1 15 42 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/ef00dc858444495ba4f7cf3cdea8bec7.pdf 1c4746eb5a15080ba0eaea459a168413 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01 ess Author Corporate Author Roport/Artldo TitlB Table: Fat Biopsy Cases Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images n 2 '-'sts status' exposure, symptoms or diagnosis. Names of study participants are not provided. Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1656 of 1688 �FAT BIOPSY CASES • ! Spec.// Name SS •:? Status Exposure I \ Symptoms or Diagnosis .CO Q ,*"" i i Study ? (13 days in Vietnam) : Astrocytoma &"*^ ' 2. Active Air Force 3. 4. 5. i : ! ' None 6068 hours I 1056 hours ; 1046 ; None None hours Control None \ Right Inguinal Hernia 6. Study ? Mild direct : Acoustic neuroma, . Thyroid nodule 7. Control None 8. Study ? Mild Direct Chronic ulcer, It. index finger 9. Study ? Pro longed, mi Id 10 yrs. fever, fatigue diffuse pains, sex problems, psychiatric i Carcinoma of Rectum : • \ \ 10. Study Prolonged, direct Repeated Back pain, "pinched nerve" Study Prolonged, direcc Wife miscarried 2 1/2 yrs. Repeated ago, chest pain, dyspnea, urinary frequency and i J 11. \ i \ nocturia. 1 12. : F ! Study No diagnosis or symptoms ' Pluky/Ankly Field medic ? Exposure i * i . j i �FAT BIOPSY CASES, CON'T 00 O o Spec, Name S. S. Status 13. Exposure Symptoms or Diagnosis 30 Direct in spraying permits DMZ Caralo 1978 Lt. mastectomy for gynecomastia and galactorrhea conjunctivitis, plantar warts Nervousness Sarcoidosis by biopsy Mediastinal lymph nodes 14. itudv 1968-69 Army helicopter Pilot flying through spray claims severe, direct, repeated exposure 15. studv 104 exposures Rash on legs in Vietnam Spraying perimeteirDiarrhea "Jungle rot" Cuchi, 1 year toenails and groin Nervousness began, 1972 16. Stud'. Dong Ho 1967-68 Son had congenital heart and Base camp sprayed repeatedly Pt;. had foot problem after return from service. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1655 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Table: Fat Biopsy Cases Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/4115db0768c643490ac39192109a668f.pdf 5719c7e2857ece90c616224bd817735b PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01654 Author Corporate Author Roport/Artldo TltlO Table: Fat Biopsy Study Cases Journal/Book Title Yoar 000 ° Month/Day Color ^ Numberoflnian.es 10 DOSCPlptOn NOtOS Lists Place-mode-duration of exposure; dates & symptoms/diagnosis; occupation/subsequent toxin exposure; and family symptoms. Names of study participants are not provided. Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1655 of 1688 �F A T [ Name and Age Placc-Moda-Duration Dates Exposure SQC. SQC. 4 1 (ii) i .JA. Air Force-Cam Kahh Bay Oct. 1967 - 13 days **M ' Headquarters personnel -fl-in.!^ ^ ^o dQfjnitivc exposure known Clinical Laboratory - Ilematol- Aatrocytoma-craniotomy 10/7/76-Asymptomatic 1979 "kidney condition" unknown diagnosis LivarKenal- tlematolFragment wound scars face, Marine-Da Nang and arm and thumb. Acoustic neurPhipul 1966-1968 Chest x-rayField and foxhole machine oma-occipital craniotomy 6 (H) -£~ ^ $ ^ ' Dates & Symptomn/Olagnosis B I O P S Y gunner in rice paddles Drank from local lakes t * ^5\ No protective gear on l-^ maneuvers. Claims mild direct exposure skin 2/16/79, Thyroid nodule Liver- 4/18/79. Total thyroidectomy & re implant parathyroid Left orbital headaches 1&1/2 Renal- years. contact & ingest icm 3 (H) ' Chu Lai- Army. Cutting trails 4 setting camps ~T~ *^- in Jungle-after spraying '/'*-> "Y^j ^— • 2-3 days exposure-mild direct early 1970akin contact* Hc ma col- Chronic ulcer, It. index fingar, 2-3 mths. after breaking beer bottle in hand February 1979 Chest x-ray- ? Landing zone Song Be Nay Nov. 1969. Drove water truck from lake to L Z, Agents orange & white stored In the area-he drank & ato from lake 0 water & feels water was contaminated. Army-was in vehicle entire time of exposure* Ingefltlonoild-prolonged 1 i : Renal- 9 (H) Liver- | Hematol- Fever & fatigue, 16 years Diffuse numbness and tlngllnf of extremities, muscle | Liver-- fatlgability claimed 8/9/78 not mentioned on 12/1/69. Had workup for claim of "rhinitis" & "back conditioi "Sex & psychiatric problems" Renal1 Electromyogram Nerve conduction studiw Muscle enzymes Neurologic consultation j �Consultations Occupittion Subsequent Toxin Exposure X-ray Rx. f> Cliem t Family Symptoms and Dfttiirftc (Wfi'i. : ' ••• g O 5; pks. cig/da-1'tyr Radiation Tonsils 1950 15 pks,/yrs. cigarettes i None I • ! I Construction worker-no toxic exposure . I $ \ \ Single s 1 No mycsthenlc patter ! None Non-smoker J •i Record None Rx. , po <;L craniotomy 1976 Chlorine-worked for city In wel] ~ Military Record Data End point nystagmus, bilateral �1'AT Spec. S Name and Age Placo-Mode-Duration Dates Exposure Soc, Sec. J? Back pain-"pinchcd nerve" Army-helicopter crew 1 month abd. pain & mild Many exposures handling epigastric tenderness on PI bulk chemical & spraying from helicopter in north- Plantar wart, rt. foot ern I campana May 69May 1970. Severe, direct repeated prolonged exposui e agents orange, blue. No protective gear. Ate and .-drank from contaminate d utensils. Skin contact, inhalation , Inges t ion . 10 ( ) H ^M 7-^ ,. ,. / <\ ', • [_/' Dates & Symptoms/Diagnosis • 11 (11' Army helicopter door gunner and sprayer, & herbicide loader SocTranq & Rach Glo 9-12 hr. Dir. .exposure every 4-5 days. Prolonged, severe contact and inhalation & Ingestioi 9 months, 1968-69. ^,"*" ^ —. (y j Chest pain, shortness of breath for 2 yrs. Urinary frequency and nocturia 2 yrs Claims infertility B I O P S Y , Clinical Laboratory -' llema colLiver Renal- 'j . Upper GI - Normal llcmatoiLlvcrRenalSpcrm Count Pul. function & lung 12 (H 1 •j, <\ ' f kp) Occasional transient butterPlieky Ankhy-Army fly rash over face after 7 months 19 68- combat medi alcohol or anxiety-frequent In sprayed fields-direct before Vietnam duty. mild repeated exposure Papular rash, malar to sprayed area. prominences & forehead HematolLiverRenalDermntolocy- 13 (H 0 Army-Camp Halloway perimeter of demilitarize zone. 30 contact exposures to aircraft spraying as perimeter supervisor. Drank water from Dong Ho river in , Contlo after^spraying of 1978 It. mastectomy for fjynecoraastla , 200 experiences, swollen eyelids and conjunctivitis. Nervous with hand tremor "past several years" Plantar warts. Tingling fingers i toes. HematolLiverRenal- - �S T U D Y ' •• Consultations --^ C A S E S Family Occupation Subsequent Toxin Symptoms and •Pcsirea biH-viw*1 * Exposure Student Military Record Unta Record Grandfather died of cancer None O 12/p:ick yearn o 1 c. -ff. smoking Student & construction worker Wife miscarried !§ 3-4 months 2 1/2 yrs. ago Uncle died of cancer, 7 site @ 65 yrs. Alexion Bros. Hospital scan Elkgrovu, 111. "*" Technical equipment company •> representative . Army tf5/.829192 Vietnam 8/26/61 0/28/69. MiHti ry policeman & dot r gunner. Dec. 68-May 69 Record Name James J. Uenc nsfcl Father- 2 Army coronary attack: 0347420607 Mother-high Vietnam 1/26/71 blood pressure to 8/30/7Q/ Medical specialist TP4 exposure None during military duty 3/4 pk, elR./day several years Heroin & Mcthodoi c 3 yrs up to 4 yrs ago. ' �j Place-Mode- Duration 1 Name and Age j Spec. 1 \ 14 (11) Soc, Soc. Jf Dates Exposure Army scout plune pilothelicopter. Flew through spray on 4 occasions. Plane & men showed vlslblt moisture precipitated t> J' ( 0 from spray I & III corps areas 1968-69. vv .' , Dates & Symptoms/Diagnosis Clinical Laboratory - Sarcoldosis mcdiastlnal node Ilcmatol- Rt. inguinal hernia. History of renal stones 1975-Fatigue Liver- and sick 3- Smooths. Pneumonl K 2 years ago. Diarrhea 3 mths RenalSaid to have had small Spleen palpable & liver slightly tender. People working with him also had dlarrhe vomiting. Aching pain in humb.lt. shoulder & upper rm. (shoulder injury as eenager) Bright stool, blooi weeks. IS ( 1 1) J *j' ^\ V,/ Army- 10 exposures. Hand j sprayer use on base perimeter CUCHI-flold • 16 (H) Rash on legs & diarrhea in Vietnam. "Jungle rot" of toenaila & groin skin. 1 month. Ate S drank In i rice paddles. Direct ' contact, respiratory, Ingestlon. Vietnam April 66-April 7 . 0 Renal"Breakdown". Allergic to raerthiolate. Darvon & cobacc Leg swelling Tphlebitls with Dermatology Consult Fungus cultures muscle blopsy-Unlv. Chicago. Diag, by private MD-Rx for schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations. Army-Base repeatedly sprayed Dong Ha. Nov. 1 6 - 8 Worked unpro976. tected in sprayed areas direct contact repeatedly Possible Ingestlon via eating utensils & water Dunker guard at base. 0 11 Ilamatol- Liver- Orthopedic consult Problems with feet with operation contract ure, left Dermatology consult great toe. Foot trauma & pain, rt. 2nd metatarsalcellulitis foot. Dermatophy- Chest x-ray - Rt. Apex tosls, bllat. since 1969. "Cyst in lung operated 20 years ago. 1 _ ! . .. . .1 �Consultations Occupation Subsequent Toxin Exposure Lawn fertilizer Photographic & fa rm chemicals 10 & 1/2 pack/ Family Symptoms and Diagnoses None Military Array ^ 3160029 Vietnam 5/6/68 4/29/69. Helicopter pil t 1st squadron, 9th cavalry, 1st air cavalr dlv. , 1st yrs. cigarette Construction worker Record Record Data battalion CO § '. .> f jXj •< 40th artillery 108 artillery group. "Cleaning agents Machine repair- man for Cater- * *f Wife miscarried once between 19&9-75. i pillar Tractor 1-2 packs/day for 18 yrs. "Heavy alcohol intake" Dcrmatophytosls densities consistent with abdominal Pipefitter No exposure toxins Son born 1971 with congenital heart problems Surgery recommended I r 1 Inflammatory disease Multiple healed rib fractures. i �Spec. 1 Name and Ago Soc. Sec. J Placa-Modo-Duration Dates Exposure • .'Dates & Symptoms/Diagnosis ' Air Force-mixing & loadln Painful edema of feet and chemicals on aircraft lower extremities, increasing 19 0 ) . and base maintenance use recently-varicose veins .bllat Clinical Laboratory — Hematol- ; Liver- in hand sprayer-direct Frequent contact. Bein Ho " Renal- May 6 8- July 69. Clothes oft on soaked, 12-14 hrs per day. DDT-24D&24T Evening showers & cloth in change only protective moves . • | | 1 24 (WS) Army-spraying & drank from contaminated streams No protective moves , History of It. inguinal hcrnl Hemorrhoids* Leg wound in Vletnam-now occasional knee & leg swelling with exercise. Vi) ^ .\ | . Low back pain. Liver palpable 1 en. below RCM 1 llematolPatchy dry areas of skin. back & shoulders, come & go telephones In sprayed areas. Defoliants fell since 9/13/79. Cholecystitis- Llver-Bx. -Portal flbroala . Billrubln 0 6 . on shoulders & head, ^ Hard cholacystectomy, July 79. (Alb. 4.3) Ca 9.3 Oct. 1969. Camp Evans Hypertension, fatty liver. SCOT 30 LVA 141 Arthritis, Lt. knee-past Also insecticide spray 1 1 Cholesterol 9 . 00 contact. injury. Peptic ulcer history-no symptoms. Renal-Uric acid S.2 Hypertension ISO/100. 25 ( S . W) Army-Field Installations 7, ^ ' ff"^T) Vjx Upper Gl-conault-lack at gastric antltw f Dermatology- Tinea . •>. .' i ^ ; �Consultations Occupation Subsequent Toxin Exposure None Family Symptoms and Diagnoses None Military Record Data Record Air Force J17199136 Vietnam 8/31/6 i— 7/5/67 and 8/3/68-10/3/69 Pavement maintenance supervisor. • ..--......• -•-';_•;••;---..-' JV--.1 Tailor smoking 1/2 PPD 15 yrs. 6 pack beer/day Heroin use to 3 years ngo Auto mechanic Smokes 1 PP dny 6 marked fatty chang : Raised on farm i . . total prot. 7.2 Misfiissippl-prc Phos 3.6 AlkPhos 121 nrray. (exposed t Great ininc 1.2 insecticides.) v distcnslbillty veroicolar scalp. f Mother & Father Army have heart dx. 054823966 Vietnam 7/29/61 4/1/69. Wounded 3/13/6! Infantryman, None Army 953411750 Claims 1 25349240 No records at NPRC - I ex. �!•' A T Spec, i 26 (MS) , /f \ ' j Name and Age Soc. Sec. J Place-Mod e-Dur a t ion Dates Exposure Air Force-Chief herbicide unit-dally direct repeate contact. respiratory & skit "swam In it" 1 yr. 1968 Agents Orange, White, blut No protective gear or action. Dates & Symptoms/Diagnosis U i 0 1J Clinical Laboratory - llcmatolCrampy abd. pnin-Amonths allergy to fish and 1VP dye. Cheat x-rayRectal itch, 1 year. I j Occasional generalized skin itch Liver- j I Renal- 2-3 lite since 1968. | Dermatology consult- 27 (L) , ( ,H \^ C^} vy 28 (L) • . »*' / /. y V.-- Army-Pleklu Aug67-Aug60 open field duty in areas sprayed- 1 spraying caused actual contact. No protective action-often in open jeep. Bathed in bomb craters & rivers after spraying. f . . r 6 weeks post exposure tingling & swelling hands & Heraatol- feet-stiffness fingers & toet Insomnia, now Raynauds reaction hands 6 toes & weakness of extremities with hand and toe ache-bilateral limp 1 Chest x-ray- Presently asymptomatic Array-Cam Rahn Bay Mo PE abnormalities Saigon & Dalat & convey duty central highlands In open vehicles passing through areas. Processed quantities & ate some. fruit 6 vegetables from sprayed areas. No specific exposures , no protection. June70March 71 I 1 | r j I 1 1 Hematol- i Chest x-ray- I Liver function- t"" •: | L i,• 1 ^ �Consultations Occupation Subsequent Toxin Exposure Artist Family Symptoms and D Innnosps None "Puritis Ani" unrelated to Agent Ora ige 1/2 pack cigarettes/day Record Record Data Vietnam 7/12/67-7/7/68 Bien lloa Air Base Air Force mechanic with 12th Air Combat squadron. W 0 & ', "> ''* u. •? * None None VA administrate i clerk Military Mother-brain tumor-1950 Single • �: Spec. 0 Name and Age Place-Mode-Duration Dates Exposure Soc, Sec. jf 'Dates & Symptoms/Diagnosis Clinical Laboratory - i 29 ( S W) f } Army-Can Rahn Bay & environs several times. Walked through recently sprayed jungle. Ate local vegetables (fresh) 1 6 - 8 976 No definite direct exposure. Lived with Vietnamese on local economy. No protective ; action. 1 Amcbic dysentery & pleurisy Hematolfor 2 months in Vietnam. Llvar-creatlnlne 1.3 Cramping abd. pains 1976 ? poly cystic kidney-hypertension. Weak in am, drop pin I Renal-CA ISO, Uric acid 33 tools, etc. Duodenitis- suprapubic and perlmbllical pain Neurology-No abnormality intermittently for several year. BP 1 0 1 0 5 / 0 . llemocrhol IsDer ma to logy-No abnormality with constipation. Urology-No abnormality Nephrology-No abnormality Gastrointestinal-gas tro- ' deformed duodenal bulb 30 OJS) ' s~< \ <£> Army-1969,1970, Sprayed bj planes 2-3xweek over extensive period-ate & drank contaminated waterfood. Clothes & skin contaminated often. Long Binhport I I Corps-Truck I operator for 1st STBATCOM signal brigade. Nervousness. Intermittent ski i Ilematolrash over arms began Vietnam cough & asthma-s.am at 24th evacuation hospital Huachula-Vietnaa. Now expiratory rhonchi & history of asthma. Army-Vietnam, Jan67-Nov67 Dong Taung & Long Ben Air mobile infantry-open Cox holea. Field S. helicopters in sprayed areas-no protection. Contact, inhalation & ingest Ionr direct & Chest pain, chronic anxiety stomach pain, flushing of face, multiple lipomaa all over body, shortness of breath (occasional) ,intermitti t blurred vision with anxiety, "water blisters skin under eyea," heart palpitations. Hyp.er tension 1 0 84 * 4/ I \ 34 <NS) n J • ' . _ �S T U D Y C A S E S Occupation Subsequent Toxin Exposure i Family Symptoms and D InKnoaes Carpenter - None Consultations "Familial anxiety" Phosphate 720 Military Record Data Record C0 § Porphyrin "* Polycystic kidney not confirmed flcopy-edcmatous & Tankloader In oil refinery & local fire dept. Benzine & Tolucr 3 Carpentur-No chemical expos ui S ' None listed �. ' • ' Spec. I F A T D I O P E V Name, and Age Placa-Hode-Duration Dates Exposure Soc, Sec. J Dates & Symptoms /Diagnosis No exposure defoliants. Rt. Ing. hernia Hernlorrhaphy Biopsy abd. wall fat 4/13/79 Air ForceNo exposure defoliants* Adcnocarclnoma of rectum Abdonlno-perlneal resection A/19/79 Army- Black forest near Plelku-Vietnam. Denies exposure. Worked In fieli 18 days as heavy equip, operator-caught between 2 Jeeps, - pelvic fx. 5 () H Epigastric hernia, acuco lumbar atraln. 100Z SC for Jfsacral, pubic & iliac fx. In Vietnam. Varicoaitlcs. Epigastric herniorrhaphy & fat biopsy 6/20/79. o. 7 (H) Clinical Laboratory - ' © 17 ( ) L J 1- (9 Renel-BUN 11, Urine 5 to ' EKG-Normal Several operations fin bladdc as result of pelvic fracture. Spern Count-last done 1973 No exposure defoliants Hematol-Nonnal Rt. ureteral lithiasia & hypertension - stone Liverextraction ur etc ro lithotomy Abd. wall fat biopsy 6/15/79. Renal x-ray-Rt. hydrohematurla Army-9/14/47-7/27/51 No exposure defoliants 18 0 ) . Lt. uretorolithlasls. Ch. disc syndrome. Back pain, diarrhea, vomiting, dysuria hematurla. Hist, gout 12 yra ago. Hypertension. Sliding hlatal hernia. Esophagitis. 7/6/79 ureterollthntntnv & ab< 0 20 0 ) . il '19 llematol-Hbg. 14.6, llct. 43 Chest x-ray-Normal 1 1 . llematol-Hbg. 15, llct. 44.6 LlverRenal-hematurla, �C 0 K T 1! u L Consultations C A S t S Family Occupation Subsequent Toxin Symptoms and Exposure Dlngnnuon Military Record Dnta Unemployed Service f 16725294 Mo record available. Unemployed 4 yrs Federal office employee before then. C19310293 Air Force Svc, 8/29/51-8/15/5: Service serial 19245470 No Vietnam svc , *•- ".* H'BC 9,600 1 10 WBC i " ! Grandfather died of cirrhosis of liver. 16981053 Vietnam 10/7/6 12/19/67; Machine operate r 299 engincerlni battalion. Retired to disability 3/21/69. 14156247 WWII service Deceased 4/9/69 7 ' nephrosls WBC 13,400 proteinufla Record C16409483 1 �F A T Spec. It Name and Age SQC, Sec. S Place-Mode-Duration Dates .Exposure Navy-3/18/54-1/17/58 Ho exposure defoliants Dates & Symptoms/Diagnosis Non-functioning, rt. kidney (multlcystic) hypertension fl I 0 P S Y Clinical Laboratory - Heiaatol-iibg. 17.3gr., Chest x-ray-Normal Liver-creatlnliie 1.7 Renal-5,000 colonies Ecol (NS) 22 No exposure defoliants. O 23 (WS) Amy-duty entirely at Ft. Polk,LA. 8/68-10/71 No Vietnam service. 0 31 ( S U) •v U' Array-Not exposed-military duty In Frankfort Germany Hiatus hernia with reflux esophagltis. Nissen fundoplicatlon & abd. wall fat biopsy 1966 & fistula 6/26/7 Bronchial asthma now. Old trauma, rt. elbow with pain. Obesity Traumatic dislocation hip Fusion of hip tlcmatol-llbg. 17.0, Ilcc. Chest x-ray-Normal LiverRenal- UematolChest x-rayLi ver- Renal- �C O N T R O L Consultations C A S E Occupation Subsequent Toxin Exposure Family Symptoms and Diagnoses Military Record Data Record otherwise normal 0 . t ( X calcium 7.4 50.1 Foreman, meat cutting Co. Denies drugs & smoking. No other exposure toxins. Sheet metal machine operator Denies chemical exposure. Hone C67144367 Duty 8/29/687/28/71 �F A T Spec. I 32 (US) | Name and Ago Socu Sac. S place-Mode-Duration Dates Exposure Air Force 1963-79 Marines 1954-59 Korea, Thailand, Philllplnes, Japan, Taiwan Dates 4 Symptoms/Dlacnosis B I O P S Y Clinical Laboratory -•• Lt. ing- hernla-llornlorrhapliv] i oM. uall fat biopsy 8/27/7 Chest x-ray-normal Ext. hemorrhoids. Dermatitli It. foot, arthritis 8/22/79 LiverUerniorrhaphy 4 abd. wall fat biopsy. Rcn.ilCar«lio]or,y consult- 33 (II) U ' No exposure defoliants. Cholellthlnsls �C O N T K Consultations 0 1. Occupation Subsequent Toxin Exposure family Symptoms and D tagnoses Military Record Dtttn Record i "Chronic smoker1 1 1 / 2 pks/ilay for years. "occasional" alcohol. Lake Mead & Las Vegas during nuclear teats, 1950 ' . e <T» &„ -*i! Mo abnormality Auto repair shop manager. �F A T Kama and Age Spec. 9 Soc. Sec. $ • f i * ^ J •9 ' 3 (U) Clinical Laboratory - Hematol"Bronchlectal problems" 6.608 hrs. documented with congestion 2 yrs ago 1969-Aprll 1979 Chest x- raywith lnfluenza~none since. (76Z ekln contact. 