3 15 106 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0840 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kunstadter, Peter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource A Study of Herbicides and Birth Defects in the Republic of Vietnam: An Analysis of Hospital Records Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects human exposure dioxin HERBS database ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0842 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kurzel, Richard B. Curtis L. Cetrulo Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Environmental Science and Technology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981-06-01 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Human Reproduction, Including Birth Defects Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0846 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource LaVecchio, Francesca A. Hermine M. Pashayan William Singer Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The New England Journal of Medicine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 24 1983 Title A name given to the resource Letter to the Editor: Agent Orange and Birth Defects Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0848 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lamm, Steven H. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 6 1979 Title A name given to the resource An Epidemiologic Assessment of the Alsea II Report Subject The topic of the resource Oregon congenital birth defects EPA ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0859 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: National Health and Medical Research Council Title A name given to the resource News Release: Statement on 2,4,5 -T Subject The topic of the resource Australia congenital birth defects dioxin health studies ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 038 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0860 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leng, Marguerite L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977-09-01 Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Are Lawn Weed Killers Really Hazardous? Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects dioxin animal testing health effects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 039 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0875 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lofroth, Goran Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lakartidningen Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Title A name given to the resource Environmental Poisons, People and Physicians Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects health effects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 039 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0879 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lowry, R. H. A. B. Allen Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Medical Association Journal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 17 1977 Title A name given to the resource Letter to the Editor: Herbicides and Spina Bifida Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/228ddf68c8903d818c2d153e49373e3d.pdf 8d67ffdebfa972564244ed45449627b2 PDF Text Text Item ID Number °0885 Author McCarthy, Richard D. Corporate Author Report/Article Title Probe Into Use of Herbicides by Congressman Richard D. McCarthy JOIirnal/BOOk Title Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Year 197 Month/Day February 13 Color a Number of Images 38 DOSCriptOn Notes ° Alvin L Friday, March 16, 2001 Young filed this item under the category "Human Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicides and TCDD"; Pages 160-161 missing Page 885 of 967 �EFFECTSiQR 2,4,5-1 OH MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT .... .. . • HEARINGS ' .BEFOttKTHD SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY, NATURAL 5, AND THE ENVIRONMEMU r '•' iJf'rtff OF THE '"^(MMITTEE ON COMMERCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON EFFECTS OF 2,4,5-T ON MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT APRIL T AND 15, 1070 Serial 91-60 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE iW«2 WASHINGTON : WTO -K) UcdrlW ' �128 p.p.m. 2,4,8-T. The milk bad been distributed before analysis was comt processing of the sugar-beets removes the chemical. If food Is found to contj finite residues of 2,4,&VT, It is subject to removal from the market •TAtro or 2.4.&T mmat THE mniu, roop, raw, AMD OOSUBTIO ACT No finite tolerances hare been established for residues of 2,4,8-T or the \ Ins In food, In the absence of established .tolerances any detectable ami either chemical In food would make the contaminated food Illegal and to seizure If found In the channels of Interstate commerce. A petition was filed In December, 190T requesting the establishment of ances of O2 p.p.m. for residues of 2,4,5-T on apples, barley, blueberries, oats, rice, rye, sugarcane, and wheat Neither the petition as originally sul tod or as later pnpplemented provided data to rapport affirmative action* the petitioner withdrew his petition on December 29, 1960, as provided j under tiie pesticide regulations. I Petitions to establish a safe tolerance level for residues of 2,4,8-T In may again be submitted to the FDA In the future. However, any such sul slon must tndude scientific research data to resolve the questions that been raised concerning torldty of 2,4,6-T and the dloxlns. , CONCLUSION The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Is continuing inv tions to determine the potential hazards from the possible presence of : of 2,4£-T and dloxlns In foods, water, and other environmental soi which the public may be exposed. It Is to be emphasized that there Is no tolerance for 2,4,5-T In food the testing of food over .the past several yean has revealed no slgnt problem of food contamination. Appendix 5 PKOBK Iirtb Use or HUBIOIDES BY COKOUSSUAN RICHARD D. D-N.Y. I Globe, Aris., February 13,1070 Ladles and gentlemen, I think we should begin. I am Congressman D. McCarthy, and the hearings will come to order. For more t$an a decade scientists have had serious misgivings about1 widespread use of herbicides and pesticides in the environment The Rachael Carson warned of the risk of the use of herbicides, whose effects' either harmful or7 unknown. In the United States 120 mlUton acres each year are sprayed with : for the clearing of railroads, for brush control, for watershed ma and for other purposes. One of these Is known as 2,4^5-T. It was developed i perfected at FWDetrlck, Md., the army's chief Biological Warfare ~ Center.-The hertlcide 2,4^-T, and 2,4-D, a related herbicide, co account for some 83 million pounds of production per year—that was' figure In 196a : I've long been concerned with the widespread use of these herbicides In nam. Bach day some 100 tons are dropped on South Vietnam, and eclei for many months have been concerned about the adverse ecological effects; this berblddal Inundation. . Last summer in the course of my Inquiry into the Army's germ and gas • fare policies,,! learned that a study, by the BloneUcs Research Laborat for the Nattpnal .Cancer Instttuto showed that the herbicide 2,4,5-T prodp birth defects Jta ra^M mice. ; When the conclnslons of tills study were known, the President's adviser, In October,.announced a ban on the herbicide beginning Ja 1070, unless the FJXA. had found safe legal tolerances. I was dlstr days ago to learn tthat contrary to the White House's announcement, Department of'Agriculture continues to authorize the use of 2,4,5-T In, 1 United States. In Incredible to me that someone, or some people should " succeeded In overruling the science adviser to the President of the ~ States. �129 .',. , . : •••'•:V.--;'^';-' i' know from the thalldomide experience that .If we are going to err, 'we 1,1 «rr -on the Bide of caution, and not on the side of danger. It Is my firm "'" i n«n that such chemicals should not be used unless full tests show tliat 4 * nraiafe. It to also incredible to me that this herbicide, which has been In 1 i »»WA since Its 'development tome 25 years ago at .the derm Warfare *** '£h Center, still hag not been fully tested for its terotogenlc effects' on Ufw-'""-. ,-ingg—that to, ita power to produce birth deformities. ' •'••••' W 'u'« know that It produces birth deformities In test animals under laboratory ...iitions. and we continue to receive reports from Vietnam that civilian " ' living In this heavily defoliated area are bringing forth deformed ""TIMS sSgon Press has reported on these in considerable detail vuw we have the allegations, and complaints emanating from here, Globe, vrlc. It to my hope that my investigation into these complaints and allegations will auslst me In, continuing my inquiry Into this whole matter. I wish to iii'tennine how the" White House was overruled, and why it to' that we continue „, us». tills herbicide despite the warning signals that have arisen. v . \« the great French scientist physiologist, Claude Bonard, once said, "True *-iViicc teaclies us to doubt, and ignorance to refrain.*' . ; I want to welcome all the local State .and Federal officials who are in ni tendance. I hope to have a chance to meet with you personally during our * our first witness to Prof. Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology from : Yale University. Doctor Galston. Professor Galston, I wonder if. for the record, you would identify yourself, •i ml your background, and particular expertise in the matters under inquiry. Or. GALSTON. Very happy to do that, Congressman. Cut currently a professor of biology at Yale University. I'm also lecturer in forestry, and director of the March Botanical Gardens at Yale. I've been a pror«i<xor of plant physiology for about 27 years. I was trained at the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. [ did my graduate work at the University of Illinois, where I earned a Ph.D. in 1913. I then went to work for the emergency rubber project for the U.S. Government, located at Cal-Tech. During World War I was agricultural officer for U.S. Navy Military Government on the Isle of Okinawa. I .then worked at Cal-Tech for 10 years, and I've been at Yale for the last 15 years. I've published books in the area of plant physiology, and I have over 100 articles In the subject Congressman MCCARTHY. For the record, Doctor Galston, I wonder if you could give us a scientific information about the herbicide under investigation. DR. GALSTOIT. Congressmen, what I'd like to do to to give you and the audience here some appreciation of the feeling of a large number of scientists as exemplified in this report recently delivered to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare; Finch. It Is called, "The Report of the Secretary's Commission on Pesticides 'and Their Relationship to Environmental Health." It's dated December 5, 1909, and was prepared by the distinguished panel shared by Doctor EmU Mrak, the chancellor emeritus of the University of California at Davis. It Included many academic people, and also the vice presidents of two important companies, Dow, and Eli Lilly, both of whom manufacture herbicides and other pesticides In wide use. The Commission takes note of the fact that there are now more than 400 different kinds of chemicals which an being used as pesticides to combat insects, fungi, weeds, and .other predators. Our modern agriculture and highly technlcalized food production activities demand that we do use chemicals in agriculture. I'd like to make It clear that I'm not alining myself with people that say, "Stop all chemicals." That's ridiculous in this day and age. We are dependent upon chemicals, and ,we have to keep using them. .; Nonetheless, some of these chemicals, are terribly noxious when introduced Into the environment All of us are now familiar with the fact that DDT may be more of a bane than a boom. It has become global Even a penguin picked up on an Ice flow in Antarctica to full Of DDT, and that was 400 miles from the application of �130 know ;DDT causes overstaed livers, and alterattq one's'genes. •• " •• -^ unanimously that DDT must be phased): wS ^a^5a" bkckgr^und, I think it's perfectly dear that as Inforaattonid^elopSr we;are going to, want to exairilne every pesUcl* possible harmful effects on man and his domestic animals, and his tH6Dt*' • • :"> ;-,••.•* Here I must digress to tell you about the changes that have It used to be that rimple toxlcolocy testa were conducted. A animal, men as a mouse or a rat was fed a certain amount of that animal showed serious symptoms, the teratogenlclty was calcula base of how many milligrams per kilogram of body weight of this produced the toxic effects. We now bare tables which teU ns roughly how toxW glren materials Now, based on that kind of test, 2,4,6-T, for example, is not ter tfs only a mildly toxic compound in the order of 2 to 700 kilograms of body weight cause toxldty. If, however, yon use more subtle tests, you find out that 2.4,6-T may ! dangerous. ' Among these tests are: Doe* the compound cause cancer? That takes • more serious look than simply feeding and watching the dying of animals. Secondly, do the compounds cause genetic effects, that is, does it mosomes, or cause mutations. Thirdly, does the compound cause birth abnormalities. The word to that Is teratogenlcs; that is the formation of monsters. Mow, this report which I hare alluded to has as its last chapter, on teratology, and I'd like to read yon just a little bit out of this c out of the summary which is written here, which gires yon my concern. "All currently used pesticides should be tested for teratogenlclty in future in two or more mammalian species chosen on the basis of the metabolic and pharmacologlc similarity to human beings possible. Pe shonldjbe tested at various concentrations Including levels substantially than tftose to which the human population are likely to be exposed. dures shon}d also reflect routes related to human exposures. Apart obvious route of Ingestton, attention should be directed to other routes sure, founding Inhalation exposures from pesticide aerosols and v pesticide, strips used domestically, and exposures from skin absorption, teral administration is an appropriate test route for pesticides humansjare exposed by inhalation, or for pesticides, which are absorpea following Ingestton. "The use *f currently registered pesticides to which humans are < which are found to be teratogenic by suitable test procedures in < mammalian species should be immediately restricted to prevent risk of : erposures." I'd like to repeat that: "Currently registered pesticides to which hv exposed and* which are found to be teratogenic by suitable test proceda one or more, mammalian species should be Immediately restricted to p risk of bpman exposure. Such pesticides, In current use, Include—" 111 lot of names; 2,4-D and 2.4.K-T are listed. Here's the> Government's most distinguished panel saying that there dence that 2,45-T has produced teratogenic effects In one or more manu species, its use should be restricted Immediately. They also said no new dde found to, be teratogenic, should be used only in drcnmstances where* of human exposure is minimal. Congressman MCGABTHT. Whafs the date of that report, Professor) Dr. Qumoy. December 8, I960, tfs now only 2 months old, Con, and It says Jk scientific group, or commission should be charged wltti| responsibility for continued surveillance of the whole problem of pesttdde togenesis. Now, the problem of determining whether a problem is teratogenic, it's given rise to birth defects Is terribly complicated. If yon do a lal test where yoq have one group of mice getting the chemical, and one not, there's no problem to determine teratogenldty. By this kind of test I been determined that 2,4,5-T as tested Is one of the most teratogenic < �' 131 . • • ..;.', , „_„„ M nttle as 4% mllllerams per kilo of body weight have trebled abnormal production In mice and In rate a 113 milligrams per kilo u,« raw «£eteht JMUI produced 100. percent abnormal litters, and 70 percent "' vial individuals In those litter*. \ : "'"V !,«.