Weed Control in Coastal British Columbia. J. A. Freeman*, Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Agassiz, British Columbia (78). Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate as a New Algicide. P. C. Quimby, Jr.*, USDA-ARS, Stoncville, and S. H. Kay, Delta State University, Cleveland, MS (107). 9:45 Discussion and Business Meeting 9:00 Weed Control in Blackberry and Blueberry. P. K. Biswas*, S. Ray, M. Burns, and M. A. Wilson, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, AL, and J. M. Spiers, USDA, Poplarville, MS (79). 9:15 Discussion/Section Business Meeting 9:30 Weed Control Trials in Tomato Fields. M. A. 2aki*, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt (80). 10:00 Stimulation of Sprouting of Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticilata (L.F.) Royle] Tubers with Sodium Uypochlorite. D. L. Sutton, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale (109). 10:45 Uptake and Effect of Three Copper Formulations on Hydrilla verticillata Royle (L.F.) Regrowth. L. W. ). Anderson, N. Dechoretz*, G. L. Darmstadt, and D. E. Bayer, USDA-ARS, Aquatic Weed Control Research Laboratory and University of California, Davis (110). Chemical Weed Control in Transplanted Celery Grown on Organic Soils. J. A. Dusky*, University of Florida, AREC, Belle Glade (83). 10:45 10:30 Metribuzin Safening with Activated Carbon in Pepper. B. A. Ma/ek*, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Nj (82). 10:30 Long Term Continuous Control of Submersed Aquatic Macrophytcs. R. C. Hiltibran, University of Illinois, Urbana(108). Hemp Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) Control in Tomato Fields by Fertilizers. B. E. Abu-lrmaileh, University of Jordan, Amman (81). 10:15 Recess 10:15 Recess 9:45 10:00 Herbicide Alternatives to Trifluralin Use for Weed Control in Transplanted Cabbage. P. C. Bhowmik and E. N. McGlew*, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (84). 11:09 11:15 Variation in Tolerance of Three Bean Types (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Metolachlor. G. A. Meyer, D. T. Warholic*, and R. D. Sweet, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (85). Discussion 11:30 THURSDAY AM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION IX ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL WSSA Awards Luncheon Location: Hibiscus A Section Chairman: G. R. Leather, USDA-ARS, Frederick, MD. Moderator: A. R. Putnam, Michigan State University, East Lansing. 8:00 8:15 20 Toxicological Investigations on Big Trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.), Devil's Backbone (Kulanchoe daigremontiana Harriet and Perrier), and Species of Crotalaria. M. C. Williams, USDA-ARS, Logan, UT (154). Evaluation of Resource Components for Predicting Coniferous Growth. W. T. Lanini*, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and S. R. Radosevich, Oregon State University, Corvallis (155). 21 �1:30 :45 9:00 9:15 9:30 9:45 Temperature Effects on Growth and Leaf Production in Sicklepocl (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Hemp Sesbania [Sesbania cxa/tata (Raf.) Cory], and Showy Crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth). E. P. Flint*, Duke University, D. T. Patterson, USDA-ARS, G. H. Riechers, and |. L. Beyers, Duke University, Durham, NC (156). The Influence of Temperature and Seedbed Tillage on the Emergence and Early Growth of Corn and Two Weed Species, Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.}. K. P. Schaefer* and D. W. Staniforth, Iowa State University, Ames (157). THURSDAY AM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION X PHYSIOLOGY Location: Jasmine Section Chairman: R. D. Gruenhagen, Yardlcy, PA. Section Moderator: Gary Gardner, Shell Development Co., Modesto, CA. Effects of Postemergent Chemicals on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) Seed Production and Germination. D. Kintner* and R. J. Aldrich, University of Missouri, Columbia (159). Recess Diallate Inhibition of Gibberellin Precursor Biosynthesis in Sorghum Colcoptiles. R. E. Wilkinson, Georgia Station, Experiment (201). 8:15 The Influence of Gibbercllic Acid on the Phytotoxic Response of Fluazifop-butyl in Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.]. R. D. Lee* and L. E. Bendixen, Ohio State University, Columbus (202). 8:30 Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Corn and Soybean as Affected by Fluazifop. R. S. Peregoy* and S. Glenn, University of Maryland, College Park (203). 8:45 Potential for North-South Spreading of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.). R. N. Andersen*, R. M. Menges, and ). S. Conn, USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN, Weslaco, TX, and Fairbanks, A R (158). 8:00 Studies on the Mode of Action of the Herbicides HOE39866 and SC-0224. R. R. Bellinder* and K. K. Hatzios, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, and H. P. Wilson, Virginia Truck and Ornamentals Research Station, Painter (204). 9:00 Effect of Aromatic Amino Acids on the Growth Inhibition of Inflated Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) by SC0224 (trimethylsulfonium carboxymethylaminomcthylphosphonate). W. E. Cooley* and C. L. Foy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg (205). 9:15 Diphenyl Ether-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Higher Plants. K. ). Kunert* and P. Bogcr, Universitat Konstanz, Konstanz, West Germany (206). 9:30 The Effect of Some Herbicides and Surfactants on Plant Membrane Permeability. C. F. Mischke*, C. E. Bare, and J. L. Hilton, USDA-ARS, Bcltsville, MD (207). Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on Common Crupina (Crupina vutgaris Cass.). D. T. Patterson, USDA-ARS, Durham, NC (160). 10:00 Reproductive Characteristics of Cutleaf Groundcherry (Physalis •angulata L. var. angulata), Smooth Groundcherry (Physalis subglobrata Mack, and Bush), and Eastern Black Nightshade (Solarium ptycanthum Dun.). W. W. Witt* and C. E. Thomson, University of Kentucky, Lexington (161). 10:15 Weed Seed Maturity in Three Grasses. Ann M. Wiese* and L. K. Binning, University of Wisconsin, Madison (162). 10:30 Enhanced Germination of Dormant Wild Mustard Seed (Brasslca kaber D.C.) by Phthalimides AC-94,377 and AC-99,524. W. W. Donald* and R. A. Hoerauf, USDA Metabolism and Radiation Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND(163). 10:45 Agar Increases Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] Seed Germination. S. S. Sung*, G. R. Leather, and M. G. Hale, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, and USDA-ARS, Frederick, MD (164). 11:00 Seed-Soil Micrositc Characteristics in Relation to Weed Seed Germination. M. R. Pareja* and D. W. Staniforth, Iowa State University, Ames (165). 11:30 WSSA Awards Luncheon 9:45 Recess Effects of Alachlor on Anthocyanin and Lignin Biosynthesis in Sorghum Mesocotyls. W. T. Molin*, E. Anderson, and C. A. Porter, Monsanto Agricultural Products Co., St. Louis, MO (208). 10:15 Effect of DCPA on the Ultrastructure and Cytokinesis in Oat Roots. J. D. Holmscn* and F. D. Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (209). 10:30 In Vitro Activity of Sorghum-Selective Fluorophenyl Urea Herbicides. Gary Gardner*, K. H. Pilgram, Lloyd J. Brown, and G. A. Bozarth, Shell Development Co., Modesto, CA (210). 10:45 Triazine Herbicide Resistance in Photosynthetic Bacteria. A. E. Brown*, Auburn University, AL, C. W. Gilbert, R. Guy, and C. J. Arntzen, Michigan State University, East Lansing (211). 11:00 22 10:00 Molecular Analysis of Triazine Herbicide Receptor Proteins. C. J. Arntzen*, J. Hirschberg, C. W. Gilbert, and L. Mclntosh, Michigan State University, East Lansing (212). 23 �11:15 11:30 Presentation of Honors and A wards Discussion Award for Outstanding Article in Weed Science Outstanding Graduate Student Award Outstanding Teaching Award Outstanding Research Worker Award Outstanding Extension Worker Award Outstanding Young Weed Scientist Award Outstanding Photo Award WSSA Fellow Awards WSSA Awards Luncheon THURSDAY AM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION XI SOIL ASPECTS SYMPOSIUM Passing the Gavel Assessment of Methodology for Field Evaluation of Herbicide Behavior in Soils Location: University Auditorium Chairman: R. E. Talbert, Department of Agronomy, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Moderator and Organizer: W. C. Koskincn, USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoncville, MS. 8:00 Plant Factors in Examining Fate of Herbicides in Soil. A. P. Appleby, Oregon State University, Corvallis (237). 8:30 Using Field Measurements to Assess Herbicide Movement in Soil. W. J. Farmer*, W. A. Jury, University of California, and W. F. Spencer, USDA-ARS, Riverside (238). 9:00 9:30 Assessment of Methodology for Characterization of Herbicide Degradation Under Field Conditions. H. H. Cheng* and R. G. Lehmann, Washington State University, Pullman (239). THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION I AGRONOMIC CROPS Location: Tuttle Ballroom Section Chairman: ). M. Chandler, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. Moderator: D. L. llyzak, Stauffer Chemical Co., Austin, TX. 2:00 Postemcrgence Weed Control with Bromoxynil on Corn. L. F. Figuerola*, Rhonc-Poulenc Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ (44). SD 95481, A New Soil-Applied Herbicide for Use in Soybeans, Cotton, and Peanuts. J. W. May* and ). R. Goss, Shell Development Co., Modesto, CA (45). 2:30 Recess 2:15 Assure™-New Postomergence Grass Herbicide for Use in Soybeans, Cotton, and Other Broadleaf Crops. A. J. Parsclls*, M. M. Fawzi, J. S. Claus, and J. C. Summers, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE |l( 9:45 Application of C-Labeled Herbicides in Lysimetcr Studies. F. Fuhr, Nuclear Research Centre Julich GmbH, Julich, Federal Republic of Germany (240). 10:15 Basic Concepts of Modeling Herbicide Rate in the Root Zone. P. S. C. Rao*, University of Florida, Gainesville, and R. J. Wagenet, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (241). (46). Degradation Data for Modeling Fate in Soil. D. A. Laskowski*, C. N. Park, T. R. Oliver, and P. J. McCall, Environmental Chemistry, Agricultural Products, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Ml (242). 11:15 3:00 DPX-F6025-A New Selective Soybean Herbicide. H. L. Ploeg*, A. D. Wolf, and J. R. C. Leavitt, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE (48). 3:15 3:30 Recess AC 263,499-A New Broad Spectrum Herbicide for Soybeans and Other Leguminous Crops. T. Malefyt*, P. A. Marc, K. Umeda, M. Los, and P. L. Orwick, American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N) (49). SCEPTER® Herbicide (AC 252,214): Results of 1983 U.S. Field Trials. P. K. Martin, American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N) (50). 4:00 FMC 57020-A New Broad Spectrum Herbicide for Soybeans. D. B. Carlson*, D. H. Dawe, and R. A. Robinson, FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA (51). 4:15 Control of Grass and Broadleaf Weeds in Soybeans with FMC 57020. T. R. Warfield*, S. K. Bellman, H. L. Guscar, and M. T. Hillson, FMC Corporation, Philadel- Discussion (The Symposium continues at 2:00 PM) 11:30 Weed Control in Soybeans with DPX-6025. T. Wicpke* and S. Glenn, University of Maryland, College Park (47). 3:45 10:45 2:45 WSSA Awards Luncheon THURSDAY NOON, FEBRUARY 9 WSSA AWARDS LUNCHEON 11:30-1:30 Location: Brickell, Flagler, and Monroe Ballroom Presiding: Alan G. Dexter, North Dakota State University, Fargo. Special Seating: Tables have been set up near the front of the Ballroom for Past Presidents, WSSA Fellows, and Honorary Members. 24 phia, PA (52). 4:30 Discussion/Section Business Meeting 4:45 Adjourn 25 �GARDENIA LEVEL 1 HOTEL REGISTRATION IS ON LEVEL 2 �THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION 111 TURF AND ORNAMENTALS Location: Hibiscus B Section Chairman and Moderator: Norman C. Glaze, USDA, ARS,Tifton,GA. 2:00 Controlled-Release Prcemergence Herbicide Formulations for Annual Grass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf. D. R. Chalmers*, H. |. Hopen.and A. ). Turgeon, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (86). SECTION IV PASTURES, RANGELAND, FORESTS, RIGHTS-OF-WAY, AND INDUSTRIAL SITES Location: Orchid C and D Section Chairman and Moderator: R. E. Meyer, USDA, ARS, College Station, TX. 2:00 Use of Tebuthiuron for Land-Use Conversion and Reforestation in the Southeast. A. E. Smith* and j. Silvoy, University of Georgia, Griffin (95). 2:15 Comparative Response of Triclopyr-Phenoxy Mixtures for Control of Broadleaf Weeds in Cool Season Lawn Turfs. K. A. Hurto, Chemlawn Corporation, Columbus, OH; A. B. Hall*, Dow Chemical USA, Cincinnati, OH; and M. J. Thielen, Chemlawn Corporation, Columbus, OH (87). 2:15 Tebuthiuron Effects on Artemisia spp. and Associated Grasses. T. D. Whitson*, Oregon State University, Corvallis, and II. P. Alley, University of Wyoming, Laramic (96). 2:30 2:30 MON 4621 and MON 4622: New Growth Retardants for Cool Season Turf Grasses. P. C. Bhowmik*, University of Massachusetts, Amhcrst (88). Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) Control with Tebuthiuron. K. C. McDaniel* and ). Balliette, New Mexico State University, Las Cruccs (97). 2:45 2:45 Preemcrgence Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) Control in Bluegrass. R. P. Frccborg* and W. II. Daniel, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (89). Tebuthiuron Residues in Surface Water Following Application to a Rangeland Watershed. B. J. Eaton*, R. S. Bjerregaard, M. D. Hammond, and D. G. Saunders, Eli Lilly and Co., Greenfield, IN (98). 3:00 Competitive Stress Effects of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) Perennial Rycgrass ind Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars. D. K. Bell* and K. A. Hurto, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (90). 3:00 Rolling Carpet Applicator for Woody Plant Control. H. A. Holt*, H. G. Gibson, L. D. Gaultney, G. W. Krutz, and M. J. Maskal, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (104). 3:15 Discussion 3:15 Section Business Meeting 3:30 Recess 3:30 Recess 3:45 Influence of Oxadiazon on Growth of Bentgrass Greens. S. W. Bingham*, ). R. Hall III, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, and J. R. Fisher, Farmington Country Club, Charlottesvillc (91). 3:45 Control of False Broomweed (Ericameria austrotexana] with a Carpet Roller. H. S. Maycux, Jr., USDA, ARS, Temple, TX (100). 4:00 4:00 Response of Winter-Applied Postcmergence Herbicides on Spring Growth of Bcrmudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). B. J. Johnson*, University of Georgia, Georgia Station, Experiment (92). Inhibition of Dyer's Woad (/satis tinctoria L.) Seed Development by Chlorsulfuron and Related Candidate Herbicides. ). O. Evans* and R. W. Gunnell, Utah State University, Logan (99). 4:15 4:15 Multiple Herbicide Applications for Azaleas. C. E. Beste*, University of Maryland, College Park, and ]. Ray Frank, USDA, ARS, Frederick (93). The Use of Herbicides for the Establishment of Alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.). R. G. Harvey and T. M. Ahrens*, University of Wisconsin, Madison (101). 4:30 Management of Pastures Infested with Yellow Hawkweed (Hieraceum pratense Tausch). R. H. Callihan*, R. L. Shcly, and D. C. Thill, University of Idaho, Moscow (102). 4:45 Carbohydrate Content in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esuta) Root as Influenced by Temperature. R. G. Lym* and C. G. Messcrsmith, North Dakota State University, Fargo (103). 5:00 Discussion/Adjourn 4:30 Selectivity of Glyphosate and Triclopyr in Christmas Tree Plantings. ). F. Ahrens, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Windsor (94). 4:45 Discussion/Section Business Meeting 5:00 Adjourn 26 27 �Future Weed Problems. R. G. Wilson* and E. D. Kcrr, University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff (167). THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 2:00 Growth and Reproductive Characteristics of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) Biotypes. S. C. Weller*, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, and F. P. DeGennaro, DuPont Agrichcmicals, Wilmington, DE (168). 2:45 Differential Susceptibility of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) Biotypes to Glyphosate. F. P. DeGennaro*, DuPont Agrichemicals, Wilmington, DE, and S. C. Weller, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (169). Autecology of Horsenettlc (Solanum carolinense) in Bermudagrass Pastures. R. L. Nichols*, T. P. Gaines, R. E. Lynch, N. A. Minton, and H. D. Wells, USDAARS, and University of Georgia, Tifton (170). 3:15 Alteration of Growth and Competitive Ability of Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) by Purslane Sawfly. R. F. Norris*, University of California, Davis ( 1 7 1 ) . 3:30 Recess 3:45 Host Specificity of Selected Pathogens of Quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.J. M. G. Sampson*, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, and A. K. Watson, Macdonald College, McGill University, SteAnnc-de Bellcvue, Quebec (172). 4:00 Stress Evaluation and Biological Control of Canada Thistle [Cirsium arvensc (L.) Scop.]. S. F. Forsyth* and A. K. Watson, Macdonald College, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec (173). 4:15 Collectotrichum coccodes, a Pathogen of Velvetleaf (Abut/Ion theophrasti): A Potential Mycoherbicide. A. R. Gotlieb and M. H. Brosseau, University of Vermont, Burlington, and A. K. Watson, Macdonald College, McGill University, Stc-Anne-dc-Bellevue, Quebec (174). 4:30 Infection Process and Disease Development of a Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) Pathogen. C. Poirier* and A. K. Watson, Macdonald College, McGill University, Ste-Anne-dc-Bcllevue, Quebec, and A. R. Gotlieb, University of Vermont, Burlington (175). 4:45 Location: Orchid A and B Section Chairman and Moderator: R. E. Eplee, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Whiteville.NC. 2:30 3:00 SECTION VI REGULATORY ASPECTS Section Business Meeting A System for Simulating Runoff Water Contamination by Soil-Applied Herbicides. R. Don Wauchope, USDA/ ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoncville, 2:15 Herbicide Use Patterns in California, 1971-1972. M. Y. Li* and L. Lasarow, University of California, Davis (112). 2:30 2,4-D Exposure of l:orest Workers Using Ground Application Equipment. T. L. Lavy*, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, L. A. Norris, U.S. Forest Service, Corvalis, OR, and J. D. Mattice, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (113). 2:45 A Report of the Noxious Weed Technical Advisory Group. Robert E. Eplee* and Paul F. Sand, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Whiteville, NC, and I lyattsvillc, MD (1 14). 3:00 Potentially Serious Weeds in the United States. Paul F. Sand, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Hyattsville, MD (115). 3:15 Recess 3:30 Grower and Landowner Acceptance of a Proposed Eradication Project for Goatsruc (Galega ot'ficinalis L.). M. L. Ashcroft and J. O. Evans*, Utah State University, Logan (116). 3:45 Current Status of Hemp Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) in Texas. Marion A. Langston* and Andy Feild, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Little Rock, SC, and Texas Department of Agriculture, Austin (117). 4:00 The Cooperative Witchweed (Striga lutea Lour.) Eradication Program. Paul F. Sand*, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Hyattsville, MD ( 1 18). 4:15 Discussion/Section Business Meeting THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION IX ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Location: Hibiscus A Section Chairman and Moderator: G. R. Leather, USDA-ARS, Frederick, MD. 2:00 2:15 A Long-Term Field Study of Vegetative Succession Following Repetitive Application of Phenoxy Herbicides. A. L. Young*, Veterans Administration, Washington, DC, and C. E. Thalken, Brooks AFB, TX (166). Potential for Using Weed Seeds in the Soil to Predict 28 SECTION X PHYSIOLOGY Location: Jasmine Section Chairman: R. D. Gruenhagen, Yardley, PA. Section Moderator: R. E. Hoaglancl, USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoncville, MS. 2:00 Factors Affecting the Synergistic Interpretation of Alachlor and Trifluralin. S. D. Prosch* and J. B. Weber, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (213). 29 �2:15 Glyphosate Effects on Metal Ion Uptake, Translocation, and Distribution in Soybean Seedlings. S. O. Duke*, K. C. Vaughn, and R. D. Wauchope, USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION XI Soil Aspects Symposium Continued Assessment of Methodology for Field Evaluation of Herbicide Behavior in Soil (214). 2:30 2:45 3:00 3:15 Distribution of l4 C-Glyphosate in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) Roots Under Field Conditions. B. D. Maxwell*, M. E. Folcy, and P. K. Fay, Montana State University, Bozeman (215). Contrasting Transport Patterns of Atrazine and Glyphosate in Intact Leaves and Shoots of Sunflower. J. ). Jachetta*, Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Research Triangle Park, NC, A. P. Appleby and Larry Boersma, Oregon State University, Corvallis (216). Long-Term Effects of Atrazine, Several Graminicides and Non-Selective Herbicides on Quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.] Rhizomes. ). H. Dekker, University of Guelph,Guclph, Ontario (217). Location: University Auditorium 2:00 Spatial Variability of Herbicides in Field Soils. R. ]. Wagenet*, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and P. S. C. Rao, University of Florida, Gainesville (243). 2:30 Detoxification of Herbicide Residues in Soil. Patrick J. Shea*, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (244). 3:00 Discussion and Section Business Meeting 3:15 Adjourn Patterns of Translocation of Several '''C-Graminicides within Quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.]. N. Harker* and ]. H. Dekker, University of Guelph, Guclph, Ontario (218). THURSDAY PM, FEBRUARY 9 SECTION VIII EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY 3:30 Discussion and Recess 3:45 Effects of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Fate of Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation) on Cannabis (Marijuana). Phillip G. Vincent*, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, John Lydon, University of Maryland, College Park, and Walter A. Centner, USDA-ARS, Beltsville 4:00 4:15 4:30 4:45 5:00 Location: Flagler Ballroom Section Chairman and Moderator: M. R. Gebhardt, USDA-ARS, University of Missouri, Columbia. The Effect of CDAA Prctreatments on Subsequent CDAA Toxicity to Corn. G. Ezra*, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, D, G, Rusness, G. L. Lamoureux, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND, and G. R. Stephenson, University of Guelph (221). Studies on the Phytotoxicity of Isouron and Two of its Metabolites. W. T. Henry and K. K. Hatzios*, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg (222). The Primary Site of Action of the Herbicide Chlorsulfuron. T. B. Ray*, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE (233). 