242 inhalation) severe, Allergic to pencillin. direct, repeated, prolongi d 1969-2,000 hrs 1974-390 hrs. Live rIn research where animals 1970-2,200 hra 1975-300 hra. were studied with TCDD. ' 1971- 510 hrs 1976-332 hrs. Renal1972- 180 hre 1977-110 hrs. Exposed gloves & masks were used. 1973- 338 hrs 1978-211 hrs. 1979-April - 37 hra. 1 T' ^TI \2' 4 () U Vp Dates & Symptoms/Diagnosis Hematol1056 hrs documented. No symptoms, signs or March 1973-77. Ecological abnromnllties except question able scars. It. axilla Liverstudies in field, plot 1973 - 246 hr . samples in field. TCDD Renaldusting studies, site 1974 - 212 hr . monitoring. Project Pacer 1975 - 64 hr . 1976' - 68 hr . Ho. Severe, direct, repeated, prolonged 1977 - 340 hr . 1978 - 106 hr . exposure plants solle, 1979 - to April 10th- 20 hrs. contaminated animals. Contact, inhalation, ingestlon, some protectivi masks, boots, coveralls. glovea-often impractical to wear any. Worked on biode gradation and site cleanup 6 years. Never chloracne. 2 00 f Place-Mode-Duration Dates Exposure B I O P S Y ^v V ./3\ v_/ , 1,046 hre. documented. 1976-1978-alr, soil, & stream sampling, moving & cleaning cylinders & drunu 6 days & nights aboard ship during Incineration. 1976— 138 hre. 19J7 - 9.03 hrs. : 1978 - 3 hrs. Occasional pericrbltal acne. llematol3 yrs* 3 moles, skin of groii past 10 months- similar skin Liver.of arm. Spastic colon, past Renal10 years. 7 rheumatoid arthritis. �F 0 It C t V O L U M T K E K S Occupation Consultations Subsequent Toxin Expor.urc Exposure to Family Symptoms and D I senses None known 2-4-D & 2-/I-5T as child f,rouln( up on farm & ranch areas. Also chlordane, llndane, toxaphene. Lt. Col-USAF Active duty Research, occupational & environments health. Record O H 3 ' ci. Father died Prior to active cancer of lung duty, Ph.D. studies on effec 2-4D & plcloran. On active duty also expand to malathlon, duraban, chlorda ie & llndane. 10 pk/yr smoking 14 oz. wine some evenings. Military Record Dntn Uncle diet! of skin cancer. Brother died coronary at 34 yrs. Major-USAF Active duty Research, occupational & environment a health. Major-USAF Active duty Research, occupational & environment a health. ' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1654 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Table: Fat Biopsy Study Cases Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/151e87d921a1e4f7abc158c4dfe98e3f.pdf 5e74014d445ed80f8e95a90a81e51045 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01553 Author Corporate Author ROpOPt/ArtiClO TltlO Typescript: Determination of Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) in Human Adipose Tissue Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D 8 Descrlpton Notes Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1654 of 1688 �Determination of Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Human Adipose Tissue RJRPOSE: The Veterans Administration has undertaken a study to ascertain whether TCDD can be detected and measured in the body fat of human volunteers who believe that they were exposed to the defoliant Orange in Viet Nam and in the fat of other volunteers who have had no known contact with Orange. Some lots of the defoliant contain small amounts of TCDD as a contaminant. BACKGROUND: A wide variety of late adverse effects have been said to occur years after exposure to the defoliant mixture called "Orange." In most cases involving Vietnam veterans it is difficult or impossible to document an individual's exposure to the defoliant mixture and it is rarely, if ever, possible to determine whether a person was exposed to the contaminant TCDD which varies in an undetermined manner from lot to lot. This contaminant is the most toxic constituent of the defoliant as judged by its acute toxicity in various animal species. The body concentrates in its adipose tissue any TCDD it retains and some lower animals are known to retain it there for considerable periods. It has been suggested that individuals may sequester TCDD in their body fat and release it in toxic quantities when fat is suddenly decreased in amount even years later. One individual who had been intensively exposed to TCDD in an industrial accident was found to have 0.04 to 1.04 parts per billion of thesubstance in varius organs and 1.84 parts per billion in body fat at autopsy several months after exposure. (Peggiani, reported at the 20th Congress of the European Society of Toxicology, June 25-28, 1978) It is unlikely that such high concentrations would persist in individuals exposed less intensively ten or more years earlier in Viet Nam. Since assay methods are being developed to identify and measure TCDD at concentrations of a few parts per trillion, the VA decided to determine whether such an experimental assay could detect the compound in human, adipose tissue long after possible exposure. Although the test was to be conducted on Viet Nam veterans who attribute adverse effects to their prior exposure, it was recognized that discovery of TCDD in their body fat could not prove that any defect, disease or disability is caused by the substance. Since TCDD occurs in defoliants or herbicides that have been used since the Viet Nam conflict, its presence in the fat of any one individual would not even prove conclusively that exposure occurred in Viet Nam. Detection of TCDD in his fat, would indicate only that a man had prior contact with the substance. Relatively large samples of body fat would increase the likelihood of finding very low concentrations and the experimental nature of the assay techniques made adequate samples even more desirable. For these reasons, surgeons obtained the fat samples by biopsy. 0068 �METHODS: Fat Samples. Twenty Vietnam veterans who had conditions that they considered due to exposure to the defoliant Orange volunteered to have an open biopsy of subcutaneous adipose tissue from the anterior abdominal wall. Three Air Force officers who had repeated and relatively recent documented contact with Orange also volunteered. Eleven "control" veterans without known exposure had samples of subcutaneous fat removed during operations performed for other reasons, including herniorrhaphy, ureterolithotcmy, and abdomino-peritoneal resection of a rectal adenocarcinoma. This control group matched the exposed group in age range, sex and general geographic location. All volunteers, both "control" and exposed, gave written informed consent. The fat removed at biopsy weighted 3.8 grams or more except for one control sample of 1.4 grams; most specimens weighed 7 grams or more. Samples were placed in corked glass containers that had been rinsed with reagent grade acetone to remove interfering substances. The tissue was promptly chilled and kept refrigerated until assayed. The assays, including the sample extraction, were performed by Michael L. Gross, Ph.D., at the Midwest Center for Mass Spectrometry. The National Science Foundation supports this Center. Sample Extraction. In the assay laboratory, a 1 to 10 gram portion of the fat specimen was weighed and spiked with a known amount of TCDD containing non-radioactive but unnatural ^'Cl that the assay can distinguish from the natural compound. The sample was completely hydrolyzed by saponification in 15 ml of ethanol and 30 ml of 40% aqueous KOH in a reflux apparatus for 60 minutes without stirring. All solvents were of the highest grade and suitable for residue analysis. The solution, diluted with 20 ml of ethanol and 40 ml of water, was extracted four times with nanograde hexane. The first extraction was with 25 ml of hexane, using vigorous shaking for one minute. The aqueous layers was separated and extracted three more times with 15 ml of hexane. The four hexane extracts were combined and washed with 10 ml of water to remove excess base followed by washes with 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid repeated four times or until both layers were clear. After a final washing with 10 ml of water, the hexane layer was concentrated to approximately 1 ml under a stream of dry nitrogen. The first of three chronatography steps used unactivated silica gel as a 5 cm column in a disposable pipet plugged with glass wool. The silica was capped with 0.25 cm of anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove water and was wetted with hexane before the sample, dissolved in 1 ml of hexane was transferred to the column. The sample container was rinsed with a second milliliter that was subsequently added to the column. Dioxin was eluted with 3 ml of 20% (V/V) benzene in hexane and the eluate concentrated to 1 ml. A second chromatography used alumina that had been washed by saturating it with methylene chloride and activated at 225° C for 24 hours. A �column, prepared as was the silica column, was stored at room temperature in a desiccater until used. After the column was wetted with hexane, the sample and a 1 ml hexane rinse of its container were transferred to the column. The alumina was eluted with two 3 ml portions of pesticide grade carbon tetrachloride, then with 4 ml of nethylene chloride. These solvents were all used to rinse the container of the first-step eluate before being transferred to the alumina column. The separated nethylene chloride fraction was concentrated under nitrogen as the volatile solvent was replaced with hexane. All other fractions were discarded. The final chromatography used florisil that had been saturated with methylene chloride, activated at 165° C for 24 hours, and cooled in a vacuum desiccator. A 5 cm column in a disposable pipet plugged with glass wool was packed with 10 ml of hexane under light nitrogen pressure to remove air pockets. The sample, dissolved in 1 ml of hexane, was added to the column and its container rinsed with 1 ml of 8% (by volume) of methylene chloride in hexane. The column was eluted with 9 ml of the latter solvent mixture to remove 80-85% of the contaminating PCBs. A final elution with 8 ml of methylene chloride contained the TCDD and was collected in a centrifuge tube from which the solvent was evaporated to a small volume under a stream of dry nitrogen. The sides of the centrifuge tube were rinsed down with 1 ml of hexane and the volume was again reduced. After a final rinsing with 1 ml of hexane, the solvent was evaporated to a volume less than 100 microliters, the tube was closed with a teflon-lined screw cape and stored at -20° C. Gas Chromatography/Hic|h Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC/HBMS) Analysis. At the time of analysis, the sides ""of the centrifuge tube were washed thoroughly with approximately 100 microliters of hexane or isooctane using a graduated syringe. The solvent was allowed to evaporate during the washing until about 50 microliters remained and this volume was accurately measured. Three-fourths of the solution was replaced in the tube and the fourth remaining in the syringe was used for the initial analysis. Gas chromatography employed a Perkin-Elner Sigma II gas liquid chromatograph with a 6 foot by 1/4 inch O.D. glass column containing a Dow mixed phase packing. Typically it was operated at a helium flow rate of 15 cc per minute with the injector at 270<£. The column temperature was programmed for 1.5 minutes at 250° and then ramped at 10° C per minute to 300° C where it remained until the dioxin had eluted. The GC/HEMS interface was a direct coupling via a simple glass-lined stainless steel capillary held at an average temperature of 250° C. The typical retention time was 3.4 minutes with a peak width at 10% height of approximately 40 seconds. The Kratos MS-5076 ultra high resolution mass spectrometer employed has an ultimate resolution equal to 180,000; it was tuned to a resolving power of 10,000 giving a 10% valley definition. The electron impact source was set at 70 eV ionizing energy and an accelerating voltage of 8 K7. The source was at 260° C. Data were acquired using the standard ion switching feature of the MS-50, i.e. dual ion monitoring. AP'*~CC70 �The first analysis was made monitoring one channel, m/z 321.8936, for the most abundant molecular ion of TCDD having natural isotopic elemental abundances. The second channel, m/z 327.8848, detected -^d^-TCDD, the internal standard. The complete peak profiles were acquired at a band width of 3000 Hz by scanning at a frequency of about 2 HZ, corresponding in each case to a mass range of 300 parts per million (0.096 amu). Ihe output of the spectrometer was accumulated over about 75 sweeps per channel using a Nicolet Model 1170 signal analyzer. The resulting signals were submitted to a three-point smoothing routine prior to being printed on an X-Y recorder. Results were calculated by the internal standard "ratio method" in3which standard samples containing known amounts of natural TCDD and the ' Cl internal standard were analyzed throughout the testing period. A calibration curve was then prepared by plotting the ratio of the known weights of TCDD and internal standard against the ratio of signal intensities, i.e. intensity at m/z 321.8936 vs. intensity at m/z 327.8848. The content of TCDD in a test fat sample was calculated from the ratio of signal intensities at the two m/z values, reading the TCDD concentration from the calibration plot. The detection limit in the fat samples was obtained by multiplying the noise level by 2.5, considered to be the maximal amount of TCDD that could be present. The per cent recovery was measured using the absolute signal intensity for the internal standard and mass spectrometer response factors measured by analyzing standard solutions of the internal standard. The second or validation analysis was performed by injecting a second aliquot from the graduated syringe into the GC/HBMS for any fat sample that showed detectable concentration of TCDD on the first analysis. For validation, the high mass channel was centered at 321.8936 and the low mass channel at 319.8965 for the second most abundant molecular ion of TCDD. All other conditions were as for the first analysis. The theoretic ratio of intensities, m/z 319.8965: m/z 321.8936, is 0.77. The TCDD concentration in the validation sample was calculated based on the absolute signal intensity observed at m/z 321.8936, using response factors determined for the mass spectrometer by analysis of standard TCDD solutions. Based on the measured per cent recovery, the quantitation was adjusted to 100% recovery. The validation was considered acceptable if the observed ratio of signals was 9.77+ 0.10. RESULTS: All 34 fat samples have been analyzed and validated; the results are presented in Table I. Table II summarizes the data from Table I and discriminates between individuals who reported symptoms they felt were related to Orange exposure and those who reported no related symptoms. The amount of TCDD ranged from none to 89 parts per trillion in the group of 23 persons reporting exposure to Orange, Six of 20 veterans (Codes 10, 12, 15, 25, 27 and 28) who reported exposure to defoliants in Viet �Nam had concentration of TCDD that were greater than 2 parts per trillion above the detection limit. One such veteran had a sample that yielded equivocal results (Code 29) but has been included in Table II among those with a definite elevation. When the difference between concentration and detection limits is less than 3 parts per trillion (see Table I) assays results are questionable. Atong the 11 veterans, "controls", reporting no exposure to defoliants only one (Code 3) had a concentration of TCDD high enough to be accepted as certain. Three Air Force officers are shown separately in Table I. Although all had handled defoliants and TCDD within months of the biopsy and had been heavily exposed to Orange for years before that, none complained of symptoms despite levels above the certainty limits. The 20 veterans reporting exposure all were selected as believing they had symptoms related to dioxin. None of the "controls" attributed ill effects to TCDD since none had known exposure to it. The assayed groups do not include an equally large group who were exposed to TCDD but have remained asymptomatic; the Air Force officers have these characteristics, however. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that GC/HEMS analysis can detect and measure very small amounts of tetrachlorcx3ibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in human adipose tissue even long after the last known exposure. This makes available a research assay method that is rather unattractive because it requires surgical biopsy to obtain a sufficiently large fat sample and still suffers from technical difficulties. Even though TCDD persists in the fat in amounts of a few parts per trillion it is unlikely to present a "ticking time bomb" as has been postulated. TCDD is found in fat in a higher concentration than in other body components and fat ordinarily accounts for only 1/7 to 1/5 of the total body weight of adult men. Even if all the body rather than adipose tissue alone contained as much as 100 parts per trillion of TCDD and released it simultaneously, the total amount would be much less than one one-hundredth of that required (on a per kilogram basis) to cause toxic symptoms in the most sensitive species. These conclusions rest upon the accuracy of the assay employed for TCDD. The dependability of the GC/HBMS analysis has been checked by re-analyzing each extract and accepting only those results that are so validated. There remain two sources of contamination to be considered, one in the • assay laboratory, the other in the surgical procedure. The former can be dismissed if analyses at another laboratory confirm the results. To this end, portions of eight samples were sent to scientists at the Envionwental Protection Agency (EPA). They employ different but complementary GC/MS procedures, using high resolution capillary column gas chromatography with lower resolving power mass spectrometry than in the present assays. Their results are in substantial agreement with those reported here. �Although precautions were taken against contamination with interfering substances such as hexachlorophene during biopsy and tissue recovery, it is possible that TCDD may have been introduced in some unrecognized manner. This seems unlikely and unknown contact with the chemical during daily civilian activities is more probable. Despite these reservations, the data suggest that service in Viet Nam increases the likelihood that a veteran's adipose tissue will contain a small but detectable amount of TCDD. The amounts are so tiny and the assay so delicate, however, that failure to detect TCDD does not indicate that there was no exposure to the compound a decade or more ago. Symptoms, signs, and laboratory results on each of the volunteers are being collectd to attempt a correlation with the assay results. �TABLE I Analytic Results of TCDD Content of Human Adipose Tissue (Expressed as Parts per Trillion) Code Wt. of ConcenDetection Difference tration Limit (Cone. Minus Sample (Cone.) (DL) DL) in PPT (Grams) A. Veterans Reporting Exposure to Orange in Viet Nam 1 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 34 4.0 9.5 10.4 10.5 11.1 8.4 6.0 9.6 3.9 7.1 5.2 11.2 4.4 7.7 5.9 9.7 4.5 5.2 6.8 8.8 • nd 5 5 nd 23 3 9 nd 4 7 nd ' nd nd 8 5 10 99 13* nd 5 5 3 3 4 4 2 3 2 3 4 4 3 5 2 4 3 10 5 3 3 0 2 2 0 19 1 6 0 1 3 0 0 0 6 I 7 89 0 2 % Recovery 50 65 50 40 65 55 60 80,60 65 50 60 20 95 100 80 100 100 60 95 100 B. Air Force Officers with Intense Exposure to Orange 2 3 4 c. 5 7 17 18 20 21 22 23 31 32 33 11.6 7.7 10.2 5 4 6 2 1 2 3 3 4 50 85 45 Controls, Veterans Reporting No Exposure to Orange 3.8 7.6 10.4 ' 9.1 9.9 10.0 1.4 3.0 8.8 9.3 2.2 4,7 3 4 nd 5 6 nd nd nd 4 nd 4 2 3 4 4 3 1 6 4 4 7 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 65 60 75 30 50 35 75 100 50 60 100 *Results of validation indicate that material detected may not be TCDD �TABLE II Summary of Results of TCDD Analysis of Human Adipose Tissue (Denominator is total number of individuals in a group; numerator is number of individuals with more than 2 parts per trillion of TCDD in the fat, e.g., 7/20 indicates that seven of the 20 veterans with symptoms and exposure had 3 parts per trillion or more) Viet Nam Service No Viet Nam Service Symptoms 7/20 0/1 No Symptoms 3/3* 1/10 10/23 1/11 Total * 3 Air Force officers with heavy and recent exposure AP' ' CG75 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1653 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Determination of Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Human Adipose Tissue Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study study protocol ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/41156480f64fcfcec382bf2a03f03de6.pdf 317d21b1b9ca3fdc664b4e8f0f45b069 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01652 Author Corporate Author Report/Article TltlO Table: Data Sheets from Mines VA Medical Center, Lincoln Nebraska, West Side VA Medical Center and North Chicago VA Medical Center Journal/Book Tltlo Year 000 ° Month/Day Color ^' Number of Images 4 DOSCrlUtOn NOtB8 Provides results for various tests, including hepatic, renal and endocrine, for study participants (who are listed by number). Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1653 of 1688 �«l O.-VG JkL E H A T . V*-3 jiA JidL u-7 . H-r "-"> . u-n H'J.y HI HmatQcrlt Hemoglobin U-l tt(L ,o Mil ISM H-f JfcLil ^1 16.1 I1A Platelets ft Wdta Blood Palis ^ooo &*« «•*•**( DtMantttial Ttotal Protein Albuadn Partial Thrcdx>plastin 5 11 . . av t.o g.ft C.t-t-0 7.f J-L JU- M tepartat* Amurio Tranaferaaa tSOOS) Alanina flndns* Tranaferas* <SCTTt Alkalim H B P A T I C ^i. _£*. I Lactic Dehvdroaanaga <LIH oa. Jrl. IU lid _Ut6_ -IM. Blood Uraa^atmaen (BUM L JiL ±L I7d ffV j »»-»-* Jl. IX tft.O JL± T. Ttota^. Blllmbin J&d. . .. 1^ Dttn^BiHrtfein JLiL Elaefrrolytflfl ^JL QtharTttita ^J. 1.6 1.6 o.r ft-r rSS I Surgical Tiaau* Jlrfe. ^a. 6.1 ta J£d. 6.6 (••1 Ci . u*.<<.««/ ytntufct 3 M»«*x.l *<• *. ! Pat-h^lna/ ttepnrt- !<••* * DATA SHfcET t'" '** V.6 0-1 "nuC1 X .10 6 s.r 3.1 04 . 0 4 - Utic Add U-t _UA •3.1 JLL. -kL 1** Itf A&L 0.1-1.4 M. Ml CalcLuB _LL Ji_ i.a _L3_ Fasting Blood Suoai ^ 3* GfMtUnim A; ItX H I Iff Cholastarol R E N A 7V US' f* jju. ft *»/ j mx>g»»i«m»i« mnmafcum i^th««j«»M«wt«l>n«* ».»-- r.o �.. 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A 1 R Phosft>oruB 14 0 "^Vdi pjlijcufiin * T 3 E r Dtnaqf MHpihi^ S2 - U4c Acid • • 1 Eififrt ITtl YttS M I S C 1 Ot^lep TeatQ X-R^y ' w EKG I Surgical Tissue - 1 Pathnlrxjiv R^rr>rr - / V* rain fU KM DATA SHEET MflMdU UHIMNA �[ loS-X VUS-I H E H A T Henatocrit H.S UJ5-J M1.I «-ru*Ttf irb tiw.r ir.j Miita Blood Cells R E • •- t*.H ir.u MJ-6,000 n,i»o r.o.o 1,300 L.100 n.r*o 5-,«*o <».oo« ?,?<:!£ M »7,;^ o— ••."• Differential •total Protein S Y S T E Albumin Partial Thronfaoplastin H Prothronbin Tims Aspartate Aarino Transferase (SOOT) Alanine Andno Transferase (SGPT) Alkaline H E P A T I C Lactic 4.1 a».3 9».6 IM.I t M.3 H.a I3.o a. 3 13-1 193 jm \ I^T t3t ni IHI 164 If* ,,, Nfc lol «*««*«« Creatlnine i.-atab IX f.tf it lift* 16 t 1*. IH ttJi* 1.6 1C v t.i e.1 O^-j^fj <\f r* too {,3-111 ^.»JII-<» ttiA*1 •^rl-*4 • 4;fti. E J Direct Bllinibin i££f Uric Acid £t* H.^ i Srt w-v Other -testa Si^1 «**-«l «-»«.«^ I EKG Surgical Tissue Patholoov l*^Hpff fIS ' - - I 11-1*1 'I'r!,4* * »1 X-Rav t.ti *ir 1 D S Caldun C A Phosriiorua R _ I - •total Bilirubin 3.1 1, 4& »«»* ""tfSlL" Urlnalvsia Blood Urea Hitzooen (BUA XI E „ Fasting Blood Suoai M.(, ^[4? j.r- r-i i».»M» Cholesterol . R E N A L H.I M.S* r M I S C 10*4 S-Wf M 11 t * H«.» Platelets £ ^ luC'4 Mt.r »r.n H1.5* Hemoglobin tie v«r U» <L/ • DATA SHEET USCTHC KAMK 3»*d AT TMttorroI MUUWM1. IllVtJ OC USE THf M.MU1 VAC( ftf THC tOTIOM FOM -M • . . -' �<kic*y/C.O H B M A T & R E S Y S T E H H E P A T I r R t; N A L s E N *l D > ? " R 1 If N E S Hematocrlt Hemoglobin Platelets 1 w.i n.w ^^-.i. F-^ m *t )• A*****«a4< % *'»*«*» |0.«~. I *'*" ''*" Total Protein 1.4-jf.l Albumin Partial Thxcnboplastin Pzothronbin Tina Aspartate Amurio Transferaae (SOOT) Alanine Andno Trans f erase (SGET) Alkaline T-WAkV S - Ji m> ax * isi.rtr Lactic Dehydrooanase (IXH W. 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T.ir / Lactic lio-l»« •MM * Urinalvsia Blood Urea Nitrooen (BUM U- 1* «"V/At ».l-l.«< -v/At Ctea^ininB 1».IM- lo» *-vl-U ».«t-to.V ~»U< - Electrolyte* M Qther Testa I S X-RW 1.S • H-f -t/^6.V-l-i »*U* 0.»- »•» ^v^- Direct Bilirubin 4.f-1.f **M* Uric Add C AlU^vi-t< llt-HKfM^ M*^«'*i« Total Protein E Fastinq Blood Suqai < N M D Calcium O ? iA C fi ' : fbosphoruB R I total pilirvbln ? J; HT -t «• -mtr m- »fc-l» F-m-tJ- 1f n.i Cholesterol R E N A L 1rv 1 H<),( HftH>w«f «w 14 fcTinifH^tt 'rr*-***A«>>/ ' y '•«' WMM^Wvt EKG Surgical Tissue PatJvi Irxiv ft^mrt- T M-^ K</.i/^ i*-> b«««*^i(M«IC. fej»-/f«^«H« k^«w-<*'«t U-L V* fom fit 19)4 M VACC At THC TOT roil HUO4MC1. PTLfS. ETC M TMC WTIOM rOK SUMI1MIIS. HJOTHOTO (1C • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1652 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Table: Data Sheets from Hines VA Medical Center, Lincoln Nebraska, West Side VA Medical Center and North Chicago VA Medical Center Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/48af22699659aac5730d65ea092b1a99.pdf 9bb08050099518fbfa2002883f36adf9 PDF Text Text °1651 Item ID Number Author Corporate Author Report/Article HUB Table: VA-Human Adipose Study, Final Results Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color ^ Number of Images 4 Descriptor) Notes Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1652 of 1688 �y/Y-i-Wvv^ ;\,U^,e. £Ui.,M ll-V p~ M , i r r c </ .4-.0 S" -i, i •ss to. SL ^. 4 3,6 J" ^-'^ ^--, xno no sH BO we 40 * -10.5 4 5^3 10 H 1\S.: 34 .4 no ""3) r 3. (o.O nd v\c\ 7 ; ;.4 fcH 10-4 F- �4 ...3.. ao L, ao A 14-' tor H6 AP.""C122 �?o<> ^T* \J £ J t: e> ^<! U -4-0 fc 3 4 4- 10 4 30 "7 H 34- a S" 10 -, a nd- Io 10 ne 50 SO l.-aX C123 �*"J ^ KC 4 1 - ( 31 £3 t. i ; * r 7&. • «e < x AW* •. I \ t \7 ^ u-; .( '; •; .; l-r^ A •'•' / YiR, t f f •^ :i •v . •> ^ ''•^ ,*^* *r k.'' ^~~^ fy\ tf^^Cx V. ^^ rb M "" .! "•i (Si rl O Q- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1651 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Table: VA-Human Adipose Study, Final Results Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/b8ff2321eebf18643a2e3cd673174653.pdf 0315118d237a19cbdc97465ad381a76b PDF Text Text Item ID Number Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Table: Concentration of TCDD Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color ^ Number of Images 3 DeSCrlOton Notes '-is's stuc'y subjects by number with exposure rating and level of dioxin present. Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1651 of 1688 �1 . , „" • * • • . ?•• ? • S * . • • ' •-•* ',-• .t • ' ' ' _."•, »•• ' • /*"'"' ' ' / TJ Concentration TCOO TCDO Presence t}\ Subject . Exposure* ' tnan Service 1 *' Gross • ' / ' ' * ' ja -'(3,4) ,••:•• .- '.. -,->- ' '. • ' • . . . ' * — ••* + . • ..'• 4 13 ; .. 4 44 • - ' ': "+ • . . . . ' V ;; ' ..:' . .:,^.',^': '.:'.-. • • - . ' ' • ' . , . • ' • • . • - ' . • ' . • :/•=.'•. •-vf--'> ; • • • • • • • • : ; • -• - 2 1 . • t nd 19 . 36 24 25 4. • ;(••• 26 TTT . 2 3 ! . •' • nd . -. nd • . • . • ' • .' ' •• .* • . 8 •» . — _ . »• . ' IM|*_ **t- • ' ' " ' • ' .1 4- 12 .••.••' ' « + 4- • • " ' ' ' • • • '••:'••'' ' 4 nd nd ' •H-f •: . ; " • • • '" . -!• • ' ' ndt- ' nd . nd • : -' ' . •• : - . 7 . . ' 1 3 4 44 nd . 17 . 16 nd . • 21 4- 4 '* _, . . . : • ; . - • ; . . . . • 15 -i . ' - . . ' - ' • - • . , • -.v ' . » "••*• [2.5x3 -'[3x3 •H- . ' 3 -. . ' t 14 . ' . 12 16 ,35 ' ' 1 • • • . • • mt 9 /• 12. . . 3 * • '.'"•' 3 : «• 444 '11 - . - .-'.'- 23 ' ' '•'.." m ' '•' 2 nd • 444 10 .1 . n d •_..;...; 5 .. - . ~ (3) 44- 9 ' ... 2' " ' (UN-L) ".' ' •. nd nd nd - (3,4) • . ± ' . , :.;, ; 8 • i 5 EPA EPAI •» . : . - . . 4 6 : .. r ' Gross I -c?\ • II 1 *' - "3 ' — • 1 1. 10 • "• . 4- 63 96 (i) :'» A..,. .- . • .*»••,:• . 100 _ - • _ • ' • ' • -• -. * *' - . , ^ • • • ' 040852 /?A^_::/^.;LZ �• ubject - MY N Exposure " irnn Presence Gross! . Concentration TCOD /ov EPAI . Gross Il ( 2 i (UN-L) nan Service (Continued) 27 8 7 'nd 13 28 29 30 ' . 9 nd -H- 3 Mt •* * 8 , • «•' nd 34 :h Hand. 4' 2 3 '- 2 -. (3); 3- ' nd • 4 -Vietnam - no exposure 5 () 3 '•' A (3,4) 3 .2 . nd [2.5x] [3x] 3 4 2 3 nd nd 6 18 ' nd '20 21 - (3) 6 23 31 k \ 32 4 [2.5x] - [3x] . nd 4 5 Mk 33 . 5 (2) �Subje?" ,m' ' TCDD Exposure'* Presence Gross I Gross II (2) EPAI (UN-L) Biopsy " 22 ) Exposure as judged by veteran's statements } Via the absolute intensity of 322 I Cannot be considered positive because of poor validation '« •• i Contamin removed on repeat of analysis (3) 0.409j'j ' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1650 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Table: Concentration of TCDD Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/22eeccd477f0e90dbe2b31945590e9b7.pdf d5131d093746dbfc6b0f2f8820d61540 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °1649 Author Gross, Michael L. United States Environmental Protection Agency ROpOrt/ArtiClB TltlB Direct Testimony of Dr. Michael L. Gross, in re: The Dow Chemical Company, et al. Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° MontH/Day Color n Number of Images 45 Descripton Notos FIFRA Docket Nos 415 et al EPA Exhibit No 223 - > - - Purpose of Gross' testimony was to provide information on the detectin and measurement of TCDD in some human and environmental samples. Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1650 of 1688 �.,, j,; UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATOR In re: FIFRA Docket Nos. "415, et al, The Dow Chemical Company, et al. DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR. MICHAEL L. GROSS" Dorothy E. Patton Kevin M. Lee Patricia A. Roberts Richard P. Bozof Timothy D. Backstrom Andrew G. Gordon Counsel for Respondent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 * / E P A Exhibit No. 223 �UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATOR ) ) The Dow Chemical Company, et al. ) In re: FIFRA Docket Nos. 415, et al . *J DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DR. MICHAEL L. GROSS My name is Michael Lawrence bross. I am professor of Chemistry and Director of the Midwest Center of Mass Spectrometry at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. The mass spectrometry center is one of six regional instrumentation facilities that were formed in 1978 by the National Science Foundation. I received my Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry with minor in Physical Analytical Chemistry in 1966 at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota. After one year of postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania and one year at Purdue University, I was appointed assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Nebraska in 1968. In 1972, I was promoted to associate professor (with tenure), and in 1978, to professor. A curriculum vitae is attached. My research interests are divided among three areas, all related to gas-phase ion chemistry and mass spectrometry: (1) fundamental properties of organic gas-phase ions, (2) environmental chemistry, and (3) instrumental developments in mass spectrometry. In the environmental area, our laboratory has performed numerous analyses * 7 E P A Exhibit No. 223. �-2- at trace levels for pesticide residues and toxic substances such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p_-dioxins. The purpose of my testimony is to provide information on the detection and measurement of TCDD in some human and environmental samples. This information is based on analyses in my laboratory which show that measurable amounts of TCDD have been found in some samples of soil, fish and other aquatic biologicals, and in deer and human fat tissue. �INDEX I. Background 3 II. Analytical Methods 5 III. Validation Studies 9 IV. EPA Soil Study 15 B. Sediment and Water Study 16 C. Gulf port Study 18 D. Blodgett Forest Study 23 Analysis of Human Samples 26 A. Human Adipose and Liver Study 26 B. Human Milk Study 27 C. VI. 14 A. V. Analysis of Environmental Samples Vietnam Veterans Study 29 Conclusion . . . . . . . . 29 Appendix 1 .Appendix 2 �-3I. BACKGROUND Since 1977, our laboratory has provided analytical support for several different projects involving the determination of TCDD levels in human and environmental samples. These projects have been sponsored by various private and governmental agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the National Science Foundation. A brief overview of these several projects is presented below. Work in our laboratory with tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ;/ (TCDD; began in 1977 and was supported by a contract with the Environmental Protection Agency. The focus of this research was the analysis of TCDD in a variety of environmental and biological samples including soil, blood, adipose, liver and fish tissue. Also during 1977, the analytical methodology currently employed by the EPA and collaborating laboratories was validated over a range of 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations from 9-81 parts-per-trillion. During 1978, our work in this area continued with support from the U.S. Air Force (Major A.L. Young was the project officer) During that year we analyzed 100 biological and soil samples taken from sites contaminated with TCDD. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the environmental fate of TCDD and TCDD uptake into animal populations. This work was continued in 1979 under a V TCDD can exist""as 22 different isomers or as various mixtures of these isomers. Throughout this document, the term "TCDD" is used to indicate a mixture of TCDD isomers. When the term "2,3, 7,8-TCDD" is used, it refers to that specific isomer of TCDD. �-4- second contract directed by Major Young. addressed in 1979: A new issue was the movement of TCDD in biological samples in the vicinity of the Herbicide Orange storage area at Gulfport, Mississippi. The results of the second study have been published (Ref. 1). In addition to the Air Force sponsored research, we did the lead analytical work under a Cooperative Agreement with the EPA directed at the analysis of TCDD in human milk from mothers in the western forest areas of the United States. Prior to beginning this work, we participated in a validation study of the human milk methodology at TCDD levels of 0-20 parts-per-trillion. Sediment and water from Oregon were also analyzed during 1979. This cooperative research program has been extended into 1980. Another study conducted during 1979 was aimed at evaluating the possible accumulation of TCDD in deer tissue in the Blodgett National Forest in California. This work was supported by a grant from the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. A number of other TCDD monitoring studies were conducted in 1979 principally under the auspices of the National Science Foundation Regional Instrumentation Facility Grant. these studies deserve mention here. Three of In the first study, we assisted scientists from the New York State Department of Health with a preliminary survey of fish from the from Lake Ontario. .iagara River and The results of this investigation were announced publicly by Dr. David Axelrod, state health commissioner, on April 24, 1979 (Ref. 2). �-5- The second study was a collaborative effort with Dr. Brenda Kimble of the Laboratory for Energy Related Health Research of the University of California-Davis, and was directed at evaluating TCDD production in a coal-fired power house. This work has been published (Ref. 3). The third project was with the U.S. Veterans Administration. Its purpose was to examine whether Vietnam veteran exposure to Herbicide Orange, a 1:1 mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D which contained high concentrations of TCDD, V could be documented by assaying adipose tissue taken ten years after the alleged contact with Herbicide Orange. In the remainder of this document, I will: discuss the analytical methodology used in our laboratory, and the results of some of the above projects which are based on our analytical studies. II. Analytical Methods The complete analysis of a sample for TCDD consists of two operations: sample extraction and clean-up, followed by the actual analysis. The sample extraction method for tissue employed in our laboratory is called the acid/base procedure and was originally introduced by Baughman and Meselson (Ref. 4) and then perfected by scientists at Dow Chemical Company (Ref. 5). It is essentially the same method as that employed by Dr. Aubry Dupuy and his co-workers at Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. V T o date, there is no firm evidence indicating that 2,4-D contains TCDD. Therefore, it is assumed that the TCDD in Herbicide Orange comes from the 2,4,5-T. �-6- Although the methods vary somewhat with sample type, there are some steps which are common to all. A tissue sample is first dissolved in an alkaline solution which serves to solubilize in water all the fat and protein material. Nonpolar materials, such as TCDD, are then extracted into hexane, and most of the original sample material is left behind in the water layer. (When analy- zing a soil sample the first step is the extraction of nonpolar components into hexane.) Once the sample is in hexane, the hexane layer is cleaned up by washing with concentrated sulfuric acid and performing one or more liquid chromatography steps. These procedures remove low concentrations of potential interfering compounds so that TCDD can be freed and analyzed at the parts-per-trillion level without interference from other materials. The extract is then stored until analysis. Details of these procedures are contained in Appendix 1. We employ packed column gas chromatography/high mass spectrometry resolution (GC/MS) for the analysis of the extract. The mass spectrometer (a Kratos MS-50) possesses the highest resolving power available in a commercial instrument. We have demonstrated an ultimate resolution of 180,000 (10% valley) which means we could distinguish mass 180.000 from 180.001. This resolving power is not employed for the analysis of TCDD because the sensitivity would be very poor; rather the resolution is chosen to be 10,000 which is adequate to separate TCDD from other interferences, notably polychlorinated biphenyls and DDE (a metabolite of DDT), which could lead to false positives. A �-7- » /description of the GC/MS analysis and a typical output showing the resolution of potential interferences are presented in Appendix 2. Some considerations of our analytical procedure should be now pointed out. First of all/ the method allows us to monitor each sample at the exact mass of TCDD: 321:8936 + 0.0015. This is accomplished through the use