«sman McOJUKrar. I wonder If you could translate those figures Into B would ukdy to recelve in the ' M"»« tetag *• United States, or in Anf M,. CALSTOK. Well, if you take the lowest of those figures, 4% milligrams i triioirram of body weight, and you say you have a 60-kilogram woman, V »•« 110 pounds which is about the average weight of a Vietnamese woman, i n she needs to digest only about 200 milligrams total to have a teratogenlc i',!!!• 100 milligrams per day. Now, we are spraying agent orange, which Is a 1 . i mixture* of 2,4-D, and 2,4,&T, In Vietnam at the rate of 270 pounds per re. I should note that is 10 times what we used locally. Nl ivineressman MCOAXTBT. What would it be in Arizona? Dr. GALSTOW. I think our Forestry friends could tell us, it is in the order of i wo pounds per acre. Congressman MOGAKTHT. We will get to that with them today or tomorrow, i.iit Hint's about the range? or GAISTOK. At the Vietnam dose rate, if you assume a 27-pound per acre xiirajed, followed by a 1-inch rainfall, which is normal for that region ntiil you know that the rainwater Is collected off the roof, or stored in cisterns, or gotten from very shallow wells, then a woman need only consume less than 3 quarts of water per day in combined drinking and cooking operations to nwclve that teratogenlc dose. i have calculated on this basts that it's possible that in Vietnam people have iNfri given this kind of teratogenlc dose. Congressman MCCABTKT. Doctor, let me ask you this. Here we have the Blonctlcs Research Laboratory test which showed that 2,4,5-T is teratogenic In i,*t animals, mice and rats. Is it teratogenic in human beings—do we know? Dr. GALSTOK. One doesn't know for sure whether ifs teratogenlc in human IH-IMRH, one doesn't experiment with pregnant women, feeding some of them •.•.4,5-T, and not feeding others. That would be inhuman, we do not tolerate Hint kind of experimentation, but the paragraph I was about to read here in fact deals with this. : It says there are two ways that you can determine whether a chemical is teratogenlc. "First, chemicals or other agents may be administered to experimental animals to determine whether they induce prenatal damage. Secondly, and on a post hoc basis, human populations may be epldemiologlcaUy surveyed to detect geographical, or temporal clusters of unusual types of frequencies of congenital malformattes. Combinations of these approaches are likely to Insure <>urly detection and identification of teratogenlc hazards." Congressman MCOABTHT. Now, to your knowledge, has that been done In Vietnam, or is it contemplated, is the American Association for the Advancement of Science going to do what you just read? Dr. GAUTOK. I think it's shocking that there are absolutely no studies on the possible teratogenldty of these chemicals either in Vietnam or in this country. That is why it's so important to gather data from places like globe, and from places like the Saigon area to attempt to correlate, if it's possible to «lo so, the use of any particular pesticide with the appearance of any birth abnormalities, or any physiological malfunctions. Congressman MCGABTKT: Doesn't the commission's study recommend that no herbicides like this be used until we are sure that It doesn't produce effects in human beings? Dr. GAUJTOIT. That's correct, the Commission recommends that given the suspicion that these materials are teratogenlc, given their widespread use, but Riven also our wide dependency on these things la agriculture, we should immediately restrict the use so that we only use these herbicides where It Is absolutely necessary to do so, and where there is no possibility of contact with human organisms. I believe that is the safe policy when you think you may be doing harm. You stop until yon find out whether yon are in fact doing harm. Congressman MOCAETHT. Do you have any information that you could give for the record here, which would suggest why The White House ban never went into effect? I have a letter here which I received Just prior to leaving Washington, which needs further clarification. It is from Mr. Ned D. Bayley. director of science and education for th* TUR.«*~--*• - • - �132 response to a letter I'd addressed to Secretary Hardln, asking why The .. House ban dl<ta'l^;lnto effect Among other things, here's what he i Wow, data subinltfcd to D.ttB.W., Department of Health, Education, «r-,..' -----t to this position Is that the 2,46-T. used in the blonetics ,-< . Dr. GUuTw.'Dloxlnfarthe way It's usually referred to. Congressman MoCU«THT. Ifs t^t-M-c-W-d-r-o-d-i-b-e-n-x-o p-a-r-* dl Dr. GAMTOJT. Tetnichlorodlbenro par* dloxin. Oongressmao HcCUxTHT. A highly toxic contaminant Dr. OAUXOIT./ Ye*"- '• • •' •' • •'• ' • • v : '••' • •• • ' "'.•'"" • . ' . ' • ' Congressman MoOAtOT. 1^ going to seek farther clarification that one| the reasons the ban was lifted was this discovery. Now, do you know i about this In the course of your Inquiry 7 Dr. GAtSTON. Yes, Congressman, L became aware of this new • 2,4^-T Is a chemical synthesized from the reactants that are put together vehicle. Depending on the method of synthesis, and the temperature of thesis, yon may or.may not get certain Impurities formed in that reaction accompany the 2,4£-T which IS realized out of the reaction fixture. One of Imparities Is tetrachlorodibenco-p-dloxtn. Now, there's previous Information that this compound Is a highly material There hare been several factory and laboratory accidents In people exposed to this compound hare developed very severe blistering, loss > sensation, and respiratory troubles. The Germans hare had a similar ence. So it's natural when you have a report of this kind about the toxiclty 2,4,6-T, to Inquire whether the effect Is due to the chemical itself, or to Impurity. Congressman- MoCABTHT. Docs It matter? Dr. GALSTOH. Fll make this statement I think it does matter In the long run, Congressman, because if it's Impurity, then in the future we can learn possibly how to -make the without the Impurity, and continue its use. Congressman MCCARTHY. I've read in the long article by Mr. Whlteside the latest issue of New Yorker Magazine, at least he made the point that ; can't make 2,4£-T without getting some dioxln. Now, istnatjightt •Dr. GAUVOX.' That's correct, I don't know If any sample that has less than-] part per million of dioxln, so all of the 2,4,5-T that has been sprayed both " home and abroad has some dioxln. • Hie question is; Can yon lessen the dioxln level down to the point where*: is no longer' soidangerousT Congressman'. McCUxTHT. Is there any other way that dloxin can be duced after Ifs sprayed T Dr. GAUTOI?. Oh, yes, even If yon sprayed 2,4,5-T without any dloxin might form chemicals in this Arizona sunshine; Putting all that light energy! I could easily Imagine compounds like the dioxln being formed. If there were * little fire somewhere, that's Just the condition which form the dioxln from 2,4^5-T. The only hard data on the teratogeniclty • 2A5-T are right In this book that I have. There are no date which tell me, ' anybody else, that if s the dioxln and not the 2,4,5-T that's responsible these teratogenic effects. I've had telephone conversations with people who have alleged this,CongressmaniMoCutTHT. Who are theyf Dr. GAMTOK. Well, one of them Is a member of this Commission, Julius Johnson of Dow who Is an old friend of 'mine, and I think he is terribly concerned about this development Naturally, he would be since Is the manufacturer of some of Oils, and he told me that there are tests t on now which are not finished. He said he would not care to quote the data i of the present moment Congressman MOCAKTHT. Mr. James Hansen of the Dow Chemical Co. visit my oflSce last week and alluded to, I assume, the saine tests. Dr. GALSIOK^ Yes. Congressman MCCAXTKT. That the Dow Co. Itself was carrying out the lowing-tip on this possibility that it is the dioxln. Now, In this letter from Mr. Bayley he said new data submitted to D.H.BLT relevant to this position indicates that the 2,4,5-T contained the dloxin. •iSJ-V* •;'••. . mF-.-, ..-..• * ' '•••• ' :••(• . •' t ' ..' • •: * ' . �133 Well It sounds as It It's the same thine. What I don't understand Is how the Dow Chemical Co. could. In effect, by intervening, countermand, or negate irhlte Houseiprders. -;'':1 : , Now haye%ou-discussed this with any other people in the Government, or : «iitslde'the OoventmentT . • ./ ;-," Dr OALSTOK. I hare not. Congressman. I don't hare any Information on how this operation came about I would only say that to me It's unthinkable that, in absence of bard data, and to protect the lives and welfare of people in the *ountry, I don't see how this order could fall to be enforced. '.-• We must be safe before we are sorry. I would say let's get the facts before we resume spraying with this 2,4,6-T and ad the present time there are no published data that I, or any other scientists hare seen, that would say that «>45-T is not the culpable agent I think; Ifs very peculiar that the orders of Doctor DuBrldge are not being followed by. the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Interior. The Department of Defense, said it announced Immediately It would not follow this directive.; • Congressman MCCARTHY. That's right The next day on October 80th, the 8iK>kesman for the Department of Defense contradicted the DuBrldge order in n verbal briefing to newsmen. He said that the 2,4,6-T would continue to be *prayed in training and regroupment areas where obviously populated areas, and of course as you know it has been sprayed in rubber plantations in Cambodla, which are also populated. Well, Professor Colston, I appreciate very much your testimony here. Dr. (JAtsroK. Do you mind if I make one more brief statement! Congressman MCCARTHY. No, please do. Dr. OALSTOK. As a biologist, I'm terribly concerned about this because I believe in herbicides, I want to see that they continue to be used. I'm afraid there may be overreactlon on the part of the public. I would like to say that there are probably ways that we can safely use these compounds, and the first recommendation of this Commission—I would like to read you Just two paragraphs, short ones, because they outline to me what would be a safe procedure. It says: "A new interagency agreement is needed to strengthen cooperative action among the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Department of Interior, to protect public health, and the quality of environment from pesticides danger provided by the Secretaries of H.B.W. and Interior, as well aa Agriculture, should be required for all pesticides registration, pesticide .use determined by any of the three Secretaries to be hazardous should be restricted, or eliminated. "The agreement should further require the continuous review of new scientific information on pesticides now in use with the formal reviews made 2 years after initial registration, and subsequent formal reviews by the three agencies at 6-year intervals." That seems to be loudly, essential for the continued safe use of pesticide* and it's coupled with the establishment of a national testing center for pesticides, which Is also recommended, I would soy that we would be well on our way for the safe use of pesticides. Congressman MCCARTHY. Do you think it's proper to delegate to the manufacturer of such a chemical the responsibility for testing its teratogenicity and carclnogentcttyT Dr. GALSTOW. Well, you can certainly accept the data that are contributed by the manufacturer as relevant to the solution of the problem. I think these people have shown necessary testing laboratories which give honest data, but I would not depend on those alone. I would want to see the FDA or some other agency independently test these same compounds also, under completely different conditions. That's only a scientific rule, you don't believe anything anybody tells you, it has to be confirmed once or twice before you can believe it I would certainly hope the FDA, or some other agency, HEW would continue conducting further tests on these toxic chemicals. Congressman MCCARTHY. And not really solely on the research of Dow, or other manufacturers? Dr. GAUBTOK. That's correct Congressman MCCARTHY. Professor, I wonder if you would be kind enough to sit with us here, I'd Uke to use you as a resource person when we have the other witnesses. Our next witness is Mr. John Plerovlch, Assistant Regional Forester, from Albuquerque. �134 Is he In the room? , If you would be seated and identify yourself for the record, and your? reeponslbUltles In areas under scrutiny here. d Mr. Pnaoyicnv Yes, sir, I'm John Plerovlch, Assistant Regional Forester in! Albuquerque, N. Mex. My responsibilities related to this matter are In connec^ tton with the complaints we've received here at Globe, and the overall evalua-f tlon of our Chaparral program, and our Chaparral program guidelines. The primary reasons the Forest Service is here today Is because this Is ac Forest Service project I think that we need to be cognizant of such hearings 4 as this, and we do try to keep Informed through the literature of regulatory? rules and concerns. ; | In fact, we share quite deeply the concern of the people In this community f with their environment, we wouldn't want to do anything that would jeopard^ Ice their safety. , They're our neighbors, we also live here. At the same time, we've been asked repeatedly to announce that we would! not spray again in the Globe area, and like Doctor Galston, I think that we] wouldn't want to overreact at this time. So we've said that such an announces ment would be premature, we have our own studies going forward, and that* these studies must be resolved before we can reach decisions on ' use, or on the Chaparral program. In addition to that we believe that It would be also unwise to base decisions! on herbicides used particularly from the current allegations, or suspicions herej in this area. I These matters need to be studied deeply, and we hope to have them studied? deeply, and frankly welcome this Inquiry because it will help to daylight i of the areas of concern. That's essentially our position, Mr. Congressman. I'd be glad to answer any* questions you might have. Congressman McOAMHT. Thank you very much. In the course of my study, I have come Into possession of documents have been exchanged between the Department of Agriculture and citizens ln*: the aria. Here is one from John A. Williams for the Task Group, U.S. Depart* ment of Agriculture, Forest Service. Are yon familiar with Mr. Williams? Mr. PJEROVIOH. Yes, I am. Congressman McGAmnrr. Is he an associate of yours? Mr. PjEaovxcB. He works In our regional office. Congressman McCArnrr. Is he here today? Mr. PICKWICK. No, he's not Congressman MCCARTHY; I'd like to read you some of the things that «ays: "Pan). Boffin (phonetic) called a Dow Chemical representative at Davtsgi CfcUf., andr requested Information about Silver. This man called Supervisor^ Courtney later and Indicated that a publicity release was being prepared for j submission to the news media concerning the known toxtclty of Silver. This "" accepted and used by the news media will go a long ways towards Improv' the situation, and dispelling the fear of Silver as a highly toxic, or agent"' T ' He then fcoes on to say In his conclusions, "We are fully convinced that many of'the people In this area honestly believe they were being subjected to' a highly toxic and extremely poisonous compound with a high degree of per-J sistence and one which would Increase in concentration In the water snpj" and In the bodies of humans, and animals. These Ideas are not In any supported by-research findings." Now, thafto dated July 22,1909, and If I Just would ask Professor Galstonl when was the Blonetlcs study brought to light? ^ Dr. GUSTO*. It was handed