3:30 The Use of Soybean Oil as an Adjuvant. M. R. Gebhardt* and C. L. Webber, USDA-ARS, Columbia, MO, and L. F. Bouse, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX (137). 3:45 Overcoming Troublesome Weeds in Vegetable Crops with New Herbicide Application Techniques. H. M. Kempen, University of California, Bakersfield (138). 4:00 Woody Brush Control: Cost and Performance of a Herbicide Roller-Wiper. L. D. Gaultney*, H. G. Gibson, and H. A. Holt, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (139). 4:15 Field Testing a New Type of Selective Herbicide Applicator. E. J. Peters and R. A. McKelvey*, USDA-ARS, Columbia, MO (140). 4:30 A Multi-Boom Plot Sprayer for Efficient Application. B. E. Freed* and E. S. Oplinger, University of Wisconsin, Madison (141). 4:45 (219). Reversal of EPTC Inhibition of Arylacylamidase Activity by Oximes. R. E. Hoagland, USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS (220). Discussion/Section Business Meeting Discussion/Adjourn 30 31 �FRIDAY AM, FEBRUARY 10 FRIDAY AM, FEBRUARY 10 SECTION I AGRONOMIC CROPS Location: Tuttle Ballroom Section Chairman: ]. M. Chandler, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. Moderator: C. W. Dcrting, Monsanto Co., Memphis, TN. 8:00 8:15 Comparative Susceptibility of Common Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) Biotypes to Several Herbicides. C. T. Bryson*, USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, and G. C. Wills, Delta Branch, Mississippi Agricultural Forest Experiment Station, Stoneville (53). Analysis of Atrazine Tolerant and Susceptible Common Lambsquartcrs (Chenopodlum album L.) Biotypes. A. Westman* and R. D. Sweet, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (54). SECTION VII TEACHING AND EXTENSION Location: Brickell Ballroom Section Chairman and Moderator: C. L. Elmore, University of California, Davis. 8:00 F. L. Timmons, Pioneer Weed Scientist. L. W. Mitich, University of California, Davis (128). 8:15 Implications of Five Years of Weed Identification Efforts in Minnesota. 0. E. Strand, University of Minnesota, St. Paul (129). 8:30 The Demonstration of Crop/Weed Relationships in a Weed Science Course. S. R. Radosevich, Oregon State University, Corvallis (130). 8:45 Weeds-lst Class Thieves. R. L. Chase, Utah State University, Logan (131). 8:30 Variability in Corn Tolerance to Trifluralin Residues. F. C. Roggenbuck* and D. Pcnner, Michigan State University, East Lansing (55). 9:00 Spray Check: A Computer Assisted Method for Determining Ground Spray Rig Accuracy. B. L. Bohmont, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (132). 8:45 A Seven Day Growth Test for Detection of Genetic Sensitivity of Corn Genotypes to Common Corn Herbicides. N. L. Hartwig* and J. E. Zawierucha,' Pennsylvania State University, University Park (56). 9:15 9:30 9:45 Discussion/Section Business Meeting 9:00 9:15 9:45 10:00 Phytotoxicity of Six Postemergence Herbicides to Three Rice (Oryza sativa] Biotypes. W. L. Barrentine, J. E. Street, and M. E. Kurtz*, Delta Branch, Mississippi Agricultural Forest Experiment Station, Stoneville (57). Recess California Pest Management Retrieval System. M. Stimmann, University of California, Davis. Recess Evaluation of Paclobutrazol and RSW 0411 in Rice. J. H. Jordan* and J. E. Street, Delta Branch, Mississippi Agricultural Forest Experiment Station, Stoneville (59). 10:15 Will I Die? or Poisonous Plants and People. M. D. McGlamery, University of Illinois, Urbana(135). Pesticides: The Health and Environment Protectors. W. J. Weber, Indianapolis, IN (136). 11:00 Discussion/Adjourn Discussion 11:15 10:30 Enhanced Biodegradation of EPTC Used for Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] Control. L. E. Bendixen*, Ohio State University, Columbus (62). 11:00 A Pilot Program for Scouting Weeds in Arkansas Soybeans. F. L. Baldwin* and C. M. Bonner, University of Arkansas, Little Rock (134). Strategics for Rice Stand Establishment on Soils Having Metolachlor Residues. M. Braverman*, T. Lavy, and R. Talbert, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (61). 10:45 10:15 Influence on Soybeans of Bioregulators in Combination with Postemergence Herbicides. D. J. Meier* and C. A. Stutte, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (60). 10:30 A Computer Program for Herbicide Selection. A. R. Martin, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (133). 10:45 Sorghum Response to Selected Rice Herbicides. E. F. Eastin*, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Beaumont (58). 10:00 Adjourn FRIDAY AM, FEBRUARY 10 SECTION IX ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SYMPOSIUM Microbiological Control of Weeds Sponsored by the WSSA Biological Control of Weeds Committee Location: Flagler Ballroom Section Chairman: G. R. Leather, USDA-ARS, Frederick, MD. Organizer and Moderator: P. C. Quimby, Jr., USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS. 7:50 32 Introduction to the Symposium. P. C. Quimby, Jr. 33 �8:00 8:15 Evaluation of Rust Fungi as Biological Control Agents of Weedy Centaurea in North America. A. K. Watson, Macdonald College, McGill University, Ste-Anne-deBellevuc, Quebec (177). 8:30 Evaluation of Exotic Rust Fungi for Classical Biological Control of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula-virgata) and Other Noxious Weeds. W. L. Bruckart* and W. M. Dowlcr, USDA-ARS, Frederick, MD (178). 8:45 FRIDAY AM, FEBRUARY 10 Progress on Classical Biological and Integrated Control of Rush Skeletonwced (Chondrilla juncea L.) in the Western U.S. Gary Lee*, University of Idaho, Moscow (176). SECTION X PHYSIOLOGY Location: Jasmine Section Chairman: R. D. Gruenhagen, Yardley, PA. Section Moderator: R. E. Wilkinson, Georgia Station, Experiment. 8:00 Biological Control of Northern (ointvctch in Rice and Soybeans—A Researcher's View. R. J. Smith, Jr., USDAARS, Stuttgart, A R (179). 9:00 Biological Control of Stranglevine in Citrus-A Researcher's View. W. H. Ridings, Clemson University, Clcmson,SC (181). 9:30 DEVINE®-The Way It Was Developed-An Industrialist's View. S. H. Woodhead and D. S. Kcnncy*, Abbott Laboratories, Long Grove, IL (182). Structural and Physiological Comparisons of TriazincRcsistant and Susceptible Weed Biotypcs. Kevin C. Vaughn* and Stephen O. Duke, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS (225). Commercialization of 'College®'—An Industralist's View. R. C. Bowers, The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Ml (180). 9:15 9:45 10:00 10:15 Altered Photosynthctic Function in All Backcross Generations of Triazinc-Rcsistant Rutabaga. A. Ali*, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, E. P. Fuerst, Michigan State University, East Lansing, V. Souza Machado, University of Guelph, and C. J. Arntzen, Michigan State University (226). 8:45 Studies on the Mechanism of Paraquat Resistance in Horsewecd (Cony/a linifo/ia). E. P. Fuerst*, Michigan State University, East Lansing, A. D. Dodge, University of Bath, United Kingdom, H. Y. Nakatani, and C. J. Arntzen, Michigan State University (227). 9:00 Selectivity of Chlorsulfuron on Wheat and Barley. M. E. Foley, Montana State University, Bozeman (228). 9:15 Differential Dipropetryn Uptake and Translocation as a Selectivity Mechanism Among Cucurbit Species. Y. Demeter and B. Rubin*, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew'University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (229). Recess Moderator: K. P. Dorschner, USDA-CSRS, Washington, DC. Nematode Control of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.); an APHIS Biological Control Pilot Project. P. E. Parker, USDA-APHIS, Mission, TX (183). Mycoherbicide Research at the University of ArkansasPast, Present and Future. G. E. Templeton, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (184). 10:30 Integrated Control of Waterhyacinth [Elchornia crassipes (Mart) SolmsJ with a Pathogen, Insects, and Herbicides. R. Charudattan, University of Florida, Gainesville (185). 10:45 Microcomputer-Controlled Measurements of Pathogen Injury to Weeds. S. E. Lindow, University of California, Berkeley (186). 11:00 The IR-4 Biorational Registration Program. R. T. Guest, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (188). 11:30 9:30 Recess 9:45 Leaf Wash Techniques for Estimation of Foliar Absorption of Herbicides. M. D. Devinc, H. D. Bestman, J. C. Hall, and W. H. Vanden Born*, University of Alberta, Edmonton (230). 10:00 Surfactant Induced Alterations of Epicuticular Wax Structure. I. J. Kuzych* and W. F. Meggitt, Michigan State University, East Lansing (231). 10:15 Explanations for the Enhanced Efficacy of Bentazon Na-Salt by Oil. G. Rctzlaff and W. McAvoy*, BASF Wyandotte Corporation, Parsippany, NJ (232). 10:30 Comparisons of Epicuticular Wax Structure and Chemical Composition from an Austrian and Several North American Biotypes of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). David G. Davis*, Gary D. Manners, and Rosa L. Stolzcnberg, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND, and Berkeley, CA (233). Patenting/Licensing of Microbiological Herbicides. R. Saliwanchik, Attorney at Law, Richland, Ml (187). 11:15 'Wrap-up'/Discussion. W. C. Shaw, USDA-NPS, Beltsville, MD. • 10:45 34 Anatomical Variation Between Triazinc-Susccptiblc and Resistant Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) Biotypes. J. S. Holt, University of California, Riverside (224). An Investigation into the Resistance of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) to Three Dinitroaniline Herbicides. J. P. Chernicky* and F. W. Slife, University of Illinois, Urbana(234). 35 �11:15 Reversal of the Inhibitory Action of Fluridone by Benzyladenine and Potassium in Greening Cucumber Cotyledons. R. A. Fletcher*, V. S. S. Meru, and S. N. Bhardwaj, University of Guelph, Ontario (236). 11:30 Discussion 11:45 The Degradation of MSMA and Speciation of its Residues in Soil. K. H. Akkari*, R. E. Frans, T. L. Lavy, and ). D. Mattice, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (254). 10:45 Volatile and Paniculate as Levels Above MSMA Treated Cotton Fields. E. A. Woolson*, R. D. Wauchope, and V. Pavanasasivam, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, and Stoneville, MS (255). Chlorsulfuron Movement in Soil. W. E. Dyer, P. K. Fay*, and D. K. Burkhart, Montana State University, Bozeman (256). 11:15 Mutagcncsis, Selection In Vivo, Rescue In Vitro, Recovers Norflurazon Resistance. L. M. Deal* and M. L. Christiansen, Zoecon Corporation, Palo Alto, CA (235). 10:30 11:00 11:00 Bioactivity of Chlorsulfuron in Five Virginia Soils. W. Mersie* and C. L. Foy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg (257). 11:30 Section Business Meeting Adjourn FRIDAY AM, FEBRUARY 10 SECTION XI SOIL ASPECTS Location: Monroe Ballroom Chairman: R. E. Talbert, Department of Agronomy, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Moderator: E. A. Woolson, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD. 8:00 8:15 8:30 Adsorption of Selective Grass Herbicides by Soil. S. K. Rick*, F. W. Slife, and W. L. Banwart, University of Illinois, Urbana(245). Structure-Adsorption Relation of Anilines on Soil. T. H. Dao, D. C. Bouchard*, and T. L. Lavy, USDA-ARS, and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (246). Soil Testing and Herbicide Rate Recommendations. H. ). Strek* and J. B. Weber, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (247). 8:45 SECTION XIII INTERNATIONAL WEED SCIENCE Location: Hibiscus A Section Chairman and Moderator: R. E. lloagland, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS. 8:00 Weed Control: The Small Farmer's Dilemma. J. L. Hammerton, Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, St. Lucia, West Indies (262). 8:15 Itchgrass (Kottboellia exaltata L.F.)-World Distribution, Biotypes, and Spread Within the United States. R. W. Millhollon, USDA-ARS, U.S. Sugarcane Field Laboratory, Houma, LA (263). Field Persistence of Norflurazon in Two Georgia Soils. ). Schroedcr Kvien* and P. A. Banks, University of Georgia, Athens (248). 9:00 FRIDAY AM, FEBRUARY 10 Effect of Soil Metabolites of Trifluralin on Cotton Growth. W. C. Koskinen*, USDA-ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, ). E. Oliver and P. C. Kearney, USDA-ARS, Pesticide Degradation Laboratory, Beltsville, MD (249). 9:15 Factors Affecting Accelerated Microbial Degradation of EPTC + R-25788 and EPTC + R-25788 + R-33865. R. G. Harvey* and M. E. Kozak, University of Wisconsin, Madison (251). 9:45 Atrazine Resistance Developed in Several Grass Weeds Following Repeated Application of Roadside in Israel. T. Yaacoby, Ministry of Agriculture, Tel-Aviv, M. Schonfeld, and B. Rubin*, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (265). Accelerated Breakdown of Butylate+ in Soils with a History of its Use. B. Menkveld* and J. H. Dekker, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (250). 9:30 Weeds Reported to Occur in Rice in South and Southeast Asia—A Preliminary Assessment. K. Moody, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines (264). Recess 9:00 Sugarcane Ratoon Renovation through Low Volume Application and Minimum Tillage in Brazil. J. E. Carvalho, Y. Kashiwakura, P. F. Burlamaqui, and R. A. Rogers*, Industrias Monsanto S.A., Sao Paulo, Brazil (266). 10:00 Enhanced Biodegradation of Thiocarbamate Herbicides. H. D. Skipper*, E. C. Murdock, D. T. Gooden, and J. P. Zublena, Clemson University, Clemson, SC (252). 9:15 Herbicide Evaluation in Corn and Peanut Under Center Pivot Irrigation in Northeastern Venezuela. R. Q. Lacsina* and G. A. McClish, Ball Corporation, Westminster, CO (266a). 10:15 Enhanced Degradation of Diphenamid and Other Pesticides in Herbicide History Soils. J. Katan, University of Maryland, College Park, H. P. Wilson, Virginia Truck and Ornamental Research Station, Painter, and D. D. Kaufman*, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD (253). 9:30 Discussion/Section Business Meeting 36 9:45 10:00 Recess Effect of Tillage and Herbicide on Cowpea Weed Control and Yield in the Subhumid Tropics. J. A. Poku* 37 �and I. O. Akobundu, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria (267). 10:15 10:30 10:45 Selective Herbicides for Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Squash. M. Rojas-Garciduenas* and L. Villarrue. Institute Technologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico (268). Control del Hojase'n (Florencia cernua) en el Pastizal Abierto. [Control of Tarbush (Flourenda cernua) in Open Pasture.] A. Coronado L.* and O. Cavazos C., Universidad Autonoma Agraria "Antonia Narro", Coahuila, Mexico (268a). Chemical Weed Control in Bulb Onions in Ecuador. P. Westra, The Luke Society, Riobamba, Ecuador (269). 11:00 Postemergence Broadleaf Control with Lactofen in Soybeans in Brazil. B. L. Opic and J. Deli*, PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (270). 11:15 Status of Soybean Weed Control, Research and Extension in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. T. T. Bauman, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (271). 11:30 An International Training Course on the Control of Str/ga in Cereal Crops. A. D. Worsham*, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, R. E. Eplee*, USDA-APHIS, Whitcville, NC, and M. A. Langston, USDA-APHIS, Dillon, SC (272). 11:45 Discussion 12:15 Adjourn NEWSS Representative: S. W. Pruss (1987), Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 150 West Beau Street, Washington, PA 15301. NCWCC Representative: R. S. Fawcctt (1987), Plant Pathology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. SWSS Representative: H. D. Coble (1984), Weed Science Center, 3123 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC 27606. WSWS Representative: C. L. Elmore (1986), Department of Botany, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Treasurer: G. R. Miller (1985), Department of Agronomy, 1509 Gortncr Avenue, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Editor-in-Chief: J. L. Hilton (1984), Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute, USDA, ARS, Building 001, 235 BARC-W, Beltsvillc, MD 20705. Executive Secretary: C. J. Cruse, 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, IL 61820. Chairman, Constitution and Operating Procedures Committee: T. J. Sheets (Acting), Pesticide Residue Research Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650. Weed Science in the People's Republic of China. E. L. Knake, University of Illinois, Urbana (273). 12:00 Expert Committee on Weeds Canada Representative: G. R. Stcphenson (1986), Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guclph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. 1983-1984 WSSA EDITORS Editor-in-Chief: ). L. Hilton, Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute, USDA-ARS, Building 001, 235 BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705. 1983-1984 WSSA BOARD OF DIRECTORS President: C. G. McWhorter, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, PO Box 225, Stoneville, MS 38776. Editor-WSSA ABSTRACTS: J. F. Ahrens, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, PO Box 248, Windsor, CT 06095. Editor-WSSA NEWSLETTER: Lafayette Thompson, American Agricultural Services, Inc., 462 Pebble Creek Drive, Raleigh, NC 27511. President Elect: J. D. Nalewaja, Agronomy Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105. Editor-WEED SCIENCE: D. E. Davis, Department of Botany, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Auburn University, AL 36849. Vice President: J. D. Riggleman DuPont Agricultural Chemicals Department, Wilmington, DE 19898. Associate Editor-WEED SCIENCE: L. S. Jordan, Plant Science Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. Past President: T. ). Sheets, Pesticide Residue Research Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650. Associate Editor-WEED SCIENCE: J. H. Dawson, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA 99350. Secretary: D. L. Linscott, USDA-ARS, 622 Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Associate Editor-WEED SCIENCE: S. O. Duke, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, PO Box 225, Stoneville, MS 38776. Member-at-Large: M. G. Merkle (1984), Soil and Crop Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. Associate Editor-WEED SCIENCE: W. H. Vanden Born, Department of Plant Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3. Member-at-Large: H. M. LeBaron (1985), Ciba-Gcigy Corporation, PO Box 11422, Greensboro, NC 27409. Associate Editor-WEED SCIENCE: B. Truelove, Department of Botany, Plant Pathology, and Microbiology, Auburn University, A L 36849. Member-at-Large: R. A. Peters (1986), Plant Science Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268. Member-at-Large: Joe Antognini (1987), BASF Wyandottc Corporation, Parsippany, NJ 07054. Associate Editor-WEED SCIENCE: T. J. Monaco, Horticultural Science Department, North Carolina State University, PO Box 5216, Raleigh, NC 27607. 38 39 �Associate Editor-WEED SCIENCE: P. F. Morris, Department of Botany, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Editor-WEEDS TODAY: L. W. Mitich, Department of Agronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. 1983-1984 WSSA COMMITTEES AND COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP AWARDS, PARENT (STANDING)-R. E. Frans, Chairman (1986); J. H. Dawson (1986); T. N. Jordan (1984); H. D. Skipper (1985); S. R. Radoscvich (1984); H. P. Alley (1984); D. L. Wyse (1984); E. E. Schweizer (1985); L. W. Mitich (1985). EXTENSION A W A R D SUBCOMMITTEE-!.. W. Mitich, Chairman (1985); J. E. Herron; F. E. Westbrook; A. S. Hamill; R. L. Ritter; J. R. Martin. FELLOWS AND HONORARY MEMBER SUBCOMMITTEE]. H. Dawson, Chairman (1986); J. R. Hay; E. L. Knake; C. L. Elmore; D. E. Davis; R. P. Upchurch; L. A. Jordan; A. F. Wiese. GRADUATE STUDENT A W A R D SUBCOMMITTEE-D. L. Wyse, Chairman (1984); R. F. Norris; R. G. Wilson; P. W. Santclmann; G. D. Wills; P. A. Banks. OUTSTANDING ARTICLE IN WEEDS TODAY SUBCOMMITTEE-H. P. Alley, Chairman (1984); O. C. Burnside; J. F. Ahrens; W. L. Barrentine; E. L. Knake; L. A. Mitich, Ex. Off. OUTSTANDING ARTICLE IN WEED SCIENCE SUBCOMMITTEE-S. R. Radosevich, Chairman (1984); R. H. Hodgson; L. M. Wax; D. T. Patterson; R. P. Schneider; R. D. llnicki;D. E. Davis, Ex. Off. OUTSTANDING YOUNG WEED SCIENTIST SUBCOMMITTEE-E. E. Schweizer, Chairman (1985); A. R. Martin; C. L. Foy; R. H. Schieferstein; W. j. Saidak;G. R. Leather. RESEARCH AWARD SUBCOMMITTEE-T. N. Jordan, Chairman (1984); J. S. Bannon; G. H. Egley; S. O. Duke; O. C. Burnside; E. W. Stoller; R. H. Hodgson. TEACHER AWARD SUBCOMMITTEE-H. D. Skipper, Chairman (1986); M. G. Merkle; A. P. Applcby; S. D. Miller; Scott Glenn; C. M. Switzer. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS (SPECIAL)-P. C. Quimby, Chairman (1986); K. P. Dorschner; H. R. Keyser; C. G. Messersmith; R. J. Smith; H. L. Walker; G. E. Templeton; A. K. Watson. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (SPECIAL)-R. D. Wauchope, Chairman (1986); Larry Witsell; J. M. Chandler; Donald Penner; E. F. Eastin; W. E. Arnold. CONSTITUTION AND OPERATING PROCEDURES (STANDING)-T. J. Sheets, Acting Chairman; T. J. Monaco (1985); G. R. Stephenson (1985); J. F. Ellis (1984); W. W. Witt (1987). CONSULTANT TO LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEES-). D. Riggleman (1984). 40 DIRECTORY OF PERSONNEL ENGAGED IN WEED SCIENCE (SPECIAL)-R. G. Harvey, Chairman; P. A. O'Sullivan; R. H. Crowley; J. E. Dale; P. B. Chykaliuk; J. F. Mason; ]. E. Nelson; W. H. Zick; J. L. Hilton, Ex. Off. EDITORIAL WEED SCIENCE (SPECIAL)-D. E. Davis, Chairman and Editor Weed Science; J. H. Dawson, Assoc. Ed.; S. O. Duke, Assoc. Ed.; L. S. Jordan, Assoc. Ed.; T. J. Monaco, Assoc. Ed.; R. F. Norris, Assoc. Ed.; Bryan Truclovc, Assoc. Ed.; W. H. Vanden Born, Assoc. Ed.; P. G. Bartcls; S. W. Bingham; P. E. Kecley; D. T. Patterson; D. L. Linscott; R. B. Taylorson; H. S. Maycux, Jr.; R. D. Wauchope; R. M. Mengcs; R. D. Williams; S. R. Radoscvich; J. R. Teasdale; A. G. Ogg, Jr.; H. P. Wilson; A. E. Smith, Jr.; P. W. Jacoby; R. D. Comes; K. K. Hatzios; J. A. Young; R. E. lloagland; R. H. Hodgson; R. L. Zimdahl. EDUCATION (STANDING)-E. W. Stoller, Chairman (1985); W. A. Harvey (1986); P. S. Zorner (1987); J. H. Dckker (1984); Chow Kee Woon (1988). EXECUTIVE-C. G. McWhortcr, President; J. D. Nalewaja, President Elect; J. D. Riggleman, Vice President; T. J. Sheets, Past President; D. L. Linscott, Secretary (1985);G. R. Miller, Treasurer (1985); J. L. Hilton, Editor-in-Chief (1984); T. J. Sheets, Acting Chairman Constitution and Operating Procedures; C. J. Cruse, Executive Secretary. EXTENSION (SPECIAL)-O. E. Strand, Chairman (1984); F. L. Baldwin; R. D. McLaren; A. D. Klosterboer; M. D. McGlamery; C. W. Swann. FINANCE (STANDING)-G. R. Miller, Chairman (1985); J. W. Hooks (1985); C. W. Swann (1988); R. L. Zimdahl (1984); H. D. Tripple(1986);G. A. Edwards, Ex. Off. HERBICIDE HANDBOOK (SPECIAL)-N. E. llumberg, Chairman; W. J. McAvoy; R. G. Lyn; S. R. Colby; L. M. Kitchen; R. Prasad; E. R. Hill; J. L. Hilton, Ex. Off. HERBICIDES FOR MINOR USES (SPECIAL)-J. R. Frank, Chairman; S. N. Fertig; R. Grover; P. C. Quimby; M. E. Burt; W. L. Currey; D. W. Parker; J. W. Everest; N. C. Glaze; R. M. Menges. HISTORICAL (STANDING)-R. A. Didrikscn, Chairman (1986); L. S. Jordan (1987); L. M. Wax (1988); R. D. Sweet (1985); W. R. Mullison (1984); D. W. Staniforth, Ex. Off. INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT (SPECIAL)-M. M. Schreiber, Chairman (1985); W. E. Arnold; W. W. Witt; C. C. Dowler; R. A. Schwartzbeck; D. L. Linscott; S. C. Wellcr. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (STANDING)-B. G. Tweedy, Chairman (1986); K. K. Hatzios (1988); H. Von Armsbcrg (1985); R. L. Zimdahl (1984); S. N. Fertig (1986); G. W. Selleck (1985); A. K. Watson (1985); J. E. Gallagher (1984); M. M. Schreiber (1987); Fumio Yoshi Kawa (1988); R. E. Hoagland, Ex. Off. LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS (STANDING)-D. W. Houston, Chairman (1988); C. C. Dowler (1986); F. Y. Chang (1984); R. H. Callihan (1987); E. W. Stoller (1988). LIAISON (STANDING)-]. D. Riggleman, Chairman (1984); W. A. Centner; D. L. Klingman; P. F. Sand; D. D. Hemphill; Richard Behrens (1984); J. D. Doll; T. J. Sheets; C. G. McWhorter; J. D. Nalewaja; W. C. Shaw;S. N. Fertig. 41 �PUBLICATION OUTLETS FOR WEED SCIENCE PAPERSR. B. Taylorson, Chairman; E. F. Eastin; R. A. Schwartzbcck; W. H. Vandcn Born; R. D. Wauchopc. LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS 1984, MIAMI (SPECIAL)-D. H. Teem, Chairman (1984); W. L. Currcy, Vice-Chairman; R. B. Cooper; |. A. Dusky; D. L. Sutton; V. V. Vandiver; D. P. H. Tucker; B. C. Currey; W. H. Humphreys; W. B. Ennis; J. D. Riggleman, Consultant. LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS 1985, SEATTLE (SPECIAL)Darlene Frye, Chairman (1985); J. H. Dawson; E. C. Hughes; S. E. Brauen; W. L. Anliker; R. L. Goss; A. G. Ogg; D. V. Peabody; R. D. Comes; G. Hattori; R. Parker, III; J. D. Riggleman, Consultant (1984). LOSSES TO TO WEEDS (SPECIAL)-J. M. Chandler, Chairman; A. S. Hamill; J. A. Meade; R. J. Smith; J. A. Condray; V. M. Jennings; P. C. Quimby; G. Thomas; R. D. Williams; G. A. Lee; D. L. Regehr; S. N. Fertig. MEETING SITE POLICY AND SITE SELECTION (STANDING)-]. V. Parochctti, Chairman (1985); G. A. Edwards (1988); G. D. Wills (1986); A. D. Klostcrboer (1987); J. D. Riggleman (1984); W. V. Welker (1984); C. |. Cruse, Ex. Off. MEMBERSHIP (STANDING)-R. E. Wilkcrson, Chairman (1986); T. R. Dill (1986); R. R. Hahn (1984); A. S. Hamill (1985); Leo Bendixen (1988); C. J. Cruse, Ex. Off.; G. A. Edwards, Ex. Off. MEMBERSHIP SUSTAINING (STANDING)-G. A. Edwards, Chairman; A. J. Watson; W. L. Anliker; W. M. Hamman;). S. Claus; C. J. Cruse, Ex. Off.; G. R. Miller, Ex. Off. MONOGRAPH (STANDING)-Bryan Truclove, Chairman (1986); F. W. Slife (1986); R. N. Anderson (1985); N. D. Camper (1987); S. J. Parka (1987); ). B. Weber (1987); J. L. Hilton, Ex. Off. NECROLOGY (STANDING)-A. S. Hamill, Chairman (1984); R. L. Chase (1988); T. N. Jordan (1985); H. A. L. Greer (1987); F. T. Lichtner (1987). NOMINATION (SPECIAL)-T. J. Sheets, Chairman; R. E. Frans; G. D. Hill; J. R. Hay; F. W. Slife; A. P. Appleby. PLACEMENT (STANDING)-L. A. Morrow, Chairman (1984); R. R. Hahn (1985); P. A. Banks (1985); T. F. Armstrong (1985); K. W. Dunster (1987); J. H. Dekker (1987). PROGRAM (STANDING)-J. D. Nalewaja, Chairman; J. M. Chandler, Agronomic Crops; Ed Beste, Horticultural Crops; N. C. Glaze, Turf and Ornamentals; R. E. Meyer, Pastures, Rangelands, Forests, Right-of-Ways, and Industrial Sites; J. E. Gallagher, Aquatic and Marginal Weeds; R. E. Eplee, Regulatory Aspects; C. L. Elmore, Teaching and Extension; M. R. Gebhardt, Equipment and Machinery; Gerald Leather, Ecology and Biological Control; R. D. Gruenhagen, Physiology; R. E. Talbert, Soil Aspects; A. R. Bell, New Developments from Industry; R. E. Hoagland, International Weed Science; L. L. Whatley, Poster Section. PUBLIC RELATIONS (STANDING)-M. A. Ford, Chairman (1987); J. R. Goss (1987); J. S. Claus (1987); L. S. White (1986); G. A. Edwards (1988); R. H. Heilmann (1987); Vince Souza-Machado (1984); R. P. Price (1987); W. V. Welker (1984); F. L. Baldwin (1988); W. D. F. J. Crosson (1988). PUBLICATION COORDINATION (STANDING)-). L. Hilton, . Chairman; D. E. Davis; J. B. Weber; R. G. Harvey; N. E. Humberg; Bryan Truclove; L. Thompson; J. S. Bannon; J. F. Ahrens; G. R. Miller, Ex. Off.; C. J. Cruse, Ex. Off. RESEARCH NEEDS IN BASIC BIOLOGY COMMITTEEG. H. Egley, Chairman; W. C. Shaw; J. D. Riggleman; J. D. Nalewaja; F. W. Slife. RESOLUTIONS (STANDING)-F. S. Serdy, Chairman (1987); B. Truelove (1984); W. B. Ennis (1986); R. D. Fears (1985); W. C. Koskinen (1988). '» I [ vj REVIEWS OF WEED SCIENCE COMMITTEE (SPECIAL)J. S. Bannon, Chairman; N. D. Camper; C. M. Switzer; D. W. Staniforth; S. J. Parka; C. L. Foy; E. W. Stoller; J. L. Hilton, Ex. Off. TERMINOLOGY, PARENT (STANDING)-T. R. Harger, Chairman (1985); W. R. Mullison (1985); P. A. Banks (1987); J. R. Teasdalc (1984); A. R. Bell (1985); S. O. Duke, Ex. Off.; D. T. Patterson, Ex. Off.; J. H. Dawson, Ex. Off. ADJUVANT TERMINOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE-S. O. Duke, Chairman (1987); L. L. Jansen; C. C. Dowler; S. R. Colby; J. A. Bcst;G. A. Edwards. STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES SUBCOMMITTEE-D. T. Patterson, Chairman (1986); J. B. Weber; J. F. Alex; G. D. Barbc; S. E. Blank; R. D. Williams; K. C. Vaughn; C. D. Elmore; C. T. Bryson; D. W. Hall; R. H. Hodgson; L. G. Holm; J. F. Stritzke; D. Szuhay; E. E. Terrell; W. T. Scuddcr. MONITORING HERBICIDE NAMES AND DEVELOPING PRONUNCIATION AIDS SUBCOMMITTEE-). H. Dawson, Chairman; Steve Dewey; R. E. Whitcsides. VISUAL AIDS, PARENT (SPECIAL)-C. L. Sandbcrg, Chairman; L. M. Kitchen; W. C. Koskinen; A. F. Wiesc. PHOTO CONTEST SUBCOMMITTEE-L. M. Kitchen, Chairman; A. S. Hamill; T. R. Harger; J. F. Miller; P. E. Heikes; A. D. Worsham. WEED ALERT-C. Dennis Elmore, Chairman; R. N. Anderson; P. F. Sand; M. D. K. Owen; P. E. Kcelcy; D. T. Patterson; R. E. Eplee; J. Hogancamp; J. LaMar Anderson. WEEDS CAUSING LOSSES (SPECIAL)-T. N. Jordan, Chairman; M. D. McGlamery; ). F. Miller; Larry Mitich; A. E. Martin; R. D. Palmer; J. M. Chandler, Ex. Off. WEEDS TODAY, PARENT (SPECIAL)-J. B. Weber, Chairman; J. F. Ellis (1984); L. W. Mitich (1987); J. S. Ladlic (1986); J. A. Best (1987); Patrick Shea (1985); J. L. Hilton, Ex. Off.; C.J. Cruse, Ex. Off. WEEDS TODAY ADVERTISING SUBCOMMITTEE-J. S. Ladlie, Chairman (1986); H. Andrews; W. T. Thompson. WEEDS TODAY EDITORIAL SUBCOMMITTEE-L. W. Mitich, Chairman (1987); J. J. Wise; J. F. Miller; Don Murray; J. V. Parochetti; J. R. Martin; J. D. Doll; M. R. Gebhardt; |. E. Dale; A. F. Wiese; C. C. Black; K. P. Dorschncr; P. B. Marriage; G. L. Schroeder;O. E. Strand; J. W. May. SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Services)-?. F. Sand. 43 42 �AIBS (American Institute of Biological Sciences)—W, A. Centner, Governing Board. CAST (Council for Agricultural Science Technology) —Richard Boh rcns( 1984). ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) E-35 Committcc-D. D. Hemphiil, C. L. Wilson, Alternate. ISCPP (Intersociety Consortium for Plant Protection)-T. ). Sheets, C. G. McWhortcr, }. D. Na/cwa/a, J. D. Rigglcman. IWSS (International Weed Science Society)-^. D. Doll. ANSI (American National Standard Institute) K-62 Committee on Common Names for Pesticides—WSSA Representative, D. L. Klingman, J. R. Tcasdale, Alternate. USDA-ARS (US Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service], NRC (National Research Council), and ARI (Agricultural Research Institute)—W. C. Shaw. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)~S. N. Fertig. WSSA FELLOWS* W. S. Shaw F. W. Slife W. A. Harvey L. G. Holm D. D. Hemphiil B. E. Day W. H. Minshall E. K. Alban W. R. Furtick Richard Behrens G. C. Klingman D. L. Klingman R. D. Sweet P. W. Santelmann L. L. Danielson D. E. Davis J. R. Hay E. C. Rodgers R. P. Upchurch A. P. Appleby R. D. llnicki D. E. Moreland E. L. Knake C. G. McWhorter H. A. Friesen Lawrence Southwick O. H. Fletchall J. L. Hilton . . , .• H. M. LcBaron D. W. Sfaniforth 1970 1970 1971 1971 1971 1972 1972 1973 1973 1973 1973 1974 1974 1974 1974 1975 1975 1975 1975 1976 1976 1976 1977 1977 1977 1977 1978 1978 1978 1978 *Socicty members being honored were originally referred to as Honorary Members. Beginning in 1970, the term was changed to WSSA Fellows, and the term Honorary Member has since been reserved for those being honored for meritorious service to the weed science discipline but not necessarily to WSSA without regard to WSSA membership. 44 H. P. Alley R. E. Frans K. C. Hamilton T. ), Sheets A. F. Wiese ). D. Bandecn S. N. Fertig C. L. Foy L. S. Jordan R. A. Peters C. R. Swanson W. A. Meggitt L. H. Hannah R. P. Romanowski J. F. Ahrcns J. Antognini G. H. Bayer ). H. Dawson C. M. Switzer R. B, Taylorson R. N. Andersen W. D. Carpenter J.E.Gallagher D. L. Linscott L. W. Mitich 1979 '.1979 1979 1979 1979 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 WSSA ORIGINAL HONORARY MEMBERS* A. S. Crafts K. P. Bucliholtx F. L. Timmons C. J. Willard R. H. Beatty W. S. Ball W. B. Ennis, )r G. F. Warren E. P. Sylvester 1964 1964 1964 1964 1966 1967 1967 1968 1969 HONORARY MEMBERS* Hans Gysin A. John Spe/,iale Keith C. Barrens |ohn 0. Fryer Memashe Horowitz Virgil H. Freed Les J. Matthews C. D. Hill Shooichi Matsunaka 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 WSSA PAST PRESIDENTS R. H. Beatty W. B. Ennis, Jr A. S. Crafts K. C. Buchholtz 1956 1957-58 1959-60 1960-61 45 �1962-63 1964-65 . . .1966 . . .1967 . . .1968 . . .1969 . . .1970 . . .1971 . . .1972 . . .1973 . . .1974 . . .1975 . . .1976 . . .1977 . . .1978 . . .1979 . . .1980 . . .1981 . . .1982 W.C.Shaw. . . . G. F. Warren. . . W. R. Furtick . . Richard Bchrens. B. E. Day G. C. Klingman . L. L. Danielson . D. L. Klingman . R. P. Upchurch . E. G. Rodgers . . E.. L. Knakc . . . C. R. Swanson. . F.. W. Slifc . . . . C. L. Foy P. W. Santelmann ). R. Hay W. D. Carpenter. D. E. Davis T. I. Sheets . . . 46 NOTES 47 �NOTES 48 NOTES 49 �NOTES 50 �SUSTAINING MEMBERS Weed Science Society of America Aceto Agricultural Corporation, Flushing, NY Agri-Growth Research Inc., Hollandale. MN Agway Inc., Chemical Division, Syracuse, NY Alabama Farmers Coop, Decatur, AL A & L Agricultural Laboratories, Memphis, TN American Agricultural Services, Inc., Gary, NC American Cyanamid Company, Princeton, NJ American Hoechst Corporation, Somerville, Nj Amoco Oil Company, Chicago, IL The Andersons, Maumee/iOH Atchinson, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, Albuquerque, NM Balcom Chemicals, Inc., Greejey, CO BASF Wyandotte Corporation, Pafsippany, NJ . BiF.C. Chemicals, Inc., Wilmington, D£ R. H. Bogle Company, Alexandria, VA Cenex, St. Paul, MN [ Chevron Chemical Company, Ortho Division, Richmond, CA Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC Deere and Company, Technical Center, Molfne, IL DeKalb Agriculture Research Inc., DeKalb, IL Delavan Corporation, West Des Moines, iA Delta Distributors, Inc., Hughs, AR Diamond Shamrock Corporation, Cleveland, OH Dow Chemical USA, Midland, Ml DuPont Biochemicals Department, Wilmington, DE Ehrlich Chemical Company, Inc., Reading, PA Electro General Corporation, Minrietonka, MN Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN Farm Press Publications, Clarksdale, MS Farmland Industries, Kansas City, MO FMC Corporation, Middleport, NY Gandy Corporation, Owatonna, MN Garst and Thomas Hybrid Corn, Coon Rapids, IA W. R. Grace and Company, Memphis, TN Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, CO Griffin Corporation, Valdosta, GA Growmark, Inc., Bloomirigton, IL. Hopkins Agricultural Chemical Library, Madison, Wl ICI Americas, Inc., Goldsboro, NC Indiana Farm Bureau Co-op, Association, Inc., Indianapolis, IN M & M Air Service, Beaumont, TX 3M Company, St. Paul, MN Micron West, Inc., Houston. TX Mobay Chemical Company, Kansas City, MO Mobley Company, Kilgore, TX Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO Nalco Chemical Company, Oak Brook, IL Nor-Am Agricultural Products, Inc., Naperville, IL O. M,. Scott and Sons Company, Maryville, OH PBI Gordon Corporation, Kansas City, KS Pennwalt Chemicals Corporation, 1 acoma, WA PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA Puregro Company, Los Angeles, CA Rhone Pouienc Inc;, Monmouth Junction, NJ Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, PA �SUSTAINING MEMBERS Weed Science Society of America (Continued) Sandoz, Inc., San Diego, CA Shell Development Company, Modesto, CA Stewart Agricultural Research Service, Inc., Macon, MO Spraying Systems Company, Wheaton, IL Staut'fer Chemical Company, Mountain View, CA Tox-Ag Company, Mission, TX Thermo Kinetics Industries, Greenville, SC Tide Products, Inc., Edinburg, TX Union Carbide Ag Products Co., Research Triangle Park, NC Uniroyal Chemical, Bethany, CT The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Ml Valley Chemical Company, Greenville, MS Velsicoi Chemical Corporation, Chicago, IL Virginia Chemicals, Inc., Portsmouth, VA 1985 Meeting February 5, 6, 7, 8 Seattle Sheraton Hotel Seattle, Washington � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 052 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1375 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 8 1984 Title A name given to the resource Abstract: Health Assessment of Herbicides: A Case Study of the Phenoxy Herbicides Subject The topic of the resource dioxin veteran health and hygiene VA health studies ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 028 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0430 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 4 1980 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange Again Subject The topic of the resource dioxin adipose tissue testing VA compensation ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 058 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1568 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Earley, Pete Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Washington Post Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Wednesday, December 1 1982 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange Not Seen as Causing Early Deaths Subject The topic of the resource Air Force Health Study popular press Ranch Hand crew VA ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 033 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0656 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fox, Jeffrey L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 16 1984 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange Study Is Like a Chameleon Subject The topic of the resource VA veteran health and hygiene dioxin Ranch Hand ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/5800c2ffa0da6c0c635bf2090d24c9a5.pdf a7a24799fe75deadf0fb4225fd2dd12b PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01693 Author Earley, Pete Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB A JOUrnal/BOOk Title Washington Post Year 1982 Month/Day July 5 Color Number of Images 9ent Orange Study Still on Launch Pad Ll 1 Doscrlpton Notes Monday, June 11, 2001 Page 1694 of 1793 �... A13 THE IteDERAL REPORT Agent Orange Study Still on Launch Pad By Pete Barley n PmlSurt Writer It has been three years since Congress ordered the Veterans Administration to investigate whether the use of Agent Orange and other defoliants during the Vietnam war harmed American GIs and entitled them to special compensation. The VA still hasn't launched that study. It hasn't even decided what scientific protocols or criteria the study wi'J use. VA critics, mostly Vietnam veterans, claim the agency is stalling because of VA Administrator Robert P. Nimmo's stated concern that the study could result in costs to the government of untold millions if it were to show a direct link between the military's use of toxic chemicals and GI health problems. Those daim* am -"p^HtflUIy motivated and absolutely false," said Maurice LeVois, director of the VA's Agent Orange program. "There hasnt been any foot-dragging on our part," added Dr. Vemon N. Houk, chairman of the government's main scientific panel studying Agent Orange. So far. more than 60,000 Vietnam veterans have complained to the VA of various ailments they blame on Agent Orange, including skin rashes, headaches, nausea and cancer. Some also claim Agent Orange has caused birth defects in their children. While the VA hasn't officially started the big study, the government is conducting 36 research- projects related to Agent Orange and is considering at least 12 new projects, official* said, including one that would compare the health of identical twins, one of whom served in Vietnam. Those projects are proof the government is moving as quickly at possible, officials said. While such studies may be important the VA study remains the key to determining whether the government owes special compensation to Vietnam vets. That study, officials admit, i» a long way off. Congress ordered the study after Vietnam veterans claimed the agency was indifferent to their problems, 3aid Ronald Simon, an attorney with •J» National Veterans Law Center who has been active in the Agent Orange controversy. Mistrust between Vietnam vets Uld the VA was so great that Presdent Carter formed an umbrella p-oup—the Interagency Working jfoup to Study the Possible Longterm Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants— tn Some Data Expected Next Year By the fall of 1983, the government will begin receiving preliminary data from four major studies related to Agent Orange, according to Dr. Vemon N. Houk, chairman of the government science panel that is monitoring herbicide studies. Here's a thumbnail sketch of each: • The Ranch Hand Study is a 20-year project that involves monitoring the health of 1,264 Air Force personnel who flew on herbicide spraying missions. Preliminary data will include physicals and questionnaires about the subjects' health. • The Vietnam Mortality Study does not specifically have anything to do with Agent Orange, but scientists hope that they can learn general information about Vietnam-era soldiers by comparing the death rates and causes of death of soldiers who served in Vietnam and those who served elsewhere during the same period. • The Birth Defects Study involves comparing 7,500 babies born with defects to 3,000 normal babies. Interviews will be done to see if any of the children with defects had Vietnam veterans as parents and whether those parent* came in contact with Agent Orange. • The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health is developing a registry of workers who worked in Agent Orange manufacturing plants to see if they have experienced health problems similar to those reported by Vietnam veterans. ROBERT P. NWMO ' . concerned about potential costii oversee Agent Orange studies. The group included officials from the VA and the Defense and Health and Human Services departments. "It was created to ride herd on the VA and bring it into the 20th Centalry," Simon said. Jodie Bernstein, the group's first chairman, agrees Carter formed it because of "very serious complaints about the objectivity of the VA." In retrospect, Bernstein laid, the VA's problems were not caused by, bias, but came about because the agency was unprepared to perform such a study. It did not have doctors on its staff familiar with epidemic!ogical research, she said, nor did it know how to direct such a study. Neither, apparently, did anyone else. In fact, Bernstein recalled, several government scientists claimed it would be impassible to do an accurate epidemioiogfcal survey because no one at the Pentagon seemed to know for sure how many soldiers had come into contact with Agent Orange, and to what degree. ' Bernstein and other panel members told Congress that it needed to expand its •original order by telling the VA to study the general health of all Vietnam veterans. "If their health was worse [than that of people who didn't serve in Vietnam], then we should address why it was that way, and whether the government had a responsibility to do something about that," she said. While the panel debated whether a study could be done, the VA began by the Agent Orange group. That seeking a private firm to develop doesnt mean, however, that the study protocols. When Simon's study will be underway soon. group saw the VA's plan, it sought a The UCLA protocol calls for comfederal court injunction to stop the paring two groups of Vietnam veterVA from issuing a contract The VA ans, one that was exposed to Agent plan was "unclear... a pile of gar- Orange, and one that wasnt, LeVois bage,' Simon said. The judge refused explained. That's what the VA origand the VA awarded a contract in inally wanted, but last year ConMay, 1981, for $114,288 to a re- gress—worried about the status of the search team at the University of Cal- VA study-decided that the VA could ifornia at Los Angeles. expand its mandate if it wanted. By this time, President Reagan Some VA officials now want to had taken office, reorganized the add a third group to the protocol— working group and renamed it the GIs who were not in Vietnam but Agent Orange Working Group. He who were in the military during the gave it Cabinet-level status as a sign Vietnam era. That would help the of his commitment to problems fac- VA determine whether just being in Vietnam might have caused GIs ing Vietnam vets. Reagan's actions pleased the vet- health problems. The working group will decide erans, but within weeks they were angry again. A key member of the this fall whether to add the third group, LeVois said. If it does, much UCLA team told the California legislature that the dangers posed by of the work done by the UCLA team might have to be discarded and the Agent Orange had been exaggerated in the media. Nimmo, meanwhile, study would, again, face delays. publicly compared the consequences of Agent Orange to teen-age acne and said Vietnam veto were demanding "preferential coddling." Vietnam vets again charged bias. In November, UCLA released its first protocol report The Agent Orange Working Group said it could not even be "classified as a protocol." UCLA said the VA had given it mixed signals about what it wanted. In March. UCLA returned with a revised protocol that was accepted � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 063 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1693 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Earley, Pete Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Washington Post Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 5 1982 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange Study Still on Launch Pad Subject The topic of the resource Agent Orange Exposure Study IWG VA ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 028 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0426 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The American Legion Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-04-01 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange Update Subject The topic of the resource VA Air Force Health Study CDC Birth Defects Study Vietnam Experience Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/bcc6c17157f0a97a565050a554e38d09.pdf 5eb7456a98e018827f84bdc312ff1a75 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °0589 Author Davis, Miriam Corporate Author Tne Llbrar y of Congress Congressional Research Servic Report/Article TltlO Agent Orange: Veterans' Complaints and Studies of Health Effects, Issue Brief Number IB83043 Journal/Book Title Yeer Month/Day Color March 3 n Number of Images 19 DeSCrlptOU NOtOS Alvin L. Young filed this item under the category "Human Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicides and TCDD" Tuesday, February 20, 2001 Page 589 of 680 ��AGENT ORANGE: VETERANS' COMPLAINTS AND STUDIES OF HEALTH EFFECTS ISSUE BRIEF NUMBER IB83043 AUTHOR: Miriam Davis Environmental Health Fellow Michael Simpson Science Policy Research Division THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE MAJOR ISSUES SYSTEM DATE ORIGINATED 03/03/83 DATE UPDATED 03/03/83 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CALL 287-5700 0304 �CRS- 1 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 I ISSUE DEFINITION From 1962 to 1971 the United States Air Force (USAF) sprayed various herbicides (chemicals that kill plants) in South Vietnam. The purpose of the spraying was to defoliate jungle growth and to destroy enemy crops. The most extensively used of these herbicide mixtures was known as Agent Orange, which is an equal mix of two common herbicides called 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). A contaminating chemical present in the mixture in small amounts was TCDD (2 , 3 , 7 , 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin) , or simply "dioxin." Dioxin is a contaminant produ-ced in the manufacture of 2,4,5-T. Its toxic effects to some laboratory animals are well known, yet its effects on humans are not fully understood. Since 1977, veterans have attributed a number of illnesses to Agent Orange exposure, including skin conditions, cancer, fatigue, nervousness, numbness in the extremities, vision and hearing impairments, birth defects in children, and other ailments. Veterans have urged the Veterans Administration (VA) to provide for medical treatment of these disorders and many have filed for disability compensation. Under P.L. 97-72, the Veterans' Health Care, Training, and Small Business Loan Act of 1981, Congress directed the VA to furnish medical care to Vietnam veterans, irrespective of age and financial status, for any condition which might possibly have resulted from exposure to Agent Orange. However, disability compensation for the veterans' illnesses has been denied unless it can be shown that the disabling condition began during the period of service. This criterion of "service connection" effectively denies claims for any latent disorder arising from military service. Until a rigorous scientific link between Agent Orange exposure and the health problems of the veterans can be established, the Veterans Administration will probably continue to deny the majority of veterans' requests for disability compensation. The VA and other Federal agencies are sponsoring a variety of research efforts to investigate the connection between Agent Orange and veterans' health problems. Recent congressional interest has focused on the transfer of responsibility from the VA to the Centers for Disease Control for the legislatively mandated epidemiology study of Vietnam veterans' health problems. The following questions continue to surround the debate effects of exposure to Agent Orange: over -- What are the adverse health effects of Agent Orange, and what studies are being conducted to answer this question? -- How much and what kind of scientific evidence is required to prove the right to disability compensation for _the veterans? -- On whom does the burden of proof lie to establish the link between Agent Orange exposure and adverse health effects? the health �CRS- 2 — IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83' What constitutes fair treatment of the veteran until the scientific studies are concluded? BACKGROUND AND POLICY ANALYSIS History The USAF operated its herbicide spraying program in South Vietnam until the late 1960s when the National Cancer Institute released animal studies which showed that the herbicide 2,4,5-T caused birth defects in mice. At the same time, newspapers in Vietnam began to report health problems, including birth defects, in rural populations which had been exposed to herbicides. As the USAF was winding down its herbicide spraying program, it was also recognized that the military supplies of 2,4,5,-T contained amounts of dioxin suspected of being hazardous. The dioxin, which occurs as'a contaminant in the manufacture of 2,4,5-T, has been found to be highly toxic to animals. In fact, the birth defects previously attributed to 2,4,5-T exposure are now thought possibly to be related to the contaminating dioxins. The average levels of dioxin in the military Agent Orange were about 2 ppm. There were even greater concentrations of dioxin in other military herbicides less frequently used in South Vietnam: approximately 32.8 ppm in Agent Purple, and 65.6 ppm in Agents Pink and Green. In October 1969, the Air Force first restricted the use of Agent Orange to areas remote from populations; then it stopped all airplane spraying of Agent Orange in early 1970'and all helicopter spraying of Agent Orange by 1971. All remaining Agent Orange stocks were gathered and stored at naval facilities in either Gulfport, Mississippi, or Johnston Island in the Pacific until they were incinerated at sea in 1977 during the PACER HO project. The total amount of herbicides sprayed in South Vietnam from January 1962 to February 1971 was about 107 million pounds, according to a USAF report. Approximately 276,000 gallons of Agents Green, Pink, and Purple were sprayed in South Vietnam prior to 1965 when they were replaced by Agent Orange. Approximately 11 million gallons of Agent Orange were then sprayed in South Vietnam -- making it the most widely used herbicide of the war. Ninety percent of Agent Orange was sprayed on 2.9 million acres of inland forests and mangrove forests for defoliation, 8% was sprayed on enemy crops for crop destruction, and the remaining 2% was sprayed around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communication lines. The Department of Defense initially maintained that only a limited number of U.S. military personnel could be positively identified as having been exposed to Agent Orange i'n South Vietnam (i.e., the crews of aircraft that were used to spray herbicides). However, following the publication of a 1979 General Accounting Office (GAO) report documenting ground troop exposure, the DoD has acknowledged that greater numbers of ground troops were exposed to Agent Orange through the USAF spraying program. Most recently, the DoD has attempted to arrive at an exposure index for individual ground troops. The American Medical Association has reported that about -2.4 million Vietnam veterans may have been exposed to herbicides. This figure includes ground troops, 1,200 flight crewmen who were responsible for the spraying under Operation RANCH HAND, and 200 U.S civilians who were involved in destroying the excess quantities of Agent Orange at sea. Details about U.S. personnel exposures are presented in the following section. �CRS- 3 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 V Following reports of various health problems in some 'Vietnam ^veterans widespread concern about the possible health effects of Agent Orange was expressed. Many veterans have filed claims for disability compensation with the VA, basing their claims on Agent Orange effects. In 1979, a group of veterans initiated a class action suit against herbicide manufacturers for negligence and product liability. The manufacturers include Dow Chemical, Monsanto, Hercules, Diamond Shamrock, and Thompson-Hayward. This litigation is still in progress depending, in part, on the outcome of federally sponsored studies of the health effects of Agent Orange. Chemical manufacturers filed a third-party suit in 1980 against the U.S. Government that was later dismissed by a New York Federal District Court. Personnel Exposed to Herbicides. The early trials that were conducted in South Vietnam to improve aircraft spray systems were performed by the USAF Special Aerial Spray Flight Division at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. During late 1962 and early 1963, the Crops Division at Fort" Detrick and the USAF Armament Laboratory at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, were also involved in efforts to improve spray system components in support of Operation RANCH HAND. Most of the personnel involved in the actual handling of herbicide drums were Vietnamese. However, a USAF flight mechanic or crew chief was responsible for ensuring that each aircraft was properly loaded and that the spray systems were functional. Each herbicide aircrew consisted of a pilot and copilot, a flight mechanic, and a spray unit. The aircrews were frequently joined by South Vietnamese and U.S. observers. As noted in a USAF report: "within the aircraft, it was not uncommon to have herbicide leakage from around the numerous hose connections joining the spray tank and pumps with the wing and aft spray booms. In hot weather, the odor of herbicide within the aircraft was decidedly noticeable" (Young et ai., 1978: 1-18). It .is also suspected that, due to destruction of the tanks by enemy fire, crew members were acutely exposed to herbicides. In an effort to determine which ground units were'exposed to Agent Orange after it had been deposited on the ground, the Army Agent Orange Task Force and the American Cancer Society are attempting independently to correlate ground unit location with the location of aerial spraying missions. The USAF has data on 6,542 herbicide spraying missions that took place between August 1965 and February 1971 on its HERBS computer tape. These data were compiled on a mission-by-mission basis from reports and files in various offices in the U.S. and South Vietnam. After evaluating the HERBS data in a 1974 report, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) concluded that the data accounted for approximately 86% of all herbicide operations in South Vietnam, and that "despite certain recognized deficiencies," the HERBS tape is "areliable source for an assessment of the major part of the herbicide operation in South Vietnam" and "is the best and in fact the only available comprehensive computation of the major part of the herbicide operations conducted in the Vietnam war." Since this NAS evaluation, the Army Agent Orange Task Force has been in the process of expanding the scope of the HERBS data to incorporate other herbicide sprays -- including perimeter base spraying and any unplanned dumping of herbicides from U.S. aircraft' that were under enemy attack. Despite this relative confidence in the location of the aerial and some ground spraying missions, it is difficult to determine which particular ground troops in. a given location were actually exposed and to what extent they were exposed. Although aerial spraying apparatus was' designed to �CRS- 4 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 deliver the herbicide in a specified manner to reduce dispersion, no such standardized equipment was used for perimeter base spraying or other non-aerial delivery modes. Furthermore, additional troops may have been exposed in areas for which military records are incomplete. For example, not all information is available on helicopter operations flown by the Vietnamese Air Force before 1968. Thus, attempts to model the conditions of exposure in order to determine individual or group exposure levels are jeopardized by the lack of verifiable exposure information. When the DoD suspended all use of Agent Orange in South Vietnam, the USAF was 'left with an inventory of 2.22 million gallons in two locations, in Vietnam and in Gulfport, Mississippi. In April 1972, the stocks in South Vietnam were transported to Johnston Island in the Pacific for storage. Problems began to arise in both U.S and Pacific locations concerning leakage from the drums. After exploring a number of options, the USAF decided to dispose of the Agent Orange by burning it at high temperatures at sea. This operation was performed in 1977 with permission from the EP'A. About 110 USAF personnel from the Air Force Logistics command and about 100 civilian employees hired by a contractor were involved in the destruction process. Environmental monitoring of the transfer operations was performed by members of the USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory. Extensive environmental monitoring of the test incineration procedures was performed. Certain physical parameters of the actual incineration process were monitored. Physical' examinations of personnel involved in the actual incineration procedures, administered both before and after these procedures, revealed no adverse health effects. Health Effects of Dioxin and Phenoxyherbicides There are as yet no conclusive scientific studies on the long-term human health effects of Agent Orange exposure. In their absence, an understanding of health effects must rely on animal and/or human occupational exposure studies of dioxin and phenoxyherbicides. The following paragraph summarizes what is known about the health effects of these constituents of Agent Orange. Workers exposed to high concentrations of dioxin and/or 2,4,5-T (as well as other chemicals) are commonly found to have a painful skin condition known as chloracne. Chloracne can appear weeks to months after initial exposure and in some cases persists up to many years after exposure. Chloracne, however, can result from exposure to other chlorinated compounds besides 2,4,5-T. Studies of exposed workers have indicated a variety of other health problems; yet, there is not enough information at this time to establish a cause and effect relationship between phenoxyherbicides and these disorders. Soft-tissue sarcoma, a form of 'cance.r/ has been reported among Swedish workers who were exposed to phenoxyherbicides. Reports from a variety of sources associate dioxin and herbicide exposure with stomach cancer, neuromuscular weakness, liver enlargement, and liver enzyme abnormalities. Birth defects were first reported in South Vietnamese refugees living in North Vietnam, but, due to the difficulty of conducting studies in a war-torn country, the research on these reports was widely believed to be improperly executed. In animal studies, only certain strains of pregnant mice exposed to dioxin show fetotoxicity and birth defects in offspring. Exposed male mice do not have deformed offspring. Current Use. The EPA has registered 2,4-D for widespread domestic use on such crops as corn, grain, and sugar cane, as well as on non-crop areas; 2,4,5-T is currently used on rangelands, rice fields, and industrial vegetation sites, whereas approval for its other domestic uses -- forests, �CRS- 5 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 rights-of-way, pastures' -- was suspended by the EPA in 1978. registered use of '2,4,5-T depends on negotiations that began in 1979 Dow Chemical and the EPA. Future between Herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D are commercially available either alone or in combination. The combination mixture (under Dow's Trademark, Esteron) differs from Agent Orange primarily in the level of dioxin. Existing Dow inventories of 2,4,5-T contain less than 0.1 parts per million (ppm) dioxin, whereas previous formulations of 2,4,5-T used in Agent Orange contained about 2 ppm dioxin. Although standards for dioxin levels in 2,4,5-T have not been officially set by the EPA, the EPA's Science Advisory Committee recommended in 1971 a level of 0.1 ppm. Veterans' Complaints and Veterans Administration Efforts Veterans who believe they have been exposed to Agent Orange have complained of a variety of illnesses for which they seek 'medical treatment and disability compensation. These illnesses include: skin conditions, cancers, nervousness, numbness in extremities, vision and/or hearing impairments, birth defects in their offspring, and reduced libido. Veterans have also complained about the paucity of scientific information available on the health effects of Agent Orange and about the sluggishness with which the VA has responded to their concerns. Specifically, the General Accounting Office (GAO) has recently reported that over half of the veterans responding to their questionnaire were dissatisfied with the amount of information they had received from the VA about Agent Orange. To fill the perceived information gap, various State 'governments, including New York and New Jersey, have attempted to disseminate information on Agent Orange to State veterans. < The VA maintains that it outset by initiating health exposed and by implementing description of the research has responded to veterans' concerns from the programs to identify veterans who may have been research projects on health effects. A detailed projects is provided later in this brief. Since 1978 the VA has provided a physical examination for Vietnam veterans who thought they were exposed to Agent Orange. The VA maintains a registry of all the veterans who have come to VA hospitals and health care facilities for the exam. The registry also contains information collected during the examination. As of Dec. 1, 1982, 101,721 veterans had received the initial exam, and about 80% of the records had been coded into the computer. The idea behind the registry is to determine whether veterans have a higher incidence of particular diseases. GAO auditors have investigated the effectiveness of the v Agent Orange examination program. The findings are summarized in an October 1982 report, "The V A ' s Agent Orange Examination Program: Actions Needed To More Effectively Address Veterans' Health Concerns." The report is 'critical of the exam for being incomplete, poorly designed, and for being administered by physicians who were not familiar with the reported health effects of Agent Orange. In an appendix to the report, the VA challenges these findings by citing improvements that 'have taken place since the evaluation; however, the GAO disagrees with the VA rebuttal in the same appendix. The GAO report is also critical of the registry because it cannot be used to determine the incidence of specific illnesses among veterans -- a major purpose for which the registry was supposedly designed. Medical Treatment: P.L. 97-72. Before the enactment of P.L. 97-72 in �CRS- 6 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03./83 1981, 'veterans who complained of Agent Orange-related illnesses were in a ranking of the lowest priority for medical treatment at VA hospitals. This is because these illnesses were defined as not being "service-connected." To have qualified at all for this treatment at this low-priority level, the veteran had to be destitute. The "Veterans' Health Care, Training, and Small Business Loan Act of 1981" (P.L. 97-72) elevated Vietnam veterans' priority status for treatment at VA hospitals for any Agent Orange-related problem. Veterans who complain of such problems are now considered for treatment irrespective of age or finances with the same priority status as former prisoners of war and ahead of veterans with "non-service connected" conditions. The Vietnam veterans' contention of exposure is acceptable in the absence of evidence to the contrary. It is the duty of a '"responsible staff physician (to) make a determination as to whether the condition resulted from a cause other than the specified exposure." To aid the staff physician, the VA has developed guidelines which identify conditions that are not considered to be related to Agent Orange exposure (Federal Register, Nov. 17, 1982). The VA contends that P.L. 97-72 is being implemented successfully, yet veterans' advocates and State Agent Orange commissions allege that veterans are uninformed about the new legislation and that treatment is still difficult to obtain at certain VA medical centers. The VA has initiated a new system to monitor the impact of P.L. 97-72 on Vietnam veterans' medical treatment. P.L. 97-72 also extended the readjustment counseling program for Vietnam veterans for another three years. The counseling programs are currently located in "Vet Centers," which are distinct from VA medical facilities. Disability Compensation. As of Jan. 3, 1983, veterans had filed 16,102 disability claims with the VA for disorders they attribute to Agent Orange exposure. The vast majority of these claims have been denied because they are not considered as being "service connected." The policy of the VA is that a disability is considered "service-connected" if it arises during or is aggravated by military service. "Service-connection" establishes temporal correspondence with military service, not causation, as the determinant for disability payments. Chronic conditions arising before discharge or within one year after discharge are presumed to be "service-connected." The policy implies that for a veteran to receive disability payments for ailments possibly related to Agent Orange exposure, it must be proved that the condition first appeared during the service or within a year of discharge. This precludes disability for latent disorders because "service-connection" criteria cannot be met. The VA acknowledges that the skin disorder, chloracne, is causally related to Agent Orange exposure. On Apr. 15, 1980, in a statement before the House Veterans.1 Affairs Subcommittee on Medical Facilities and Benefits, former VA administrator Max Cleland said that "the relationship between accidental human exposure to Agent Orange constituents and the development of long-term illnesses other than chloracne remains speculative at present." Even though the VA does view chloracne as an immediate effect (acute effect) of Agent Orange exposure, the basis for awarding disability stems from the occurrence of chloracne during the service. Temporal coincidence with active duty is the major criterion, irrespective of cause, for chloracne or any other veteran complaint. The total of 1237 (15.3%) claims which were granted were awarded primarily for skin conditions (94%) and for cancer, psychiatric, and neurological conditions (6%), among others. �CRS- 7 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 The VA denied 6,824 claims after there was a confirmed diagnosis of the disease for which the veteran had filed a claim. The denied claims fall into the following categories: 4091 for various skin conditions; 2432 for nervousness and headache, or fatigue; 907 for paralysis or numbness; 791 for gastrointestinal or genito-urinary conditions; 487 for malignancies which include leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, and Hodgkin's disease; 359 for impaired sexual activity; 463 for eye, ear, nose, a-nd throat pathology; 289 for lung conditions; 247 for cardiovascular conditions, and 146 claims denied for miscellaneous conditions. (Since each claim could fall into a variety of different categories, the category figures do not equal 6,824.) The VA policy is that the resolution of disability claims for conditions that are now defined as "non-service connected" (and therefore denied) will depend on the results of scientific studies which are described below. Since it is expected that these studies will take years to complete, the Chief Medical Director