of an internal standard (TCDD with all chlorine atoms as Cl-37) which serves as a mass standard. As a result, the analysis is highly specific for any substance which has the formula C12H40235C1337C1. dibenzo-p-dioxins have this formula. All of the tetrachloro- "~ V There are also other compounds which have this combination of elements. The examples below are illustrative of substances having the same mass as TCDD. However, having the same mass does not automatically mean that a compound will behave as TCDD in our analytical procedure. None of these subatances has been identified in our analyses, and we postulate that they would be removed in the sample clean-up or by the gas chromatography. OH OH IH Cl �-8- Second, the possibility of assigning a positive detection for TCDD to the side of a peak from a very intense interference signal is minimal because entire peak profiles are gathered for each analysis. Consequently, only a complete peak corresponding to TCDD is designated as TCDD. Therefore, the method is reasonably unsusceptible to "false positives." Third, if a detection is made, the analysis is repeated and both C^2H4°2 •3 C •S'7 ^3 ^~ (m/z = 321.8936) and C12H40235C14 (m/z = 319.8967)" are monitored. These are both expected signals from the TCDD molecule and should be in the ratio of 1.00:0.78 (we expect to reproduce this ratio to within + 10-15%). to a detection. This procedure adds additional assurance Fourth, the measurement of the amount of TCDD, if detected, is made by considering the intensity of the signal relative to the internal standard. This method (called the internal standard method) is recognized as the best way to obtain accurate quantitative results. As is well-known, TCDD can exist as 22 different isomers. Probably the most toxic isomer, that produced in the manufacture of 2,4, 5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-T and silvex, is 2., 3,7,8-TCDD. The mass spectrometer, as we operate it, is not capable of distinguishing among isomers; only gas chromatography can do this. Therefore, a gas chromatograph is used in series with a mass spectrometer in our and most laboratories doing TCDD analyses. Our gas chromatography column, developed and evaluated by Dow V m / z = mass to charge ratio. designated as m/e. This ratio is also sometimes �-94 scientists (Ref. 6), permits us to conclude that, if a detection is made, it may be 2,3,7,8-TCDD or one of eight of the remaining 21 isomers. Thus, our methodology has some, but not total, specificity for 2,3,7,8-TCDD. However, we often collaborate with the EPA laboratory of Mr. Robert Harless, who employs even higher resolving power gas chromatography that can distinguish all of the isomers, to verify positive detections. i III. Validation Studies It is well appreciated among analytical chemistry scientists that analysis at parts-per-trillion levels is extremely difficult. This is primarily because of the low levels involved. To gain an appreciation for this, consider that if one were measuring time instead of chemical concentrations, one part-per-trillion corresponds to about one second in just over 30,000 years. Compounding the problem is the fact that most samples contain a multitude of interferences which can complicate analyses at these levels. Because of these difficulties, it is important to validate the analytical procedures used at these low levels. Therefore, it has become customary for the EPA and its collaborating scientists to periodically engage in validation studies, principally when a new method or sample medium is used. Our laboratory has partici- pated in two validation studies which were designed to test the analytical capabilities of the method we employ. Both studies were conducted blindly; that is, extracts containing unknown amounts of TCDD were prepared by other scientists (Dr. Aubry Dupuy and his co-workers at the EPA Toxicant Analysis Center in �-10• Bay St. Louis, Mississippi) and then sent to us in such a way that we could not know the amounts involved. After analysis, the results were then compared with the true values. In the 1977 validation study, standard solutions and extracts from "spiked" beef fat were studied. graphical picture or our results. See Figures 1 and 2 for a The original data reported by us to EPA are given in Table IV of Exhibit 224. As can be seen from our results plotted in Figures 1 and 2, the agreement between the reported value and the true value is quite good. tives" Furthermore, no "false positives" or "false nega- v were obtained. Successful detections of TCDD in these 5 gram samples were in the range of 9-81 parts-per-trillion. Samples containing 1 and 4 parts-per-trillion TCDD were not identified because they were lower than our detection limit **/ (ca. 5 ppt). This study shows that TCDD can be reliably extracted, detected, and quantitated at the low parts-pertrillion level. Before beginning the human milk monitoring project in 1979, it was necessary to validate the extraction and analysis of TCDD in this medium. This was done in early 1979 in the same manner as the 1977 validation of standard solutions and beef fat. results (submitted to EPA in letter reports The see Exhibit 225) V " F a l s e positives" are analyses in which TCDD appears to be detected even though none is present in the sample. "False negatives" refer to analyses in which TCDD is present but is not detected. **/ Detection limit is the minimum concentration of sample that can be detected in any given analysis. �THEORETICAL UNE.Y»X REGRESSION LINE* Y » 38X - I.3O 9O 80 95% CONF. LIMITS FOR, REGRESSION LINE95% CONF. LIMITS FOR INDIVIDUAL ANALYSES1 90 80 THEORETICAL UNE.Y'X REGRESSION LINE, Y * O.89X + 2.7, 95 % CONFIDENCE LIMITS: REGRESSION LIMITS LINE, INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES> 70 70 st . o. • 1 ~ A €0 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 STANDARD SOLUTIONS (0 BEEF FAT-5g. 10 7 / 10 2O 3O 4O 5O 6O TCDD ADDED (ppl) Figure 1 7O 8O I 0 2 O 3 O 4 0 5 0 6 O 7 O 8 0 TCDO ADDED (ppl) Figure 2 x: �-12are shown graphically in Figures 3 and 4. The correlation of our results is less good, principally because the samples contain lower concentrations of TCDD (1-20 parts-per-trillion). Nevertheless, the results show that TCDD can be reliably extracted, detected, and quantitated (albeit less accurately than at higher levels) in human milk. Furthermore, no "false positives" and only one "false negative" was found in the validation study and */ in the quality control samples which were submitted along with the extracts of the actual human milk samples. To minimize the possibility of false positives and to add certainty to analyses in which detectable levels of TCDD were observed, a method validation approach was instituted in the monitoring program as a standard procedure in 1979. According to this procedure, a sample showing detectable levels of TCDD in one laboratory is reextracted and reanalyzed in another laboratory for confirmation. Most of our collaborative work has been conducted with the EPA extractions laboratory (Dr. Aubry Dupuy) at the Toxicant Analysis Center, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, and the EPA analysis laboratory (Mr. Robert Harless) at Research ** / Triangle Park, North Carolina. ^7Quality control samples are extracts containing known amounts of TCDD which are analyzed along with the true unknowns. *_*/ The analysis procedure of Mr. Harless is complementary to our own. He employs capillary column gas chromatography, high resolution mass spectrometry, which, as previously mentioned, is capable of distinguishing the TCDD isomers. However, unlike our laboratory, he does not record signal profiles and works at somewhat lower mass resolutions. �'• -13- 0 2 1 Q O Figure 3 8 O fc Figure 4 �-14Our criteria for assigning a positive detection of TCDD are as follows: 1. The gas chromatography retention time must be the same as authentic TCDD. 2. The suspected samples must give a signal at 321.8936 + 0.0015 as determined by real-time peak matching using the internal standard TCDD-^Cl as the reference mass. 3. The signal intensity ratio of m/z 320:322 must be 1.00:0.78 ( + 0.10). 4. The exact mass of m/z 320 must be 319.8965 + 0.0015 using m/z 321.8936 as a mass standard. 5. The detected signal at m/z 321.8936 must be at least 2.5 times the noise level (refered to hereafter as a 2.5 S/N criterion). Concluding this section, we note that TCDD can be reliably analyzed in fat and milk at levels extending down to one part-pertrillion in milk. These observations are important for they lend credence to all trace analyses of TCDD done in this laboratory. Furthermore, as a result of application of the stringent requirements cited above and employment of a "method validation approach", we postulate that TCDD can be reliably detected at levels down to 1 part-per-trillion in similar types of samples. IV. Analyses of Environmental Samples Our laboratory has participated in several studies which have involved the analysis of environmental samples for TCDD. �-15'Environmental media which have been analyzed in these studies include soil, water, sediment, fish and other aquatic biological, and fat tissue from deer. Four of these studies are discussed below. A. EPA Soil Study During 1977, 16 soil samples from the forest area of Grays Harbor County in the State of Washington were extracted and analyzed in our laboratory. These soil samples were collected three hours after a normal spray of 2,4,5-T and then 15 days, 37 days, and 72 days after spraying. They were composites of the first 1" or the first 2" of topsoil. No analyses were conducted on the 15-day samples. Twelve samples were found to contain detectable amounts of TCDD varying from 8 to 40 parts-per-trillion (Ex. 224), with an average detection limit of 6 parts-per-trillion 2 to 9 parts-per-trillion. terms of sampling time. and a range of No trend could be distinguished in That is, 1 of 2 samples taken on the day of spraying contained 20 parts-per-trillion TCDD; 5 of 6 samples taken after 37 days showed TCDD at levels ranging from 8-31 partsper-trillion, and 6 of 8 samples after 72 days contained TCDD at levels of '12 to 40 parts-per-trillion. In addition, ten animal tissue specimens were extracted and analyzed, but no TCDD was detected at an average detection limit of 4 parts-per-trillion (range of 1 to 7 parts-per-trillion). �-16B. Sediment and Water Study In 1979, various samples of sediment and water taken from the Alsea, Oregon area were extracted by EPA and analyzed in our laboratory (Ex. 225). The water samples were surface water taken from fourteen sites in the Alsea area. The samples were sub- divided, extracted, and portions were analyzed by both Mr. Robert Harless and by us. No TCDD was detected by either laboratory; i.e., the detection limit varied between 0.008 and 0.020 partsper-trillion in Mr. Harless1 laboratory, and 0.004 and 0.080 parts-per-trillion in our laboratory. The average detection limit using the lower value reported for each sample was 0.011 parts-per-trillion (11 parts-per quadrillion) with a range of 0.004 to 0.020 parts-per-trillion. We can conclude with high certainty that no TCDD exists in these particular surface water supplies at levels of 0.100 parts-per-trillion or higher. Sediment samples were taken below the water at ten of the fourteen sites investigated above. The samples were extracted by Dr. Dupuy and coworkers using both a neutral extraction and an acid/base procedure. In the neutral procedure, any TCDD in the sediment was removed by extraction into hexane/acetone followed by the usual clean-up. In the acid/base procedure, the sample was heated with an alkaline solution (as if it were a tissue sample) and the resulting mixture was extracted to remove any TCDD. The samples were analyzed by Mr. Robert Harless and by us. No TCDD was detected at seven of the ten sites investigated at a detection limit of less than one part-per-trillion. We �-17believe we can say with high certainty that no more than one part-per-trillion of TCDD exists at these seven sites. However, at two sites, the results were more ambiguous. For example, at site #1, one analysis of the five conducted gave a positive result at 2 parts-per-trillion; all the other analyses showed no TCDD detected at detection limits ranging from 0.6 to 4 parts-per-trillion. At site #4, two analyses were positive at 1.0 and 1.5 parts-per-trillion, but the results could not be duplicated by additional extractions and analyses. We can therefore conclude with certainty that no TCDD exists at these two sites at levels exceeding 3 parts-per-trillion; however, lower concentrations may be present. Finally, the sediment from one of the sites (#9) was shown to contain significant amounts of TCDD. The results for the several analyses of this particular sample are as follows: Lab Analysis Identification */ RTP-1. Neutral Extraction of 50 g. 28 ppt 3 ppt RTF- 2 Acid/Base Extraction 10 ppt 1 ppt UNL-2 Split of RTP-2 2.3 ppt 0.5 ppt RTP-3 Acid/Base Extraction 17 PPt 3 ppt UNL-3 Split of RTP-3 ppt 1 ppt Level TCDD 4 Detection Limit V RTP refers to Research Triangle Park EPA Lab of Mr. Robert Harless. UNL refers to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. �-18The quality control samples done in our laboratory at the time of our analyses of these sediment extracts tended to be low, and, therefore, we think that our results are low. Accordingly, we postulate that TCDD does exist in these samples at a level between 10 and 20 parts-per-trillion. Although the quantitative results show some variability, we suggest that the important observation is that all analyses of this sediment showed detectable levels of TCDD in the parts-per-trillion range. C. Gulfport Study Also during 1979, we collaborated with Major A.L. Young of the United States Air Force to monitor biological samples for TCDD in the area of Gulfport, Mississippi (Ex. 226). Specifically, the samples were taken near the Naval Construction Battalion Center (NCBC), the site where over 15,000 drums (more than 80,000 gallons) of Herbicide Orange had been stored from mid 1968 until mid-1977 (Ref. 1). v This area was unfortunately contaminated with Herbicide Orange, including its TCDD component, because of leaks in the drum containers. The concentration of TCDD in the sail is highly variable at this 1-2 acre site depending on whether or not spills had occurred. The mean concentration of TCDD at spill sites in July, 1977 was ** / 240 parts-per-billion.In 1978, additional monitoring was done (Ref. 1). Sites where no obvious spill had taken place contained * 7 I n the summer of 1977, the Herbicide Orange was removed Trom Gulfport and destroyed. **/ Parts-per-billion = 1000 x parts-per-trillion. �-19less than 0.2 parts-per-billion TCDD, whereas "old" spill (light stain, mild odor) and "new" spill (heavy stain, strong odor) sites were contaminated at levels of about 40 parts-per-billion and 200 parts-per-billion, respectively. Clearly, the area contains TCDD at levels much higher than soil exposed tc normal spray application of 2,4,5-T. However, the high levels allowed Major Young to develop an analytical program to address the question of movement of TCDD in the environment. Our role in the program was to analyze biological samples. As has been reported by Young, Thalken, and Cairney (Ex. 226), we found detectable levels of TCDD in a variety of biological I/ samples (crayfish, mosquitofish, frog, etc). The concentration of TCDD decreased smoothly from levels of 100 to 7200 parts-pertrillion on site to levels of 45 parts-per-trillion at a distance of 7000 feet from the site and 20 parts-per-trillion at 9000 feet. The same trend was observed for samples collected later, in June, 1979. For example, for composite crayfish/mosquitofish samples, levels of 175, 88, 31, 20, and 6 parts-per-trillion were V W e have also participated in monitoring of TCDD from a more normal environment. One study was conducted on fish in the Niagara River and in Lake Ontario in collaboration with scientists at the New York Department of Health. TCDD was detected at levels of 4.6 parts-per-trillion in a small mouth bass and 6.5 parts-per-trillion in a brown trout, both from Lake Ontario (Ref. 2). The results are consistent with the observations from Gulfport, but the origin of the TCDD and the extent of the contamination is not clear from this preliminary study. It is our understanding that more extensive investigations are underway in the New York Department of Health. �-20- • found on site and at 3000', 7000', 9000', and 12,000' from the storage area. The complete data and a map of the area are shown in Tables 1 and 2, and Figure 5. These observations appear to be at odds with the commonly held view that TCDD in soil is immobile (Ref. 7,8). We must point out, however, that for the usual environmental situation, movement studies of this nature would not be feasible because the site of origin of the TCDD (a spray site, for example) would be contaminated at levels lower than the at parts-per-billion levels found at NCFBC in Gulfport. Clearly Major Young and his coworkers have shown farsightedness in taking advantage of an inadvertant contamination incident to generate useful environmental data. Young and coworkers (Ref. 9) have also coordinated studies on other biologicals at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, a one square mile site that was heavily sprayed with 2,4,5-T (161,000 pounds between 1962 and 1970). The area contained rather high levels of TCDD in 1973 (10-710 parts-per-trillion). In 1978, TCDD was still present, but no comparison can be made because of sampling differences. Based on results from many biological analyses, it was shown that TCDD accumulates in animal tissues (detectable levels were observed in nine species of animals). For example, the liver of beach mice was shown to have up to 1500 parts-per-trillion TCDD, several times the amount in its surround; ing habitat. This work is ongoing, and we are collaborating by providing analytical support. �-21Table 1. Aquatic Sampling Site I TCDD Residues in Biologicals from Gulfport (1976 Results) Distance from Storage Area (feet) Immediate Area TCDD Residues in Biologicals (ppt) a/ 140 1600 II 3,000 III 7,000 45 IV 9,000 20 V 12,000 - 3500 - 7200 b/ ND 200 - 2200 ND= Not detected at detection limit of 8 ppt. a/ Detection limit ranged from 50 to 5 ppt. b/ Sample collected in 1979 Table 2. Aquatic Sampling Site Distance from Storage Area (feet) TCDD Residues in Biologicals from Gulfport (1979 Results) Nature of Sample II 3,000 Composite a/ III 7,000 Composite Turtle (fat) IV 9,000 V 12,000 Composite Composite Frog (whole body) TCDD Residues (ppt) b/ 175 88 ND 31 20 6 ND= Not detected at detection limit of 35 ppt. a/ Composite samples consisted of mosquitofish and small crayfish, b/ Detection limit ranged from 35 to 5 ppt. �TCDD LEVELS I ND (W74> 6- 9000 TCDD LEVELS: 20ppK|<ra») ^ -31 (» TCDD ND-88ppHlW> 3000 {t V TCDD LEVELS,: 220-2200 175 NCBC, Figure 5. ^P O . . . ! O,P Herbicide . I lO^ storage Area Tcpo LEVELS: 140-3500 1600-7206 Locations of the aquatic sampling sites in' relation to the herbicide storage area Relationship of the Naval Construction Battalion Center (NCBC) to the major popucenter and associated aquatic system (insert) . �-23D< Blodgett Forest Study Finally, a carefully designed study on the impact of 2,4,5-T on Blodgett Forest located in central California has been undertaken by the.U.S. Forest