over to the Department of Health, Education^ and Welfare ;tn December of 1908, to the best of our knowledge. Congressman McCUmHT. So that to the best of your knowledge, the Depar ment of Agriculture Dr. GALSTOH. -Might have had access to that Information. Congressman IMoCAKTHY. Aft"^"*, the tests were'run In 1907. Now, Mr. Wil-| tbms obviously either did not know about the Btonettcs report, and I wonir T wonld accept that, I dont think he did Just from the tone of the letter, nt ask you to comment— Xow, which do yon think It was? �; 135 •• ' •• i jlr. PIEBOVIOH. First of all, Mr. Williams was heading a group tor a general! turvey.of the effects here in the Globe area at the request of the Forest Supervisor, and after the initial complaints. We're had subsequent studies go forward, one of these coming out as a second task force report which is somewhat more In depth. Mr. Williams' information was then of a general nature for a» initial report for the forest supervisors. Williams himself is not an herbicide man. Mr. Boffin is, and his reason for talking with the Dow was to get more information. The second question you've asked regarding the Bionetlcs study was not known to these people, and only known to a few people within the Forest Service but the word of mouth communication that took place following the review of the Bionetlcs study for publication. This bos precipitated a lot of discussion among the 'science community, and • in the < Congressman MCCAXTBT. Are you alluding to the Whiteside article in New. Yorker Magazine! • F; Mr. PKBOTICH. No, that's the most recent and clarifying article, at least:! found it very informative. > Congressman MCOAKTHY. When did you first learn about the Bionetlcs find* :: ings on teratogenlcltyT Mr. PIEBOVIOH. I personally learned about it in November when I was assigned to this problem area, and I learned about it through reading in the literature, seeing the discussions among others. Congressman MCCARTHY. Was the present science advisors ordered ban ever transmitted to yon, or here in the area? Mr. PIEBOVIOH. We were furnished a policy statement from the Secretary of Agriculture in December which referred to the DuBridge statement Congressman McCAWHT. Did you take that as a directive not to continue using 2,4,5-T? Mr. PIEBOVICH. We understood it to be directed towards crops, and that it was not at that time being restricted in range-land use. However, we could infer from this, and from discussions with our Washington counterparts, we learned that there were other studies underway on this compound, and as you perhaps have noted, we did defer our chaparral program in October. The last spraying on this project was in June, and these events have unfolded since that time. It's currently our position here in this region not to use herbicides until some of these matters are researched. The studies that are underway should be most helpful to us in this regard. Congressman MCCAKTBT. I think there's a little confusion about just what the DuBridge announcement banned. Doctor DuBridge said—this is October 29, 1960. That 2,4,5-T would be prohibited for use on American agricultural products after January 1, 1970, until the Food and Drug Administration could develop information showing that it could be used with safety. Dr. DuBridge also announced that the use of 2,4,5-T in Vietnam would be restricted in areas remote from population. Mr. PIEBOVIOH. This is where we found our references to the crop production area, and the Secretary has interpreted this way. As I said the ban on crops is in effect at this time, and as near as we can tell we are also examining the future of the 2,4,5-T as It is compounded today. Dr. GALSTOIT. Congressman, could I make a comment here) Congressman MCCAKTHT. Tea, Dr. GALSTOK. I was unable to understand why when Dr. DuBridge issued this statement he did not also take care to specify prohibition of use in regions where 2,4,5-T might find Its way into drinking water. For example, supposing you are using 2,4,5-T to clear shrubs from under a power line, and that power line is going through a town where people have wells, and they draw water from these wells. Don't we need to know if the 2,4,5-T is going to seep down in the water cable and get to these people? It seems to me applying the ban to the food crops is only a halfway measure. Mr. PIEBOVIOH, I think we need to be concerned by this, and this Is why we monitor water from treatment areas. It's significant in this Globe area. Our reference—or the Federal water quality control criterion of one-tenth part per million, this level has never been reached in any of the water analyzed that we've bad ran, or bad been brought to our attention. �136 Congressman MCCARTHY. You say yon received the directive November Mr, PnaovioH. We received the Secretary's explanatory Information? December as I recall. - \l- ' • . ' • • ' ; . . • • : . . • •' . -.., Congressman MCCARTHY. Were you ever advised that the ban had been,-j pended? ".' • •'•-• ••''•.'•. ••:•'..•>.."'•.•• " • ' • Mr. PUKOVIOH. No, sir. Congressman MCCARTHY. So the last you had was the DuBrldge directive?,] Mr. PnsoviCH. Yes, and a statement from our Secretary to agriculture at ties of which we are, telling us that 2,4,5-T was not to be used in crops,"! Incidentally, the Secretary has added to bis statement that we would use i " native methods whenever these are available and practical, and is stre within the department a use of nonchemical means where these are avail to US. • •' '••' ". • • ' " '•;'-• , . :' '• ' Now, this is all developments since the last spraying here at Globe, I this Is clear. Congressman MCCARTHY. Are yon spraying in other parts of sour region?. Mr. PmovicH. No, sir, and we have no plans to spray during current, • coming fiscal year at this time. Now, if we have some break-throughs, I'm sure we will be talking this. Again, it would be premature to say. Congressman MCCARTHY. What's the basic rationale behind the spraying j at Globe? Mr. PHSOVIOH. Yon mean Congressman MCCARTHY : What*s the purpose of it? Mr. PnaonoH (continuing): The purpose of the project This Is the the region, and the Tohto National Forest chaparral management This program has many objectives for—if I may take a minute—fire is a,j common ingredient in the life history of chaparral, and in trying to ' „ management to Chaparral Forest, we have excluded fire, or we are using,] by prescription, rather than have the chance of holocaust In doing attempt to bring a break to the fuels in large continuous masses by tleve • grassy ridge tops, or grassy openings. These have other advantages for who want to use the forest, and for game. It happens that the project here in the area was a water-yield project* have learned through research at the 8-Bar experimental area, and par larly that we can substantially reach the flow of streams, particularly winter months (where the vegetation is not using the amounts of water* chaparral vegetation does. Now, herbicides were used here at Globe partially because of the flooding potential 6f these streams, and that they also know that fire ore. large area could cause floods. So rather than use prescribed fire as treatment, herbicides were used. We have plans ty use some small amount of fire to continue our work Congressman MCCARTHY. Doesn't it say right on the container that should not be used over water? Mr. PIEBOVICH. That's correct; and as the project instructions were here, the applicator pilot was to interrupt his spray everytime he pas major stream chanrfeL Congressman MCCARTHY. "Interrupt his spray." yon mean from a ' Mr. PIEROVIOB. From his helicopter, yes. Congressman MCCARTHY. Do you think that is that the answer? Mr. PxntovioH. Well, I think it's quite practical, sir. Congressman MCCARTHY. Well, wind might carry. Aren't there under the circumstances in which yon use it? Mr. PIEHOVXOK. First, let me explain in spraying this area the primary.; tern would be along, or parallel, or to a water course so that it isn't ne to turn valves off as you may each time he crosses at the creek, but he-! going to be crossing streams at the same time he has been spraying, would be than Instructed to interrupt the spray before making such a < Some drift did occur into the bayous, we have found some of the Syc the Kellner area, the tops have been hit We dont feel that amount of herbicide jcame to the water course, and the pilot was not to apply this over water. Water residues again havent indicated any great amount of the water. . . , �" "' -,..„„.*..,„ 13/ Congressman MCCARTHY. Are they Instructed only to spray when the wind Is ..lowing at a certain mile per hour? Mr. PIBKOVIOH. Yes, that's right Congressman MCCARTHY. What is It, eight? • ;. Mr. PIEROVIOH. In some projects It's 6-mlles per hour, In this case it was 10. Congressman MCCARTHY. Ten? Air. PIEROVIOH. Yes. Congressman MCCARTHY. Is that rigidly adhered to? Mr. PncROVioH. Well, I would hope that It is, here we are depending on other iieople to do our work, but we have a project area officer, and this project had it project area officer who works from the helispot where the copter is operating using a pocket anemometer, and as he noticed the wind picking up he would take the pocket anemometer out and keep track of the gusts. Whenever it cpitroaches 10-mlles per hour, the project would be shut down. 1 have records here with me of the shutdown on this project, if you are interested. • Congressman MCCARTHY. You are undoubtedly aware that some of the residents In the area charge that spraying went on in much stronger wind veloclMr. PIEKOVICH. Yes, sir, I am, and I am aware that there has been drifts, mid we are attempting to Identify how far this drift went In the task force 2 report, we identified a visual effects drift line, we are currently working on infrared interpretation, and I would be very happy to furnish you with a map which delineates how far the dead vegetation that shows up. That's not availulile to see by the naked eye. Congressman MCCARTHY. That would be very good to fill out the record. I would like to have that documentation very much. Dr. GALSTON. Do you mind If I ask a question at this point? As a scientist, I'm interested In following up one line of questioning here. The benefits that one wishes to derive from this program has to do with increased water flow? .Mr. PIKBOVICH. In part Dr. GALSTON. And the other part is, I presume, to have a more accessible nud manageable terrain where the Chaparral vegetation Is? Mr. PIEROVIOH. That's a good generalization among other things. We would like the esthetic qualities of the area to be an indication. Dr. GALSTON. Do you see any deleterious consequences of partial denudation of the hillsides where Chaparral is growing? Mr. PIEROVIOH. It's not our intent to denude the hillside. Dr. GALSTOW. I said partial Mr. PIEROVIOH. In the course of making a conversion, one often has to take a compromise, and we do compromise to the extent'that we will—say for example, in burning—taking out an area, we will burn only so long a slope here because any more we would have an overflow of plants and water, and erosion while it Is bare from burning, it Is an opportunity for a torrential thunderstorm, or wind to cause erosion. But this is also one of the compromises that a fanner must make when he plows his field. Dr. GALBTON. And this Is something you think you can keep under pretty Rood control with applied herbicides? Mr. PIEROVICH. In this case we used herbicides for that reason, yes. Dr. GALSTON. Was there any measurement for the relevant erosion rates hefore and after herbicide use in a given area? Mr. PIEROVIOH. In the 8-Bar area this is being noted at this time The studICK have been in progress for some time, I don't have those data with me, but I wuld find them for you. Dr. GALSTON. I, personally, would be very interested in having those data. It'x been my impression that some programs have been gone into fairly massively without the comfortable feeling that there's a lot of scientific data Milud the original studies to tell us that this is really what we ought to do, nnd in calculating returns per acre, In terms of where we've applied, I think we have to have a negative quantity in there for possibly deleterious effects, tliat possibly are not measured. Congressman MCCARTHY. I'd be eager to see those. Mr. PIEROVIOH. I'd be happy to furnish them for you. I think something we hare going right now, you may notice in the statement we've furnished you. �138 w* are looking at alternatives, and tolerable levels, and we are that very thine using projects that nave been Installed as a basis for arrW a t this. . ' / • ' '.V.. . • - ; , - . • . , . . • • • ;•.,• • ' •Congressman MCCARTHY. On that I wonder if I could ask you, are you : giving licenses for the use of Kurpn? Mr. PIEBOVICH. We give no licenses tor chemical uses. The answer would] no. . - . , • • . • • ' . • . Congressman MCCARTHY I see. From whom do they get these licenses? Mr. PnaumcH. The use of chemicals Is done by—in our case, the i a project proposal by a regional and national pesticide committee. forest officer who has a project wants to apply a herbicide he . . formal proposal. It's submitted to our regional committee, if they approve, national committee. And III tell you right at this point, our committee approve such a use, but we don't license. Congressman MCGAMHY. Well, thank you very. much. Will you be available today and tomorrow? Mr. PnaovxoB. Yes, sir, I will, as will the ranger and the acting here. . Congressman MCCARTHY, Thank you very much. Our next witness Is Dr. F. I. Skinner, veterinarian from Globe. Is Dr. Skinner here? Dr. Skinner, I'm pleased to have a veterinarian testify In light of Indications that the use of 2,4,5-T spray may have had harmful effe animal fetuses. I wonder If you would, for the record, identify yourself, background and experience. Dr. SKINNER, I am Dr. Skinner, local veterinarian, I've been in the years, graduate of Kansas State University with a degree of T.B.M.. Now, these are my people, and I've lived amongst them. Now, any qu you'd like to ask 111 try to answer. Congressman MCCARTHY. Would you recommend the use of this Karon spray after tests have shown that Is has teratogenic effects on i Dr. SKINNER, No, I wouldn't recommend it without further study, research. Congressman MCGAKTKT. Ton think it should be stopped untilDr. SKAHEB. Tea, sir. Congressman MCCARTHY. Ton have some question about the Blonetlcs ings of the effects of this on animals? Dr. SKINNER. I'm a clinician, I'm not research. I have not seen any of animals in this area—definitely, clinically. Now, as I say I'm research, I'm a clinician. I dont set myself up to be an expert on it, but not seen any abortions, malformations of fetuses in this area that I can cally say iW was caused by Silver, or 2,4-D, or pesticides. Congressman MCCARTHY. As I understand It, and we hope to hear _ others, that {here have been allegations made that the 2,4,5-T sprayed cause malformation in animals. Dr. SKINNER. I cannot speak for those, I have not seen them myself. Congressman MCCARTHY. You did not Were you ever asked to examine animals In question? Dr. SKINNEK No, sir. Congressman MCCARTHY. You were notDr. SKINNER. No, sir. Congressman MCCARTHY. So that you Just don't know? Dr. SKINNER. I dont know, I dont pretend to know. Congressman MCCARTHY. All right Well, maybe they will be calling on Dr. SKINNER. I hope so. Congressman MOCAXXKT. Well, thank yon very much, Doctor Skinner. Dr. SKINNER. Thank you, Congressman McCarthy. Congressman MCCAKTBT. Our next witness we'd like to call to Mr. McKnsiak. .< Mr. McKusiak? Mr. Sxour. Sir, I represent Mr. McKusiak as an attorney, and requested that he be called later. Can you pass him at this time? He pass at Hit^frfaiMtfidiate tim. Congressman MCCARTHY. Surely. In that event we'd like to call Mrs. Bfflee Shoecraft Mrs. Shoecraft; I wonder if you'd Identify yourself for the record, and �. 