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                    <text>Item D Number

02422

Author
Corporate Author
Report/Article TRta Abstracts on Environmental Fate and Levels of TCDD
in Seveso

Journal/Book Title
Year

000

°

Month/Day
Color

D

Number of hiagee

10

DeecrbtOII NOtBS

Several abstracts are included in this item.

Friday, October 05, 2001

Page 2422 of 2422

�ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND LEVELS
Laboratory Investigation for Microbiological
,;
Degradation of 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- f
p-Dioxin in Soil Added of Organic Compost

I.
A.
D.
L.
S.
A.
V.
G.
G.
-

Cainoni
di Mjccio
Pontecorvo
Vergori

Cerquiglini Monteriolo
di Do:nenico
Silano
Viviano
Zapooni

M. Philippi
R. Hu'tter

.- Sylvia Cerlesi

' \- ' J-

- Sylvia Cerlesi

2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD Levels and Distribution
in the Environment at Seveso after the ICMESA '
Accident on July 10th, 1976

Studies on Microbial Metabolism of TCDD under
Laboratory Conditions

I
'

/.

Geometrical Distribution of TCDD on the Surface
Layer around ICMESA. An Analytical Description of the
Main Features and the Different Approaches in the
Different Mapping Procedures
Analysis of the TCDD-Distribution as a Function of
the Underground Depth for Data Taken in 1977 and
1979 in Zone A at Seveso (Italy)

F

H.K. Wipf
E. Homberger
N. Neuner
U.B. Ranalder
W. Vetter
J.P. Vuilleuniier

HICDD-levels in Soil and Plant Samples from the
Seveso Area

A. di Domenico
G. Viviano
G. Zapponi

Environmental Persistence and Mobility of 2, 3, r
7,8-TCDD at Seveso
•
i"

D.J. Mallet • - •
R.J. Norstrom

Tetrachlorodioxins (TCDD) in Great Lakes
Herring Gull Eggs
,
'

A.L. Young
C.E. Thalken

Long-Term Field Studies.of a Rodent Population 'JI
continuously Exposed to TCDD
&gt;

V-« .- ^\-.'••
&gt; .

/

L

�ISTITUTO SUPERIORE D! SANITA 1
VIALE

REGINA

ELF.NA.

299

- - ...

-

00101

ROMA

Telcorimml: ISTISAN - Romi

LABORATORIO DI TOSSICOLOGIA

T.I.XRMOTI ISTISAN

LABORATORY INVESTIGATION FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN IN SOIL ADDED OF
ORGANIC COMPOST.

' -

(l.Camoni, A.Di Muccio, D.Pontecorvo and L.Vergori.
Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena, 299 -Roma)

An experimental investigation having the aim of
studying and/or assessing the effectiveness of proposed
methods for microbiological degradation of 2,3,7,8-tetra=
chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in polluted soil of Seveso
(Italy) has been carried out.
Microorganisms' activity on the degradation process
of TCDD in soils has been investigated by means of two
different laboratory experiments in v/ich an organic compost
was used to provide a large number of microorganisms.
The experiments were developped along the following
lines:

.

"

i) Samples of soil taken in the "Zone A" of Seveso (Italy)
containing.an average of 0,1 mg/Kg TCDD were analyzed
in absence and in presence of the compost;
ii) Samples of TCDD free soil, to wich TCDD was added at
level of 0,1 mg/Kg, were also analyzed in absence and
in presence of the'compost. In these samples also peptone
was added.
During the experiment, all the samples, contained
in beakers, were stored in a non temperature-conditioned
room (temperature between"+5°C and +28°C) and were protected
* from direct sunlight. At regular intervals, 25 ml of
distilled water were added to each sample to keep the soil
moistened. Samples were analyzed over a period of 480 days •
at-. 1 rir rftriKi ncr i n t e r v a l s .

�Under the adopted conditions, both the experiments
showed a reduction of TCDD content of about 25% in 480 days.
Statistical evaluations of the experimental data
emphasize that the observed decay is significant, but it is
not related to the addition of the compost and peptone,'
wich does not seem to exert any appreciable influence.
Chemical analyses of TCDD were carried out by
gaschromatography-mass
published method.

