1 15 14 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/d38751d9fcd2a0e6c3b912ead14a2bac.pdf 1cebded762e59addae47c3e398358931 PDF Text Text °1479 Item ID Number Author Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB Typescript: Working Paper: Exposure estimate to dioxin containing herbicides for veterans who served in South Vietnam during SEA conflict Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color a Number of Images 13 UOSCrlptOn NOtOS Working paper provides a method of rating exposure based on Veteran's year in Vietnam, unit assignment, base assignment, etc. Includes a draft of working paper and examples of veteran exposure (no names provided) based on the rating system. Tuesday, May 15, 2001 Page 1479 of 1514 ��fo'^ca&fliiL �/> �IU -T W-M Ll i i - LM ^ a? -I 2 \ 2. 3 (Lai 3 ��6-/Z.3 RAuCff �WORKING PAPER EXPOSURE ESTIMATE TO DIOXIN CONTAINING HERBICIDES FOR VETERANS WHO SERVED IN SOUTH VIETNAM DURING SEA CONFLICT 1. YEAR IN VIETNAM Date 1966 or prior 1967 1968-1970 1971-1973 Rating 2 4 6 1 2. UNIT ASSIGNMENT RELATIVE TO EXPOSURE Assignment RANCH HAND Squadron Helicopter Crewman Handler/Loader (non RANCH HAND) Ground Troop (Misc) Rating 8 4 2 3. BASE OF ASSIGNMENT Base RANCH HAND Base Bien Hoa (1966-1970) Da Nang (1966-1970) Phu Cat (1967-1970) Ton Son Nhut (1962-1966) Loading Dock (Saigon) Non RANCH HAND Base Rating Rating if after 1970 6 6 6 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 4. LOCATION OF ASSIGNMENT IN RVN RELATIVE TO HERBICIDE USE Use Province(s) of Heavy Use Province(s) of Moderate Use Province(s) of Light Use Rating 3 2 1 5. PROBABLE AGENT OF EXPOSURE Aqent Rating Primarily Orange Orange/Blue/White 6 3 0 Malathion �A. Service Branch and Dates: B. Military Occupation: C. Vietnam Organizational Unit: D. Vietnam Service Location and Dates: E. Defoliant Exposure: F. Immediate Symptoms: �A. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Air Force, 1/6/67 to 1/5/71 B. MILITARY OCCUPATION: Aircraft Mechanic 43151F C. VIETNAM ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: 35th Tactical Airlift Squadron (PACAF), Naha Air Base D. VIETNAM SERVICE LOCATION AND DATES: Okinawa, 6/30/67 to 12/6/68; Cam Rahn Bay 10/3/67 to 10/16/67 E. DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: Unknown exposure; located away from exposure site F. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS: None given EXPOSURE RATING 6. A. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Marine Corps, 2/7/66 to 6/2/69 B. MILITARY OCCUPATION: Infantryman, machine gunner 0300, 0331 C. VIETNAM ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: 1st Marine Div., 1st Marine Reg., 3rd Bn.s Co. I D. VIETNAM SERVICE LOCATION AND DATES: Danang & 5 mi. south of Danang Aug. 66 to Jan. 68, Phipui Jan. 68 to Mar 68 E. DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: Direct, mild exposure of unknown duration; working in open or in foxholes in areas after spraying; drank from lakes and rice paddies continuously F. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS: None given EXPOSURE RATING 8. A. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Army, 6/19/69 to 6/10/70 B. MILITARY OCCUPATION: Rifleman, assistant gunner 11B10 C. VIETNAM ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: Co.A, 3rd Bn, 21st Infantry Bde. Americal Div. D. VIETNAM SERVICE LOCATION AND DATES: Chu Lai, 12/10/69 to 12/9/70 E. DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: One direct, mild contact of 2-3 days in jungle on foot, cutting trails and setting up camp; drank from streams, artesian wells, rice paddie - late 1969; early 1970 F. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS: None given EXPOSURE RATING 9. A. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Army, 11/1/66 to 11/20/69 B. MILITARY OCCUPATION: C. D. E. F. Heavy vehicle driver, clerk, laundry worker 64B20, 70A10, 57A10 VIETNAM ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: 81st Quartermaster Platoon, 158th SS Co, 3rd Maint Bn. VIETNAM SERVICE LOCATION AND DATES: Saigon, Song Be Loading Zone 5/23/69 to 11/24/69 DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: Repeated indirect exposure for about 6 mon. during which drove water truck from lake to loading zone. Agent Orange & Agent White stored in loading zone area. Ate and drank lake water in area. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS: Rhinitis and back pain EXPOSURE RATING �\ A. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Army, 6/19/67 to 6/18/70 B. MILITARY OCCUPATION: Chemical equipment repairman 54D20, 54D40 C. VIETNAM ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: 27th Chem Detach, 196th Inf. Bde., Americal Div. D. VIETNAM SERVICE LOCATION AND DATES: Entire, especially northern, I Corps Area, 5/31/69 to 5/30/70 E. DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: Severe, direct, repeated and prolonged exposure to Agents Orange, Blue, and White; handled bulk chemicals, sprayed agents from helicopter, entering areas of spills and sprays, eating from utensils and drinking water that had been contaminated. F. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS: None given EXPOSURE RATING 11. A. B. C. D. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Army, 3/29/68 to 3/28/70 MILITARY OCCUPATION: Military policeman, Door gunner 95B10, 67A1F VIETNAM ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: Co C 716th MP Bn, 121st Avn Co VIETNAM SERVICE LOCATION AND DATES: Soc Trang, Rach-Gia VMH Force, Seven Virgin Mt. 8/22/68 to 10/30/69 E. DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: Severe, direct, repeated prolonged exposure 10-12 hours daily every 4 or 5 days for 9 mons. as helicopter door gunner and crew chief. Loaded drums, put chemicals into compressors, cleaned helicopter, and sprayed; in contaminated areas; ate and drank water in them. F. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS: None Given EXPOSURE RATING 12. A. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Army, 8/4/69 to 8/3/71 B. MILITARY OCCUPATION: Medical corpsman, Medical specialist 91B20 C. VIETNAM ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: HHC, 1st Bn, 35th Inf. 4th. Div; HHC 3rd Bn, 8th Inf, 4th Inf. Div. D. VIETNAM SERVICELOCATION AND DATES: Plieka, Ankhy 1/13/70 to 8/30/70 E. DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: Direct, mild (also "unknown")exposure as combat medic during 7 mon. in field. F. IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS: None EXPOSURE RATING 13. A. SERVICE BRANCH AND DATES: Army, 2/12/70 to 3/29/72 B. MILITARY OCCUPATION: Clerk typist 71B40 C. VIETNAM ORGANIZATION/I UNIT: 179th Aviation Co. D. VIETNAM SERVICE LOCATION AND DATES: Pleiku 7/4/70 to 5/15/71 E. DEFOLIANT EXPOSURE: spraying as perimeter supervisor in DMZ (but in bult-in quarters), entered sprayed areas and drank from Dung Ha River in Camlo. Also notes exposure at "Camp HollowayOctober before" F. None Given EXPOSURE RATING �14. A. Army, 1/23/67 to 2/26/71 B. Helocopter pilot, RW Pit. Obsn, Util & Lt Cgo, Anstr. Pit. 062 DO, 100B, 100BC C. 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry, 1st Air Cavalry Div., 1st Bn, 40th Artillary, 108th Artillary Group D. I & III Corps Areas, 5/6/68 to 4/29/69 E. Severe, direct, repeated exposure flying open airplane & helicopter through spray while on scouting missions; men had moisture on them from spray. F. None given EXPOSURE RATING 15. A. Army, 10/26/65 to 10/25/67 B. C. D. E. Lt weapon infantryman 11B20 Co B 2nd Bn, 27th Inf Cu Chi 4/20/66 to 4/19/67 10 direct, mild exposures during one month while spraying around perimeter with hand sprayer; ate and drank water from rice paddies F. Rash on legs, occasional diarrhea EXPOSURE RATING 16. A. B. C. D. E. Army, 6/14/67 to 6/13/69 Field Artillaryman Basic 13A10 HHB, 10th Arty Gp. Dong Ha (sp.) 11/15/67 to 11/14/68 Severe, direct, repeated, prolonged exposures when base where he was bunker guard was sprayed with chemicals; possibly used contaminated utensils and water F. None given EXPOSURE RATING 19|. A. Air Force 3/22/64 to 3/21/70 B. Pavement mqt. spec!., Pavement mgt. supv. 55150, 55170 C. 819th CES, 3CES D. Phu Cat Air Base, Bien Hoa Air Base 9/3/66 to 7/5/67, 10/3/68 to 10/3/69 E. More than 60 severe, direct, repeated, prolonged exposures while working (at Bien Hoa) in mixing and loading areas; during transport of "barrels" of chemicals, burst drums would get him damp or soaked usually without showers or clothes changed until night; also mixed and hand sprayed. Repeated use of Orange ("do to orange band on drums in Viet"), 2, 4D, "2,4T", and DDT in U.S. and overseas. F. None Given EXPOSURE RATING 24. A. Army 11/30/67 to 1/14/70 B. Lt. weapon infantryman 11 B 40 C. Co E, 4 Bn, 39th Inf. 9th Inf. Div. D. - 7/29/68 to 4/1/69 E. Repeated, direct and indirect exposure in the field when sprayed and drinking from contaminated streams F. None EXPOSURE RATING �25. A. B. C. D. E. Army, 12/14/65 to 2/6/70 "Communications" not given Not given Camp Evans (15 mi. south DMZ) Feb. 1969 to Oct. 1969 Several repeated, short (30-60 min.) direct exposure; while installing field telephone equipment, planes flew over and sprayed "insecticide (?)"; felt material (defoliant) falling on shoulders. F. Possibly recurring dry, patchy areas on back and shoulders EXPOSURE RATING A. Air Force 12/9/65 to 3/1/69 B. Aircraft Mechanic 43151A C. 12AC Sq (PACAF) D. Bien Hoa AB 7/12/67 to 7/7/68 E. Severe, direct, repeated exposure for 1 yr. while in charge of "herbicide" unit, handling and pumping into aircraft tanks Agents Orange, White, and Blue; breathed fumes and "swam in it" F. None given EXPOSURE RATING 27. A. B. C. D. E. Army 2/21/67 to 2/20/67 Lt. Weapons infantryman 11B20 Co,C, 3rd Bn. 87 Anf., 40 Inf. Div. Pleiku 8/12/67 to 8/7/68 Unknown number of direct and indirect exposures while in jeep in areas where chemicals were used and trees were "Naked"; sprayed directly; bathed in bomb craters and rivers after spraying. F. No immediate symptoms. 