139 * . . SHOECRAR. Billce Sboecraft, Ice House Canyon, Globe, Arte. riincressman MCOARTHT. And if you would tell us a little bit about how long v* lived here, and your own experience with the chaparral spray program} yo lf« SHOECBAR. We have been in the area since 1947—Mr. Shoecraft. . a little . Jki i"w» w*» _ •.. . • . . - . • i«>r than that. vSiiicrcssman MCCAKTHT. I wonder If you could tell us about your experl^ with the spray program, and some of the correspondence you're had ""IfiTHiP various agencies of government in this connection. «rs7SHOECRAR. I'd be glad to, thank you. \V« first became aware that they were going to spray a chemical, which they „ J^ted was harmless ^ngressman MCOAKTHT. You say, "they" Mrs. SHOECRAR. The Forest Service. Congressman MCOABTBY. U.S. Forest Service? ura. SHOECRAR. Right, in 1065. They had published in the local paper a m.ws item dated August the 19th, 1905, in which they said the herbicide will L. 2 4-D. and 2,4,6-T mixed with dlesel oil, and water. The dlesel oil will serve m> a weight factor to Insure against wind drift Neither 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T is liiirmful to birds, insects, fish, wildlife, or humans. Congressman MCGAKTHT. Do you have a date and name on that? What was the publication, what newspaper is it? Mrs. SHOECKAFT. From the Arizona Record. Congressman MCOAKTHT: Of what date? Mrs. SHOECRAR. Of August the 19th, 1965. 1 also bare the typed-up version when he initiated at that time from which he deleted the word. "I anticipate honest Inquiry from many individuals and croups concerning the project I also anticipate.adverse criticism and harassment from those who devote their lives to criticizing and harassing." I forgot to read the part where be Invited the general public to come and wo them spray. If you are as curious as I am, you will want to drive up and watch the ..^ration. I hope you will. Again, I read from the report No. 10, Georgia Forest Research Counsel, Macon, Ga., 1985. On page 28 it says, "Possible harmful effects: 2,4-D and a,4,5-T have a low toxlclty, although spray applications leave no toxic residue, n tolerance of five parts per million has been established on or in apples, «-ltrus fruits, asparagus, pears, and quinces. We can find nothing in the Department of Agriculture to back this up." Then, they further said, "Since some persons may be allergic to the oil in the herbicide mixture, skin contact should be avoided, and when treatments nrc used a respirator is also a desirable piece of safety equipment Congressman MCOAKTHT. Who is saying this? Mrs. SHOECRAR. This to from the Southwestern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Asheville, N.O. Congressman MCOAKTHT. And the day on that, please? Mrs. SHOECRAR. The date on this was 19651 It further says—after mentioning the respirator, the odor, or vapors may bring on a case of nausea. The Forest Service Health and Safety cautioned that 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are mildly iwisonous, and flammable in an oil base. However, we were invited to come mid see the spray. Congressman MCOAXTHT. Do yon have any more documents that cast some Mrs. SHOECKAR. Oh, I've many. I have here this little item that was given to us, there were a few missing pages, it only had four, so I got in touch with Dr. Holston (phonetic) at Itelleville, Md., because this to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and I wondered where the rest of the pages were. So Dr. Holston from Belleville mailed me a package in which was included the rest of it, it totaled 25 pages, and this concerning the toxidty of some organic herbicide to cattle, sheep, and chickens. It tells about some of the things that they found in relation to the herbicides that we've been sprayed with. We don't know exactly because the reports have varied, but they have said they used 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and Silvex. They further said it one form, then the tests showed different forms. I quote: "We concluded—that the enlargements were caused by the chemical reaction of the diluted herbicide formulation. The ecropsy—the liver was enlarged and viable. The kidneys were congested. A small abcess was found in the parotid 45-S62—TO 1ft �lymph node, In one year that developed a swelling In the region related I chemical reaction, g Associated other lymph nodes of the body were enlarged and hemologic." Congressman MCCARTHY. Mrs. Shoecraft, I wonder if just for the might just interrupt you briefly. I would like to ask Professor Oalston would explain the difference between Silver Knron, 2,4,5-T, and 2,4-D j« the record. : Dr. GAIBTOIC. These are very closely related materials, and I think toxicology point of view, and from the points of view—the presence of these Impurities like the dloxln we wen talking about, they would all the same bag. . 2,4-D is 2,4-dlchlorophenoxyacetlc add, 2,4,5-T has one more, that is trtchlorophenoxyacettc add, and Knron Is simply a trade name for a " preparation that I believe Is a Dow product Is that correct, I don't whether the foresters here would Mr. Pnaovtoa. Tea, thaf s correct Congressman MCCARTHY. Is there anything significantly different 2,4,5-T and Silver? Dr. OALSTOW. I would say none whatsoever from the point of view talking about The toxictty .would not be due to the length of the due to thefiuorlnatedaromatic nucleus, as a chemist would call it Congressman MOCAMKY. Mrs. Shoecraft, I realize you have many meats, and we would like if we could to have any of these you would submit for the record. Mrs. SHOCCRAR. I'd be giad to. Congressman MCCARTHY. Would you, this would help very much. Mrs. SHOCORAIT. Yes. Congressman MOCAMHY. However, now, if there are any particularly quotations that—without being overly lengthy, you think should go record at this point, we would like to have those. Mrs. SHOBOEAVT. May I submit Farmers Bulletin Number 2158, U.S. ment of Agriculture, issued April 1961, slightly revised, August 1969, to what their rules are on what the wind velocity should be. Congressman MCCARTHY. What does that say? Mrs. SKOHCRAVT. It says, "Apply the spray when the wind velocity is than 6 miles per hour, and the air temperature is 90* or less. Again coarse spray-:—? They did not use a coarse spray, they used a fine spray. "Use a vaporizing formulation." They did not use a slowing vaporizing formulation, they substituted for oil In a very small amount and released it at very high altitudes on a' hot and windyjday, and they kept no records—weather records on the job. ' Congressman MCCARTHY. Can you substantiate those points? Mrs. SHOBCKAM; Yes, I can. Congressman ifcOAETHY. How) Mrs. SKOKCXAJTC. I'm reading from file No. 2520, and it states In this. hand corner to the file, it's from William H. Moehn, district ranger. Congressman MCCARTHY, How do you spell that) . Mrs. SHOWfcAMt M-c-e-lMi, district ranger, date July 11,1969, subject: w| shed protection, Kellner Russell chemical maintenance, fiscal year 1969. This memo Is a resume of the fiscal year 1969, maintenace project The spraying done on June 8, 9,10, and 11,1969, were started at 6:404 on Sunday, June 18, and .the hilltop located on the Icehouse Canyon Tri" 6:51 a.m. after the third load was through, the pilot flew to the O.C.C. . to check his spray. When he landed Mrs. Shoecraft arrived and told him L of the spray bad landed on her. The pilot returned at the hill at 7:14 a.m,! said someone should go talk to her. "I left the spray job at that time and did not locate Mrs. Shoecraft" In fact, I culled. Washington on the third day, but they didn't find they could hare Ml, they had looked. "I left the spray job and we continued to spray from the hellspot 10:5T a.m. when we landed at the hellspot the wind was coming out East from 6:4q aan. to 10 :ST ajn, we left and went to the Final Boad : and began to spray. iWe continued to spray until 16.05 a.m., at which wind reached 10 miles per hour plus, and we shut down. We resumed �141 •, .03 P.IU. when the wind dropped below 10 mile* per hour and continued on un »n" 7*35 inn. ..!;., juiy 0, the first load was off the ground at 5:35 p-m. We continued to JrJ until 10:18 p.m.t at which time we ihut down because of winds in excess T?n miles per hour. We did not spray anymore on the 8th. ••iv« started at 6:02 a-m. on June 10, 8 days after Mrs. Shoecraft had notl*~t and flew until 11:15 a.m., when wind forced us to chut down. We did not «S/ anymore on the 10th. -On June 11. we started at 5:18 a.m., and flew until the project was comutoted. A total of 077 gallons of Sllvex was used at a rate of 2 pounds acid, Ittiilvalent per acre. The total rate per acre was 8 gallons. 1,900 acres were treated. We did not keep weather records on this project ••The wind speed and direction at the Globe Banger Station at 1 p-m., each day of the spray lob are listed on the next pages, and it shows on June 11, a m>ced of 16 miles, per hour southwest ^Signed and stamped by William H. Moehn." roucressman MCCARTHY. So that even in his own records he acknowledges that he exceeded the limits that had been set? Mrs. SHOECRAIT. Yes, he did. I refer further to the Department of the Army's Circular 83061. I hare a letter here from Representative Stelger's office, to apply back In 120 days, but I didn't choose to apply in 120 days. I culled the Adjutant General's office, I said we needed it now, I'm one of the . victims. I was Informed by the Department Office that they sent it out to the printer's. My suggestion was you either get it from the printer's, or you get a c«pv, I need it now. I received it in 3 days. lii this it refers to the formulation which they call. Orange, and it says that It Is one part 2,4,6-T, and one part 2,4-D. I have before me a letter dated OctoIKT 6,1009, from the USDA, in Phoenix. The branch of the Forest Service, the Tonto National Forest Service, signed by Mr. Jenkins for Mr. B. B. Cortney, Forest Service. He says: Dear Mrs. Shoecraft, following is a list of chemicals purchased by the Tonto Purest as requested by you. The mixture was two gallons chemical with seven and one-half gallons per acre. In a few cases more water was used, and all of them are 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Since I was curious because there was no Silver, I further proceeded to say who bought the Silver, and I was finally informed by Mr. Moore at Salt Blver Project they made the decision to purchase the Silver. They did not purchase it us they said In the Forest Service. They have lied, it's the only word I'd like to use because It's lying when it covers things when they know better. Congressman MCCARTHY. I wonder if you could submit those documents to Mr. Rlddleberger for our records? Mrs. SHOECRAFT. All right Congressman MCCARTHY. And if you are available we hope to go out this afternoon and tour the area. Mrs. SHOECRAFT. Be pleased to. Congressman MCCARTHY; Thank yon very much. We would like to move on now and bear from Mr. McKusiak. Mrs. SHOBORAFT. -I bad requested analysis that were done on our plant back in September before another task force is to arrive, which I understand is next week. I've spoken with Mr. Tschirley this morning, he called, I told him hefore I wanted anymore samples taken I would like the reports of what they took in September. They seem to be still evaluating these water samples we wnt in, and for your information I Just learned this morning the samples taken from our .own drinking water last week are still highly contaminated, nnd I suppose I'm the first human to go on record to be able to say that they have now found 2,4-D in my pound of flesh, and that was as of this morning from two different laboratories. Congressman MCCARTHY. That's important, could you elaborate on that? Do you have those laboratory findings? Mrs. SHOECRAFT. These were found in the G.H.T. Laboratories in California, the other laboratory I'm not even aware of the name where the samples were sent . Congressman MCCARTHY. What's that, G. H. Mrs. SHOECRAFT. That's the laboratory where the Department of Agriculture, TXictor Hemton (phonetic) had recommended that the samples be sent on the plant life originally. There will be a longer report on it this afternoon. fi �H2 Congressman McCABTHT. We will check that out Did you mean that a biopsy has been applied on your tissues, and 2,4-D has been your " . ' ' • • • . • ' . ' • ' . : " Mrs. SBOEOUUTT. As of this morning they were not complete. Congressman McCAWTHT. Thank you rery much. We'd like to call Mr. McKustak now. Mr McKnslak, do you care to be accompanied by counsel? If you perfectly all right Mr. SKOUF. We hnvo no objection. Congressman MCT.XUTHT. All right Mr. McKuslak, I wonder would y tlfy yourself for the record, please, your name and your background, long you've resided here. Mr. McKusuK. I'm Robert McKnslak, and !'T« been an Artist In mosaic for some 22 years. I bare a background prior to that time, that time also in science. I majored in chemistry in college. Congressman MOOABTBY. What was that? . Mr. McKusiAK. University of Arizona, I do not hold a degree. Congressman MCCARTHY. How long have you resided here? Mr. McKusiAX. I've lived In this area since 1932 with the exception! time that I attended the University of Arizona. Congressman McCAmrr. Now, I wonder if you would verbally give us erallzatlon of your experience with the Forest Service spray program? Mr. McKusiAK. My experience with the Forest Service spray progi didn't come into being fully until 1980 following the June spraying. me back up, it came into being in about May 81, 1968. I was aware that time that they had been spraying, but I was not aware that thet that they were spraying were particularly harmful. I had seen unusual.; taking place, but I didn't know what to attribute them to. Congressman McCAKnrr. What unusual effects, could you cite a couple? Mr. UcKvaiAXf Yes, one in particular which I would prefer McKnslak documented for yon because that's her field, and not mint dfically in 1986, in May of 1966, the brown pewee population, these that Uve in our canyon area, suddenly started dying in great numbers yard. We have a waterer that birds come to, and there were birds during May which had matter in their eyes, and seemed to be having tory trouble, and were dying; and at that time we continued spraying it Congressman MoCUxnrr. Yon. dont happen to have any photographs do you? Mr. McKusuK.'-No, I dont, I would prefer on a discussion of birds Mrs. McKustafc go into this because that was her field. But, In 1968, 81st of May, I'was up at my property where I get my clay, it's private the area that was sprayed, it was included in the area sprayed. I had my] and three children, and the two dogs up there, and the spraying place down canyon. The helicopter came up the canyon, we have a that was between us and the edge of the property, so to speak, and copter came up the canyon and made a turn southerly, in other words, a right-angle turn.toward the mountains, and it approached. We were our arms because,we didn't want to be sprayed. He made a turn and so dose to us, and the spray descended upon us, and upon the pond,1 our kids and dogs, and so forth. At that time we weren't really a anything was wrong with it except we both rushed home, my wife i both had headches, from It Congressman MoOurrar. The pond, is that drinking water? Mr. McKuvuK. This is a pond which is used for livestock water, private land. • 1. Congressman MoCUwHT. Now, you heard undoubtedly the Forest that they stopped spraying when they would get over a stream, but over a pond. I suppose that would be obviously important? Mr. MoKvsux. ;Ifs Incorrect that they stopped over streams, they directly over three different semipermanent streams that I know of, permanent Congressman MoCUcrKT. Did you we that yourself? Mr. MoKusubc. I saw them spraying la this area over it, and the tion continues right down to the edge of the stream, it's quite visible.' Congressman MoCUnsr. Will we be able to see that this afternoon? Mr. MoKusujc. I'm sure you will �143 MCCARTHY. I think it's very Important I J S . One canyon in particular in 1968 when I was sprayed with ur on our property, and we did bare illnesses and bare had illnesses "'• rl!,r continued since this time. This particular little canyon, when they ii"'?'