fragmentography using our previously

�S. CERQUIGLINI MONTERIOLO, A. DI DOMENICO, V. SILANO, G. VIVIANO,
G. ZAPPONI, ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITA1, ROME, ITALY
2,3,7,8-TCDD LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT AT SEVESO
AFTER THE ICMESA ACCIDENT ON JULY 10th, 1976
Environment contamination at Seveso after the industrial accident involving the emission of a TCDD-containing toxic cloud
was assessed by analyzing representative samples of different
matter in the environment (soil, water, silt, dust particles,
plant and animal tissues). TCDD levels in the soil surface layer
ranged from &lt;0.75 to %20 x 103 yg/m2. The territory involved was
divided into three zones on the basis of soil contamination
levels. TCDD levels were highest in Zone A whereas Zones B and
R exhibited &lt;50 and &lt;5 yg/m2 levels, respectively. Vertical
distribution of TCDD in the soil has been studied. A sharp decrease in TCDD levels was observed as depths increased. TCDD
was also monitored in suspended and settleable air particulates
using high-volume samplers or dustfall jars. TCDD levels in these
samples ranged from 0.06 to 2.14 ng/g of dust for dustfall jar
specimens and from 0.17 to 0.050 ng/g of dust for suspended particulates. No TCDD was detected in drinking, surface, or ground
water samples (method sensitivity: in the ppt range). Traces of
TCDD in the ppt range were occasionally found in the silt analyzed at the end of 1976 and early 1977. Maps were given to show
territorial distribution of TCDD over the area concerned.

0

�M. PHILIPPI, R. MUTTER, INSTITUTE OF MICROBIOLOGY, SWISS FEDERAL
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CH-8092 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND

STUDIES ON MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF TCDD UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Extensive measurements on the^behaviour of TCDD in soiil under natural
conditions' or in the laboratory^"J suggested a half-life o appr. 1 year.
litions
laboratory "
of
It was postulated, that soil microorganisms may contribute to the assumed
decay. In aquatic ecosystems no metabolism of TCDD was observed or at least
a half-life of 600 days . Laboratory experiments gave indications, that
some microorganisms might be able to attack TCDD to a limited extent .
As a consequence of the Seveso accident (July 10, 1976) we initiated
a programme to study under laboratory conditions the microbial metabolism
of TCDD by pure or mixed cultures in liquid nutrient media and in nutrient
enriched moist soils. The study was performed in closed systems at 28 C.
0,5 - 1 ppm of C-labelled TCDD (sp.ec.act. appr. 100 mCi/ mmole) was added
to the cultures. Analysis was performed with TLC plates and with a RadioGC-System (Packard Instruments; GC model 427, Radiosystem 894); C0? was
captured in 0,1 KOH.
.;
No strong microbial metabolism of TCDD could be detected, even after
prolonged incubation of up to 1 year in liquid media or in soil samples.
The extractability of TCDD from .the samples decreased often considerably
»
with prolonged incubation, simulating a decay. This difficulty has also
been observed by other investigators ' ' . Careful and repeated extractions
of the samples with various solvents increased the recovery of TCDD. Furthermore selective extraction of impurities present in the C-TCDD samples
used suggested sometimes a metabolism of TCDD; but complete balances
excluded this possibility. Our present data do not exclude a very slow
metabolism of TCDD in the range of 1-2 % within 1 year by some of our
strains.
.
•
1.
Young, A.L., C.E. Thalken, E.L. Arnold, J.M. Cupello, and L.G. Cockerham,
Report USAFA-TR-76-18, US Air Force Academy, Colorado 1976, 41 p.
2.
Kearney, P.C., E.A. Woolson, and C.P. Ellington, Environm.Sci.Technol. 6_,
1017 (1972)

.

.

' • ' ,

3.
.
Kearney, P.C., A.R. Isensee, C.S. Helling, E.A. Woolson, and J.R. Plimmer,
Adv.Chemistry Series No. 120, 150 (1973)
4.

'

.

. '

Isensee, A.Rt and G.E. Jones, Environm.Sci.Techno!. 9_, 667 (1975)
"

'

"

-

'

.

/

5. .

Ward, C.T. and F. Matsumura, Arch.Environm.Contam.Toxicol. _7_, 349 (1978)
6.
Matsumura, F. and H.J. Benezet, Environm.Health Perspect., September, 1973,
p. 253
.