of the VA, Dr. Donald Custis, has testified at a hearing of the House Veterans Affairs Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight on Sept. 15, 1982, that "It may well be that the Congress cannot wait for scientific answers in the short term, in which case it may well be that the sociopolitical aspect of this problem will have to be addressed." Current...._or. Proposed Studies of ^Health Effects Many branches of the Federal Government are conducting research on the health effects of Agent Orange and phenoxyherbicides. Research efforts range from large-scale epidemiology studies of Vietnam veterans to studies of cancer among Kansas residents exposed to herbicides. The following paragraphs provide an overview of research efforts at the Department of Defense, the Veterans Administration, and the Department of Health and Human Services. The impact of the following studies on VA disability policy is not clear; the VA has not established any formal criteria for how their policies might be altered by scientific findings. Due to the recent transfer of the legislatively mandated epidemiology study of Vietnam veterans and to the interest which this study has generated all along, it will be discussed first. E p i de m i o 1 o g y Study. The large epidemiology study of Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange, mandated by P.L. 96-151 in December 1981, has been the focus of much of the debate over the health effects of Agent Orange. P.L. 96-151 directed the VA to perform the study of long-term health effects among veterans using' a protocol that was subject to approval by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA); in addition, the OTA director was given the task of monitoring the progress of the study. The protocol was reviewed by the OTA, the VA advisory group on the health-related effects of herbicides, the science panel of the Agent Orange Working Group, and the National Academy of Sciences. P.L. 97-72 allowed for future expansion of the scope of the study. The implementation of the study was delayed until October 1982, at which time the responsibility for conducting the study was transferred from the VA to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The transfer was accomplished following letters to the VA from the Veterans Affairs Committees of the House and the Senate. The letters expressed concern over the lack of progress on the study and concern over the VA's credibility with the veterans; consequently, the VA was urged to relinquish the. study to an independent research body. While the VA acceded to this request, former VA Administrator �CRS- 8 Nimmo'attributed the delay of the protocol review process. study IB83043 to legal UPDATE-03/03/83 challenges and to the On Jan. 18, 1983, the CDC formally accepted responsibility for the study in a written agreement with the VA. Under the agreement, the VA is to provide the CDC with $3 million to fund the study, yet the CDC is assured of autonomy in its design and implementation. The project will actually consist of two studies, one on the health effects of Agent Orange and the other on the health effects of the Vietnam experience. The study' designs are expected to be ready for OTA review in April 1983. Preliminary reports suggest that the veterans under study will be divided into three groups (cohorts) — one group made up of those who were likely to have been exposed to Agent Orange, another group constituting those who were unlikely to have been exposed, and a final group of veterans who did not serve in Vietnam and who were not likely to have been exposed. The DoD'is assisting the CDC in establishing criteria for assigning an individual veteran to a particular group. The selection process will depend on the use of DoD records ' of ground troop movements relative to herbicide spraying. Completion of the study is expected by the end of 1987. Department of Defense. The Air Force is conducting "The Ranch Hand Study," an epidemiological study of personnel exposed to herbicides during the Air Force's aerial spraying program in Vietnam (Operation Ranch Hand). These personnel were members of flight crews involved in the handling and/or spraying of herbicides, and they were presumed to have been heavily exposed. This study population of 1,260 personnel is being compared to a control population consisting of unexposed flight crew members. The purpose of the study is to determine whether Ranch Hand flight crews suffered adverse health effects compared to the control population. The study consists of three parts: a mortality study; a morbidity (disease) study which includes birth defects in offspring; and a follow-up period of physical examinations at specific intervals (up to 20 years) from the onset of the study. Information for the morbidity and follow-up portions is collected by questionnaires administered in the homes of the participants and by extensive physical and psychological tests. These data are collected by the independent contractors Louis Harris and Associates and Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, respectively. Before data collection began in 1980, the entire study protocol had been reviewed by the University of Texas School of Public Health, the U.S Air Force 'Science Advisory Board, the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board and the National Academy of Sciences. The initial phases of mortality and morbidity data collection were completed in December 1982. For the morbidity study, participation in the questionnaire and physical examination has been very high (greater than 95%) and an interim report is expected by the summer of 1983. The findings of the mortality study (due to be released early in 1983) suggest that there are no differences in the number of deaths between the Ranch Handers and controls. Periodic reassessment of the mortality findings are planned throughout the 20-year study by the Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine. While the Ranch Hand Study is expected to provide some valuable information about the population of herbicide sprayers, the applicability of the Ranch Hand Study to the experience of ground troops has been questioned. For example, the herbicide exposure conditions are thought to differ between the two groups. The Ranch Handers were heavily exposed at sporadic intervals (repeated acute exposures) and the exposure was through the skin, through inhalation, and through ingestion. After the missions, the flight crews were �CRS- 9 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 required to shower. While the extent and mode of ground troop exposure are less certain, it is likely that the mode of ground troop exposure was primarily due to skin contact and to inhalation. The duration of ground troop exposure was likely to be for longer periods due to operational movements through contaminated areas. Thus, because the exposure conditions of Ranch Hand personnel did not mimic those of ground troops, the general relevance of the Ranch Hand study is not certain. One of the criticisms raised by the National Academy of Sciences in their May 1980 review of the Ranch Hand protocol was that adverse health effects were not likely to be found because the sample size was too small and the follow-up period was too short. In response, the Air Force did extend the follow-up period to 20 years; nevertheless, the problem of sample size makes it unlikely that the study will detect certain cancers that are relatively rare. The impact of Agent Orange exposure on the incidence of these rare cancers (e.g., soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), may be most appropriately determined by the case control sutdies in New York State and at.the National Cancer Institute. V e t e r ans Adm i n i s t rat ion. The Veterans Administration intends to spend $6.7 million of the total 1983 medical research budget of $163 million for projects on the health effects of herbicide exposure and, more generally, the health effects of combat duty in Vietnam. The majority of these research dollars ($4.2 million) is destined for the epidemiology study of Vietnam veterans, a mortality study, and an identical twin sibling study. Due to congressional pressure, responsibility for the conduct of the epidemiology study has been transferred from the VA to the CDC. Funding for the epidemiology study, however, will continue to be provided by the VA. Both the mortality and the twin study address the impact of the Vietnam experience rather than Agent Orange in particular. The purpose of the mortality study is to examine the cause-of-death and the death rate in Vietnam veterans by comparison to veterans who did not serve in Vietnam. The idea is to determine whether military service in Vietnam has resulted in different death profiles since the end 'of the war. Computer records will provide the information, and this information will be collected and coded by contractors for the VA. The project is expected to be finished by 1985. The Identical Twin Study, -also sponsored by the VA, is designed to determine whether the current psychological and physical health of Vietnam veterans has been adversely affected by their service. In this study, a group of VA researchers in St. Louis is attempting to study 450 pairs of identical twins; one twin served in Vietnam during the period of herbicide exposure, whereas the other twin was not stationed in Southeast Asia. Initial findings of this study are expected by October 1984. The VA has also established the Chloracne r Task Force to identify veterans with skin conditions and then to see if . there are bona fide cases of Chloracne within this group. Thus far, a dermatologist who is serving as a consultant at the Washington VA office has found 12 tentative cases of Chloracne which require further investigation. Another VA research activity is a study of dioxin in the fat tissues of veterans. In conjunction with the EPA, the VA intends to find out whether Vietnam veterans have higher levels of dioxin in their fatty tissues than non-Vietnam veterans. Background levels of dioxin in the U.S. male population are also to be analyzed. To detect dioxin concentrations in the fat, tissue is removed surgically from the abdomen and the sample .is analyzed on gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry instruments. �CRS-10 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03./83 l Department of Health and_ Human Services: Centers for Disease C o n tr o1/B irth Def e_c t Stu dy. An ambitious epidemiology study is underway in Atlanta to find out if Vietnam veterans show an increased risk of having children with birth defects. Using the case-control method, CDC researchers are interviewing 7000 parents of children with birth-defects and 3000 parents whose children are normal. The interview process is used to establish the military history of the parents. This information will be analyzed to determine wheth'er parents who served in Vietnam are at greater risk of producing children with birth defects. Already one-half of the interviews has taken place, with initial findings expected by September 1983. Sponsors of the study are DHHS, VA, and DoD. DHHS: National Cancer^ I n s t i t u t e / Can c e r Study. Epidemiologists are investigating a Kansas population for the relationship between herbicide exposure and various cancers. The research question is: do such cancers as soft tissue sarcoma and various lymphomas result from herbicide exposure? Kansas residents are considered a good population for studying herbicide exposure because in this wheat-growing State herbicides are used much more often than insecticides. In other States, herbicides are frequently used in combination with insecticides, which are also implicated in producing cancer. Insecticide exposure would confound the results of such a cancer study. Preliminary results of this study are anticipated by the'fall of 1983. DHHS; National Institute of^Occupational Safety and Health/Dioxin Worker Registry. NIOSH is compiling a ' registry of workers involved in the manufacture "of 2,4,5-T and related compounds because these compounds contain dioxin as a contaminant. Worker exposure records on 3000-5000 individuals, compiled from all 12 U.S. sites of production, will go back to the 1940s. T'he purpose of the registry is to establish whether the mortality rates are higher in this,population of exposed workers than in a comparable group in the U.S.population. The protocol has been reviewed by an independent university-affiliated group of scientists, and the analysis of the findings is due by 1985. Role of State Commissions or Advisory Groups Several States have established their own agencies in response to veterans' complaints of Federal inactivity on the Agent Orange question. Although these organizations vary in structure, their functions are essentially similar: to identify State Vietnam veterans and to provide and coordinate various social services for these veterans. For example, various State commissions disseminate information on Agent Orange and assist in scheduling Agent Orange examinations at VA medical centers. Those States which have commissions or programs on Agent Orange are as follows: California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas and West Virginia. (Wisconsin's program has been discontinued.) Some .of these States are funding their own research programs aimed at answering questions on the health effects of Agent Orange. In the "spring of 1983, New York is due to release findings of a study on the incidence of soft-tissue sarcoma among State veterans relative to other State inhabitants. Soft-tissue sarcoma has been implicated as a possible long-term health effect of herbicide exposure. New York State has also undertaken a mortality study to see if death rates are higher among Vietnam veterans than other State residents of the same age group. �' I CRS-11 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 The New Jersey State Commission on Agent Orange has a variety of pro-jects underway. One task has been to assemble information on a bacterial infection called Melioidosis, which may have afflicted veterans who were exposed to the bacterium while in Vietnam. The Commission is beginning a project to determine whether blood tests can be reliably used to measure dioxin levels. Blood tests would obviate the need for more expensive and painful surgical procedures now performed for this purpose. In addition, the New Jersey Commission on Agent Orange distributes pamphlets on how to fill out VA disability claims forms. The role of the State commissions is growing to include advocacy for State veterans. State representatives have testified at congressional hearings and at the VA advisory committee meetings to bring attention to veterans' complaints. At the Nov. 30, 1982, meeting of the VA advisory committee on the health-related effects of herbicides, the spokesperson for State agencies endorsed legislation that would establish the presumption of a "service-connection" for chloracne and soft tissue sarcoma "so that veterans' disability claims for these disorders would be awarded. Because of the lack of State funds, some of the State commissions are no longer active and others are i.n jeopardy. State commissions have requested Federal funds on the grounds that they assist in the administration of VA programs such as the scheduling of Agent Orange examinations and informing State veterans about Agent Orange exposure. Previous Congressional Ac^tipn As previously discussed, two major pieces of legislation have been enacted in the 96th and 97th Congresses- to provide for Vietnam veterans' medical care and to mandate studies of the health effects of Agent Orange: P.L. 96-151, The Veterans' Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979; and P.L. 97-72, Veterans' Health Care, Training and Small Business Loan Act of 1981. The 'legislative proposals of the 96th and 97th Congresses were generally directed to the status of disability claims that are now denied by the VA because they are not considered as "service-connected." In Representative Daschle's proposed 97th Congress bills, H.R. 7146 and H.R. 7110, the presumption of service connection would have been legislatively established N for soft-tissue sarcoma and chloracne, respectively. The presumption of service connection would have permitted veterans with these disorders to collect disability payments because the conditions were presumed to have arisen during the service. Two other 97th Congress bills, H.R. 523 (Rep. Roe) and H.R. 2297 (Rep. Downey), were designed to provide a presumption of service connection for all chronic conditions specifically related to Agent Orange exposure which appear later than one year, after discharge. Existing law requires that disabling conditions only appearing before discharge or within one year after discharge are presumed to have arisen during the service. Finally, a number of bills were introduced to transfer the conduct of the epidemiology study from the VA to the Department of Health and Human Services. This was accomplished -- although non-legislatively -- with the transfer of responsibility to the Centers for Disease Control in the DHHS. LEGISLATION H.R. 209 (Long) Requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services to arrange for an �CRS-12 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 independent epidemiological study of persons exposed to the chemical dioxin, used in the h.erbicide known as Agent Orange. Introduced Jan. 3, 1983; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce. H.R. 212 (Long) Amends Title 38, United States Code, to waive the one-year limitation on claims for compensation "frojn the Veterans Administration for disabilities and diseases incurred in or aggravated by military service in the case of claims by veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era for compensation for disabilities resulting from exposure to the phenoxyherbicide known as Agent Orange or other phenoxy herbicides. Introduced Jan.3, 1983; referred to Committee on Veterans Affairs. H.R. 331 (Roe) Amends Title 38, United States Code, to waive the one-year limitation on claims for compensation from the Veterans Administration for disabilities and diseases incurred in or aggravated by military service in the case of claims by veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era for compensation for disabilities resulting from exposure to the phenoxy herbicide known as "Agent Orange" or other phenoxy herbicides. Introduced Jan. 3, 1983; referred to Committee of Veterans Affairs. H.R. 462 (Applegate) Amends Title 38, United States Code, to waive the one-year limitation on claims for compensation from the Veterans Administration for disabilities and diseases incurred in or aggravated by military service in the case of claims by veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era for compensation for disabilities resulting from exposure to the phenoxyherbicide known as Agent Orange, or other phenoxy herbicides. Introduced Jan. 6, 1983; referred to Committee on Veterans Affairs. H.R. 509 (Hammerschmidt) Amends Title 38 of the United States Code to provide that progressive muscular atrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis developing a 10 per centum or more degree of disability within seven years after separation from active service during a period of war shall be presumed to be service connected. Introduced Jan. 6, 1983; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H.R. 1135 (Downey) Amends Title 38, United States Code, to waive the one-year limitation on claims for compensation from the Veterans Administration for disabilities and diseases incurred in or aggravated by military service in the case of claims by veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era for compensation for disabilities resulting from exposure to the phenoxy herbicide known as Agent Orange, or other phenoxy herbicides. Introduced Feb. 1, 1983; referred to Committee on Veterans Affairs. H.R. 1382 (Downey) Provides that any award by the Veterans' Administration of compensation for a disease or disability in a veteran resulting from exposure to Agent Orange shall be retroactive to the date the veteran first applied to the Veterans' Administration for compensation for such disease or disability. I n t r o d u c e d _ F e b . 10, 1983; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. �CRS-13 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03/83 '*. i S. 374 (Specter) A m e n d s Title 38, United States Code, to provide a presumption of service connection for the occurrence of certain diseases in veterans who were exposed to phenoxy herbicides while serving in the Armed Services in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era. Introduced Feb. 2, 1983; referred to Committee on Veterans Affairs. HEARINGS U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Agent Orange: exposure of Vietnam veterans. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Sept. 25, 1980. 249 p. Involuntary exposure to Agent Orange and other toxic spraying. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. June 26 and 27, 1979. 256 p. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on veterans' Affairs. Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care. Legislation to improve medical programs administered by the Veterans Administration (H.R. 2157, H.R. 2953, and H.R. 2999). Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 28, 1981. 54 p. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Medical Facilities and Benefits. Herbicide "Agent Orange." Hearing, 95th Congress, 2d session. Oct. 11, 1978. 62 p. Oversight hearing to receive testimony on Agent Orange. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Feb. 25, 1980. 121 p. ._ _, oversight hearing to receive testimony on Agent Orange. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. July 22, 1980. 459 p. Scientific community report on Agent Orange. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Sept. 16, 1980. 145 p. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Current status of Agent Orange studies. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session. May 6, 1981. 385 p. Federal Agent Orange activities and the vet center program. Hearing, 97th Congress, 2d session. Sept. 15, 1982. 164 p. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Agent Orange update and appendix: Agent Orange activities (part II) . Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Sept. 10, 1980. 1368 p. Oversight on issues related to Agent Orange and other herbicides. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session. Nov. 18, 1981. 500 p. �CRS-14 IB83043 UPDATE-03/03,/83 VA health resources and program extensions and appendix: Agent Orange activities. Hearing, 96th Congress, 1st session, on S. 741 and S. 196. Apr. 10, 1979. 462 p. Veterans' Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1981. Hearing, 97th 'Congress, 1st session, on S. 26 (titles II and III, only), S. 380, S. 458, S. 636, S. 689, S. 872, S. 914, S. 921, and related bills. Apr. 30, 1981. 685 p. Vietnam veterans' readjustment. Hearings, 96th Congress, 2d session. - F e b . 21, Mar. 4, and May 21, 1980. Part 2. 