!!.. toward us—which has a permanent stream in it, ana tney flew rignt """"••y..'.urd us-whlcU and they new right rt tt '' ilu> ciinyon to the pond, it's a stream that seeps out from the pond, and has M >' v _ MCCARTHY. I wonder if you would, for the record, tell us about '^livestock, and other animal life on your farm, which you would r don't have a farm to correct the record, I have /•I- different animals, my wife keeps ornamental fowl, she is an archeoorni"i i clKt and she w,orks with archedlogical birds, and she keeps flies of var' .1 t viva for comparative work, and also for our own enjoyment " \\V have 10 or 12 milking goats that we have had for 16, or '17 years. We've ni a xmiill population of them, and in the last 2 years we have bad a iinlMT of our milk goats bear kids, they have from two to three offspring a ' ur eiicli goat, and a number of these have borne deformed offspring. When I ''!«• informed, I'm referring generally to their beads, their beads were born miil.«luil>ed, and malformed In some cases their bodies, but generally their '" \\V liare one goat which Is already been covered by the news media, but we i,,ivi> One gont which wasn't as malformed as the others. We have kept it alive slini'l.v because people were denying such things happening. I would say most .,( i In- offspring that were born were born either dead, or deformed, or both. Must of them who were born deformed were born dead. In other words, the ..nliiinl miscarried deformed offspring. Congressman MCCABTHT. Did you ever ask Dr. Skinner to come out and look ni Hit-so animals? .Mr. McKusiAK. No, I don't believe I've ever discussed these animals with l ir. Skinner until just recently, but Dr. Skinner and I are good friends, and «v liiivo from time to time called him to ask how much dosage to give an uiiiiiiiil if we were going to give them a shot Some of our animals from time to lime have suffered from pneumonia, or things of this type. For example, ninny of our fowl In birth have died. I'm referring specifically to geese, and •lurkx. and some chickens, and many of them have died, and we found by riving them a shot of com-blotlc, it's a penecillin streptomycin, I believe, comiilnutlon, by giving them a shot, usually we could save them. These fowl would <itim> down with what seemed to be pneumonia. There are many other people in the canyon whose fowl done the same thing. \Vc found by giving them a shot we could save them. We called Dr. Skinner to find out what the correct dosage would be, and we generally didn't call tack telling him it came out Congressman MCCARTHY. Well, Mr. McfCusiak, I know we could go on for Mime time, but we have to adjourn shortly, but we will be with you this afternoon. .Mr. McKusiAK. I would like to make one other comment, if I could, for the iwml. Congressman MCCARTHY. Surely. Mr. McKtrsiAK. I was talking about 1068 when we were sprayed on our own iiroiwrty, and our own dogs following this spraying, we went home and wanned, but our own dogs that were with us, two of them became ill immediately with what we considered to be pneumonia, at that time we didn't assoHute it really with the spray, we didn't think about it, and we gave the dogs -we tried to call Dr. Skinner and he was out of town, and we gave the dogs ••om-Motics for this, and I believe it was the next day we called Dr. Skinner, i»- was back, and my wife checked with him and she checked the dosage she inul given them; and he said it was twice too much, and give them half as much again, and we did, and the dog survived. It would have died if we had »ot given him the medication. . Congressman MCCARTHY. You still have the two dogs? Mr. MoKusiAK. Neither are malformed or anything, one of them has never iiwn quite well, it's never been welL It wheezes a lot One other thing, there are many families in the canyon and many families in Globe and Miami who have dogs that are bleeding from all body openings. �144 We have dogs of this type, and people who have had dogs die from could put you In contact with. Congressman MOOAKTHT. We would like to have that information. Well, thank you, Mr. McKuslalo Well look forward to seeing you this i noon. This hearing will stand adjourned. Congressman MCCARTHY. The hearings will come to order. I've just received the following letter from the White House which I read into the record at this point If s from the Science Adviser to the dent of the United States, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge. The White House. February 10,1970. "Dear Mr. McCarthy: This will acknowledge your February 3rd cerulng 2,4,5-T, the October 29th announcement that you referred to statement of the actions that were planned to be taken by. the various ' the Federal Government in relation to the 2,4,5-T. It.wars not a agencies for the simple reason that statutory responsibility for these rest In the separate agencies. "I'm sure that by now you have heard from the Department of Agrlcultj I appreciate your views on the desirability of an investigation of rep birth, of malformed children in Vietnam. By copy of this letter I'm your views to Secretary Laird's attention since this area is primarll; responsibility. "As to 2,4-D, this compound Is being reviewed along with other being singled out as requiring additional study in the Blonetlcs which you referred." Signed, "Lee a DuBridge, Science Adviser to the President" I'd like to contrast this with a statement as it was issued on where DuBridge said that the Defense Department will restrict use of to the areas remote from population, that the Agriculture Departmentcancel registration of 2,4-D for food crops effective January 1, 1970. Department of Agriculture and Interior will stop using 2,4,5-T In their 4 pro-Trams in. populated areas, or where the residues from use could other ' reach man. That the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare will < plete action 'on a tolerance for 2,4,5-T, the residues on foods prior to Jan 1,1970. This is obviously a retreat from the position taken by the White Ho October 29. As I read the statement at that time it was in the form of a • tive that the Departments will do such and such, now we find that the House is backing off from this, and is saying that the statutory authority with the agenda*. It seems to: me that the President of the United States has authorityultimate authority over theoe agencies, and I regret very much that the dent's Science Adviser ha* seen fit to retreat from the decision of October*/ which I believe was the wise one. The use of this particular chemical be banned pending tests. On the plus side I'm delighted to be informed last night, and it's today in. the press; that the distinguished Senator from Michigan, Philip has announced: he will hold hearings on 2,4,5-T. He asked Secretary Har Secretary of Agriculture, Robert Finch, Secretary of Health, Education, _ Welfare, and Dufiridge to testify on March 11 This is further evidence to! that the compound's effects require additional evaluation, and I expect that will testify myself before this Senate Subcommittee when they have hear I will make that request I should also announce that a report on my Investigation will be prepared* consultation with Dr. Galston, and will be issued at the earliest point Now, we would like to hear again from Mr. Pierovlch of the Forest Is he here? Mr. PXEROVXCK : Yes. sir. Congressman McCUnBT: I would like to say for the record, which I said on the radio .station here, that I have been very favorably impressed' the cooperation of fhe Forest Service. I think that anybody who has any entering of knowledge about this whole thing must realize that this is sometb �145 > individual agencies out In the field, that we are talking here about "policy, and what is done out in the field really is a result of decision* i at a much higher level, and to try to focus responsibility on a field unit ""."link Is really to carry this too far. I've been most impressed with your I "ration and that of your colleagues, Mr. Pierovich, and I want you to k ic that we appreciate it very much, and our report will so indicate. i understand you woui(i ute to elaborate on the statements you made yester''"{;. PICROVICH. Thank you, Mr. Congressman, for your kind comments, and 1*1 for the way you've conducted this hearing. I think the Forest Service is I 1 «.««l with the way the hearing has gone. There are some significant eleM-IIW of Forest Service concern that I felt should be made a part of the ILiinl this morning, and I'll read essentially from that statement First of all, the Forest Service has used phenpxy herbictd.es, but not since ii,<> nationwide controversy broke last fall. In fact, the hist use of herbicide* ..ii the Kellner Russell project was June 11,1969, and to the best of my knowl.-.lire the last use of any herbicide by the Southwestern National Forest wa* i lie August, 1969, on the Gila National Forest in New Mexico, Second, it's apparent there are several persons in this area who believe there are unknown, or suspected characteristics of these herbicides which may imvc caused them damage, and this is of concern to us. Three, it's apparent we must continue our efforts to ascertain the extent of drift levels of herbicide residues, and the definite relationships between herbicides over environmental factors and the responses of plants and animals in tills area. These studies are to be made public when they're completed, l.-istly, the extent of continued deferment of herbicide use in the Chaparral program is dependent upon the outcome of our studies and of the Department's investigation of these matters. Congressman MCCARTHY: Thank you very much. I wonder if you could for the record, repeat what yon told me yesterday relative to the drift of the heriilride over streams, and into adjacent private property, and what steps, should this be resumed, assuming that it can be shown to be safe, what stejw would i* needed to correct that? Mr. PIEROVICH. At this point, this will be my own opinion, but I first mentioned to you yesterday that our instructions to the applicator pilot were to interrupt bis spray application when he crosses streams, we had definite plan* for the project here to call for application away from the open water, and main stream courses. I do believe there was some drift into this stream course us evidenced by some top kill on the Sycamores on the stream bottom. There Ims been drift from the project area onto private property which we have established so far as the visual effects are concerned, and from this I'm certain that we will be developing new guidelines to both assure that the herbicides that we might apply in the future are confined to the project area, and to assure the safety of the public. One definite indicator in this is that it would be desirable to use a mucb more restrictive windspeed in application. Does that answer your question, sir? Congressman MCCARTHY: Yes, but what wind velocity do you think would be wife? Mr. PIEROVICH : I wouldn't want to speculate at this time, but we do have * general rule of 5 miles per hour, and we know that herbicides were applied here to 10 miles per hour, and we see new development in the herbicide application field, the use of inverts has become more and more popular, and wltb wmie corrective work recently done is this area I feel this will help us a great deal. Congressman MCCARTHY: Another point that I definitely sympathize wltb yon about is difficulty you have of getting information. I think the fact that yon weren't apprised of the Bionetics Research Laboratory finding on teratocenlcity until late last year suggests a problem in communications here, and If yon have any suggestion* for new legislation I'd be grateful. Do yon feel yon cet enough information from Washington on such subject*? Mr. PIEROVICH. I feel that In all of our—the exchange of information is a very complex thing today. We do make ourselves available to conferences witb �146 people in these fields. Oar technicians In herbicide work attend meetings larijr on this matter. We are expected to keep ourselves Informed. The U tare has been quite tall of the controversies on 2,4,5-T, and we have aware of the developing controversies. The most health/ thing that could happen in this area would be a summary of literature that our technicians could refer to. There are al available now, but the combination of inputs from the universities and the various departments of government In one abstract bulletin would be : f al to us. Congressman MCCARTHY. Do you have anything to add, Mr. Plerovlch? Mr. PIEEOVIOH. No, I don't, sir. Congressman MCCARTHY. Thank you very much, we appreciate It Mr. PmtovioB. Thank you. Congressman MCCARTHY. Our next witness is Dr. Paul (Martin from the ] verslty of Arizona. Dr. Martin, I understand you are accompanied by Dr. Russell? Dr. MARTIN. That's right Congressman MCCARTHY. Would you like him to sit with you? Dr. MARTIN. Yes. Congressman MCCARTHY. Dr. Russell, would you care to join Dr. Martin? Dr. Martin, we appreciate your being here. I wonder if you would i<~ yourself and Dr. Russell for the record, your background and your par Interest in this? Dr. MARTIN. I'm Paul 8. Martin, University of Arizona, Department of » ogy. I had training as a professional ecologist, and with me Is Dr. Ste_ Russell who is a zoologist in the biology department in the University of tona. His special interest is in birds. Congressman* MCCARTHY. Thank you. Dr. Martin, I wonder before the if yon would tell us about your involvement with the spraying project, any conclusions that you reached, based upon your analyses. Dr. MARTIN. ..Well, I'm not involved in the spraying project, and I'm herbicide 4xper£ •! have no research .experience with herbicides. I do interest in-the vegetation of Arizona. I've spent years studying its fossil _ records, but the Interest I had in Globe was in first seeing if indeed there any effect on vegetation as a result of herbicide treatment that had called to my attention, I have come up on four separate trips to visit the ac that was sprayed, and see what little I could of the community. Congressnjan'McGAKTHY. How long did yon spend on these trips? Dr. MARTIN. These were 1-day visits. Congressman:MoGARTHY. How many did yon make? Dr. MARTIN, .four. As a result of seeing the area, and talking to some of I people in the area, I was carious to see if just what degree the commun. might have been affected by this. I wasnt prepared to believe that people,;* animals could be affected by herbicide sprays because the little I heard cated that those who work with herbicides stand underneath the spray and are occasionally drenched by the chemicals, and don't suffer ill effects. So it seems incredible that people in this community could be complaining^ such an effect, but they were. Indeed as a result it seemed to me that it was important to listen to and try to understand what they were saying, and try to come to terms the only observers who witnessed an event that wasn't supposed to have pened. It also seemed to me that some of the people involved in the work with : Iddes were unprepared for this sort of experience, they weren't even U to the complaints. So I presumed to do that Congressman .MCCARTHY. And what did you find in the course of your trips? Dr. MAnnr. There Is one other person thafs involved in what I'm going;! say next, I don't know if she's here or not Within the last month a student from Massachusetts by. the name of Adelaide Frfck and she was willing to go on a door-to-door basis, and infc people in the community apart from the ones that I talked to. �147 Congressman MCCARTHY. Excuse me, Is Miss Frlck present? Dr. MABTIIC. I bare the results, a summary of her door-to-door Investigation m the area, the purpose was to see if there complaints coming from any other «iurce