�SILVIA CERLESI
UFFICIO SPECIALE BELLA REGIONS LOMBARDIA-SEVESO (COMO)
GIACOMO BRESSI, ELIO CALLIGARICH
ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE, SEZ. DI PAVIA-PAVIA
FABIO BOSSI, SERGIO P. RATTI
ISTITUTO DI FISICA NUCLEARE DELL'UNIVERSITA' DI PAVIA
GEOMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TCDD ON THE SURFACE LAYER AROUND
ICMESA. AN ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN FEATURES AND
.THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN THE DIFFERENT MAPPING PROCEDURES,
Abstract
A chemical plant failure 13 miles north of Milan (Italy)
has spread an amount of 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachloro-di—benzo-pdioxin (TCDD) on a large'and heavily populated area.
The data accumulated in different instants have been analyzed to give an overall geometrical description of the
contamination due to the accident.
The analysis of the data ma;de available shortly after
the accident,, as a res.ult of an approximately equal-distan- *
ce grid/has allowed the determination of the line of maximum contamination and has provided a number of indications
usefull to program a 1979 campaigne based on a different
grid.

�SILVIA CERLESI
UFFICIO SPECIALE DELLA REGIONE LOMBARDIA-SEVESO (COMO)
GIACOMO BR1-SSI, ELIO CALLIGARICH
ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE, SEZ. DI PAVIA-PAVIA
FABIO BOSSI, SERGIO P. RATTI
ISTITUTO DI FISICA NUCLEARE DELL 1 UNIVERSITA 1 DI PAVIA
ANALYSIS OF THE TCDD-DISTRIBUTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE
UNDERGROUND DEPTH FOR DATA TAKEN IN 1977 AND 1979 IN ZONE
A AT SEVESO (ITALY). .
Abstract

.

The TCDD distribution as a function of the depth below
ground has been investigated on the data provided by two
monitoring campaigns during 1977 and 1979 respectively.
In spite of non trivial fluctuations, all the data can
be reduced to an unique analytical form describing the distr^L
butions up-•••to-- the maximum depth at which measurements have
been done (1.5 m) with very reasonable statistical confidence level (^90%).
The shape of the empirical distribution (a conical form)
describing the data of the 1977 campaign remains the same
also for the data of the 1979-campaign and may give an approximate indication of the TCDD penetration in the soil
as a function of'time.

�TCDD-lcvels in soil and plant samples from the Seveso area

H.-K. Wipf, E. Homberger, N. Neuner, U.B. Ranalder,
W. Vetter and J.P. Vuilleumier
Givaudan Research Laboratories, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland

*

* *

Soil and vegetation samples have been collected in the Seveso area from 1976
through 1979 and analyzed subsequently.
In 1976, immediately after the incident, TCDD-concentrations in plant material reached the order of 1 ppm in the zone of highest contamination. In the
following years, when there was no direct contact of the newly grown vegeta-tion with the accidentally released aerosol cloud, TCDD-levels in plants
dropped by several orders-of magnitude.
In 1977, even in the most contaminated part of Zone A with soil concentrations
in the order of 10 ppb (ca. I'OOO ug/m2) no traces of TCDD were found in the
flesh of applec, pears and peaches ncr in coin cobs and kernels (detection lim-,
it 1 ppt). Traces of TCDD were detected, however, in the skin of the fruit and
in the sheaths of the corn cobs. This strongly suggests that the contamination
arises 'from local dust and not from plant uptake. Our studies of TCDD-distribution in carrots grown in heavily contaminated soil confirm the absence of a
significant uptake of TCDD by plants.
No measurable amounts of TCDD have been detected in any of
ples (even carrots) collected in the scarcely contaminated
through 1979. This is in accordance with the very low soil
safety-zone, ranging in 1979 from not measurable (&lt; 1 ppt)
ty of the area to ca. 10 ppt in a few localized spots.

5/5/80

the vegetation samZone R from 1977
residues in this
in the vast majori-

�A. DI DOMENICO, G. VIVIANO, G. ZAPPONI, ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI
SANITA1, ROME, ITALY
ENVIRONMENTAL PERSISTENCE AND MOBILITY OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD AT
SEVESO
TCDD levels were determined at 44 soil sites in Zone A
during three surveys carried out at different times (1, 5 and
17 months) after the ICMESA accident. The data obtained provide statistically significant (p&lt;0.01) evidence that the
geometric mean of TCDD levels dropped to about one-half in
the unworked soil of Zone A in the first 5 months after the
accident. Following this period, no further decreases in
TCDD levels were detected. Available data are consistent with
the hypothesis that TCDD presence in the Seveso environment
diminishes with time, and at a rate which also decreases with
time. The same pattern seems to apply for TCDD soil penetration. From one calculation it appears that one month after
the accident, TCDD half-life was about 1 year, whereas 17
months after the accident, it was estimated to be &gt;10 years.