4-6 weeks later had tingling of hands and feet with swelling; insomnia from pain; stiffness of fingers and toes; back pain and hematemesis EXPOSURE RATING 28 A. B. C. D. Army, 3/19/68 to 3/18/71 Personnel specialist 71H40 518th AG PSC AAFNK, 54th General Support GR, Com Rahn Bay Support Command Dalat ISA, Cam Rahn Bay, Central Highlands 6/13/70 to 3/11/71 In LSAs: Phran Rang, Nah Trang, Bam Me Thout, Phan' Fiet, Prafine Mt. Area E. Repeated exposure of unknown intensity and frequency while in logistical support convoys going through defoliated areas; ate locally grown vegetables and fruits F. None EXPOSURE RATING �29 A. B. C. D. E. Army 2/1/66 to 1/3/69 Personnel specialist, "finance" 71H20 32nd Med. Depot Hqs Near Cam Rahn Bay 5/4/67 to 12/7/68 Many repeated, indirect, prolonger exposure of uncertain intensity when driving through contaminated areas; lived on local economy with VN national while assigned to headquarters F. None given EXPOSURE RATING 30 A. B. C. D. E. A. Army 6/24/70 to 7/2/74 Light and heavy vehicle driver, truckmaster 64A10-30 HMD 160th Signal Group, Stratcom Signal Brigade II Corps Area, Hq Longbink Port 3/29/69 to 3/28/70, 8/29/70 to 6/4/71 Repeated, direct, severe exposure when sprayed around base by planes 2-3 times each week for prolonged periods; felt spray coming down, was on clothes and skin, probably drank contaminated water and ate in sprayed mess hall. F. Caused repeated coughing, made asthma worse, requiring one hospital visit (24th Evac) EXPOSURE RATING 34 A. B. C. D. E. Army, 4/21/66 to 4/20/68 Infantryman, Indirect Fire Crwmn 11C20 Co E 4th Bn 39th Inf 9th Inf. Div Dong Taung, Long Ben 12/3/66 to 12/8/67 Repeated direct exposure while in air mobile infantry going into sprayed areas, was in open, in fox holes, and in helicopters; "everything was covered with grey material; I thought it was phosphorus" F. None given EXPOSURE RATING � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 055 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1479 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Working Paper: Exposure estimate to dioxin containing herbicides for veterans who served in South Vietnam during SEA conflict Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment Ranch Hand ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/1e3f63cb354acbe0233bafe147f7d801.pdf 6a26ebc16b4a666030c84735939235d3 PDF Text Text Item D Number 021 si Author Corporate Author RBDOrt/ArtlClB HtlB Typescript: Proposed Worker Surveillance, BSOB, Draft June, 19,1981 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D 9 DBSGPlpton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2181 of 2293 �PROPOSED WORKER SURVEILLANCE, BSOB J DATA BASE Ba&ed on data in the possession of the NYS Ueoartment of Health at this tine, partial or complete records exist on 479 persons working for 20 different firms not including a small miscellaneous category. They are shown by employer and leve 1 of exposure categories in Appendix I. It should be pointed out that information on both employer and exposure was obtained from the individuals themselves , either at the time of the blood drawing when a Binqhamton General Hospital medical record questionnaire was completed, or during a personal interview with a nurse. Based on place of exoosure, the 208 persons actually in the BSOB would be the most likely to have sustained genuine exposure. In addition, the qroup in the basement or subbasement (unknown if this was the garage or building) and the 65 with unknown exposure are considered suspect for f building exposure until further information can be obtained on them. The other exposure categories would appear to represent minimal non-exposures to BSOB soot. V ,T u\ 1 4*^ U k \ S. **' tt* ^ wide variation in duration of exposure was indicated as well. At one end of the spectrum, the 33 NEPCO employees worked a minimum of 100 hours in , with many in excess of 700 hours. the The OGS clean-up crew soent between 50 and 100 hours in the building. A few OGS _--.