other than the individuals that I talked to. The trips that I'd made up here and the design was to on a door-to-door basis talk to approximately 50 tieople in *"• canyons close to the sprayed area, and to another 60 over in Crestwood, which I believe is east of Globe at a further—at a point further remote from the area that was sprayed. So what Miss Frick did was then conduct a door-to-door interview with neonle close to the sprayed area, and another group of 60 further away from it Congressman MCCARTHY. What did she find, do you have the report? We would like to have that for the record. Dr. MABTIIC. I'd be glad to give you a copy. Congressman MCCARTHY: Would yon care to summarize it? Dr. MARTIK. Ill simply read about a paragraph from the report that summarised it, and of course, the individuals are not identified 1n this report, and the complete questionnaire Is not represented here, simply the highlights of it There are three key questions, two that have to do with personal health, «nd one that has to do with livestock. It turned out that few people do have livestock in either—neither the spray area, or in Crestwood, but quite a number have pets. This is what she found. Regarding pets, 18 cases in which animals were effected, and one must pre•ume some relationship to spraying although in no individual case perhaps could this be directly proved. This is the experiences of people living in this community who know the nature of the community, and then feel that something has happened that's a little bit out of the ordinary. Thirteen cases in which animals acted, three kittens lost; two dogs lost; Infertile eggs, one; rabbits not breeding, two; chickens not laying, one; burro lost, one; sick dogs, three reports. Now, as far as people are concerned near the spray area, 23 of 66 indicated Illness over the past 2 years which may be spray associated. Some people had absolutely nothing wrong with them, or were not concerned. They thought that those that were complaining were imagining it happened, an event that had no bearing in the real world, that it was In the minds of the people reporting. Other reported, and we're quite convinced that their experiences were related to the events of last June, or earlier when herbicide spraying had hapod. Of the 23 reporting illness, 21 were reporting breathing difficulties. Many of these are attributed to the times of spraying. Some are attributed to smelter smoke, there's no avoiding the fact that this area that experiences a good deal of smelter smoke. Some of these people may be reporting an effect that is indeed caused by smoke, I don't know. There were five reports of serious diarrhea, including one entire family. Four reports of chest pains, including one false-heart attack, one report of" coughing of blood, one report of subnormal temperature. Two reports of numb pain in arms; two reports of hemorrhaging; two reports of irregular periods; one report of miscarriage; two others by hearsay. Fifty-six people interviewed, 42 mentioned some damage to plants, although the purpose of this questionnaire was not to consider plant damage. Now, in Crestwood at a great distance from the Congressman MCCARTHY. Was the interviewer able to determine if such complaints were prevalent before the spraying began? Dr. MABTIIC. I don't know how one would do that In fairness to the people in the Forest Service who have worked with this project, one simply can't conduct a scientific experiment at this point in time. All we can do is talk to the people who were the observers, or ones—or residents in the area, and while their memories are still hopefully fresh, recover some Information, just having to take them at their word. Congressman MCCARTHY. Let me just clarify. Is the interviewer ascribing these conditions to the spraying based on the Interviews with the people? Do �• 148 they say that these phenomena result* were the results of the spraying, don't they know? Dr. MARTIN. Yes, some of them would rather not say. The question was, effect, "Hare you experienced any sickness which might be related to " spraying of this area." It's a leading question In part It's not a question that denies any Ignoran of the fact that herbicide spraying had taken place in the area. I am sure there are many faults of a questionnaire of this sort that a fessional psychologist would recognize. Congressman MCCARTHY. Let me say as a point of information, we shortly have put Into the record a scientific data of the results on " beings of 2,4,5-T, which I think you will find bear a similarity to " you're Just described. I wonder If you would go beyond Miss Prick's surrey to glre us benefit' your own observations of what you saw, and If you were able to reach conclusions about the effects of the spraying on either humans, vegetation, animals? I Dr. MARTIN. Well, the effects on vegetation Impressed me as ones that to be watched over a period of time. Again, tills problem of who's to Investigation, and how it's to be conducted are Important The Incident Is • and in the minds of some local people, hopefully will never occur again. The problem is, what really happened? I was up on four separate trips, separate days, I saw some things that I hare not seen In Arizona ve before. Such as the presence on Century plants of flowering way out of i and Immature new plants going on the old stocks of old ones without seed being set I understand that this particular species of. Century plant is known that, and other botanists have seen such a feature. The area that was sprayed, not all plants are dead in it Some species Manzanlta are remarkably resistant up to this point The effectiveness of the treatment Is doubtful. The areas of spray ar dead. The effects of spray on the outside areas on different plants have to watched over a period of time to fully appreciate the change in phenology, changes of flowerng time, the change of time when the leaves appear, when they fall, the way the tradition of plants may be as far as ov< growth Is concerned, and If one wants to demonstrate the herbicide-can effect on vegetation. It's also necessary to take into consideration all the < environmental! variations that aren't under control either, such as rainfall an temperature, Congressman MCCARTHY. But, you did find evidences of drift outside .project area? . Dr. MARTIN.'Yes. Congressman MCCARTHY. Did you find evidences of 2,4,5-T In any of adjacent streams,, or did you seek to find it? Dr. MARTIN. No, I collected samples only from within the project area, samples and water samples. Congressman MCCARTHY. You found evidences of 2,4,5-T In the water you'i collected within the project area? Dr. MARTIN. The samples that I collected and submitted to a laboratory California came *ack with a report of the presence of 2,4-D, and smalle1 amounts of 2,4,5-T. Congressman MCCARTHY. In the water? Dr. MARTIN. There wan a trace in the water, there was up to one part million In the soil of 2,4-D. Congressman MFCARTHY. Is there anything that yon or your colleague < add which would be pertinent to our Inquiry? Dr. MARTIN. I would make one recommendation, and then If Steve Rv na* anything he would care to add. The recommendation would simply lie thnt hospital records, doctors' the veterinary record* of those doctors and veterinarians in the GloJie gone over very carefully by proper professional people. Congressman MCCARTHY. At that point I think we should put Into record a menu of conversation with Mr. Peter Riddleberger of my staff. �149 f. ,,r. Orantvtlle Knight, M.D., 2001 Wllshlre Boulevard, Suite 345, Santa Jl Thl« conversation took place on February 0,1970. Dr Knight informed Mr. Rtddleberger that he hai two patients under his .•ire 'from Globe. Arts. While his examination is not complete, he is of the V,iinlon that their malady Is associated with the recent spraying of Silvex cont ilulng 2,4,6-T by the U.S. Forest Service. Dr. Knight is of the opinion that an investigation is warranted, and offered to submit a statement of his findings uixMi completion of his examination subject to the approval of bis patients. Miss Frlck is here now, and I wonder if she could sit next to Dr. Martin .n(l poctor, if you would be good enough to reread that portion alluded to7 Dr. MARTIN. This simply summarizes the interviews that Miss Frick conducted in the canyons that is Eellner Canyon, Russell, Slxshooter, and Icehouse. Fifty-six Interviews In that particular area, and some people who had serious complaints to make were not considered in this interview. What I found just in tabulating what her questionnaire revealed was that 23 of 66 individuals indicated illness over the past 2 years, which may be siiray associated, 21 Individuals reported breathing difficulties, many of these are attributed to the times of spraying, but not all. Some were attributed to smelter smoke. There were five reports of serious diarrhea, including one entire family. Miss FRICK. Yes. Dr. MARTIN. Four reports of chest pain, including one false heart attack; one report of coughing of blood; one report of subnormal temperature. Two reports of pains, or numbness in arms; three reports of uterine hemorrhaging; one report of a miscarriage. There were two others that I thought were hearsay, but I wasn't sure had really occurred in family that you interviewed, and then finally all the questionnaires wasn't directed to plant damage, there were 42 people Interviewed who mentioned at least some damage to their plants In that area. ' Xovv, the Crestwood account shows much less effect, and this is what •one might expect because of the distance further away from the area of spray. Congressman MCCARTHY. Doctor Russell, is there anything that you would add to the record here that would be helpful? Or. RUSSELL I don't think I would add to the record, but I'm in agreement ,vith Dr. Martin'* statement Congressman MCCARTHY. You are, you've studied the information he has available? Dr. RUSSELL. I have seen much of the general information, but I've conducted no investigation of my own Into it Congressman MCCARTHY. Thank you, Gentlemen, and Miss Frick, very much. I'd like to now recall Prof. Galston. Doctor, as we discussed here I understand you have some scientific data on the effects on human beings of 2,4,5-T. I wonder if you would cite the source »t this information, and the findings? Dr. GALSTON. Mr. Congressman, I'm very happy to present this information because in the course of my wanderings around on this day I have found that certain individuals tend instinctively to disapprove any allegations of direct damage to human beings or animals. Now, as I hoped I made clear yesterday, very small doses of 2,4,5-T can <viuse birth abnormalities In laboratory animals, and that Is now actively under Investigation, and we've discussed to see whether it might be due to this Impurity called dloxin, or whether It was due in fact to the chemical But now, the question is, can we actually produce an effect on mature Individuals, let us say male individuals, totally apart from pregnant females bearIng embryos in uteri, and I should say that there is a fairly sizable respectable scientific literature on this, and if one looks in a variety of sources, Including the sort of encyclopedia of clinical toxicology by Gleason and Coughlin, and can find citations to many articles, and I have reference to a few here. Now, 2,4-D can produce, if it's administered in very massive quantities, it can produce death in the small animals, and there are even a few cases �150 • •**• recorded of idH'tiavtag produced very severe symptoms In man. The best i however, comes from 2,4,5-T, «>* l ™M llke to read to you a brief of an..article published in l»?fl by T. Flint enuuea "Dermatitis and arUdHuSuhed In l|»» WT. run entitled "De Damage Ascribed to Weed Killer 2.4JS-T.' Flint relates an episode Involving two sisters, age 4 and 6 years, whol Dlared for several hours In a yard which had been sprayed heavily a -' &me before with the Ortho brand of 2,4,5-T, brush killer. This was usThis* spray contained 15.4 percent of the isopro ester of 2,4,5-T in «^_ _ _ Now, I should mention parenthetically, I don't have the exact data at 1 but Kuron contains much more than that, I believe in excess of 60 ; this same ester. The next day both girls exhibited generalized erythema—reddening of j skin—and edetnatus swelling of the oral and vaginal mucous membranes. - 1 The pulse rate and body temperature were not elevated, but both were described as appearing slightly toxic. The limbs and eyelids were swollen as the mucous membranes of the mouth were inflamed. On the 3d/j there were signs of kidney damage. Albumen was noticed in the urine was no evidence of liver injury, the urinary abnormalities persisted for 2 weeks, but 2 months later the urine specimens for both patients normal. Now, there are other reports in which 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T are alleged to ! caused toxic effects on the nervous system as measured by the elect] cephalogram. That is after ingestion, there was a desynchronization of the i trlcal activities of the nervous system, I bring these points up only to i . force the fact that no chemical Is completely innocuous. Some individuals t| more sensitive than others, and some may require a big dose, and small dose to have these abnormal effects produced, but I share with' Martin the view that when people appear and say that they have adversely affected by these chemicals, immediate and adequate atte should be given to the possibility that these reports will furnish yet addlt data to supplement the rattier large amount of scientific data already exii Congressman MCCARTHY. Thank you. Dr. Galston. I wonder if you co give us your observations after your inspection of the sprayed area, and t area where It drifted. Is there anything that you at this point care to have in the record? Dr. GALSTON. Well, I'll say a few words. I want to make It perfectly that after 24 hours in Globe, Ariz., I don't want to pose as an expert either 1 the program, or the effects on vegetation, or on people, but as a biologist' Ing in this anja, there Is some conclusions I think I can make which point i the need for still,further investigation, and everything I say should be held? that light • What did I see on my brief trip yesterday? Well, I would classify theml several categories. Number JL at the helispot, overlooking the picnic area, I observed smelted residues, there was no doubt that yon could smell residual dlesel which was primarily the carrier for the herbicide which bad been during the loading operation onto the helicopter. Now, if you-could smell it, there was a good deal around, and that indicate that theije are definitely residues in certain selected areas, how there was I can't say, how much there might be in the soil, or in the water,* cannot say, but It seems to me that I could smell evidences at various ] in my trip. So that there probably are residues here and there, and could serve as a continuous supply of leadhlng, I suppose, into the waters: the area, one should not discount that possibility. The second category was definite plant damage, and the plant damage both the desired plant damage in the canyon, and nndeslred plant damage '\ the vicinity of homes; which was due to the drifting, I assume, the herbicid In the canyons we could see, and these were pointed out to me by some • our Forestry friends who were with me, the desired killing of such plants �151 and Oak, and the desired persistence of what they considered more • Nimble plants such as gerardia. Sow I suppose a question could be raised as some of the local residents . »« been raising undesirable, and desirable, according to whose criteria, and MJ what Judgmental values. Manmnlta and Oak do live on these hillsides, they I transpire to water, and I suppose their killing is desirable in the contention t wanting to avoid the evaporation of water. Whether after you are all '.'iirouzh with the operation and plant to grass, which is the stated objective of i MS clearing