�Tctrachlorodioxins (TCDD) in Great Lakes Herring Gull Eggs
An intensive assessment of TCDD in the Great Lakes ecosystem has
been completed using pools of 10 randomly selected Herring Gull eggs
collected in 1979 from each of 2 colonies on the 5 Great Lakes (see map).
These are the 10 monitor colonies of the Wildlife Contaminants Surveillance
program which have been utilized by the Canadian Wildlife Service and the
International Joint Commission Great Lakes Water Quality Board to monitor
trends in persistent organochlorine contaminants (e.g., PCB's, mirex, DDE)
in the Great Lakes aquatic ecosystem. Additional pooled samples were
analyzed from colonies on the Niagara River, chosen for its proximity to
the Hooker Chemical dumping site at Bloody Run, and Fighting Island in
the Detroit River, which exhibited the highest organochlorine residues
of any Herring Gull sample collected in 1979. Eggs collected from
Scotch Bonnet Island (central Lake Ontario) in 1973 were also analyzed
as a retrospective search for TCDD in L. Ontario samples. Chicks which
hatched from this colony exhibited chick edema disease symptomatic of
contamination by several toxic organochlorines, including hexachlorobcnzene
and hexachlorodioxins.
No tetrachlorodioxin isoners have been detected at or above a
concentration of 10 ng/kg (parts per trillion) in these samples. The
Great Lakes aquatic ecosystem has been exposed to TCDD via the atmosphere
and via direct discharge. There is, however, no evidence of bioaccumulation
into Great Lakes Herring Gull eggs. Herring Gulls are at the top of the
food chain and have been shown to accumulate extremely high levels in
eggs (50 times those in fish) of other organochlorine contaminants such
as PCBs and mirex. It follows that: (1) Herring Gulls do not bioaccumulate
TCDD and/or (2) levels of TCDD in the aquatic food web (i.e., fish) are
extremely low.
'
The first hypothesis is supported by the short half-life of TCDD
in rats (12 and 15 days for males and females, respectively) relative to
persistent PCB isomers (84 days for hexachlorobiphenyl). Chlorinated
dibenzofurans are similar in structure and toxicity to dioxins. A CWS
study showed that chlorinated dibenzofurans were eliminated much more
rapidly than PCBs when fed to mallard ducks. The latter hypothesis is
supported by the instability of TCDD to UV irradiation, the irreversible
adsorption of TCDD to particulate matter in air, soil, water, and
sediment, and the apparent inefficiency of bioaccumulation of TCDD
from food by fish.

•

DOUGLAS J. HALLETT*, ROSS J. NORSTROM, Canadian
Wildlife 'Service, National Wildlife Research
Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OE7, FRANCIS I.
ONUSKA, and MICHAEL E. COMBA, Inland Waters
Directorate, National Water Research Institute,
Burlington, Ontario.

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                  <text>&lt;p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;"&gt;The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;For more about this collection, &lt;a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a"&gt;view the Agent Orange Exhibit.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>ecological fate</text>
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                <text>soil testing</text>
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                <text>biodegradation</text>
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                  <elementText elementTextId="63665">
                    <text>Item D Number

°2341

Author
Corporate Author
Report/Article Title Typescript: Seveso Scientific Review, June 9-16,1983,
A. L. Young

Journal/Book Title
Year

000

°

Month/Day
Color

D

Number of bnagoe

10

DOBCrlptOn NOtBS

Appears to be copies from a slide presentation. Duplicate is
missing page labeled "Air Force Health Study Mortality
Analysis."

Friday, October 05, 2001

Page 2341 of 2422

�SEVESO SCIENTIFIC REVIEW
JUNE 9-16, 1983
A. L. YOUNG

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

TOXICOLOGY
HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF TCDD
DECONTAMI NAT ION/RECLAMAT ION

CLEAN-UP STANDARDS
MONITORING DECONTAMINATION WORKERS

�TOXIC IMPACT OF TCDD ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS
DIED AFTER
ACCIDENT

SHALL ANIMALS (RABBITS, FOWL)
CATTLE
HORSES/DONKEYS
SWINE
SHEEP/GOATS
TOTAL

3,281
6
2
3
1
3,293

SLAUGHTERED
JUNE 1978
7,7
708
298
V
237
66
77,716 (967*)

�HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING
CHLORACNE FOLLOWING 'ACUTE* EXPOSURE
AGE OF SUBJECTS

NUMBER

0 -4
5-9
10 -14
15 -21

19
108
160 "YOUNG* CHILDREN
33.
20
187

AGE OF
SUBJECT

SEVERITY OF CHLORACNE

3 , 0 CHILDREN SCREENED
200

�HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING

ACUTE (SHORT-TERM)
DERMAL
NEUROLOGICAL

INVOLVEMENT OF ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
PREGNANT WOMEN AND NEWBORNS
ABORTIONS

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
NEONATAL GROWTH
EMBRYOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES
CHRONIC (LONG-TERM)
CHLORACNE
CANCER
MORTALITY