Service, and is nearing completion. We participated in a part of this study testing whether TCDD would accumulate in deer tissue. in the Blodgett Forest. Deer were penned in an 11 acre area The herbicide 2,4,5-T was sprayed at an application dose of three pounds per acre. Prior to the spraying, fat biopsies were taken from all deer to be used as controls. After the spraying, three deer each were sacrificed at intervals of 2, 14, and 28 days. Again samples of tissue (fat, liver, muscle, and bone marrow) were taken. Two additional deer were collected from areas not known to have been sprayed with 2,4,5-T, and tissues from these deer were used as controls (Ref. 10). The tissue samples were extracted and cleaned up by Dr. Aubry Dupuy at the Toxicant Analysis Center in Bay St. Louis,. Mississippi using the "acid/base" procedure. The extracts were submitted to us (along with a suitable number of control samples) for analysis using our standard method of gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The results of our analysis as originally reported to the Forest Service are presented in Table 3. TCDD was detected in 18 of the samples of deer tissue that were submitted to us for analysis (Ex. 227). We have recently learned that nine of these samples were quality control samples that had been spiked with known amounts of TCDD (Ex. 228). There appears to �-24Table 3. Sample Number Sample Type Summary of Positives in Deer from Blodgett Forest TCDD Residue (ppt) Detection Limit (ppt) 3.3 1 FS-4 1.6 1 FS-7 7.4 0.8 FS-8 3.4 1 FS-11 4.6 0.7 FS-3 Deer Muscle 12 2 2 2 FS-20 2.9 1 FS-23 4.9 1 FS-24 2.2 1 FS-27 3.6 0.7 FS-18 Deer Adipose FS-19 •" FS-29 Deer Liver 14 0.8 FS-31 2.5 1 FS-34 2.1 1 FS-36 4.5 2 FS-40 7.8 2 FS-42 3 3 3.9 3 FS-45 Bone Marrow �-25- be a systematic error in the quantitation of these quality control samples. Specifically, our results are a factor of about 3-3.5 times lower than the "true" values. Because our determined values are always low, we surmise that the error must be systematic and occurred either in the spiking and extraction laboratory or in the analysis laboratory. of the error. Studies are underway to determine the source We believe these errors do not significantly reflect on the validity of the study. In our view, the key point is whether TCDD can be detected in these samples; the exact levels at the low parts-per-trillion range are of secondary concern. Knowing that nine of the eighteen deer samples were spiked as quality control samples, we concluded that the remaining nine samples of deer tissue contain TCDD at an apparent level of 1-10 parts-per-trillion. However, if these determinations are also systematically low because of an error made in our analysis, then the levels would have to be raised by about a factor of three, i.e., the real levels would range from 3 to 30 parts-per-trillion. We do not writing. I/ have knowledge of the sample code at this For example, we are unsure whether positive detections were found only in exposed deer or only in control animals (not exposed), or both. Therefore, we cannot comment on any trends in the data and we cannot conclude that spraying of 2,4,5-T leads to accumulation of TCDD in deer tissue. However, the final results from this study should permit us to refute or substantiate VBecause analysis of some samples is still in progress, the Department of Agriculture has not released the code which identifies particular samples as coming from exposed or from control deer. �-26the hypothesis that TCDD accumulation does occur in animal tissue as a result of normal usage of 2,4,5-T. This is particularly true if these results are consistent (as they appear to be) with the results from an ongoing EPA study on TCDD residues in deer ' I/ and elk from 2,4,5-T treated forests. Clearly, this present study will be important for understanding the fate of TCDD which enters the environment by a "normal" spray application route, and further details should be sought. V. Analysis of Human Samples Our laboratory has provided the analytical support for three studies designated to determine whether or not TCDD accumulates in human tissue. These studies involve (a) human liver and adipose from autopsy cases in the United States rice growing area, (b) human milk from women in the western forest areas of the United States, and (c) human adipose from veterans of the Vietnam conflict. A. They will be discussed in turn. Human Adipose and Liver Study During 1977, 44 samples of human adipose and liver were extracted and analyzed for TCDD in our laboratory.. The samples originated from autopsy cases in four southern hospitals in the U.S.: Greenwood Leflore Hospital, Greenwood, Mississippi; Veterans Administration Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; University Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Veterans Administration Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas. These hospitals were chosen because they handle patients residing in or about the principal rice-growing jV Preliminary results from the EPA study indicate that measurable amounts of TCDD can be found in animals that have gazed in 2,4,5-T treated forests (Ref. 12). Other witnesses in this hearing will testify on this study. �-27areas of this country. Herbicides, including 2,4,5-T and silvex, are used annually for this application. No TCDD was found in any of the samples at a detection limit of 5 parts-per-trillion on the average (the range of the detection limit for 41 samples was 1 to 12 parts-per-trillion). Three samples had somewhat higher detection limits: 17, 19, and 160 parts-per-trillion because of small sample sizes for the first two and a poor percent recovery for the third (ca. 1%). B. Human Milk Study In 1979, we analyzed 103 human milk samples under the auspices of a Cooperative Agreement with the EPA. The 72 study cases were mothers residing in northern California, Oregon, and Washington state. Control samples were taken from mothers in Los Angeles and in Alaska, two areas where 2,4,5-T or Silvex exposure is not likely. The mothers were all volunteers. Each sample was divided into two equal volumes, and one volume was extracted and cleaned-up by Dr. Aubry Dupuy and his coworkers. (The second volume was reserved in the event that reextration and reanalysis became necessary in order to resolve questionable results from the first extraction.) The extracts along with controls were then submitted to us for analysis by GC/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. As was discussed pre- viously, the sample extraction, clean-up, and analysis was first validated using control samples (see Ex. 225). No TCDD was detected in any of the samples at detection limits averaging about 1 part-per-trillion. The average detection �-28limits for each sample region are as follows: State Average Detection Limit Range Washington 0.9 ppt 0.2-2.0 ppt Oregon 1.9 ppt 0.5-3.0 ppt Northern California 2.7 ppt 0.4-6.0 ppt Controls 1.8 ppt 0.1-3.0 ppt Clearly, no human exposure, documentable by milk analyses, is evident at the detection limits shown above. In the course of this study, an important observation was made with reference to the analytical science of parts-pertrillion detections. Nine samples appeared to be positive at levels of 0.7 to 11 parts-per-trillion during the first round of analyses in our laboratory. using the second milk These samples were then reextracted portion and submitted to us and to Mr. Robert Harless at the EPA Research Triangle Park laboratory. The sample identity was not known to us. In all cases, the reanalyais gave a "not detected" result in both laboratories at detection limits lower than for the first analyses. This approach of checks and replicate analyses, carefully designed by EPA scientists, permitted the analytical workers to avoid reporting out "false positives". Moreover, it is evidence of the nonprejudicial manner in which government science has sometimes been undertaken. We can speculate that the first round of apparent positives was due to handling errors either in the �-29extraction or the analysis laboratories. Furthermore, the positive detections, later corrected, illustrate the need for caution in the interpretation of analytical results at these low levels. C. Vietnam Veterans Study The third study on potential human exposure to TCDD in which we participated was conducted by the Veteran Administration, and involved the analysis of human adipose taken from veterans of the Vietnam war and a control group. Fat samples were taken from 33 men, including a control group of 10 who had not served in Vietnam. As of December, 1979, 22 of the 33 samples had been analyzed, and dioxin was found in 10 of them (Ref. 11). The Veterams Admini- stration is currently reviewing the results of the analyses, and their possible implications. VI. v Conclusion There now exist reliable methods for the extraction, detection, and quantitation of TCDD at low parts-per-trillion levels in soils, sediment, and tissue. The validity of the methods is insured by the validation studies, the stringent criteria employed V O u r laboratory reported the results of its analyses to the Veterans Administration on February 13, 1980. In addition, the results from some of these samples have been qualitatively confirmed by Mr. Harless at the EPA analysis laboratory. Because of the possible public reaction to the results and implications of this study, the Veterans Administration has asked that the data from our laboratory not be presented in an open forum before the entire study has been reviewed by independent scientists. However, the Veterans Administration is amenable to their use in an iri camejra session, and negotiations are currently underway to provide protective arrangements for the use of our data in this hearing. Once these protective arrangements are in place, or the review is complete, I agree to be recalled in this hearing in order to present data from this study. �-30in the collaborating laboratories, and the confirmation or method validation procedure involving checks in a second laboratory. Application of these analytical methods to real samples permits us to conclude that measurable amounts of TCDD can be found in some human and environmental samples. In many instances, the presence of the TCDD can be associated with exposure to 2,4,5-T. Michael L. Gro*s *j , ^VJOdt/f �APPENDIX 1 Sample Extraction Procedure for Tissue A 1-10 g sample was accurately weighed and spiked with a known amount (2.0 - 2.5 ng) of ^CI-TCDD. It was then saponified in I/ 15 ml of ethanol and 30 ml of 40% aqueous KOH in a reflux apparatus for 60 minutes with stirring. The sample should be completely hydrolyzed before terminating the saponification. The solution was transferred to a 250 ml separatory funnel and diluted with 20 ml of ethanol and 40 ml of water and extracted four times with nanograde hexane. The first extraction was done with 25 ml of hexane, shaking vigorously for one minute. The lower aqueous layer was removed to a clean beaker, and the upper hexane layer was decanted to a 125 ml separatory funnel. The aqueous layer was then extracted three times more with 15 ml portions of hexane, each time adding the hexane to the 125 ml separatory funnel. The combined hexane extracts were washed with 10 ml water to remove excess base. The combined hexane extracts were washed 4 times with 10 ml concentrated 112804, or until both layers were clear. As many as 8 extractions may be necessary, depending upon the sample. the hexane was washed with 10 ml water. Again The hexane layer was decanted to a 2 ounce jar and concentrated under a stream of dry nitrogen to approximately one ml. V A l l solvents are of the highest grade and suitable for residue analysis. �Appendix 1 -2- Three chromatography steps were done, the first being a silica gel column. No activation of silica was necessary. A 5 cm column was prepared using a disposable pipet plugged with glass wool. The silica was capped with 1/4 cm anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove water, and then wetted with hexane. The sample, dissolved in 1 ml of hexane, was transferred to the column. A second ml of hexane was used to rinse the jar and was subsequently added to the column. benzene in hexane. Dioxin was eluted with 3 ml of 20% (V/V) All the eluate was collected in another 2 ounce jar and concentrated to a volume of 1 ml. Alumina was washed by saturating with methylene chloride, removing excess solvent, then activating at 225°C for 24 hours. A column was prepared in the same manner as the silica column above. The column was cooled to room temperature in a dessicator before use. Hexane was used to wet the column before transferring the sample. The jar was again rinsed with one ml of hexane which was transferred to the column. The alumina was eluted with two 3 ml portions of pesticide grade CCI^, then with 4 ml of CH2Cl2« These solvents were used to rinse the jar before being transferred to the column. The methylene chloride fraction was collected in a clean 2 ounce jar and concentrated under nitrogen while replacing the volatile CH2CL2 with hexane. discarded. All other fractions can be �1 Appendix 1 -3- The final step was florisil chromatography. The florisil was saturated with methylene chloride and activated in a oven at 165"C for 24 hours. dessicator. The packing was allowed to cool in a vacuum A five cm column was prepared in a disposable pipet plugged with glass wool. The column was packed with 10 ml of hexane under light nitrogen pressure, in an attempt to remove all air pockets. The sample, dissolved in one ml of hexane, was added to the florisil column. The container was rinsed with one ml of 8% (by volume) methylene chloride in hexane. The column was eluted with nine ml of 8% CH2C12 in hexane (which removed 80-85% of the PCB's) and then with eight ml of CH2Cl2« The dichloromethane fraction, which contained the TCDD, was collected in a centrifuge tube, and the solvent was evaporated to a small volume under a stream of dry nitrogen. The sides of the centrifuge tube were rinsed down with one ml of hexane and again the volume was reduced. The tube was rinsed a final time with one ml of hexane and the solvent evaporated until the volume was less than lOOul. The centrifuge tube was capped with a teflon-lined screw cap and stored in a freezer at about -208C until analysis. �List of Materials Used in Tissue Extractions V Acetone, OmniSolv, MCB Benzene, OmniSolv, MCB Carbon tetrachloride, OmniSolv, MCB Ethyl alcohol, OmniSolv, MCB Hexane, Omnisolv, MCB, non UV Methylene chloride, OmniSolv, MCB Sulfuric acid, concentrated, analytical reagent, Mallinckrodt Water, distilled in glass Potassium hydroxide, analytical grade, Mallinckrodt Sodium sulfate (anhydrous), analytical grade. Fisher Aluminum oxide, neutral, activity grade I, Woelm Pharma Florisil, 60-100 mesh, Fisher Silica gel, 60-200 mesh, reagent grade, Baker Chemical Co. Dry nitrogen (boil-off from liquid N2) V A l l OmniSolv line solvents are distilled in glass, suitable for chromatography and residue analysis. �« Appendix 1 -5Sample Extraction Procedure for Soil A 5-10g sample was accurately weighed in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask and spiked with a known amount of ^CI- TCDD (2.0 - 2.5 ng). The spike was allowed to dry on the soil before proceeding. Four ml of 0.2 M ammonium chloride solution (10.7 g/liter) were added to saturate the soil. The soil was allowed to stand for several minutes. Fifty ml of 1:1 (by volume) hexane/acetone solution was then added; the solution was stirred for 15 minutes using a magnetic stirrer. The solvent was carefully decanted into a 250 ml separatory funnel, filtering suspended particles through glass wool. Another 40 ml of hexane/acetone was added and the soil was allowed to stir for another 30 minutes. Again, solvent was decanted and filtered. The hexane/acetone solution was extracted twice with 25 ml of IN KOH, followed by one extraction with 25 ml of distilled water. (Any emulsions formed were broken up by addition of a few drops of concentrated H2S04-) Several washings with concentrated H2S04 were done, approximately 10-15 ml each, until hexane and acid layers were clear. Four or five extractions were generally necessary. The hexane layer was washed with 100 ml of distilled water and excess acid was neutralized by addition of amounts of solid Na2CO3 to the water/hexane mixture until the neutralization reaction subsided. The water layer was then removed. �* Appendix 1 -6- « Sodium carbonate columns were prepared by adding anhydrous Na2CC>3 to a height of 8 cm in 25 ml burettes. The burettes were plugged with a generous amount of glass wool to prevent Na2C03 leakage (Na2C03 was not packed tightly). The column was wetted with hexane before transferring the hexane layer from the separatory funnel, followed by a rinse of 25 ml of hexane. All eluate was collected in 4 ounce jars, then concentrated under a stream of dry nitrogen to approximately 1 ml. Alumina was washed by saturating with methylene chloride, removing excess solvent, then activating at 225°C for at least 24 hours. The column was cooled to room temperature in a dessicator before use. A 5 cm column was prepared using a disposable pipet plugged with a small amount of glass wool. The alumina was capped with 1/4 cm anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove water. Hexane was used to wet the column before transferring the sample, dissolved in 1 ml hexane, to the column. A second 1 ml of hexane was used to rinse the jar and was subsequently added to the column. The alumina was eluted with two 3 ml portions of CC14, then with 4 ml of CH2C12- These solvents were used to rinse the jars before being transferred to the column. The methylene chloride fraction was collected in a 12 ml conical centrifuge tube and again concentrated under nitrogen while replacing the volatile CH2Cl2 with isooctane. discarded. All other fractions can be The isooctane was concentrated to a volume of less than 100 ul, capped with a teflon-lined screw cap, and stored in a freezer at about -20"C until analysis. �Appendix 1 -7List of Materials Used in Soil Extractions V Acetone - Omnisolv, MCB Carbon tetrachloride - Omnisolv, MCB Hexane - Omnisolv, MCB, non UV Methylene chloride - Omnisolv, MCB Sulfuric Acid, concentrated - analytical reagent, Mallinckrodt Water - distilled in glass 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) - Omnisolv, MCB Aluminum oxide-neutral, Activity Grade I, Woelm Pharma Ammonium chloride - analytical reagent, Fisher Potassium hydroxide - analytical reagent, Mallinckrodt Sodium carbonate (anhydrous) - analytical reagent, Fisher Sodium sulfate (anhydrous) - analytical reagent, Fisher Dry nitrogen (boil-off from liquid N2) V A l l Omnisolv line solvents are distilled in glass, suitable for chromatography and residue analysis. �APPENDIX 2 Gas Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC/HRMS) Analysis At the time of analysis, the side of the centrifuge tubes was washed thoroughly with aproximately 100 ul of hexane or isooctane using a graduated syringe. During the washing, the solvent was allowed to evaporate until a volume of-^50 ul remained This remaining volume was accurately measured; usually threefourths was replaced in the centrifuge tube, and the fourth remaining in the syringe was used for the gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry analysis. Mass Spectrometer A Kratos MS-5076 ultra