observation, you are going to save very much water, I'm not sure, Ind whether, in fact, the esthetics of the environment will be improved another stated objective of this operation is also I'd soy open to question, I would think It would be a very useful operation for those groups charged with making policy to hold some public hearings at which citizens could come with their points of view. I think a lot of this fracas is due to poor interchange of information between official agencies, and the citizens: If there had been open hearings, and announcements, this is what we intend to do, this is why we are doing it, and this is how we are going to do It, and have objections recorded «t the time, a lot of the acrimony that's built up here might have been avoided* Now, so far as the damage of plants around homes, there is no doubt about it. it has occurred. I have seen it, and as a plant physiologist, I could testify timt this Is typical damage due to herbicide drift I think* that this points up it lesson when you discharge herbicides from the nozzles of spray on a helicopter, you are getting an assortment of droplet sizes, the big drops are going to fall quickly, the small drops are going to be carried for longer distances. I think until the technology is improved, the so-called invert sprays Is one possibility here, and new types of booms for spraying are another. It seems to me that It's very unwise to spray In areas where homes are so intimately associated with the forest and woodland, that you are trying to control You cannot pinpoint the spray, yon cannot keep it out of the water, and you cannot prevent Inadvertent spray damage to the nearby residences, and I would say that there are certainly many sprays in the country where the application of aerosol sprays Is a highly beneficial practice. From my cursory look here that I would say the intervening of house and the canyons in which spraying hi desired, is so Intricate that the slightest miscalculation, the slightest air movement, the slightest malfunctions of the spray equipment would lead to damage to the property, and I don't know how that could be worked out technically, and I would want assurance that those problems are looked into. I think the people whose plants have been damaged ought to be compensated in some way because the damage has been considerable around some homes, and I think it's unfair to expect these people to bear the brunt of this kind of inadvertent drift operation. Now, I did see damaged animals, and I talked with humans who alleged that they were adversely affected. Alt I can say here is the damage is there, and spray operations did occur, but I know of absolutely no scientific evidence which would link the spray operation to the damage, and I think the people who showed me the damaged animals showed it to me in the spirit that this could be a consequence of spray operations, but they weren't sure, and certainly I'm not sure, but unlike some people I would not immediately offhand say this is ridiculous. It could be as I have shown from my previous reading from this scientific compendium, and I could document further a lot of the symptoms that people are reporting here have been reported for massive doses of 2,4-D. So we should not leave the possibility that this did occur, but a much more scientific information is required. My overall view after one day of looking around is one of puzzlement I wonder why It's desired to initiate this kind of an operation In this kind of an environment The stated objective Is to improve water runoff, and water runoff wUl benefit, I presume, the citizens of a nearby urban area. Phoenix, which is growing rapidly, and which has a lot of water requirements, and their water �152 requirements will crow at the years go by. We know this Is an arid the way. not being an Arizona resident, and not being a politician, I could say some things here which a lot of people were thinking, but brought forth. Truly, water is going to be wilting in this area for others. So far i see unless nuclear technlcology makes it available on a massive scale, don't foresee, if you take water from this area to give to another a are, in fact, robbing Peter to pay PauL If you are robbing water from •] you are going to partially change the kind of vegetation, perhaps '' going to denude some of the areas In order to increase the runoff, this: a comparative set of rules. Whose object is going to be gored here, interests are paramount? Well, clearly cities are not going to be able to-; indefinitely, we are going to hare to put some limit on them, we kno example, that the city of Los Angeles got into a lot of trouble with because there are Just too many people there. In the same way cities Southwest may hare to limit their size ultimately based on the nil people they can support on the amount of water resources there trying to take every amount of water out of the Country brings a of a very serious question. Now that President Nixon among others is calling for a campaign to the environment, It might be that we would want to look at this whole in the context of what we are doing to the entire State, and to the countryside Finally, I would like to merely renew my suggestions that the people-.i formulated this policy, who set up this whole spray program should id< themselves, and should request the contributions of the citizenry as an to this whole program. I think that policy should not be made without question. This is a erotic society 'In which citizens have responsibility to interest themselv the making of policy, and—my faith in the American people, and in _ desire to run their own country has been to a certain extent reinforced]! seeing a group of aroused citizens here out to protect their rights. Thank you very much. Congressman MCCABTHT. Thank you. Doctor Oalston. I think the points'} make are valid. One that I would just enlarge on a bit is that I am i working on legislation to be established to support a National Growth think growth has to be commensurate with the resources and of course, in. case, water* is a critical resource. I would conclude these hearings now with a couple of observations. I It's important to know that 2,4,5-T was developed at the Army's chief Warfare Research Center at Fort Detrlck, Md. My experiences in investi the Army's cuemlcal and biological warfare programs, and policies, has, encouraged me about some of the actions that have been taken, without t into consideration some of the unforeseen consequences. For instance, they wanted to dispose of waste from nerve gas production at the 1 Mountain arsenal near Denver, they first dumped this material into ponds? the arsenal's property. They didnt expect that it would find its way out * thought it would be just absorped In the water on the pond. It wasn't, it" carried out' into adjacent streams, and the neighboring countryside, and among other things livestock and 6 square miles of sugar beets. They then dug a deep well and figured the best way to dispose of it w dumping it deep into the earth. That set off 1,500 earthquakes in the DeoV area, some of them up to six on the Rlchter scale, and caused great alarm)! the community; They finally had to pull out this material, and of course earthquakes stopped. Then, they thought they should ship it across the entire United States, thought this would be safe. Scientists later said It would risk the liv< thousands of people, the plans also, called for dumping this large quantity*; nerve gas and other materials into the Atlantic Ocean. They thought would be safe. . Scientists later, said it could destroy all marine life In 600 cubic miles off Atlantic Ocean, with a cataclysmic effect on ocean's production cycle. �153 I cite these Instance* not in reproaching the Army, or the C.B.W. establishment, but I think that thU particular program has a questionable rc ttf» find 2,4,5-T developed by the Army's Germ and Gas Warfare establlsh..Jnt 25 years ago to this date. We do not know for sure whether it will proluce birth defects in human beings, I find it unwise to say the least to use «u>ii a substance without being sure that It is safe. For some reason the inirden of proof seems to be on me and my colleagues in the sense that the rttrltude is, "we'll keep using it until you can prove it unsafe." Well, I quarrel with the basic assumption, I think that It should be just the reverse, I don't think that any toxic substance whether herbicide, pesticide, drug, whatever, Lhould be used, sold In the United States until it can be shown that it is not harmful to human beings, that it doesn't produce cancer, or birth defects, or cenctlc effects. •• One would think that we have learned from the Tbaltdomide experience, but apparently we haven't I also find it Incredible that the Dow Chemical Corp. could have succeeded in helping reverse an order from The White House. jjow, I read this section from the statement of October 20 wherein the President's science adviser said that certain agencies of Government, the Department of Defense, the Department of Interior, the Department of Agriculture would do certain things, will Inaugurate a new policy. Now we have the letter received today from The White House addressed to me, advising me that The White House Is backing off from this directive, and is saying that the statutory responsibility resides with the individual agencies. I find it personally unconscionable that in light of the Btonettcs findings, und the scientific data cited by Doctor Galston this morning about the proven effects of 2,4,5-T on females, that this substance would be continued to be used on wide scale in the United States, and for that matter in Vietnam where oven larger quantities are used. I welcome the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Investigation Into this. I will preiuire a full report which will appear In the public documents that will be developed as a consequence of our trip will be made available to not only the .Senate Commerce Committee, but appropriate other committees of the ConKress, as well as to the study of the American Association for the Advancement of Science under the directorship of Professor Messelson of Harvard. We finally conclude by thanking the officials who have been most helpful, and to the residents of Globe who have been most hospitable, and I would hope that this experience here might have effects far more reaching than the small area of Globe, Ariz., and that perhaps as a result at least in part of what we have discovered here, that we will stop using 2,4,5-T around the world until we can run a series of tests that show that it is not harmful to this generation, and to the next generation. Thank you very much. Appendix 6 ALBUQUERQUE; N. MEX., .February £6,1910. Hon. RICHARD D. MCCARTHY, House of Repretetrtativet, Washington, D.O. DEAR MR. MCCARTHY: Thank you for your letter of February 10 and for the opportunity to furnish additional documents or statements for the record of your hearing In Globe. FOB THE RECORD REGARDIXO WIXDS In my testimony I promised to furnish you with additional data on windspeeds during the 1069 spray project While wlndspeed was measured by the Project Air Officer who used a pocket anemometer, no record of observation* was made. He did, however, maintain a record of application flight tlmew �154 which shows when the work was shut down due to winds exceeding i per hour. The following table summarizes these important times record: Time OK* JUM 1. IKf J«M t i969i;".i""™i" ... KM 1. 1969. ( i»S..."."""".r:rrr."":: JUM 1505 1703 1935 lOlt JUM 10. 198* JUM IK 1989"."":."" "...."". 1250 Remark* Shutdown (wind «c«d< 10 m.pji.). Resume operations (wind below maximum). End operetta tor day. Shutdown (wind exceeds 10 m.p.lL). Mf.~fc.hr.*. Do! Because allegations of "gale winds" during application have been : of Interest to compare the above shut-down times with winds recorded'. Globe Fire Weather Station. The Globe Station records are for obse made only once dally at 1300 hours, but do not Indicate the presence winds" on any day of the project These 1300 hours observations are lows: 0«to JUM I I Direction . . ... . ......... . ... . ......... . . . SW . As can be seen from the two tables, the only day on which extended beyond 1300 hours was June 8, when the 1300 hours observat only 5 miles per hour. The June 11 shut-down time of 1200 hours would 1 to Infer that winds did possibly exceed 10 miles per hour when compared < the 1300 hours observation of 16 miles per hour. Ranger Moehn has that winds did not exceed 10 miles per hour in the area of the spray tion, and this Is quite possible since spray work was high up In Russell in the lee of sheltering mountains to the Southwest, on that date. OTHER ITEMS FOE THE RECORD Additional copies of the Forest Service Interim Position Statement the map showing the limit of infrared detection of dead and distressed tlon (as of October 1069) are enclosed for the record. As I recall, Professor Galston asked for additional Information on th research studies related to water yield. Since the Interim Position Staf digests these, i suggest that the Statement will serve for the record, but be glad to arrange for you or for Dr. Galston to receive a copy of the draft of the manuscript referenced In the Statement Since the herbicide container converted to a trash barrel, and found in ner Canyon during your field tour, became a matter of importance to -' press, the following additional information may serve as a useful insertion.^ the record: (1) The Dow Chemical Company label does not specify that, container be destroyed (copy of specimen label enclosed); (2) As a mattei good practice, we prefer that all pesticide, containers not be reused, and it was found that trash barrels were being made of the containers b. Globe District, the Regional Forester directed by memorandum on January that all Southwestern Region Ranger Districts discontinue such uses; Ranger Moehn, in response to the Regional Forester's direction, had all . trash barrels picked up earlier in the week of your visit; (4) presence of container in the creek at the Kellner recreation area cannot be explained District personnel who were in the area and had not seen it prior to your ft, tour; (8) the container had been washed with water and detergent prior;, painting for use as a trash barrel. �155 » vour field tour, there seemed to be some misunderstanding regarding T" lion <>( herbicide to the lire stream in Kellner Canyon. While the 1 •I'l'" '"' K (|0,vlng when you were in the area, it was not a live stream at the .irciiiiii ftt t(ie t(me 0{ application. We do not deny that some herbicide '"'" i 1\-v drifted to lire streams, as evidenced by some tip damage to trees in HIM.V i" . Recreation Area where there was a lire stream, but that drift ""' ilv reached the water has not been established. ""vMiio the Interdepartmental Panel of Scientists headed by Dr. Fred H. "'.".., arrived following your hearing, their findings are of sufficient irapor'!'"