595-2082 p. i ADDITIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES American Medical Association. Council on Scientific Affairs. Health effects of "Agent Orange" and dioxin contaminants. 1981. 37 p. Boffey, Philip. Agent Orange: Despite spate of studies, slim hope for answers. New York Times, 1982. 24 p. Cookson, Clive. "Emergency" ban on 2,4,5-T herbicide in U.S. Nature, v. 278, Mar. 8, 1979: 108-110. Galston, Arthur W. Herbicides: V. 29, Feb. 1979: 85-90. a mixed blessing. Bioscience, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: 2,5,5-T, v. 15, Aug. 1977. JRB Associates. Review of literature on herbicides, including phenoxy herbicides and associated dioxins. Washington, Veterans Administration, 1981. 2v. National Research Council. The effects 1 of herbivcides in South Vietnam: Part A. Summary and conclusions. Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1974. AD-774-749. 398 p. National Research Council. The effects of exposure to Agent Orange on ground troops in.Vietnam. Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1982. 24 p. New Jersey State Commission on Agent Orange. 1982. 54 p. Legislative Report. Reggiani, G. Toxicology of TCDD: short review of its formation, occurrence, toxicology and kinetics, discussing human health effects, safety measures and disposal. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, v. 1, 1981: 211-243. Rosenblatt, Jean. Compensating victims of toxic substances. Editorial Research Reports. v. 11, Oct. 1982: 759-772. Tung, T.T., T.K. Anh, B.Q. Tuyen, D.X. Tra, and N.X. Hugen (1971). Clinical effects of massive and continuous utilization of �'V* 1 CRS-15 -* ». U.S. IB83043 . defoliants on civilians. . . . Vietnamese Studies, 29: . UPDATE-03/03/83 . 53-81. General Accounting Office. U.S. ground troops in South Vietnam were in areas sprayed with herbicide orange. Nov. 16, 1979. FPCD-80-23. VA's Agent Orange examination program: auctions needed to more effectively address veterans' health concerns. Oct. 25, 1981. HRD-83-6. Young, Alvin et al. The toxicology, environmental fate and human risk of herbicide orange and its associated dioxin. The Surgeon General, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. Oct. 1978. �APPENDIX A LISTING OF FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS ON AGENT ORANGE January, 1983 I. Cabinet Council on Human Resources Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG) Chairman: James Stockdale (HHS) Alternate: Bart Kull Members: HHS, VA, DoD, Dept. Agriculture, Dept. Labor, EPA, ACTION Agency, OMB, OSTP, Council of Economic Advisors, Dept. State (OTA- Observer Status) Activities: Moniter and coordinate Federal Research activities on health effects of Agent Orange. Science Panel: Dr. Vernon Houk (CDC) II. Veterans Administration Advisory Committee on Health Related Effects of Herbicides Chairman: Dr. Barclay Shephard (VA) Members: VA, Veterans Groups, FDA, CDC, EPA, Army Medical Corps, Dept. Agriculture, NIH, private universiites Activities: Advise Administrator of VA on health effects of Agent Orange Agent Orange Projects Office Acting Director: Dr. Barclay Shephard (VA) Members: In-house administrative and research staff, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, VA Activities: Coordinate and moniter epidemiology projects at VA on Agent Orange and related research effortsAgent Orange Policy Coordinating Committee Chairman: Everett Alvarez, Jr. (VA) Members: In-house staff involved in medical information and medical claims. Activities: Review VA policy to make recommendations on Agent Orange issues to the administrator of the VA. III. Department of Defense Army Agent Orange Task Force (AAOTF) Chief: Richard Christian (Army) Members: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and civilian staff Activities: Provide VA with information from military records for the research projects on Agent Orange. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 032 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0589 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Davis, Miriam Michael Simpson Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>The Library of Congress Congressional Research Service, Major Issues System Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 3 1983 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange: Veterans' Complaints and Studies of Health Effects, Issue Brief Number IB83043 Subject The topic of the resource VA health studies legislation ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/e2e570d4f610e7605bedc7e2617927bd.pdf 6c8b9205aedaaf306a0c0df9afa774f8 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01336 Author Smith, Pamela W. Corporate Author Science Policy Research Division, Library of Congress, Report/Article TitlO Agent Orange: Veterans' Complaints Concerning Exposure to Herbicides in South Vietnam, Issue Brief Number IB80040 Journal/Book Title Year 1982 Month/Day APHI 20 Color n Number of Images DeSOriptOU Notes 21 Date originated: 09/06/79, Date Updated: 04/20/82. Includes a table of military projects involving agents orange, purple, pink, or green, with dates and descriptions of projects. Also includes a table of the signs, symptoms, and disorders reported after occupational exposure to TCP, 2,4,5-T or TCDD. Item gives an overview of background and policy analysis, health effects, perseonnel exposure, veterans' problems, Department of Defense efforts, health studies, the Interagency Work Group and Agent Orange Working Group, Congressional action, and legislation and hearings Thursday, May 03, 2001 Page 1336 of 1403 �AGENT ORANGE: VETERANS' COMPLAINTS CONCERNING EXPOSURE TO HERBICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM ISSUE BRIEF NUMBER IB80040 AUTHOR: Pamela W. Smith Science Policy Research Division THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE MAJOR ISSUES SYSTEM DATE ORIGINATED 09/06/79 DATE UPDATED 04/20/82 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CALL 287-5700 0426 �CRS- 1 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 ISSUE DEFINITION From 1962 to 1971, the United States Air Force (USAF) sprayed various herbicide mixtures (chemicals that kill plants) in South Vietnam. The purpose of the spraying was to defoliate jungle growth to deprive the Communist forces of ground cover, and to destroy enemy crops to restrict food supplies. The most extensively used of these herbicide mixtures was known as Agent Orange, a 50:50 mix of two common herbicides called 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic' acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). A third chemical present in the mixture in small amounts was TCDD, an inevitable by-product of the manufacture of 2,4,5-T. This chemical, called tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin or simply "dioxin," is highly toxic to laboratory animals when administered in its pure form. Acute (short-term) toxicity values in humans have not been established, although Gosselin et al., in the 1976 edition of Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, puts TCDD in a class of chemicals for which the "probable lethal dose" for humans would be less than 5 mg/kg, or about 7 drops for a 150 Ib (70 kg) person. CRS has been unable to locate any report of a human death from exposure to pure TCDD. The human health effect that has been most consistently documented following exposure to small amounts of TCDD as a contaminant in other compounds is a skin condition known as chloracne. There is other, less consistent, evidence of damage to the liver and the nervous system in humans. Extensive testing on laboratory animals has been done to determine possible long-term effects of exposure to TCDD. It can induce cancer in some strains of rats and mice (carcinogenicity) , cause fetal death in several species (fetotoxicity) and birth defects in developing mouse fetuses (teratogenicity), but has been found not to cause genetic changes in mammalian cells (mutagenicity). The American Medical Association's Council on Scientific Affairs concluded that "there is no scientific evidence that 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or TCDD has caused reproductive difficulties or hazards in the human. " Congressional interest was triggered by receipt of reports from Vietnam veterans who believed they had been harmed by exposure to herbicides, particularly Agent Orange. The 96th Congress held numerous hearings on the use of herbicides in South Vietnam, and various initiatives to deal with the problem were introduced. P.L. 96-151 was enacted to direct the Veterans Administration (VA) to conduct an epidemiological study on Vietnam veterans to determine whether there may be adverse human health effects associated with exposure to phenoxy herbicides and/or dioxin. This study and other studies planned will help elicit answers to the scientific questions posed by the Veterans Administration in determining whether or not the veterans' medical problems, allegedly due to exposure to Agent Orange and associated herbicides used in Vietnam, are compensable. Following recommendations made by the Interagency Work Group on Phenoxy Herbicides (now the Agent Orange Working Group), legislation was introduced in the 97th Congress to expand the scope of the VA's epidemiological study of the health effects of Agent Orange to include other factors related to military service in Vietnam. The legislation also allows veterans with medically certifiable conditions that might possibly have been caused by exposure to Agent Orange to receive medical care in VA facilities. The bill (H.R. 3499) was considered by the House and Senate in June 1981, put into final form in October, and signed by the President Nov. 3, 1981. Its title is the Veterans' Health Care, Training, and -Small Business Loan Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-72). �CRS- 2 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 BACKGROUND AND POLICY ANALYSIS History During the summer of 1969, the first reports of human birth defects allegedly attributed to Agent Orange appeared in Vietnamese newspapers. Based on these allegations and the results of a study sponsored by the National Cancer Institute that showed that 2,4,5-T contaminated with TCDD caused birth defects in laboratory animals, the USAF stopped spraying 2,4,5-T in South Vietnam by early 1971. Although the Department of Defense maintains that only a limited number of U.S. military personnel can be positively identified as having been exposed to 2,4,5-T in South Vietnam (i.e., crews of aircraft that were used to spray herbicides), it is theoretically possible that large numbers of both military personnel (from the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Australia, and New Zealand) and civilians (especially South Vietnamese peasants) were exposed to 2,4,5-T through the USAF spraying program. A growing number of U.S. veterans who served in South Vietnam have begun to attribute the cause of various chronic ailments which they are now experiencing (especially nervous disorders, cancers, and birth defects in their offspring) to exposure to 2,4,5-T in South Vietnam, and many have filed claims with the VA for compensation. The VA has not yet awarded compensation to veterans for any claims related to 2,4,5-T exposure because of the lack of valid human data to prove a cause and effect relationship between exposure to 2,4,5-T and/or TCDD and specific health effects (except for chloracne). TCDD Contamination The industrial production "of 2,4,5-T always results in some TCDD contamination although TCDD levels can be reduced to about 0.01 parts per million (ppm) with current technology. Because it was not widely recognized until the late 1960s that 2,4,5-T could contain hazardous amounts of TCDD, manufacturers did not start reducing the level of TCDD in 2,4,5-T until the USAF was already winding down its herbicide spraying program. The average TCDD levels in the 2,4,5-T - containing herbicide mixtures used in South Vietnam were approximately 2 ppm in Agent Orange (which accounted for approximately 96% of the 2,4,5-T used in South Vietnam), approximately 32.8 ppm in Agent Purple, and 65.6 ppm in Agents Pink and Green (Agents Purple, Pink, and Green contained the remaining 2,4,5-T used in South Vietnam). The herbicides procured by the USAF were code named after the colored band that was placed around each 55 gallon drum in order to identify the contents. / Health Effects — Animal Data Although TCDD is well established as one of the most toxic chemicals known for acute (short-term) effects, there is no consensus in the scientific community over the -Chronic (long-term) effects on humans of exposure to low levels of TCDD (such as those levels found in the herbicides used in South Vietnam) . Statistically significant animal experiments have demonstrated that �CRS- 3 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 2,4,5-T containing low levels of TCDD and/or TCDD alone have caused various tumors in mice and rats. A recently-released National Toxicology Program bioassay of TCDD confirms these earlier reports that TCDD is carcinogenic in some laboratory animals. Thymic atrophy (without a corresponding loss in immune function) and severe weight loss have been observed in many species after TCDD exposure. In some species, acute exposure to TCDD can cause liver damage. Birth defects such as cleft palate and kidney abnormalities have been reported in baby mice when the mothers were exposed during pregnancy. A National Toxicology Program animal study of male reproductive effects of exposure to TCDD, however, has failed to reveal a statistically significant increase in reproductive abnormalities in TCDD-exposed animals or birth defects in the TCDD-exposed male animals' offspring. Although there is some experimental evidence that TCDD may cause mutations (changes in the cell's genetic material that may produce birth defects in as-yet-unconceived offspring), these experiments have been few, they have been done mainly on non-mammalian species or in vitro (in test tubes), and they have basically been inconclusive. Some investigators feel that humans are less sensitive than animals to the toxic effects of TCDD. There is wide variation of" responses to TCDD among different species, and the mechanisms of its toxicity and metabolism are not understood. More work needs to be done to clarify whether human exposure to TCDD can produce the same health effects with the same potency as those observed in animal studies. Health Effects. -- Human.TData. If a cause and effect relationship is to be scientifically established between human exposure to a chemical and chronic health effects, a study which meets the following minimum criteria must be conducted to prove that such a relationship exists: a group of people (the "study group") must be identified that has already been exposed to the chemical under study (it would help to know the level of exposure); this study group must be large enough to detect chronic effects with statistical significance (to find an effect that occurred in 1 out of 100 people, one would need to examine at least 100 people); a control group must be found that ideally would differ from the study group only by never having been exposed to the chemical under study (thus, any differences in chronic health effects between the study and control groups could be attributed only to exposure to the chemical under study); and, due to the long latency period for many chronic effects, the study and control groups must be followed for as many years after exposure as it takes for the chronic effects to show up (i.e., in carcinogenicity studies, subjects must be followed for a minimum of 10 to 20 years after exposure to the suspect carcinogen). These exacting criteria are not met by most of the studies that have explored the relationship between human exposure to TCDD and/or 2,4,5,-T and subsequent health effects. Only for chloracne has such a cause and effect relationship been well established. Workers who have been exposed to TCDD and/or 2,4,5-T in industrial explosions or who have had other occupational exposure are frequently found to have a skin condition known as chloracne — which resembles normal acne except that it is caused by chemical exposure. Chloracne can appear from weeks to months after initial exposure and while mild cases (blackheads) may clear in a matter of months, severe cases (inflammatory lesions and scars) may last up to 30 years after exposure has ceased. While the severity of chloracne is not thought to correlate precisely with the intensity or duration of exposure to TCDD and/or 2,4,5-T, chloracne is associated so �CRS- 4 IB80040 UPDATE-04/2'0/82 closely with exposure that some scientists argue that patients who have not exhibited chloracne are unlikely to have suffered other toxic effects of TCDD and/or 2,4,5-T exposure. Studies of these exposed workers have also indicated a variety of other health problems. For example, the United States Air Force Technical Report on the Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its associated Dioxin (1978) listed a number of symptoms, signs, or disorders that had been reported after occupational exposure to TCP (trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-T's precursor), 2,4,5-T, or TCDD (see Appendix). As noted, these studies, which reported symptoms associated with human exposure to dioxin, were not conducted in such a way as to prove a cause-and-effect relationship between exposure to TCDD and/or 2,4,5-T and any of these effects, but they may be indicative of such a relationship. Several of the above studies have focused on investigating cancer rates among exposed workers. These studies do not show a clear cause/effect relationship between carcinogenicity associated with exposure to TCDD and/or 2,4,5-T because very few exposed workers (with the exception of those in Nitro, West Virginia) have been followed for more than ten years (the latency period for most cancers being 15 to 40 years after exposure) and the results have been equivocal. However, they support a continuing suspicion and indicate a need for further study. When the scientific panel of the Interagency Work Group on Phenoxy Herbicides reviewed five research papers by European scientists, it concluded that despite the studies' limitations, they do "show a correlation between exposure to phenoxy acid herbicides and an increased risk of some forms of cancer." A soft-tissue "sarcoma study has been proposed that will be conducted jointly by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and the National Cancer Institute. Studies that have been conducted in non-industrial settings have not been able to prove a cause and effect relationship between exposure to TCDD and/or 2,4,5-T and specific health effects. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was directed by Congress P.L. 91-441, sec. 506 (c) to conduct a study on the effects of herbicides in South Vietnam, including health effects. This NAS study, as well as at least three other similar studies that were conducted in South Vietnam during the early 1970s, were unable to find adequate data upon which to reach any conclusions concerning a causal effect between exposure to herbicides and any health effects, including birth defects. An explosion in a Hoffman-LaRoche chemical plant in Seveso, Italy in July 1976 caused thousands of people to be exposed to varying doses of TCDD as a toxic cloud drifted across the Italian countryside in a cone-shaped pattern about a mile long and half a mile wide. Some 5400 people lived in the two zones most directly affected, with an additional 40,000 people potentially exposed. Animals began to die 2 to 3 days after the incident with over 1,100 animals killed by direct exposure to TCDD. Over 700 people were evacuated from their homes. Chloracne was reported in 187 people, mostly children, and it tended to heal rapidly. Long-term human health effects of exposure to TCDD at Seveso are still being studied. Preliminary findings reported in 1979 by Hoffman-LaRoche revealed that Seveso residents had suffered liver damage but that there was no permanent breakdown in liver function. They also reported that rates of spontaneous abortions, fetal malformations, congenital defects, chromosome aberrations, reactions to infectious disease, and morbidity and mortality were not affected by TCDD exposure. As reported by the American Medical Association's Council on Scientific Affairs, "The most recent progress report on the long-term epidemiologic survey of the residents of the Seveso area emphasizes the preliminary nature of their �. . CRS- 5 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 findings and reiterates the conclusions of prior investigators. Except for the skin, no organs or body functions were impaired. No derangement of gestation, no fetal lethality and loss, no gross malformations-, no growth retardation at term and no cytogenetic abnormalities have yet occurred." Health effects of domestic use of 2,4,5-T have been kept under surveillance by various Government agencies for some years. In April 1970, the Departments of Agriculture, Interior, and Health, Education and Welfare jointly announced the suspension of certain uses of 2,4,5-T following studies indicating that it was a teratogen. On Apr. 21, 1978, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR) on 2,4,5-T, finding that the herbicide had exceeded certain risk criteria and inviting comments from interested parties. The RPAR was based on toxicological data from animal studies showing a correlation between 2,4,5-T exposure and cancer and birth defects. One of the comments received was from Alsea, Oregon, claiming that there was a high incidence of miscarriage among area women following spraying of the local forests with 2,4,5-T. EPA investigated this claim and reported its conclusion that the incidence of spontaneous abortion over a 6-year period in Alsea was higher than the rates in two other regions of Oregon that had lower rates of 2,4,5-T usage. Based on the combination of evidence from the animal studies and the Alsea study, EPA announced the emergency suspension of the domestic use of 2,4,5-T on forests, pastures, and rights-of-way on Feb. 28, 1979. The Alsea study has been criticized on methodological grounds by various groups, and its results are rejected by a number of writers. EPA hearings on cancellation of 2,4,5-T began in June 1979. On Mar. 24, 1981, EPA and Dow Chemical requested a recess in the hearing to discuss the possiblity of negotiating a settlement. The recess has been extended while the negotiations continue. Herbicide Spraying in Vietnam Approximately 107 million pounds of herbicides were aerially disseminated on 6 million acres of South Vietnam (an area about the size of Connecticut) from January 1962 to February 1971. Approximately 276,000 gallons of Agents Green, Pink, and Purple were sprayed in South Vietnam prior to 1965 when they were replaced by Agent Orange. Approximately 11 million gallo.ns of Agent Orange were then sprayed in South Vietnam — making it the most widely used herbicide of the war. Ninety percent of Agent Orange was sprayed on 2.9 million acres of inland forests and mangrove forests