high resolution mass spectrometer was used for this analysis (ultimate resolution = 180,000). The mass spectrometer was interfaced via a direct coupling to a Perkin Elmer Sigma II gas liquid chromatograph. Data acquisition was accomplished with a Nicolet Model 1170 signal averaging computer. Gas Chromatography The column was a 6 1 x 1/4" O.D. glass containing a Dow mixed phase packing. Typical operating conditions were: Helium flow rate of 15 cc/min; injector 270°: column temperature program 1.5 min at 250° and then ramped at 10° c/min to 3008C and held there until the dioxin had eluted. The GC/MS interface was a simple glass lined stainless steel capillary and was held at an average temperature of 2508C. Typical retention time was 3.4 minutes (peak width at 10% height approximately 40 seconds). �" 'Appendix 2 -2- Mass Spectrometer Conditions The electron impact source was used at 70 eV ionizing energy and an accelerating voltage of 8 KV. The source was set at 260°C. The instrument was tuned to a resolving power of 10,000 (10% valley definition). Data were acquired using the standard ion switching feature pr./ided with the MS-50 (dual ion monitoring). The first analysis was made monitoring one channel m/z 321.8936 (the most abundant molecular ion of TCDD having natural isotopic elemental abundances) and m/z 327.8848 (3 C14-TCDD, the internal standard) on the second channel. The complete peak profiles were acquired at a bandwidth of 3000 Hz by scanning of a frequency of about 2 Hz, corresponding in each case to a mass range of 300 ppm (0.096 amu). The output of the mass spectrometer was accumulated over about 75 sweeps per channel using a Nicolet Model 1170 signal averager. The resulting signals were submitted to a three-point smoothing routine prior to print-out on an X-Y recorder. Calculation of Results Quantitation was achieved by employing the internal standard "ratio method." Throughout the analysis period, standard samples containing TCDD and internal standard were analyzed. From these results, a calibration curve can be prepared by plotting ratio of the weights of TCDD and internal standard versus the ratio of signal intensities (intensity at m/z 321.8936; intensity at m/z 327.8848). Residues of TCDD in actual samples were obtained by �-3measuring the ratio of the signal intensities at m/e 322 and 328 (internal standard) and reading the concentration of TCDD from the calibration plot. The detection limit in the actual samples was obtained by multiplying the noise level by 2.5 which was considered the maximum amount of TCDD which could be present in the sample. The percent recovery was measured using the absolute signal intensity for the internal standard and mass spectrometer response factors measured by analyzing standard solutions of internal standard . Validation Samples which showed detectable concentrations of TCDD or which were questionable were reanalyzed by removing a second aliquot and reinjecting onto the GC/HRMS. For this validation, the high mass channel is centered at 321.8936 and the low mass channel at 319.8965, the second most abundant molecular ion of TCDD. All other conditions were as reported above. The theo- retical ratio of intensities is 0.78 (m/z 319.8965: m/z 321.8936). The analysis permits us to calculate a concentration of TCDD based on the absolute signal intensity observed at m/£ 321.8936 using response factors determined for the mass spectrometer from analysis of standard solutions of TCDD. Based on the percent recovery measured above, the quantitation is adjusted to 100% discovery. Validation of TCDD is considered acceptable if the observed ratio of signals is 0.78 + 0.10. �TYPICAL COOTTER OUTPUT FOR SOIL ANALYSIS. CONCENTRATION TCDD 16 PARTS-PER-TRILLION PCB GAIfl:X30 327,8848 321,9292 321,8936 321,8677 �Exhibits 1. Gross, M.L. 1978. Final Report. Analysis of Selected Environmental Samples for TCDD by GLC/MS Techniques. EPA Contract No. 68-01-4305. March 7, 1978. 2. Gross, M.L. 1979. Progress Reports, EPA Cooperative Agreement No. R880002-01 (Mothers' milk, water and sediment). 3. Young, A.L., C.E. Thalken and W.J. Cairney. 1979. Herbicide Orange Site Treatment and Environmental Monitoring: Summary Report and Recommendations for Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, MS. USAP OEHL Laboratory, Brooks AFB, TX, pages 24-30; 3S-36/ 4. Gross, M-L. 1979. Final Report. Ultratrace Analysis of Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Samples of Deer Tissue by Gas Chromatograph/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, U.S. Forest Service Contract No. 53-915B-8-6133. July 10, 1979. 5. Gross, M.L. 1979. Letter to Dr. Hugh Black, U.S. Forest Service with attachment. July 13, 1979. �References 1. Young, A.L., C.E. Thalken, and W.L. Cairney, Herbicide Orange Site Treatment and Environmental Monitoring: Summary Report and Recommendations for Naval Construction Batallion Center, Gulfport, MS. Report Number OEHL-TR-79-169, Nov., 1979, U.S. Air Force. 2. Buffalo Evening News, Buffalo, New York, April 24, 1979, p. 1. 3. Kimble, B.J and M.L. Gross, Science, 207: 4. Baughman, R. and M. Meselson, Environmental Health Perspectives, 5: 27 (1973)(Ex. 187). 5. L.A. Shadoff and R.A. Hummel, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 5: 7 (1978) 6. Nestrick, T.J., L.L. Lamparski, and R.H. Stehl, Anal. Chem., 51: 2273 (1979). 7. USDA/States/EPA 2,4,5-T Assessment Team, Biologic and Economic Assessment of 2,4,5-T at 5-28 (Feb. 15, 1979). 8. Kearney, P.C , etal., Environmental Health Perspectives, 5: 273 (1973)(Ex. 188)" 9. Young, A.L., J.A. Calcagni, C.E. Thalken, and J.W. Traemblay, The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, USAF OEHL Technical Report No. TR-78-92, Brooks AFB, TX., October, 1978, Chapter III (Ex. 150). 59 (1980). 10. Zeiner, D. 1978. Memorandum from David Zeiner to Hugh Black, U.S. Forest Service with attachment. December. 10, .1978. 11. New York Times, New York, New York, December 13 12. Results of EPA Deer and Elk Study (1979)(Ex. 199). 1979, p. A18. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1649 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gross, Michael L. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Title A name given to the resource Direct Testimony of Dr. Michael L. Gross, in re: The Dow Chemical Company, et al. Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study study protocol Blodgett Forest Study breast milk testing ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/2fc7d650eaf170dc32d70ef2bc723dd6.pdf b7028bf96030e5b3867faef85a02c8df PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01647 Author Mobson, Lawrence B. Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB Typescript: Dioxin in Body Health and Health Status: a Feasibility Study Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color n Numbor of Images 11 DOSCriptOD NOtOS Study was presented before the Division of Environmental Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 186th National Meeting, August 28-September 2,1983 (preprint exended abstract is included with typescript). Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1648 of 1688 �Dioxin in Body Health and Health Status: A Feasibility Study L. B. Hobson, L. E. Lee, M. L. Gross, and A. L. Young Agent Orange, the defoliant used in Vietnam, contained an average of about 2 parts per million of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin or TCDD. Since it is extemely toxic for some animal species, it has been blamed for a wide variety of medical problems by veterans who served in Vietnam. It was suggested that TCDD might remain concentrated in the body's fat long after contact with it and serve both as a cause of ill effects and as a marker to prove prior exposure to Agent Orange. It also became evident that improved methods of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry would allow detection of TCDD in amounts as small as a few parts per trillion, a few picograms per gram of human fat. In order to test the feasibility of using such assays, the Veterans Administration undertook a pilot study with Dr. Michael L. Gross of the Department of Chemistry, the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. Three groups of men volunteered to provide specimens of their fat: twenty men, believing that they had been exposed to Agent Orange in Vietnam and— except for one man—experiencing medical problems submitted to surgical biopsy of the abdominal wall. A second group of �ten veterans who were having operations anyway provided specimens of fat from the body wall as control samples since none had been in Vietnam nor had contact with Agent Orange. A third group of three Air Force officers had worked with TCDD or Agent Orange within the prior two years and one had also been exposed to the defoliant in Vietnam. They also were biopsied. To do this, VA surgeons removed 10 to 30 grams of fat from the abdominal wall of the volunteers of the first and last group using local anethesia. In all instances precautions were taken to avoid contaminating the specimens with TCDD and to deliver them frozen to the assay laboratory. I am not competent to discuss the methods of extraction, gas chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry used by Dr. Gross. Nor can I describe in detail the techniques used by the chemists of the Environmental Protection Agency who assayed 15 of the -specimens to confirm Gross1 findings. I am quite willing to believe that the methods are delicate, exacting, and time-consuming. Each volunteer had a medical work-up at the VA medical center. The military record of each "exposed" man was examined to evaluate his exposure before the assay results were available. The assays were conducted "blind" as well since the chemist had only a code number for each specimen. Estimating exposure to Agent Orange is generally a less �than satisfactory procedure and the results must be viewed sceptically. We did divide, as best we could, the 20 "exposed" men into three subgroups: the most likely exposed, the least likely exposed, and an intermediate group with possible but less definite exposure. The results showed that it is indeed possible to detect and quantify to some degree, at least, 2,3,7,8-TCDD in human fat. To be specific, it was present in fat from 13 of the 20 exposed veterans, from 9 of the 10 controls, and from all three Air Force officers. The amounts ranged from 3 to 99 parts per trillion with the two highest values in "most likely exposed" veterans. The third veteran in that group, however, had no detectible TCDD and the heavily exposed Air Force officer had only 6 parts per trillion. It will be easier to review the results in graph form (Slide I) than in a large table. The front row of cubes • indicates the results from the most likely exposed volunteers, the rear row of cubes refers to controls, the other two portray the possibly exposed and least likely exposed groups. Each cube stands for the highest value obtained for one volunteer. Only three individuals had more than 15 parts per trillion and one of these was a control. Most values were below 10 parts per trillion. It is difficult in so small a sample to evaluate the significance of an "outlier" such as the 99 parts per �trillion, especially because of the intralaboratory, as well as the interlaboratory, variability on replication. It is best to say only that a-larger series would have to be tested with better documentation of exposure before any firm conclusion can be drawn. This is especially true because two recent small series, one in Canada and another in the United States have found TCDD in fat samples from civilians, each with a mean value of about 10 parts per trillion. In Canada one "outlier" of 130 ppt was discarded to arrive at that mean. The mean of our controls was 5.7^ 3.1 ppt, the mean of the Vietnam veterans (except the "outlier") was 8.3^6.9. In considering the clinical situations of the 20 "exposed" veterans, it must be kept in mind that all but one volunteered because they had medical problems. are a self-selected Vietnam veterans. Hence they sample and are not representative of The 19 men had a total of 36 diagnoses ranging from the grave to the trivial. 'They are reasonably typical of what can be seen in a large clinic serving a truly sick population. Thus, 8 men had minor skin problems, 4 had blood vessel problems of high blood pressure or varicose veins, 3 each had gastro-intestinal disorders, neuropsychiatric problems, benign tumors, joint diseases, or reproductive disorders. However, one of the benign tumors was inside the skull, one man had sarcoidosis and another a cancer, one was schizophrenic. All of these are serious �diseases. I will show you the complaints, the diagnoses and the TCDD values of only the most and least heavily exposed groups in order to give you an idea of the results (Slide II). First, please, notice the column of TCDD concentrations, you can readily see, expecially for subject number 10, that the assay presented some problems. The "ND" indicates that no TCDD was detected. "S" stands for skin, "G-I" for gastrointestinal, "V" for vascular, and so on. Without going into detail, the variability and the lack of relation to TCDD values is obvious for both complaints and diagnoses. One serious illness—schizophrenia—was diagnosed in a man with 7 ppt in his fat, the other—a cancer—was in a veteran with no detectible TCDD. Even a small series such as our 20 veterans and 10 controls should reveal some correlation if these levels of TCDD were associated with some one or two diseases or groups of diseases. There is no evidence of this. There remains the question of whether the TCDD in the body fat poses a threat to health, for example, if it were all released into the blood within a very short time. It is most unlikely that there is any danger from this source. TCDD concentrates in fat but even if all our soft tissues contained 100 ppt, the blood concentration would only be 0.1 �microgram per kilogram of body weight, far below a dose expected to endanger health. At present, we do not recommend or provide an assay of body fat for TCDD in order to determine whether a veteran was exposed to Agent Orange or to evaluate his medical condition. An operation is necessary to obtain a fat specimen, not always a trivial undertaking. The assay is difficult and therefore expensive and, most important, the results of our pilot study give no hope that useful information will be obtained. The assay unquestionably has value in research. It would be most desirable to follow the course of TCDD's disappearance from fat after a known exposure to it. It may also help us detect suspected sources of TCDD in our civilian environments but only on a very selective basis. It is by no means a practical screening procedure for occupational or public health studies. �Adipose Tissue Content of 2,3,7,8 - TCDD 5 10 15 20 35 100 Each cube represents highest assay * A» Force Officer* value for any one subject 2, 3. 7, 8 - TCDD (ppt) �Fat Assay Results/ Complaints, and Diagnoses of Vietnam Veterans Subject Code 2,3,7,8-TCDD (ppt) Complaints Diagnoses Most heavily exposed 26 10 4* 19 63,99 12,16,23,35 6 ND,ND S G-I None V S S None V Least heavily exposed 28 15 34 1 13 7,8 7 5 ND ND * - Air Force O f f i c e r - Serious Diagnosis None N-P,R,V,S N-P,S,V CA N-P None S B-T (CAJ N-P,B- T GEH ND - Not detected �Aiwn<Acr l*ror>ehte<l IWjfore the Division ot Environmental Chemistry American Chemical Society WaHhiivjton, D.C. Septcmlier, 1903 Uioxin in IVxiy Kal and Health Status: A feasibility Study ..-•• •'"'•'•" /'/ L. B. llolxjon, L. K. Lee, M. L. Gross ancl A. t,. Youtvj Arjent Oraivje ('rejects Office, Veterans Administration 810 Vernont Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20420 Since 1978 there has been mounting concern over human exposure to 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDO). Much of this concern has been expressed by veterans of the Vietnam war who believe that they were exposed to the TCDO-oontaminated herbicide, 2,4,5-trichlocophenoxyacotlc acid (2,4,5-T), an ingredient of Agent Orange, the major defoliant used by the United States Armed forces In Vietnam. During a 5-year period (com 1965 to 1970, the U.S. Air Force applied more than 40 million liters of Agent Orange containing more than 92 kg TCDO in South Vietnam. Some two million American military personnel served t-yeac tours during the same period. Many veterans of that era have reported medical problems that they ascribe to exposure to Agent Orange. Their complaints have ranged from tingling in the extremities to rare forms of cancer. Some veterans have fathered children with birth defects and have suggested that the TCDO is the cause. Accordingly, the Veterans Administration (VA) has initiated extensive health studies of veterans exposed to Agent Orange and its dioxin contaminant during the Vietnam Conflict. Since TCDO is known to accumulate preferentially in the adipose tissue of certain species of laboratory animals, it was suggested, early in the history of the Agent Orange issue, that the analysis of human fat Cor TCDO might provide a way to determine earlier Agent Orange exposure. A relation between the presence of this substance health problems had also been suggested. Although methods for TCDO analysis have Improved in recent years, no such study had been carried out in humans with known exposure to herbicides containing this toxic contaminant. Consequently the VA embarked on a small feasibility study to test the methodology and to determine whether conclusions might be drawn regarding the significance of the results. The study was carried out in three groups of adult males as follows: (1) Twenty Vietnam veterans all but one of whom claimed health problems related to Agent Orange exposure and who volunteered for the fat biopsy. (2) Three U.S. Air R>cce officers with known heavy and relatively recent exposure in connection with herbicide disposal operations but who did not serve in Vietnam. (3) Ten veterans with no service in Vietnam and no known exposure to herbicides who were undergoing elective abdominal surgery and who volunteered to serve as controls. Methods; The procedure called for the removal of 10-30 grams of subcutaneous adipose tissue from the abdominal wall. This was accomplished surgically under local anesthesia. Precautions were token before, during an! after the procedure 91 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY Division of Environmental Chemistry 186th National Meeting Washington, DC August 28—September 2, 1983 Vol. 23 No. 2 SYMPOSIA . • Safe Drinking Water; The Impact of Chemicals on « Limited Resource • Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Total Environment - II • Acid Precipitation • Recent Advances in Environmental Chemical Kinetics • Organic Contaminant Behavior in the Subsurface Environment • The Master Analytical Scheme for Organic Pollutants • General Papers �to avoid contamination by products, e.g., hexachlorophene, that could contain TCDD. Specimens were collected In glass containers previously rinsed with acetone and dried before use. All tissues were refrigerated during shipment bo the assay laboratory, each of the volunteers had a medical history, physical examination, and routine clinical chemistry. The details of military service in Vietnam from the volunteer's report and his service record were examined to evaluate his potential exposure to military herbicides using the dates, location