«•"" *the matter under consideration, that we desire to have the enclosed '""In M'U'use Issued by them inserted In the record. ii XVHH a pleasure working with you and Mr. Blddleberger during your visit i in- Forest Service can be of any further assistance, please let us know. We „, appreciate receiving three copies of the hearing record when available. * Sincerely, JOHW M. PDEBOVICH, Attlttant Regional Foreitcr. A «-MI o - to - u �156 FOREST 82RVICK INTERIM POSITION: K3UM3R CANYOMRUSS3LL GULCH H3RBICID2 SPRAY PROJ2CT AIID THE REOIOIJ CHAPARRAL PROGRAM, February 9, 1970 IKTROPfCTKW Background on Kellner Canyon-Russell Oulch Project The Kellner Canyon-Russell Gulch Project 1* a part of the Chaj Management Program of the Tonto National Forest. The prinary oi'j of this project is to laprove water yield, 'out other prosraa objejj and resulting benefits are intended to be.net as well. Improved' water yield and other Chaparral Program objectives are discussed'1 This project was initiated in 1965 following extensive local dis and a press release which appeared in the local paper. Rather the usual practice of applying prescribed fire as the initial went, herbicides were ussd. This was because of the known for streams in this area to produce flash floods; herbicide treat nent was considered to be unlikely to contribute to flooding, large areas treated by fire could. Chemicals used in this project are listed by year of use in Table <i which is appended. These.are all Federally Registered Compounds:t and were applied in keeping with the laws and label instructions governing their safs use. Following the 1969 Application of Herbicide, Tdnto Forest Supex Robert Courtney received a complaint in the form of a petition bearing 151* signatures of people in and near Globe, Arizona, the initial complaint, Courtney requested a team of qualified indij to visit the' area for a General assessment of alleged herbicide damage. This team reported some limited damage to vegetation on certain private properties. ' Chaparral Management Objectives • Objectives of managing chaparral on the Southwestern National are to: •' 1. Improve water quality and yield through reductions of thepotential for sediexurtiation following wildfire and through]] reductions in evapo-transpiration losses where modificatio of existing vegetation is proper. 2. To enhance the scenic value o'f the' Chaparral zone through; development of varied patterns resembling the natural sometimes found in unprotected chaparral; these patterns range from savanah-li&e grass and forb areas to newly chaparral, to relic.stands of nature chaparral. �157 3 To improve wildlife habitat through creation of additional cd{'.e effect and through maintenance of vigor and new growth In desirable species. It. To reduce the his'n costs of protecting chaparral from vildfireo through the establishment of brocks In heav/ fuel continuity, making it noro possible to avert fires of conflagration proportions. <;. TO increase forage production for wildlife and livestock through the release of native grasses and the establishment • of new grass stands. 6. To improve access for both the observer of wildlife and the hunter through a system of near-primitive roads to strategic fire control locations and through the openings that will result in treated areas. I it is intended that each of the above objectives will be net through ;::illjplc Use Coordination Procedures. These require that regardless ;• -,!]•,• primary purpose of any project, proper consideration be given • , other forest uses and values. Because of the intense interest in j.vovins Southwestern water quality and yield, both Federal watershed ..,,i.:..cment and cooperator funds have been made available for this vori: K: n pria«ry purpoje. Each of the objectives of chaparral management .1: fcirly well unusrstood by the interested public except for this one ..;• improvement in water yield. Even some experts have, until recently, i:;oounted the potential for augmenting water supplies through alteration i shrub cover in the chaparral type. .•••I -h of the research leading to improved understanding of the potential :.«r .-.Jditional water has been done on the 3-Bar Experimental Watersheds :;.-:ir Koosevelt Dam on the Tonto National Forest, Work there was begun, :n 19fu. Two reports from this woric are of particular interest. Pasc, C.P., and P.A. Ingebo, 196?, "Burned cliaparral to crass: early effects on water and sediment yields from two granitic coil watersheds in Arizona," Proceedings Hinth Annual Arizona jjatershed Symposium, fc pp illus. Hibbert, Alden R., Unpublished 1970 Manuscript oa file with Rocky Mountain Forest and Ranee Experiment Station: "Increases in streamflov vary with rainfall after converting brush to crass." .V...- latter report is cited because it contains data not previously available which are regarded as nore reliable (due to additional years •-:' stroamflow measureaent) and which indicate crater pro aise of -proved water yields than previously expected. Increases due to "•••s-crshed treatment have varied froai 1.5 area inches to lfc.0 area j.-ir.hes. The two tost watersheds avcrared an increase in water yield, ror the period 1959 throuflh 1969, of from It to 6 area Inches. �158 Progress and Direction of Studies—The Kollney Canyon-Russell Gulch Pro?. Task Force* Mo. 1 and Mo. 2 (Completed Work) Tlic first two teams to examine the area were concerned with visually detectable effects of the 1969 herbicide application. Due to the similarity of some insect and desease symptoms to symptoms of hcrbicl effects, the second team included epeciallsta in entomology and plant pathology. It was on the basis of this team's findings that many plants alleged to be dansoccd from herbicide drift were determined to ,be affected by other causes. It should be noted that while all complainants have been advised of Forest Service claim-for-damage procedures, only one fonnal claiic has; been filed. This claim was not for properties identified as damaged in the Task Force Ho. 2 Report, and has thus been disallowed. Infrared Photography and Interpretation for Distressed Vegetation (Work In Pro-ycasT" While the second Task Force reported that some visually detectable herbicide drift had occurred from the 1969 spray project, extending approximately one-fourth nile north of the project, their assessment did not include previous years' effects, nor was it concerned with delineation of the sprayed area as a whole. In order to more accurately define the limits of herbicide effect on plants from all years of spraying, aerial infrared photography has Veen employed. Interpretation of these aerial photographs has cade possible a preliminary delineation of the exterior boundary of destress and dead vegetation. Both the visually detected drift line reported fcy Task Force Ho. 2 and the External Limit of Infrared-detected distressed and dead vegetation are shown on the appended PRSLIMIHARY tap. It is important to note that internal exclusions have not been •-.:< delineated and that field verifications are not yet completed for the infrared interpretation. Environmental Effects (Work in Progress) '•fork is underway in this study to assess the total effect of the Kellner Canyon-Russell Gulch Project on the environment. Some of the key considerations included in this stady are listed below. 1. Possible further evidence of drift of herbicide sprays through such iiorbicide raciduco as arc uatee-tod in soil saaplcs nortii of tiio pro.-ect croal Initial soil sampling was within the project and on two transects toward the �159 northeast corner of the project. This corner was selected as the best to test the hypothesis that soil residues from drift might be found, since prevailing winds are from the Southwest. Initial laboratory analysis reports have indicated low concentrations of Silvex and 2, U-D at some locations (maxiwua detected concentration off the project to date is O.l6 p.p.n. Silvc::). Especially at these low levels of concentration, it is poooiblc that other sources of contamination nay Induce "bad-ground" which could lead to erroneous conclusions. For this reason, we are proceeding to cross-check analysis procedures while, at the .sane time, widespread sampling north of the project is scheduled. It would be premature to reach any conclusion regarding drift at this tine. 2. Herbicide levels in water samples. Water sampling and analyses have been underway for soae time. Project methods called for interruption of application at all stream channel crossings, and as far as we have been able to determine, no herbicide was applied directly -to water. Some soilleaching and runoff is to be expected. All samples we have taken, or taken by private individuals and brought to our attention, are less than the Federal water quality criterion of 0.1 p.p.a. I/ 3. Effect of Treatment on Esthetics. While it is evident the dead vegetation over this area is not pleasing, our concern here is with the next needed steps to actually provide enhancement of the scenic resource. It is sometimes necessary to tolerate temporary degradation of the appearance of an area as a cost of ultimate improvement. This study is intended to better define tolerable limits, explore alternatives, and recommend treatments to completion. Concurrently, we are assessing the past, present, and projected fire hazard in order to build conflagration control concepts into the landscape design. U. Effects on Animals end Plants. Initial observations by wildlife experts have shown no narked effect upon wildlife. '•J Surface water criteria for public water supplies table appearing in: gater Quality Criteria issued as a report to the Secretary of Interior, April 1, 1963, and published by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. �PAGES 16?) AND 161 MISSING FROM LIBRARY COPY �162 T^Sfmrr ;^3rV4 &. LJ^L . / J ! :.>-.*. x )i >,^.,-.--..|«y--• ji.;'y--t-v7^-'"7—w �163 PRESS RELEASE - February 20, 1970 Government Interdepartmental Panel of Scientist. the panel *• carefully examining the evidence collected during It* ri»lt. The study vlll continue and vlU Include analyses of IM numerous samples of blood, toll, vater, fruit and plants for U>« herbicides, a possible contaminant (dloxin), as veil as Various ' ««nt« producing disease In nan, animals and plants. However, to date, v« can summarize * fev of our findings as follows: 1. The application of herbicides In the Final Mountains near OlPbe, Arizona vat made by the Tonto National Forest starting la 19^5. The most recent application of the herbicide was made by b«Xlcopter on June 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1969. 2. The materials used In the treatments In 1965, 1966, 1968 sad 1969 Included 2,»»-D, 2.U.5-T, and sllvex. These chemicals came from different sources. In 1969, 30 gallons of 2,J»,5-T produced by the Hercules Chemical Company and 935 gallons of silvex produced by the Dow Chemical Company were used. The sllvex is reported by Cov Chemical Company to contain less than 1 ppo of the dioxln. Analyses vlU be made of sllvex and the other herbicides for dloxin and the active herbicide ingredients. �164 3. There are report* of the aircraft flying over private properti* tout not spraying; and other reports of the herbicide being applied Juat outside the project area. There ii clear evidence of drift of the herbicides on a number of plant* on «on« of the nearby properties.! •i. Kunaa illnesses have been reported by several residents in the! Globe region. Many of the residents vith complaints vere IntcVrieved.'ij by a medical member of the panel. These are complaints that commonly occur in the normal population; the eye irritation in one individual * My be related to the spraying. Nine doctors serving the area of Globe vere interviewed and there vas general agreement that there bad been no significant increase in human illness related to the spraying. Hovever, blood samples vere obtained and additional studies are planned to verify or rule out this possibility. 5. Reports from the vildlife specialists indicate no significant • i effects on birds, deer, and other vildlife. There are reports of reductions of birds on a fev properties but there are other reports /• that bird and other vildlife populations in and near the project area are normal. 6. Information obtained from owners of livestock and observations;1 of animals did not indicate any illnesses that do not commonly occur in other regions. It.is doubtful that the spraying of the herbicides or dloxin caused the afflictions in the goat and duck because the goat vas born before the .treatment and the duck vas hatched about ^ viles avay from the treated area. �165 T. Then was evidence of voody plant mortality fron root rot, ,nd also visible damage to certain yard trees from several kinds of Insects and woodpecker* or sapsuckers. Other plant injuries v«re obcerved that appeared to be caxued by lov loll nolature, air pollution and unusual coil properties. 8. The phenoxy'herblcide* following normal u*« d<J not usually persist for aore than 8 months in soil and vater. Additional analyses are in progress to deteroine the presence or absence of herbicides.' Senator HART. We are adjourned to resume on the 15th of this month in this room. (Whereupon, at 5:15 p.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned, to resume on April 15,1970.) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 039 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0885 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McCarthy, Richard D. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and the Environment of the Committee on Commerce; United States Senate, Ninety-First Congress, Second Session on Effects of 2,4,5-T on Man and the Environment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 13 1970 Title A name given to the resource Probe Into Use of Herbicides by Congressman Richard D. McCarthy Subject The topic of the resource Vietnam ecological impact congenital birth defects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 039 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0886 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McDaniel, Huey G. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July-October 1980 Title A name given to the resource Letter to the Editor: The Agent Orange Controversy Subject The topic of the resource industrial exposure West Virginia congenital birth defects health effects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 040 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0904 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: International Scientific Advisory Committee for Seveso Title A name given to the resource Recommendations for the 4th Meeting of the International Scientific Advisory Committee for Seveso, January 10-14, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource Italy health studies congenital birth defects industrial exposure ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 040 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0909 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: University of Milan; Chair of Obstetric and Gynecological Pathology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource Report: Ultrastructure Findings on Placental Tissue from Pregnant Women Living in the TCDD-Polluted Zone (Seveso) Subjected to Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy between March 1, 1980 and June 30, 1982. Final Report Subject The topic of the resource Italy congenital birth defects industrial exposure ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 040 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0915 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mulcahy, Marie T. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Medical Journal of Australia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 15 1980 Title A name given to the resource Letter to the Editor: Chromosome Aberrations and "Agent Orange" Subject The topic of the resource Australia veteran health and hygiene congenital birth defects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 040 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0926 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nelson, C. J. J. F. Holson H. G. Green D. W. Gaylor Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Teratology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Retrospective Study of the Relationship between Agricultural Use of 2, 4, 5 -T and Cleft Palate Occurrence in Arkansas Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects dioxin herbicide toxicology agricultural exposure ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 040 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0931 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Norman, Colin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 11 1983 Title A name given to the resource Vietnam's Herbicide Legacy Subject The topic of the resource congenital birth defects ecological recovery Southeast Asia ao_seriesIII