for defoliation, 8% was sprayed on enemy crops for crop destruction, and the remaining 2% was sprayed around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communications lines. The Air Force continued to operate its herbicide spraying program in South Vietnam until the late 1960s when the National Cancer Institute released results of an animal bioassay that showed 2,4,5-T to be teratogenic and/or fetotoxic in rodents, and newspapers in South Vietnam started reporting health problems among the rural populations who had been exposed to such herbicides. The Air Force first restricted the use of Agent Orange to areas remote from populations in October of 1969, then stopped all airplane spraying of Agent Orange in early 1970 and all helicopter spraying of Agent Orange by 1971. All remaining herbicide stocks were gathered and stored at either Gulfport, Mississippi or Johnston Island in the Pacific until they were incinerated at sea in 1977. The following table outlines major military projects involving handling of Agents Orange, Purple, Pink, or Green in South Vietnam. the �CRS-6 IB80040 UPDATE-04/2'0/82 MILITARY PROJECTS INVOLVING AGENTS ORANGE, PURPLE, PINK, OR GREEN PROJECT DATES DESCRIPTION AGILE 1960-68 Selection of herbicides., and development and evaluation of defoliation techniques. RANCH HAND 1962-71 Aerial spraying of herbicides in South Vietnam. Various USAF Projects 1962-70 'Development and testing of aerial spray equipment. PACER IVY 1971 Air Force Logistics Command Project 1972-77 PACER HO 1977 Redrumming and movement of surplus herbicide from South Vietnam to Johnston Island. Maintenance of herbicide inventory and research on options for disposal. Dedrumming of herbicide inventory and at-sea incineration of Agent Orange. Each of these projects involved some human exposure to the herbicide 2,4,5-T and its contaminant, TCDD. The difficulty lies in determining who may have been exposed and at what level. �CRS-7 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 Personnel Exposed The early trials that were conducted in South Vietnam to improve aircraft spray systems (1960 to early 1962) were conducted by USAF personnel assigned to the Special Aerial Spray Flight Division, Langley AFB, Va. (USAF personnel engaged in the herbicide program did not receive permanent change of station assignments to South Vietnam until 1964 -- thus making it more difficult to track personnel who may have been exposed to herbicides). During late 1962 and early 1963, the Crops Division at Fort Detrick and the USAF Armament Laboratory at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida were involved in efforts to provide improvements in spray system components in support of Operation RANCH HAND. Most of the personnel involved in the actual handling of herbicide drums were Vietnamese. However, a USAF flight mechanic or crew chief was responsible for ensuring that the aircraft were properly loaded and that the spray systems were functional. Each herbicide aircrew consisted of a pilot and a copilot (both usually officers) and a flight mechanic/spray unit operator (usually enlisted). The aircrews were frequently joined by South Vietnamese and U.S. observers. As noted in a USAF report, "within the aircraft, it was not uncommon to have herbicide leakage from around the numerous hose connections joining the spray tank and pumps with the wing and aft spray booms. In hot weather, the odor of herbicide within the aircraft was decidedly noticeable." The USAF has data on 6,542 herbicide spraying missions that took place between August 1965 and February 1971 on its "HERBS" computer tape. These data were compiled on a mission-by-mission basis from reports and files in various commands and offices in South Vietnam and the United States. The HERBS tape contains the following data for each mission: date; mission number; location; province and UTM coordinates; type of herbicide (basically, Agents Orange, White, or Blue); quantity of herbicide; area covered; purpose of mission (defoliation, crop destruction, etc.); and type of aircraft (plane or helicopter). The NAS used the HERBS tape in its evaluation of the effects of herbicides on South Vietnam. After evaluating the HERBS data, the NAS concluded that the HERBS tape accounted for approximately 86% of all herbicide operations in South Vietnam and that "despite certain recognized deficiencies," the HERBS tape is "a reliable source for an assessment of the major part of the herbicide operation in South Vietnam" and "is the best and in fact the only available comprehensive computation of the major part of the herbicide operations conducted in the Vietnam war." When the DOD suspended all use of 2,4,5-T in South Vietnam, the USAF was left with an inventory of 2.22 million gallons of unused Agent Orange (1.37 million gallons which had been shipped to South Vietnam and 0.85 million gallons which were waiting to be shipped at the Naval Construction Battalion Center at Gulfport, Mississippi). In April 1972, the 1.37 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved from South Vietnam to Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean for storage. The total amount of TCDD in the remaining Agent Orange stock was approximately 44.1 pounds. Problems began to arise in both locations as drums reportedly began to leak and the USAF expressed concern over further leakage problems that could occur if a tornado hit the Mississippi site or if a typhoon hit the Pacific site. After exploring a number of options, the USAF decided to dispose of the Agent Orange by burning it at high temperatures at sea on the Dutch incinerator ship named the "Vulcanus." The Agent Orange was drained from the drums at each site and �CRS- 8 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 transferred to the Vulcanus. The empty drums were then rinsed with diesel fuel and crushed. The rinse fluid was combined with the Agent Orange for incineration at sea. A total of 15,480 drums of Agent Orange were processed at the Mississippi site between May 24, 1977, and June 10, 1977, by approximately 110 USAF officers/technicians from the five Air Logistics Centers of the Air Force Logistics Command (located at Kelly AFB Texas; Hill AFB, Utah; Warner Robbins AFB, Georgia; Tinker AFB, Oklahoma; and McCellan AFB, California). A total of 24,795 drums of Agent Orange were processed at the Johnston Island site between July 27, 1977, and Aug. 23, 1977. Approximately 100 civilian employees hired by a contractor performed the dedrumming process. At both the Johnston Island and Mississippi sites, workers were provided with daily changes of work clothes and some with protective clothing. The Agent Orange was incinerated at sea in the period from July to September 1977. Results of industrial hygiene studies conducted at the time of the disposal operation by the U.S. Air Force (Gulfport) and the Battelle Memorial Institute (Johnston Island) revealed no immediate adverse health effects among the personnel involved in the operation. Department of Defense, Efforts The USAF has stated that it can now identify 1,264 servicemen who were directly exposed to Agent Orange as they handled herbicide., containers and flew spraying missions in South Vietnam. The Air Force has initiated a health effects study of Air Force personnel involved in operation "Ranch Hand," who sprayed Agent Orange in Vietnam. The Department of Defense (DOD) believes that these individuals had at least 1000 ti-mes more exposure .to Agent Orange than the average ground troops. The epidemiological study will try to determine whether a causal relationship can be established between exposure to the 2,4-D/2,4,5-T mixture and long-term health effects. Although the study was originally scheduled to begin in October 1979, peer review of its protocols forced delays. The University of Texas School of Public Health, the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board and the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board reviewed the study protocols and recommended modifications. Then the Air Force asked the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review the protocols. On May 6, 1980, the NAS announced recommendations that the scope and duration of the study be expanded to increase the likelihood of obtaining definitive data. NAS also expressed concern about the public perception of credibility and impartiality of a study conducted internally by the Air Force. The Interagency Work Group's Scientific Panel, however, has recommended that the study, as designed by the Air Force, be conducted because, despite its limitations, it provides "a focus as to the type of health effects that may possibly occur in other (ground troop) personnel." The Ranch Hand study is proceeding in several phases and will continue for 20 years. The first phase consists of a detailed medical history questionnaire, which has been administered to the Ranch Handers in their homes by trained interviewers from Louis Harris and Associates. A carefully matched control group, selected from military records held by the Air Force, has also been interviewed. The first data from the questionnaire should be available by mid-summer 1982. Also underway is the second phase of the study, a 3-day series of physical examinations, including a battery of psychological tests, which will be given to both the study group and the controls. The contractor for this phase is Kelsey-Seabold of Houston. The exams are scheduled to be completed by September 1982, with preliminary findings available 2 to 3 months later. Follow-up exams will be conducted at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 years. A mortality analysis on the Ranch Hand group is �, , , CRS- 9 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 in progress at the Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, with data anticipated around August 1982, and a mortality tracking program will be continued throughout the study. Information on the health status of the veterans, as shown by the questionnaires and the physical examinations, will provide data for a morbidity analysis. Many of the veterans who have filed claims with the VA for compensation for health effects caused by exposure to TCDD in South Vietnam did not hold jobs that caused direct exposure to 2,4,5-T. They claim that their exposure occurred indirectly either by being sprayed with overhead planes (although substances other than herbicides were also sprayed from planes) or by being exposed to 2,4,5-T in the environment. According to the DOD, military personnel did not usually enter areas sprayed with Agent Orange until 4 to 6 weeks after treatment. However, a recent General Accounting Office investigation concluded that a large number of Marines in the I Corps section of Vietnam from 1966-1969 were in, or close to, areas sprayed with Agent Orange on both the day of spraying and within 4 weeks afterward. Some Army units were also close to Agent Orange spraying. The Department of Defense has recently made progress in identifying ground troops that may have been exposed to Agent Orange. Two Army and one Marine battalion - 31st Engineer Battalion, 2050 troops; 1st Squadron, 9th Calvary (Air Mobil), 2300 troops and 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, have been identified as being in areas of Agent Orange operations. Exact numbers, locations, and identities of individuals who may have been sprayed are impossible to determine. Veterans' Problems and Veterans^ .Administration E_f_fO'rts The first reports of veterans' concerns over health effects of exposure to 2,4,5-T began to appear in late 1977 and early 1978, following media coverage of several veterans' claims. Veterans have associated a number of illnesses with exposure to 2,4,5-T, including skin conditions, fatague, nervousness, numbness in extremities, vision and/or hearing impairments, birth d'efects in offspring, reduced libido, miscarriages, impotency, respiratory problems, gastro-intestinal tract disturbances, and various cancers, as well as a variety of other illnesses. As of Apr. 1, 1982, the VA had received 13064 claims for damage reportedly related to in-service exposure to herbicides? 2986 claims have been made due only to exposure to the herbicides and not for any specific condition; 10078 claims have been filed for specific conditions related to herbicide exposure, but 3469 of these have not had the diagnosis con-firmed by medical authority. Of the 6609 claims with a confirmed diagnosis, 923 (13.7%) have been allowed for reasons other than Agent Orange exposures and 5686 (86.3%) have been denied. Approximately 93% or 858 of the total 923 claims allowed were for service-connected skin conditions, and the remaining 7% or 65 claims were allowed for cancer, psychiatric and neurological conditions, and various other miscellaneous disabilities. The 5686 claims denied fall into the following categories (many claims have more than one claimed diagnosis): 3055 for various skin conditions; 2335 for nervousness, headache, or fatigue; 886 for paralysis or numbness; 751 for gastro-intestinal or genito-urinary conditions; 399 for various malignancies; 356 for impaired sexual activity; 394 for eye, ear, nose, and throat conditions; 274 for lung conditions; 227 for cardiovascular conditions; and 137 for miscellaneous conditions. The VA has not awarded compensation for the claims of chronic illnesses related to Agent Orange exposure because of the lack of valid human data to prove a �CRS-10 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 cause and effect relationship between exposure to a 2,4,5-T/2,4-D mixture and/or TCDD and specific chronic health effects. Previously, the difficulty of determining which veterans' were or were not exposed to Agent Orange was also a factor in denying compensation, but more recently the VA has conceded exposure for all veterans who were in Vietnam. The VA is maintaining a registry of all Vietnam veterans who have come to VA hospitals and health care facilities expressing concern about possible herbicide-related health problems. Each such veteran, whether experiencing any health problems or not, is given a physical examination; currently, some 2700-2800 exams are being conducted each month. Data from all the exams is being computerized into a central Agent Orange Registry in addition to the individual records being maintained at the local VA facilities. As of Mar. 25, 1982, 81,670 veterans had received the initial exam, and about 61,000 of the records had been coded into the computer. Information from the registry is being analyzed to determine if the veterans have an increased rate of any particular diseases. Thus far, nothing unusual or unexpected has turned up. Treatment of any health problems uncovered by the exams is handled under normal VA procedures regarding service-connection, ability to pay for medical care, etc., with the exception that special guidelines have been issued for the handling of conditions possibly related to Agent orange. In the Federal Register of Dec. 2, 1981, pursuant to Public Law 97-72, the VA issued guidelines for use by its physicians to "assist them in making determinations in individual cases as to whether a disability may have been caused" by exposure to Agent Orange. Even though treatment may be given for some conditions, the VA specified that "In accordance with congressional intent, a determination to furnish care under this authority does not establish that the condition for which medical care is provided is service-connected" for purposes of compensation or vocational rehabilitation eligibility. Three additional VA activities on Agent Orange include participation in the tissue registry, the Chloracne Task Force, and investigations into TCDD residues in body fat tissue of veterans. When VA facilities perform surgery or autopsies on Vietnam veterans, tissue samples are taken and sent to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology where a special tissue registry is being maintained. Examination of approximately 800 specimens has so far shown no significant clustering of tumors or other particular disease features. The Chloracne Task Force was established in response to a congressional request to sift out those cases of skin conditions that either resemble or are truly Chloracne. Those veterans whose medical records show a definite possibility of Chloracne will be invited to come to non-VA clinics for re-examination by dermatologists who have an expert knowledge of the disease. The VA has conducted a study to determine if TCDD can be detected in the body fat tissues of Vietnam veterans at any higher levels than in veterans who were not in Vietnam. Dioxin in body fat is measured in parts per trillion, levels which are at the technological limits of available detection methods. The test requires surgical removal of tissue from the abdomen and chemical analysis of the sample on gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry instruments. The results of the study were inconclusive, and the VA has decided that the reliability of the procedure is not sufficient to warran-t its use in attempting to verify dioxin exposure. An additional problem is that dioxin contamination is so ubiquitous (from domestic herbicide use and from its formation in municipal incinerators) that it may likely be found in everyone's fat tissue. As mandated in P.L. 96-151, the Veterans' Affairs Amendments, the VA is currently preparing to perform an epidemiological study of Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange. Although the study's protocol has been developed �CRS- 11 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 and validated by an independent group, the VA will perform the testing and collect the data, with oversight by a non-VA scientific committee. Procurement of an independent contractor for the study's protocol was delayed for 14 months by a protest filed by the National Veterans Law Center (NVLC) . The NVLC alleged that not only was the .VA violating procurement law, but also the study as currently contemplated did not comply with the requirements of P.L. 96-151. On Feb. 2, 1981, the General Accounting Office concluded its investigation and denied the NVLC protest. On May 5, 1981, the VA announced the awarding of a contract to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Public Health for the design of the epidemiological study. UCLA submitted its first draft of the protocol to the VA in August 1981; it was peer-reviewed by the VA Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of Herbicides, by the Office of Technology Assessment, and by the Science Panel of the Agent Orange Working Group. All the review groups judged the draft protocol to be inadequate and not in compliance with the contract. UCLA has since modified the protocol, expanding on problem areas and incorporating the suggestions of the review groups; its final submission to the VA is due April 29, 1982. As with the Ranch Hand study, this epidemiological study will have two main parts: a questionnaire on health status and medical and occupational history, and a physical exam with laboratory workup. The study group will be 18,000 veterans, divided into 3 cohorts of 6000 each. Two of the cohorts will have had Vietnam service, and will be distinguished as having a high or a low likelihood of herbicide exposure. The third cohort will be veterans with non-Vietnam military service. Inclusion of the third group will generate data about the health effects of Vietnam service in addition to the information expected about herbicide-related health effects. The study will commence with a pilot project to field test its procedures.and the questionnaire. P.L. 96-151 also mandated the VA to conduct a comprehensive review and scientific analysis of the worldwide literature on Agent Orange and other phenoxy herbicides. JRB Associates prepared the review under contract, and the VA published the 2-volume study in October 1981. The VA is now preparing to contract for an update to the literature review, to reflect new reports and data -that have appeared. The Interagency Work Group on Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants, established in December 1979, recommended that the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) perform a case-control study to see if there is an increased incidence of specific malformations in children of Vietnam veterans. The population to be studied is a group of 7500 children who have birth defects and who are registered in CDC's Birth Defects Program (in operation since the late 1960s). Information on the families of these children, gained by extensive interviews and questionnaires, will be compared with that for 300 normal controls. The data will be analyzed to see what risk factors in the parents' lives, including military service in Vietnam, may be related to increased incidence of malformations in their children. CDC has completed a pilot study on a representative sample of the two groups to test the questionnaire and the procedures for finding the families. The main study will be started in late April 1982, and a preliminary report on the issue of Vietnam service is expected in the fall of 1983. Detailed analysis of the data on all risk factors will take several years to complete. On Sept. 22, 1980, the Work Group held its first public meeting to discuss problems and proposals related to exposure to herbicides. On Jan. 19, 1981, the Secretary of Health and Human Services established the "Advisory Committee on Special Studies Relating to the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants" to advise the Secretary and �CRS- 12 IB80040 UPDATE-0'4/20/82 the Chair of the Interagency Work Group on Herbicides concerning the Advisory Committee's oversight of the conduct of the Ranch Hand Study being conducted by the Air Force. In its seventh report to the White House, the Work Group's Scientific Panel concluded that: While it is difficult to accept logically that a single causative factor -- Herbicide Orange -- could be responsible for such a diverse set of health effects as alleged by Vietnam veteran claims to the VA , there is no definitive evidence that permits selective exclusion of some of these illnesses. Further, it is possible that some of these health effects are occurring as a consequence of Vietnam^ service but not due to exposure to Herbicide Orange. The Science Panel is not aware of any data that suggest a modification of its previous recommendation that the •focus of a study of Vietnam veterans should be broadened to consider Vietnam service as the exposure factor rather than focus solely on Herbicide Orange exposure.... The Science Panel is in receipt of data which indicate that there is at best a remote chance of accurate identification of specific ground troops who were exposed to Herbicide Orange.... The Panel is therefore of the opinion that design of a scientifically valid Herbicide Orange study of ground troops may not be possible. If the focus of a study of Vietnam veterans is broadened to consider Vietnam service as the exposure factor, a study of ground troops is necessary and a scientifically valid study can be designed. On July 17, 1981, the Interagency Work Group was renamed