and nature of his service. Prom these a rough estimate of the likelihood of exposure to TCDO was made without knowledge of the assay results. The extraction and assay of all samples for TCDD were conducted at the University of Nebraska, Midwest Center for Mass Spectrometry, Lincoln, Nebraska. Approximately 5 to 10 grams of tissue were used, when available, for each analysis. A known amount, generally 2 ng, of internal standard (either 37 C-2,3,7,8- TCDO or 13 C-2,3,7,S-TCDD) was added to the adipose tissue. The sample was digested in alcoholic potassium hydroxide followed by extraction with hexane to renove TCDD. The hexane extract was washed with concentrated sulfuric acid, neutralized, dried and concentrated. The final stage of preparation involved the use of three short-column liquid chromatography steps (silica gel, alumina and Florisil). Gas chroinatography/hlgh resolution mass Spectrometry was employed for quantitation of 2,3,7,8-TCDO and coeluting isomers. Signal profiles were obtained at a mass resolution of 10,000 for ra/z 321.8936, the itost abundant molecular ion for TCDD, and for the internal standard mass by signal averaging for approximately 100 sec. commencing with the appearance of the co-eluting internal standard 2,3,7,8-TCDO. Extracts which contained materials giving signals greater than 2.5 times noise at the exact mass of TCDD (i.e. 321.8936 + 0 0 2 ) over the Integration period .00 discussed above were reanalyzed. For the~second analysis, signal profiles of tn/z 321.8936 and m/z 319.8965 were nonitored over the elution period oC 2 3 7 8 ,,,TCDO (determined by injection of standard solutions). A positive detection was reported if signals were observed above the detection limit (2.5 times raise) and if their intensity ratio was 1.0:0.78 + 0.10, which is consistent with the presence of four chlorine atoms in the nolecule. Samples meeting all criteria except the correct isotope intensity ratio have been considered to contain "not detectable" levels of TCDO. Foe these samples, it was judged that the presence of TCDD is not disproved by the observation of an incorrect isotope ratio at these low concentrations; rather, the presence of TCDD is not confirmed. Results; Of the twenty veterans who served in Vietnam, seven had no detectible TCDD with the limit of detection at 2 to 6 part per trillion (ppt) . Another two had detectible material that could not be validated as TCDD and the results for one was considered equivocal because the measured value was only questionably above the detection limit. Five of the ten remaining Vietnam veterans had TCDD in amounts from 5 ppt to 7 ppt. three Vietnam veterans had TCDO in the amounts from 9 ppt to 13 ppt. One individual had 63 and 99 ppt (average - 81 ppt) and another had 23 and 35 ppt (average - 29 Of the ten control ("unexposed") veterans, four had TCDO identified in their fat ( , , and 14 ppt). Two other veterans had values low enough to be considered 677 equivocal and in three instances the detected material was not validated as TCDO. The remaining veteran had no detectible TCDD. One of the three Air Force officers with known exposure had no identified TCDD in his fat. The unidentified substance in his case and the TCDD measured in the other two officers was never more than 3 ppt above the limit of detection. 92 »\ �The clinical data were reviewed, seeking correlations between complaints or diagnoses and the assay results. Within the group of twenty Vietnam veterans, seven of them reported some health problems beginning in or during a tour of duty in Vietnam. No two, however, reported the same symptoms. The remaining thirteen veterans reported no illness in Vietnam although only one reported good health at all times. Anong the nineteen veterans with current medical complaints, symptoms and diagnoses varied widely without any common pattern. Five had mental problems ranging from nervousness to schizophrenia and three had experienced difficulties of reproduction, namely, spontaneous abortion by the wives of two and congenital heart disease in the son of a third. Pour of the seven veterans who reported difficulties while in Vietnam had no TODO detected. The five veterans with mental problems included three without detectible TCDO and three whose assays results were 5 to 7 ppt. Che of three veterans reporting reproductive problems had no detected TCDO, one had doubtful level and one had 7 ppt. Detectible TCDO in the body fat could not be correlated with clinical chemistry findings. Similar results applied to the controls i.e., veterans who did not serve in Vietnam. The highest values for TCDO in adipose were found In two Vietnam veterans. Both men had military records substantiating duties that involved the use of TCDD-oontaminated herbicides in Vietnam. Other individuals, however, who claimed extensive handling of herbicide in base perimeter operations had little or no TCDO in their adipose. Discussion; TCDO was found in some persons who reported exposure to Agent Orange and in others who were never in Vietnam. On the other hand, some veterans from Vietnam had no detectible TCDO and the same is true of veterans who were never in Vietnam. The low level of TCDD in two Air Force officers and its absence in another is of special interest since their exposure to TCDO is certain and more recent than that of the veterans. Among the twenty Vietnam veterans there was no uniformity of symptoms, either Immediately after exposure, at the time of biopsy, or during the Intervening period. N> one symptom or group of symptoms was common to veterans with detectlble TCDO in their fat. The presence of TCDD did not mean ill health nor did its absence indicate good health, tb detailed statistical analysis was attempted of this small pilot series. The TCDO content in the fat was very small, not exceeding 100 ppt. Since TCDO accumulates in fat more than in other tissue, the average body concentration woald be much lower. Even if all tissues contained 100 ppt, however, the concentration would be less than 0.1 mircogram per kilogram of body weight, a value below the demonstrated toxic dose to threaten health. Conclusions; The present assay for TCDO in fat tissue does not offer a satistactdry routine test for exposure to Agent Orange, providing neither clear evidence of contact with that specific defoliant nor of absence of such contact. Moreover, the technique cannot be used to correlate body levels of TCDO and medical conditions. The assay technique is difficult and not readily available, fat'samples must be obtained by surgical biopsy and the source of any TCDO detected is uncertain. The current assay method does provide a research tool under proper conditions and for specific purposes, e.g., for determining the rate of disappearance of TCDD after known exposure. 93 »\ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1647 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hobson, Lawrence B. L.E. Lee M.L. Gross A.L. Young Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Dioxin in Body Fat and Health Status: a Feasibility Study Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/39f82c19a0ad2c75e68e4417e7f486a2.pdf e83802a3963647cbd02505df6f5827cf PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01646 Author Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB Clippings: Agent Orange Detected in an Entire Test Group, New York Times, July 15 1980 and Agent Orange Traces Found in Cell Tissue, Washington Star, July 15, 1980 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color ' Number of Images 3 DeSCriptOD NOtBS Clippings sent to Alvin L. Young from the Office of Public Affairs, Brooks Air Force Base Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1647 of 1688 �AEROSPACE MEDICAL DIVISION HEADQUARTERS AEROSPACE MEDICAL DIVISION (AFSC) BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS 78235 MEMO FROM THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC A F F A I R S 17 July 1980 Major Young The articles I promised you . �Part II — Main Edition « 15 July 1980 WASHINGTON STAR 15 JULY 1980 Welcoming Richard Queen son's release are entirely natural. That they included a word of gratitude toward Ayatollah Khomeini undoubtedly reflected the courteous impulse of a gracious woman. However, such gratitude brings to mind Anna Freud's report on child refugees from the blitz of London; the children spoke of the "good Jerries" who dropped, thsir bombs next door but not on them. There are strange psychological dimensions to any captive-captor relationship. Sometimes they can be manipulated to a prisoner's advantage. There is nothing wrong with the way Ambassador Diego Ascensio reasoned when he tried to establish a rapport with the terrorists who held him and a clutch of other diplomats in Bogota a few months ago. It has to be harder to kill someone you've laughed and joked with than it would be to kill a stranger. It is also true that it is wise not to antagonize anyone holding a loaded gun to your head. As Mr. Queen's release did not call for gratitude, it did not call for berating the ayatollah. In the present stalemate, nobody seems to have a better idea of what to do about the hostages than waiting for the revolutionary frenzies to subside. The hope is that, one of these days, "a decent respect for the opinions of mankind" will persuade a moderate Iranian government to release the rest of the hostages. Meanwhile, the important thing is to keep a dignified perspective on what has been going on. The release of vice consul Richard Queen from captivity in Iran offers more cause for pure celebration than we've had out of a public event in some time. A hard trial has ended for an exemplary young American diplomat. Two anxious parents have their son back. An ailing person will have the treatment he needs. There is even a measure of political good n e ws in the picture. That Ayatollah Ruholnh Khomeini is enough concerned about how his actions look to the rest of the world to release a sick hostage rather than to let him languish or die in continued captivity strikes a note of hope for the rest of the American prisoners in Tehran. It puts a bit of solid evidence behind the belief, so long held on the most insubstantial grounds, that there is a certain desire in high places in Iran to get rid of the embarrassment of the hostages. However, this is where the cautionary notes come in. It is prudent to remember how cynically the ayatollah used the last hostage release as a propaganda lever. More is at work than humane impulses when the man who is currently ordering Iranian women back into cover-up clothes they don't want to wear says he is letting some of his American women prisoners go out of sympathy for women's status as an oppressed class in the United States. It is prudent, too, to keep the "generosity" of the ayatollah's act in perspective. Mr. Queen's mother's expressions of joy and relief at her NEW YORK TIMES 15 JULY 1980 Foreign Aid Needs Help, by Any Name To the departing Secretary of State, Cyrus .Vance, the decline in United States aid to the developing countries was "disgraceful." To his successor, Edmund Muskle, there is also a practical reason for alarm. He points out that Congressional cuts are depriving the nation of a weapon of influence to block Soviet, and Marxist advances in the third world. '*•" This return.to cold-war rhetoric should not be shocking in the wake of the invasion of Afghanistan. Even leaders who have no taste for simplistic sloganeering are desperate for ways to arouse the public to a major issue of national security. The American record is devastating. As a percentage of the gross national product, development aid dropped from better than .5 percent in the EisenhowerKennedy years of 1960-63 to less than .25 percent in the Nlxon-Ford-Carter period of 1973-78. Last year, the proportion fell to a low of .19 percent. Among the 17 aidgiving industrial democracies, only Italy ranked lower. • We and others have always believed in the old saying that "foreign aid has no constituency." But the .Agency for International Development disagrees, citing an opinion survey which shows that there are two unorganized but potentially influential constituencies for aid: a "constituency of conviction," favoring an enlightened foreign policy and an overlapping "constituency of interest" that depends on third-world trade. If £80, well and good. But what seems more important the ineffectiveness of the aid constituencies is WASHINGTON STAR LINCOLN, Neb. — Traces of Agent Orange, a controversial chemical defoliant used in the Vietnam War, were found in tissue samples from an entire test group of 33 men in a the skill and persistence of the opponents of, aid. One reason may be that in recent years the argument for aid has been cast not as anti-Communist but as pro-American: meeting "basic human needs" in the poorest countries would also advance the American interest in political stability and an open, growing world economy. The argument is sound, but doesn't sell well. The opponents of aid, meanwhile, have exploited the Communist bogey. They have endangered the World Bank and regional development institutions by enacting unworkable prohibitions on help to Communist Vietnam and other regimes of a more ambiguous stripe. The year-long Congressional hold-up of bilateral aid to Nicaragua to hinder what they call a "Marxist Sandinista" regime has instead strengthened those .who prefer to get help from the Communist world and has weakened the allies of private business and democracy. American aid for an important land reform in El Salvador, for example, will be impossible unless Congress removes Senator Helms's prohibition, which the Senate accepted last month without debate. As Mr. Muskle noted, declining American aid and influence "help the Soviets exploit internal Instability in Nicaragua, in El Salvador and in many other places." Mr. Muskie knows Congress. With the 1980 aid bill still stalled in a political season, he is meeting the opposition on its own ground. It is regrettable that the appeal for aid has to be based on fear and negative reasons, but the need for it, on any ground, is obvious and urgent. 15 JULY 1980 recent experiment, says a University of Nebraska researcher. Dr. Michael Gross, director of the university's Spectrometry Lab, said the study was performed for the Veterans Administration. He said samples from 20 veterans who claimed exposure to the chemical defoliant were brought to the lab for testing. The control group consisted of samples from 10 vets who did not believe they had been exposed. Three additional samples came from Air Force officers who had been involved in research on Agent Orange. The study found that all 33 had traces of Agenj Orange in fat cells, but that none of the samples had lethal amounts. �TUESDAY MORNING, 15 JULY NEW YORK TIMES 15 JULY 1980 Pg D15 Seven Helicopters of Air Station At Norfolk Reported Sabotaged NORFOLK, Va., July 14 <AP) — All seven Navy helicopters assigned to a re^ serve squadron at. the Norfolk Naval- Air Station were sabotaged last week, the Navy said today. It was the second time this year that a group of helicopters at the base had been put out of action. The electrical cables on each of the seven aircraft, described as HH-1K single-engine helicopters, were cut Thursday in nearly identical areas, according to a Navy official who asked not to be identified. The helicopters are assigned to Helicopter Attack Squadron Light 4. On Feb. 20, in an adjacent building at the air station, nine CH-46 helicopters were similarly damaged. Those aircraft were assigned to Helicopter Combat Squadron 6, a regular Navy unit. The Navy is investigating both incidents. No arrests have been made. NEWS SUMMARY--CONT"D With increasing suspense about the choice of a running niatc, Reagan strategists said they hope to deflect attention from party disputes about-the BRA and abortion. • . Sen. Edward Kennedy hailed an endorsement by the International Union of Police Associations at "a difficult time in this campaign." Kennedy held to plans to challenge Carter's Democratic renomination. He directed attacks,'.' though, on Reagan'? "promises to turn out the lights in Washing: ton." . • ..'.. * #'»'•.. BILLY CARTER REGISTERED as an (get)'t of the Libyan government. •; : In a consent accord filed along/with a Justice Department' suit, the President's brottier disclosed that he received; $220,000 in loans from Libya, along with free travel. The Justice Department contended that Billy Carter "undertook a propaganda campaign" for Libya, acting as an intermediary for U.S. business.;' ' . • •'•'• ' ' . . . ' A presidential apoMWmn stfftf' Oft proposed settteme-ni te.. ';"nt>-..White, ..' House-connection wbqtev&'t'.ffairesttient earlier ''disassociate^' 'himself front his brother's comments. * * * . - . .'•. Stepped-up Soviet bombing has caused thousands of civilian and rebel casualties In 60 Afghan village?;'.diplomats fn'/Xsahul US: serted. The attacks were seen as a switch from Soviet efforts to engage insurgents in rural battles. As many, as a dozen Soviet transport planes reportedly have arrived daily i n Afghanistan. . ' • • • • * •* * The So\1et economy slowed to 0,7% growtli last year and Isn't likely to rebound much in 1980; according to the Central Intelligence Agency. It said poor crops, stagnant oil output and declining productivity brought the slowest growth since World War II. Higher military spending squeezed out con;i sumer goods; v.'.;.'.••'. . . * # • » ' - . • II.S. allies should prepare for "very difficult" missile talks with the U.S.S.It:, Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher said. The European negotiations should concentrate only on medium-range nuclear missiles, ho added. Christopher, in Europe, is seeking a unified approach to Soviet;suggestions for talks. *. * . * Iranian firing squads executed 26 persons, including a former general under the deposed shah, Tehran radio reported. Twct military commanders accused of planning a coup will be tried in a few days, an Islamic judge said. In West Germany, freed American hostage Richard Queen was reported in improved condition. 1980 NEW YORK TIMES 15 JULY 1980 Pg D15 NEW YORK TIMES 15 JULY 1980 Pg 12 New Air Force Tanker Is Tested Navy Runs Short of Funds For Re-enlistment Bonuses LONG BEACH, Calif., July 14 (AP) — A new KC-10 cargo-tanker, which will allow the Air Force to deploy fighter planes and men anywhere in the world without landing at foreign bases, made its debut Saturday with a flawless test flight from here to Yuma, Ariz., according to its builder, Douglas Aircraft Company. The plane, converted from the Douglas DC-10, will undergo nearly 300 more hours of test flights. U.S. CONTINUED European-based nuclear-armed planes be included in any new limitation formula that would put a lid on Soviet deployment of SS-20 missiles. The Soviets originally demanded that the nuclear-armed planes and submarines be covered by the SALT II agreement, but U.S. officials Insisted that the strategic arms limitation should apply only to weapons with a range of 3,000 miles or more. The SALT II agreement was signed by both super-powers, but the U.S. Senate has refused to consider ratification of the treaty in the wake of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Both sides are observing its spirit, and the Carter administration remains committed to seeking its approval on Capitol Hill once the political situation changes. After his Bonn talks, Mr. Christopher is to call in at Brussels for discussions which one official said would be focused "in large part" on the NATO response to th» Soviet interest in new arms talks. Other officials said that it wouM take "a couple of months at least to get the issue thoroughly chewed over and discussed," before an ajlied-baoked i VS. counterproposal could be relayed to Mos^ cow. 1 '.' •• ' '..'