�AIR FORCE HEALTH STUDY
MORTALITY ANALYSIS
RANCH HAND PERSONNEL EXPOSED TO TCDD IN AGENT ORANGE BETWEEN
1962-1970- EXPOSURE BEST DESCRIBED AS "CHRONIC" (MEAN TCDD OF ORANGE
2 PPM) FOR A ONE (1) YEAR PERIOD-

MORTALITY BASED ON 5 CONTROLS:

RANCH HAND. MORTALITY DATA EXCLUDES KIA.

50

WHITE
MALE
POPULATION
AGED
MATCHED

250

RANCH
HAND
OFFICERS

CONTROL
OFFICERS

RANCH
HAND
ENLISTED

CONTROL
ENLISTED

1

�NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS

190 CHILDREN (52 WITH CHLORACNE)
432 ADULTS
SUBJECTED TO CLINICAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL
EXAMINATIONS
°
0 10% DISCLOSED EVIDENCE OF IMPAIRMENT
0 QUESTION ETIOLOGIC RELATIONSHIP
CHILDREN WITH CHLORACNE SHOWED NO IMPAIRMENT OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS-

�TCDD BIOAVAILABILITY
WEATHERED SEVESO TCDD SOIL - 80 PPB
LABORATORY PREPARED SOIL - W PPB
+ RABBIT
*• ACCUMULATION IN LIVER
RESULTS INDICATED THAT "WEATHERED* TCDD SOIL HAS A 30%
BIOAVAILABILITY IN THE RABBIT COMPARED TO "SPIKED* SOIL-

�PLANT UPTAKE STUDIES
MONITORING OF VEGETATION IN SEVESO ZONE A FOUND THAT
CONTAMINATED DUST WAS A MAJOR FACTOR IN POSITIVE FINDINGS
FOR FRUITS AND LEAFY CROPS-

UPTAKE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT CONCENTRATIONS IN LEAVES OF
CORN AND BEANS WILL BE APPROXIMATELY 1/lOOTH SOIL LEVEL*
No DETECTIBLE TCDD IN EDIBLE PORTIONS-

�ASSESSTENT OF SEVESO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

TOTAL TCDD RELEASED - 165 GM
TOTAL AREA IMPACTED - 1800 HA
(NUMBER OF PEOPLE EVACUATED - 736)
SOIL CONTAMINATION - &lt;5 PPT - 55 PPB
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION (Dusi) - 0.06 - 2-1 PPB
VEGETATION CONTAMINATION - 1-3 - 15-8 PPM (6-13 DAYS

�CUEAN-UP STANDARDS

CONTAMINATED AREAS WERE ESTABLISHED BASED ON
ANALYTIC SENSITIVITY OF 0-01 JUG TCDD/KG SOIL1977 REGIONAL LAW BARRED AREAS HAVING MORE THAN 50
(0-5 PPB) TO HUMAN HABITATION-

•INSIDES* HOMES - 10 NG TCDD/n2
AGRICULTURAL SOIL - 5 PPT TCDD

�</text>
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°1409

Author

Young, Alvin L.

Corporate Author
Report/ArtlClO TltlO Abstract: Fate of TCDD in Field Ecosystems Assessment and Significance for Human Exposure

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Year

1983

Month/Day
Color

^

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Descripton Notes

Tuesday, May 15, 2001

Page 1409 of 1514

�FATE OF TCDD IN FIELD ECOSYSTEMS ASSESSMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE

Dr. Alvin L. Young
Agent Orange Projects Office (1QA7B)
Department of Medicine and Surgery
Veterans Administration
Washington, D.C. 20420

Long-term studies on the fate of TCDD have been conducted in five
geographically different field locations throughout the United States.
These studies have confirmed that although TCDD is very persistent in the
soil environment, its movement is associated with wind and water movement
of oontaminanted particles. Organisms, including man, that come in direct
and intimate contact with contaminant particles become contaminated. A
relationship exists between body burden levels of TCDD and the
bioavailability of the environmental contamination. The significance of
these observations to man is illustrated through the environmental
toxicologic studies of the beachmouse, Peromyscus polionotus, a dominant
inhabitant of an ecosystem that has been contaminated with TCDD for more
than 15 years.

* Abstract of a presentation to the Symposium "DIOXINS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT", December 6, 1983, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan.

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