and its membership expanded. Now called the Agent Orange Working Group, it is part of the Cabinet Council on Human Resources. The Department of Health and Human Services is the lead agency. Because the VA currently recognizes only chloracne as a human health effect that can be proven to be caused by exposure to 2,4,5-T, veterans may have difficulty being compensated for even those effects for which there is strong animal evidence (i.e., cancer and birth defects caused in utero which are those birth defects that cannot be caused by the father and require the mother and fetus to be exposed during the actual pregnancy). Veterans who claim compensation for health effects which are not supported by strong animal data (i.e., mutations -- which could cause genetic defects in the father's sperm that would affect children conceived after exposure) may have an even tougher case to argue. The veteran's question then becomes: How much evidence is required to prove the right to compensation? On whom does the burden of proof lie (the veteran or the VA)? .If more evidence is needed, who will generate it? And finally, what constitutes fair treatment of veterans while the necessary data are being gathered? Congressional Action of the 96th Congress The 96th Congress responded to the problems of establishing a cause and effect relationship between veterans' exposure to herbicides in South Vietnam and the various health problems they are now experiencing by holding hearings and enacting legislation. �CRS- 13 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 The Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce held hearings on June 24 and 25, 1979, to hear testimony from veterans who allegedly have been affected by herbicide exposure and from the Veterans Administration regarding its efforts to unequivocally determine the relationship between herbicide exposure and health effects. The Subcommittee on Medical Benefits and Facilities of the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs held two sets of hearings on the hazards associated with TCDD, veterans' complaints of health effects associated with Agent Orange exposure, and Veterans Administration's efforts to resolve the Agent Orange problem. The Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee also held hearings to Agent Orange problem. examine the As a step to gain access to records to locate veterans who may have been exposed to herbicides in-service, Title V of H.R. 2282, the Veterans' Disability Compensation and Survivors' Benefits Amendments of 1979, requires the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, upon request by the VA (or other appropriate agency) to request the current mailing address from the Internal Revenue Service of persons whom the VA certifies may have been exposed to occupational hazards. H.R. 2282 was passed in lieu of its companion bill, S. 689, and became Public Law 96-128 on Nov. 28, 1979. Title III of H.R. 3892, the Veterans' Affairs amendments, directs the Veterans Administration to conduct an epidemiological study of the long-term health effects on individuals from exposure to dioxins in Vietnam, upon the Office of Technology Assessment's (OTA) approval of its protocol. Its companion bill, S. 1039, was incorporated in H.R. 3892 as an amendment, and the measure was enacted by Congress and signed by the President on Dec. 20, 1979 (P.L. 96-151) . If enacted, S. 2096 would have directed the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (now, Health and Human Services) to undertake an epidemiological study to determine the long-term adverse human health effects associated with exposure to dioxins produced during the manufacture of phenoxy herbicides. This bill proposed to investigate the long-term health effects of exposure to dioxins, in general, not just to Agent Orange. As similarly incorporated in H.R. 3892, S. 2096 would have required that the study's protocol be approved by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment. This bill was presented to the President on Dec. 21, 1979, and vetoed by him on Jan. 2, 1980. President Carter vetoed the bill because the White House counsel believed that such a procedure violated the separation of power between the legislative branch and the executive branch. He did not feel that the Department of Health and Human Services' study protocol should be subject to approval by a congressional agency. Title X of H.R. 5288, the Veterans' Rehabilitation Program and Veterans' Educational Assistance Program would have directed the Secretary of Health and Human Services to conduct a study of veterans and other groups exposed to the herbicide known as "Agent Orange" to determine if there may be adverse health effects associated with such exposure. Like H.R. 3892 (P.L. 96-151) and S. 2096, the bill called for OTA approval of the study's protocol. The bill also would have required the Secretary of Health and Human Services to coordinate its efforts with other studies in the Federal Government. During the debate on S. 1188, its companion bill, the Disabled Veterans' Rehabilitation Act, the Senate adopted an amendment offered by Senator �CRS-14 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 Cranston to expand the study on health effects of exposure to Agent Orange to include other factors related to service in Vietnam. The Senate also adopted an amendment offered by Senator Heinz requiring the VA to promulgate regulations regarding guidelines to resolve veterans' disability claims based on exposure to Agent Orange. The ' amendments were striken by the House because they were considered to be "non-germane" to the primary focus of the bill. S. 1872 (the Vietnam Veterans' Act); H.R. 6050 (the Vietnam Veterans' Act); H.R. 6377 (the Vietnam Era Veterans Agent Orange Act); each would have established a presumption of service-connected disability for health effects in Vietnam veterans (and birth defects in their children) exposed to Agent Orange. H.R. 8238 (Independent Agent Orange Study) would have directed the Veterans Administrator to request the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a study on veterans exposed to Agent Orange. H.R. 8300 would have expanded the scope of the Agent Orange study currently being coordinated by the VA and would have established deadlines for promulgating regulations related to Agent Orange exposure claims. These bills received no action. LEGISLATION P.L. 97-72, H.R. 3499 Veterans' Health Care, Training and Small Business Loan Act of 1981. Amends title 38, U.S. Code, to extend the Vietnam-era veterans' readjustment counseling program, to provide medical care for Vietnam veterans exposed to herbicide defoliants (including Agent Orange), to recover the cost of certain health care provided by the VA, and authorizes the VA to expand the scope of its epidemiological study on the health effects of Agent Orange, and other purposes. Introduced May 7, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Committee consideration and mark-up session held May 12. Reported to House (amended) by Committee on Veterans' Affairs (H.Rept. 97-79) May 19. Passed House (amended) June 2, 1981. Received in the Senate June 3. Senate struck all after the Enacting Clause and substituted the language of S. 921, June 16. Passed Senate in lieu of S. 921 with amendments, June 16, 1981. House concurred in Senate amendments with amendments Oct. 2, 1981. Senate agreed to House amendments Oct. 16, 1981. Signed into law Nov. 3, 1981. H.R. 523 (Roe) Amends Title 38, U.S. Code, to waive the 1-year limitation on claims for compensation from the Veterans Administration for disabilities and diseases incurred in or aggravated by military service in the case of claims by veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era for compensation for disabilities resulting from exposure to the phenoxy herbicides known as Agent Orange or other phenoxy herbicides. Introduced Jan. 5, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H.R. 1173 (Montgomery, by request) Amends section 307 of P.L. 96-151, by assigning the responsibility of designating a protocol for, and conducting an epidemiological study of, veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange, to an independent scientific agency. Introduced Jan. 22, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H.R. 1962 (Oilman) �- . , CRS- 15 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 Amends the Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979 to require the Veterans Administration and the National Academy of Sciences to enter into an agreement under which the Academy will conduct an epidemiological study of veterans exposed to Agent Orange. Introduced Feb. 19, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H.R. 2157 (Mottl) Expands the scope of a study required to be conducted by the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs concerning the effect on humans of exposure to the chemical known as Agent Orange. Introduced Feb. 25, 1981: referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. VA requested Executive comment Mar. 2, 1981. Referred to Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care Apr. 28. Hearings held Apr. 30. Subcommittee consideration and mark-up session held. Clean bill forwarded to full committee. H.R. 2297 (Downey) Amends Title 38, United States Code, to waive the 1-year limitation on claims for compensation from the Veterans Administration for disabilities and disease incurred in or aggravated by military service in the case of claims by veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era for compensation for disabilities resulting from exposure to the phenoxy herbicides known as "Agent Orange" or other phenoxy herbicides. Introduced Mar. 4, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H.R. 2493 (Daschle) Amends Title 38, United States Code, to provide a presumption of service connection for the occurrence of certain diseases in veterans who were exposed to herbicides in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era. Introduced Mar. 12, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H.R. 2953 (Daschle) Entitles veterans exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam era to specified medical benefits. Extends the period during which veterans of such era may initially request psychological readjustment counseling. Extends specified educational assistance without delimiting periods for vocational training for specified veterans determined to be in need of such assistance. Introduced Apr. 1, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Referred to Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care Apr. 28. Hearings held Apr. 28. Subcommittee consideration and mark-up session held Apr. 30, 1981. H.R. 3163 (Railsback) Requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services to arrange for an independent epidemiological study of persons exposed to Agent Orange. Introduced Apr. 8, 1981; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce. Referred to Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Apr. 9, 1981. S. 636 (Cranston et al.) Entitles the United States to recover the costs of certain medical care and services furnished to a veteran for a non-service-connected disability when disability is covered by another form of insurance or compensation. Permits the expansion of the scope of the epidemiological and literature �CRS- 16 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 study of the long term adverse health effects of exposure to Agent Orange during the Vietnamese conflict to include the effects of other factors. Introduced Mar. 5, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. S. 689 (Heinz) Amends section 307 of the Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979 to require the promulgation of regulations containing guidelines for resolving claims for veterans benefits based on exposure, to Agent Orange, and for other purposes. Introduced Mar. 12, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Hearings held Apr. 30, 1981. S. 921 (Simpson) Extends the authority of the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to contract for hospital care or medical services in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands without reference to patient loads or incidence of provision of medical services for veterans treated by the Veterans' Administration in the contiguous 48 States. Introduced "Apr. 8, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Reported with amendment May 15, 1981 (S.Rept. 97-89); H.R. 3499 passed in lieu (see P.L. 97-72 above) June 16, 1981. S. 1345 <Heinz) Authorizes the Administrator of the Veterans' Administration to provide hospital or nursing home care to a veteran for treatment of a condition associated with exposure to Agent Orange during service in Vietnam. Extends the Vietnam-era veterans' readjustment counseling program. Directs the Administrator to expand the scope of the epidemiological study of long term adverse health effects of other factors involved in such service. Introduced June 8, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. S. 1953 (Specter) Amends title 38, United States Code to provide a presumption of service connection for the occurrence of certain diseases in veterans who were exposed to phenoxy herbicides while serving in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam era. Introduced Dec. 15, 1981; referred to Committee on Veterans Affairs. HEARINGS U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Agent Orange: exposure of Vietnam veterans. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Sept. 25, 1980. 249 p. Involuntary exposure to Agent Orange and other toxic spraying. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st session. June 26 and 27, 1979. 256 p. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Ad Hoc Subcommittee. Status of Vietnam veterans in the Bay area. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Apr. 10, 1980. 64 p. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care. �% .. , CRS- 17 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 Legislation to improve medical programs administered by the Veterans Administration (H.R. 2157, H.R. 2953, and H.R. 2999). Hearings, 97th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 28, 1981. 54 p. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. .Subcommittee on Medical Facilities and Benefits. Herbicide "Agent Orange". Hearing, 95th Congress, 2d session. Oct. 11, 1978. 62 p. Oversight hearing to receive testimony on Agent Orange. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Feb. 25, 1980. 121 p. ----- Oversight hearing to receive testimony on Agent Orange. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. July 22, 1980. 459 p. --—•- Scientific community report on Agent Orange. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Sept. 16, 1980. 145 p. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Current status of Agent Orange studies. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session. May 6, 1981. 385 p. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Agent Orange update and appendix: Agent Orange activities (part II). Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d session. Sept. 10, 1980. 1368 p. Oversight on issues related to Agent Orange and other herbicides. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session. Nov. 18, 1981. (not yet printed) • VA health resources and program extensions and appendix: Agent Orange activities. Hearing, 96th Congress, 1st session, on S. 741 and S. 196. Apr. 10,. 1979. 462 p. • Veterans' Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1981. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session, on S. 26 (titles II and III, only), S. 380, S. 458, S. 636, S. 689, S. 872, S. 914, S. 921, and related bills. Apr. 30, 1981. 685 p. • Vietnam veterans' readjustment. Hearings, 96th Congress, 2d session. Feb. 21, Mar. 4, and May 21, 1980. Part 2. 595-2082 p. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES American Medical Association. Council on Scientific Affairs. Health effects of "Agent Orange" and dioxin contaminants (Executive Summary). 1981. 6 p. Behrens, Richard, et al. Comments from CAST (Council on Agricultural Science and Technology): Dioxin. 1978, 9 p. Bucfc, Craig. The Death of a nation. Aug. 28, 1978: 49-50, 52-55. New west, v. 3, �CRS-18 IB80040 UPDATE-04/20/82 Cookson, Clive. "Emergency" ban on 2,4,5-T herbicide in U.S. Nature, v. 278, Mar. 8, 1979: 10'8-110. Davis, Donald E. et al. Comments from CAST (Council on Agricultural Science and Technology): Agent orange. 1978. 5 p. Galston, Arthur W. Herbicides: a mixed blessing. v. 29, February 1979: 85-90. Bioscience, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: 2,5,5-T, vol. 15, August 1977. JRB Associates. Review of literature on herbicides, including phenoxy herbicides and associated dioxins. Washington, Veterans Administration, 1981. 2v. Laporte, Joan-Ramon. Multinationals and health: reflections on the Seveso catastrophe. International journal of health services, v. 8, no. 4, 1978: 619-632. National Research Council. The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam: Part A. Summary and conclusions. Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1974. AD-774-749. 398 p. Peterson, Jeannie. Seveso: 1978: 232-239. the event. Ambio, v. 7, no. 5-6, Reggiani, G. Localized contamination with TCDD - Seveso, Missouri, and other areas. In: Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzodioxins and related products, ed. Renate D. Kimbrough. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 1980. Severe, Richard. Seveso: lessons from an escape. June 17, 1978: 101-102, 104-106, 108. U.S. Economist, v. 2.67, General Accounting Office. Health effects of exposure to herbicide orange in South Vietnam should be resolved, Apr. 6, 1979. CED-79-22. U.S. ground troops in South Vietnam were in areas sprayed with herbicide orange. Nov. 16, 1979. FPCD-80-23. Young, Alvin et al. The toxicology, environmental fate and human risk of herbicide orange and its associated dioxin. The Surgeon General, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. October 1978. Walsh, John. Seveso: the questions persist where dioxin created a wasteland. Science, v. 197, Sept. 9, 1977: 1064-1067. Whiteside, Thomas. Defoliation. New York, Ballantine, •- The pendulum and the toxic cloud. New Haven, Yale 1970. �, .. k CRS-19 IB80040 University Press, 1979. Zimmerman, David R. Agent Orange: Vietnam's lingering poison. American health, v. 1, no. 1, Mar./Apr. 1982: 68-72. UPDATE-04/20/82 �Signs, Symptoms, and Disorders Reported After Occupational Exposure to TCP, 2,4,5-T or TCDD 0) O -C I/I Q> Q> O> flj o *D 10 ID V 3C Source *j e o <U in 0) o C ~O (U C V) ID -C O) —. <D 1_ C7I a ro (U J_ V) <u L. O a> >- C ID •— i>- «O Q. >- v. Poland et al. (62) j: o. o- 4 11 8 o >ID — o> a: o < 5 18 30 I a. u a> 17 8 20 48 17 C o (U 0) o c as 0) -C U C — flj D ID 10 — Q. a) •z. a (D </> c m ID cn — c .E o -a JD < a) i_ a. l- o X — Q) 4-1 U •— O E C O a) 0) Q 22 + 87 Hardell (33) K i m m i g and Schulz Jirasek et al. (37) o (/I i- >— a> 3c Dugois et al. (24) Kramer (4g) (D — in Q. L. a B l e i b e r g et al. (1*0 tfl E *-> tj* 3 Baader and Bauer (6) Bauer et al. (9) U (U ID V. > »- V) 31 3 + 12 19 78 Jirasek et al. (33) Pazderova et al. (61) M i u r a et al. (54) 23 O l i v e r (57) 27 2 + Ter Beek et al. (79) Zelikov and Danilov (88) Total number of cases reported c 53 + 1 •f 1 17 15 18 0 47 75 275 0 91 47 17 23 a Number entries in table reflect the number of cases in which sign, symptom or disorder was reported. °+ - Sign, symptom or disorder reported but number of cases not given. c Numbers do not include cases represented by "+" and totals may represent some double counting due to the overlap to studies by Jirasek et al. and Pazderova et al. SOURCE: Young, Alvin et al. The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, p. VI-14. (Numbers in parentheses identify sources in Young's bibliography.) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 051 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1336 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smith, Pamela W. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Science Policy Research Division, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 20 1982 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange: Veterans' Complaints Concerning Exposure to Herbicides in South Vietnam, Issue Brief Number IB80040 Subject The topic of the resource dioxin Agent Orange Controversy AOWG VA ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 033 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0653 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Flowers, Franklin P. Neil A. Fenske Pattye A. Whisman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of the Florida Medical Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981-12-01 Title A name given to the resource Agent Orange: What's It All About? Subject The topic of the resource dioxin health effects human exposure VA ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 028 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0429 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of the American Medical Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 11 1980 Title A name given to the resource Air Force Will Study Men Who Sprayed Agent Orange Subject The topic of the resource Air Force Health Study compensation VA congressional hearings ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 053 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1412 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. M. R. Flicker H. K. Kang B. M. Shepard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Total Environment II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Title A name given to the resource Chapter 14: Health Surveillance of Vietnam Veterans Claiming Agent Orange Exposure Subject The topic of the resource dioxin Agent Orange controversy VA Agent Orange Registry ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 050 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1323 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>National Veterans Task Force on Agent Orange Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Title A name given to the resource Conference Information Packet Subject The topic of the resource VA veteran health and hygiene health studies herbicide regulation ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 044 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1105 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomasson, W. A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979-05-01 Title A name given to the resource Deadly Legacy: Dioxin and the Vietnam Veteran Subject The topic of the resource health effects VA ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 033 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0655 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fox, Jeffrey L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 16 1983 Title A name given to the resource Dioxin's Health Effects Remain Puzzling Subject The topic of the resource human VA TCDD ao_seriesIII