..•; Mr, Muskie's meeting With Ambassador Dobrynin yesterday was described as one; of a routine series, or as one official put it, "no big deal." : .: However; it cams only four days after the Soviet representative met with Mr. Christopher to discuss the status of the nuclear-force limitation proposal. >•'.'. ..'. • * • * • « . . • . NegottfttoRUfCMro failed to agree on ifti figehda for future talks on Palestinian atitonerriy in Israeli-occupied territory. ''-Egypt is interested in certain 'Subjects and isratelln others," Egyptian Foreign; Minister Butros Ghali said. The stalled discussions resumed Sunday after a two-month halt. * # # . Progress on women's rights to the past five years has been slow in a wprld "full of anxiety and fear," UN Secretary General jSurt Waldheini said. Females constitute two-thirds'of-the world's illiterate, are underpaid and often malnourished in developing nations, he told a 140-country Copenhagen conference on women. * * * . ' Missouri's governor declared a state of emergency and placed the National Guard on alert after heat-related deaths surged to 129 in the state. Missouri temperatures have reached 108 Fahrenheit. The Arkansas poultry industry reported losses of $13 million during three weeks of record heat. ' * * # Public access to documents used in lawsuits isn't being targeted for curbs, according to a federal court administrator. With the assurance, Congress isn't likely to delay Aug. 1 enactment of a rule that press groups oppose. The measure would let judges waive requirements that pretrlal documents be filed in court. WASHINGTON, July 14 (AP) — An unexpected surge in re-enlistments has forced the Navy to take action to avoid running out of money to pay bonuses for skilled enlist cr" pecialists. "Personnel eligible for selective resnlistment bonuses have been electing to continue their Navy careers in larger numbers than previously anticipated," Navy headquarters told its commands in a message. It cited a number of possible reasons, including "the prevailing state of the civilian economy" and Congressional moves to increase service pay and allowances. Navy personnel officials said money for such re-enlistment bonuses had not been exhausted, but that steps were being taken to prevent this from happening in •;he :33t--mor.ths of the fiscal year, which ends.Sept. 30, until new funds voted by Congress become available. NEW YORK TIMES 15 JULY 1980 Pg LINCOLN, Neb.; July 13 (AP) — Traces of Agent Orange, the chemical defoliant used in the Vietnam War, were found in tissue samples from an entire test group of 33 men in a recent, experiment, according to a University of Nebraska researcher. Dr. Michael Gross, director of the university's Spectrometry Laboratory, said that the study was conducted for the Veterans Administration, which is .trying to find out how much Agent Orange may have been absorbed by American servicemen in Vietnam. Dr. Gross said tissue samples from 20 veterans who reported exposure to the chemical defoliant were used. The control group consisted of samples from 10 veterans who.; did rtpt believe they had been exposed. Three additional samples carne from Air Force officers who nad bean involved :in research on Agent Orange. . . The study found that all 33 had traces of Agent Orange in fat cells that were surgically removed for testing, Dr. Gross said, adding, however, that none of the samples had lethal amounts of the chemical. He noted that long-term effects of Agent Orange were not known. Charges of labor racketeering were returned against seven men, including the president of the Teamsters union's Wilmington. Del., local. The indictments came from a five-year federal Inquiry into enterprises that allegedly left truck drivers jobless after leasing them to other corporations. . * * # Former Rep. Charles Diggs waajjrdered to report to a federal prison July/ a three-year sentence £or mall" ___ payroll kickbacks. A federal judge reji a plea for-leniency by the Michigan Democrat. Diggs's conviction was left standing last June by the Supreme Court. * * # Southern California .laborers were told to return to wor!:, a union official said, after a tentative accord ended a week-long construction strike. He said pay and benefits would rise $6.25 an hour during the threeyear pact. * # * Rioting black South Africans burned a white truck driver to death at the Sasol synthetic fuel plant, a company spokesman said. The official denied claims that security forces earlier shot a black worker, whose weekend death touched off the upheaval. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1646 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clippings: Agent Orange Detected in an Entire Test Group, New York Times, July 15 1980 and Agent Orange Traces Found in Cell Tissue, Washington Star, July 15, 1980 Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study popular press ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1645 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schroeter, Rudolf H. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Rudolf H. Schroeter to Alvin L. Young, May 30, 1980 Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/0de5f72ee8c48a1ac097bd4019a596cc.pdf 9a304ff94796731cebfe91f1edf7ee50 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01644 Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Draft VA Dioxin stuc| Sa s VA Can>t Be JOUrnal/BOOk Title Pesiticide & Toxic Chemical News Year Month/Day y v TCDD Source in Veterans certain of 1980 May 21 Color D Number of Imaoos 2 Dosorlpton Notes Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1645 of 1688 �-r Page 34 May 21, 1980 PESTICIDE & TOXIC CHEMICAL NEWS DRAFT VA DIOXIN STUDY SAYS VA CAN'T BE CERTAIN OF TCDD SOURCE IN VETERANS A Veterans Administration's (VA) study of TCDD in the body fat of veterans concludes the VA can't be certain of the source of dioxin found in any of the men in the study (See May 14, Page 18). It stated: " ''The data indicate that TCDD can be found in some persons who report exposure to Herbicide Orange and in others who were never in Vietnam and know of no contact with the herbicide. On the other hand, some veterans from Vietnam have no detectable TCDD and the same is true of veterans who were never in Vietnam.. .Information regarding preand post-service exposure to chemicals that contain TCDD is too inadequate to allow more than speculation on other sources of the material in the fat samples. TCDD has been found in a substance other than Herbicide Orange or the 2,4,5-T in that mixture. It is impossible, therefore, to be certain of the source of TCDD found in any of the men in this study." The unpublished draft is being sent to the White House, the National Academy of Science's National Research Council and the Office of Technology Assessment for . review by the VA's Dr. Lawrence B. Hobson, Deputy Assistant Chief Medical Director for Research and Development. The findings in the VA report included: "Of the twenty veterans from Vietnam, seven had no detectable TCDD with a limit of detection at 2 p.p.t. to 4 p.p,t.; another two had detectible material that could not be validiated as TCDD and one could be considered equivocal because the measured value was so low as to be questionable. The ten remaining men had TCDD identified and measured in amounts from 3 p.p.t. with a limit of detection of 2 parts to 96 or 100 p.p.t with 10 parts limit of detection. The VA study also said that out of 10 veterans unexposed to the herbicide, two had TCDD identified in .their fat at 5 p.p.t. and 6 p.p.t. Another finding reported by the VA was that out of three Air Force officers known to have been exposed to TCDD, one had no identified TCDD in his fat while the other two had TCDD in the fat at levels between 12 p.p.t. and 96 p.p.t. The draft also indicated the study failed to establish a cause-effect relationship between exposure to TCDD and health problems. It said: "Three of the seven veterans who reported difficulties while in Vietnam had no TCDD detected; the four others had 5 p.p.t. to 96 p.p.t. Of the three men whose medical complaints were difficult to relate to toxic substances, three had no TCDD and three had 5 to 96 p.p.t. The category of five veterans with mental problems included two without detectable TCDD and three whose assay results were 5 to 13 p.p.t. One of the three veterans reporting reproductive problems had no detected TCDD and the other two had levels of 3 p . p . t . and 7 p.p.t." It added: "Because of the difficulty and limited availability of the assay techniques, the necessity for securing large fat samples, and the uncertainty of the source of the TCDD detected, the method described here does not seem a satisfactory routine test for exposure to Herbicide Orange nor acceptable evidence of contact with that specific f �May 21, 1980 Page 35 PESTICIDE & TOXIC CHEMICAL NEWS defoliant nor the absence of such contact." Additionally, the VA study said the amounts of TCDD measured in the fat were "very small," not exceeding 100 p.p.t. EPA'S FINAL HAZARDOUS WASTE RULES PUBLISHED IN FEDERAL REGISTER EPA's final hazardous waste rules with listings covering generators, transporters, facilities and permits were published May 19 in the Federal Register (See May 14, Pages 28 & 29). The regulations are effective Nov. 19 except for parts of the rules that were re-proposed. Comments on the regulations will be accepted by EPA until July 18, according to the notice. EPA will also hold three public meetings on the rules. The dates and locations of the meetings are: May 30—Sheraton Palace Hotel, 639 Market Place., San Francisco, Calif. June 2—HEW Auditorium, HEW North Building, 300 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, D.C. June 6—Palmer House Hotel, 17 East Monroe St., Chicago, 111. Comments on EPA's proposal to add eleven wastes to its listing are also due July 18. The notice said EPA is reproposing its financial responsibility requirements to give hazardous waste facility owners options in choosing trustfunds, surety bonds, letters of credit, guaranties, financial tests and a revenue test for municipalities to provide the necessary assurances for the cost of closure and post closure care. The new proposal also includes a provision requiring liability insurance for interim status. EPA said it is seeking comments on the proposed liability requirements by July 18 with a public meeting scheduled for July 1. Those comments may include: "Should the agency require insurance coverage for nonsudden and accidental occurrences during the interim status period? "Will the insurance industry provide such coverage? "Will such coverage be available on a continuing basis, or may the insurance industry withdraw such coverage in the event of large damage suits ? "Is the amount of coverage specified in the regulations appropriate ? "Can we tailor the amount of required insurance to reflect better the degrees of risks posed by the operations of particular sites ? How can this be done ? "What will be the likely annual costs of insurance for nonsudden accidents ? Will all firms be able to afford i t ? " � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1644 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Pesiticide & Toxic Chemical News Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 21 1980 Title A name given to the resource Draft VA Dioxin Study Says VA Can't Be Certain of TCDD Source in Veterans Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1643 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kimbrough, Renate D. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Renate D. Kimbrough to John A. Moore, May 8, 1980 Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1642 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hobson, Lawrence B. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Lawrence B. Hobson to Alvin L. Young, April 22, 1980 Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/437c6ae29ec814ea09228f3bca6053ce.pdf 4f5dc90fc7990e870c42779f12e18ebd PDF Text Text Item ID Number °1641 Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author ROPOrt/ArtiCiO Title Letter: from A vin L ' - Young to Lawrence B. Hobson, March 21, 1980 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color D Number of Images 4 DOSCrlptOU NOtBS Young's reply to Hobson's letter of March 10, in "working paper" and final versions. Wednesday, June 06, 2001 Page 1642 of 1688 �WORKING PAPER DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE USAF SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE (AFSC) BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS 78235 20 March 1980 Dr. Lawrence B. Hobson Deputy Assistant Chief Medical Director for Research and Development Department of Medicine and Surgery Veterans Administration Central Office 810 Vermont Ave, N.W. Washington DC 20420 Dear Dr. Hobson Thank you for extending to me the opportunity of evaluating the amount of exposure sustained by selected participants of the TCDD-Fat Biopsy Study. Although I feel my expertise might be of assistance to you, I must respectively decline from providing you an "exposure rating." I do so because I believe that if you and your staff were to use ratings furnished by me, critics as well as concerned scientists might view negatively that a study subject was providing interpretive guidance. I concur with you that the development of an exposure index is critical to interpretation of the TCDD analytic data. I would suggest that the exposure index be constructed so that subjective notions be converted to objective scales and that they be bounded to minimize any selected subjectivity of the rater. Thus a weighted rating system based on such parameters as follow would be appropriate: 1. Year in Vietnam (exposure was potentially greater for an individual in those years when RANCH HAND Operations were at a maximum). 2. Unit of Assignment Relative to Exposure (exposure was potentially greater for a member of a RANCH HAND squadron than for a typical combat soldier). 3. Base of Assignment (exposure was potentially greater for an individual assigned to a RANCH HAND base; e.g., Bien Hoa, than for an individual assigned to a non-RANCH HAND base; e.g., Phan Rang). 4. Duration of Exposure (the likelihood of exposure would have been greater the longer an individual was in South Vietnam). Other parameters might also be considered. In my view, extreme care should be rendered in constructing the "exposure index" and you should use qualified biostatisticians. Appropriate rank correlation tests should be applied at a minimum* I would even recommend that this subject be taken to the Interagency Work Group to Study the Possible Long-term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants. �WORKING PAPER Please understand that I am not in a position to respond fully to your requested services as outlined in your letter. I believe it is appropriate that I not be placed in any position that might conceivably jeopardize studies conducted by the Veterans Administration or the Air Force. I have been made aware of Dr. Haber's contact with Mr. Joseph Zengerle (SAF/MI) requesting my services on more than a part time or adlib basis. Because of this high level contact for my services or comments, for the immediate future, further requests for my assistance should be directed to SAF/MI. Again, I thank you and other VA Staff members for this and past opportunities to assist in resolution of the Herbicide Orange issue. Sincerely ALVIN L. YOUNG, Major, USAF, PhD Consultant, Environmental Sciences Cy to: HQ AMD/SG HQ AFSC/SG HQ USAF/SG �21 March 1980 Dr. Lawrence B. Hobson Deputy Assistant Chief Medical Director for Research and Development Department of Medicine and Surgery Veterans Administration Central Office 810 Vermont Ave, N.W. Washington DC 20420 Dear Dr. Hobson Thank you for extending to me the opportunity of evaluating the amount of potential exposure sustained by selected participants of the TCDD-Fat Biopsy Study. Although I feel my expertise might be of assistance to you, I must respectively decline from providing you an "exposure rating." I do so because I believe that If you and your staff were to use ratings furnished by me, critics as well as concerned scientists might view negatively a study subject providing interpretive guidance. I concur with you that the development of an exposure index may be relevant. I would suggest that any exposure Index be constructed so that subjective notions be converted to objective scales and that they be bounded to minimize any selected subjectivity of the rater. Thus a weighted rating system based on such parameters as follow may be appropriate: 1. Year In Vietnam (exposure was potentially greater for an Individual In those years when RANCH HAND Operations were at a maximum) 2. Unit of Assignment Relative to Exposure (exposure was potentially greater for a member of a RANCH HAND squadron than for a typical combat soldier). 3. Location of Assignment (Combat Tactical Zones and the Individual Provinces varied significantly on the amount of herbicides they received). k. Duration of Assignment (the likelihood of exposure would have been greater the longer an Individual wa's In South Vietnam). Other parameters might also be considered. In my view, extreme care should be rendered in constructing the "exposure Index" and you should use qualified blostatlsticlans. Appropriate rank correlation tests should be applied at a minimum. I would recommend that this task be undertaken by the Interagency Work Group established to study the possible long-term health effects of phenoxy herbicides and contaminants. CD �Please understand that I am not In a position to respond to your requested services as outlined In your letter, t believe It Is appropriate that I not be placed In any position that might conceivably Jeopardize studies conducted by the Veterans Administration or the Air Force. I have been made aware of Dr. Haber's contact with Mr. Joseph Zengerle (SAF/MIOj on 4 March 1980 requesting my services on more than a part time or ad hoc basis. Because of this high-level contact for my services or comments, for the Immediate future, further requests for my assistance should be directed to SAF/MIQ. Again, I thank you and other VA Staff members for this and past opportunities to assist In resolution of the Herbicide Orange Issue. Sincerely ALVIN L. YOUNG, Major, USAF, PhD Consultant, Environmental Sciences Cy to: NQ AMD/SG HQ, AFSC/fiG HQ USAF/SG SAF/MIQ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1641 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Alvin L. Young to Lawrence B. Hobson, March 21, 1980 Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study study protocol ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 061 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1640 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lathrop, George D. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from George D. Lathrop to Dr. Welch, March 20, 1980 Subject The topic of the resource VA Dioxin Fat Assay Study ao_seriesIII