—--•employees have sDent more than, 100 hours in the building. —— The Miske Electric electricians ------ — appear to have spent less than 100 hours in the building. Virtually all other oersons seem to have spent no more than a few minutes to a few hours , in the �Department to their private physicians. Most of the remaining individuals either have no private physician or failed to indicate one at the time of evaluation. «• /"" �on an as needed basis. A telephone answering service is on line to refer health inquiries from individuals in this group to the NYSDH. If the inquiry is in response to a health problem that might reasonably be related to exposure to the BSOB, arrangements will be made, at no expense to the individual, to be seen by a local internist with referral to a dermatolo gist if deemed appropriate. Both of these evaluations are offered for general health screening without regard to etiology and, as such, no attempt will be made to summarize or analyze the data from the group as a whole. SUBSET EVALUATIONS The most intensive surveillance monitoring and analytical efforts will be focused on a small subset of individuals with we11-documented high exposure. High exposure can be defined by both place and duration of exposure. Since contamination is largely an intra-building problem, those persons who have entered the building since the fire are the most likely to have encountered i f significant exposure. Of the groups who have been in the building, duration apparently was greatest for NEPCO cleaners, followed in decreasing order of duration by the OGS clean-up crews, Miske electricians, and National Insulation cleaners. Other groups in the building tended to be small and spend only limited time in the building though individual exceptions exist. guably the most fvp^'if^ riingili n ir V-MS I Ti" • NFP1"" "TtMH"i"rr Unar- Howvftri thn fact that they are more or less continuously involved in toxic 'clean-ups of one sort or another renders any information gleaned fr ^ — ^ ^ * m ^ i i. if not impossible to interpret. While data will be collected on this group, no analysis will be attempted on this information. �*. U V _ •> c -4- The general surveillance scheme is shown graphically in Appendix III. The general health screening which will be provided to persons whose exposure was limited to outside the building has already been described. Persons who have been inside the BSOB but for only a short time will have a similar blood screen with an additional tube of blood saved for potential future reference. Those persons determined to have spent a long time in the BSOB will have a similar blood screen.with sera being saved. A portion of the saved sera will be used to determine a serum PCB level. The long duration BSOB exposures group will also be offered a physical examination. . Because of what is known to occur in animals and humans exposed to PCBs and other compounds in this group, certain a priori hypotheses can be advanced as to health effects one might see amongst the population exposed to the soot from the BSOB. Conclusions on the human health effects of exposure to BSOB » soot wi^l be limited to analytical results which are biologically plausible and have been generated in response to these prestated hypotheses. organ systems of most concern are the liver and integument. The Since a diag- nosis of liver disease is often arrived at only late in the natural course of an illness, we will focus on liver function test abnormalities under the presumption that they are surrogate markers of potential or real future disease, ajj p<=»-gQng '"fr"'"0 v^"" •»p +-v>p Vm-iirHng j=p,pqethe fire for a minimum of 25 hours will be included in t-hir, n m l y n i n i subset may also be analyzed separately. Subsets among this The mean values for several liver function tests drawn while in the building will be compared to the mean values obtained after having terminated exposure for a period of time. The hypothesis, succinctly stated, is that there is an association between exposure to the building and an alteration (either up or down) in liver function tests. The hypothesis must be two-tailed because initial bloods were not �timing then, follc.w-up liver tests might be expected to show a rise or a fall. The liver function tests which will be analyzed include SCOT and GGTP. The physical examinations will give special attention to the skin. Chlor- acne, a condition essentially pathognomonic for exposure to PCBs and related compounds, will be looked for. period before its appearance. Chlgracn_e_.is known to require, a latent It is jalsg^.verv persistent. As such. a single examination approximately six months after initial contact seems a reasonable time to look for such a condition. Since no cases of chloracne are expected, /observation of even a single documented case will be presumptive evidence of an adverse health effect. Skin biopsy of suspect lesions will be required to document chloracne. Dr. Kimbrough of CDC in Atlanta, GA, has agreed to review slides from any biopsied lesions to determine if the changes characteristic of chloracne are present. In an attempt to quantitate exposure to PCBs in the building, a comparison will be made between the initial serum PCS values obtained either before or shortly after entering the building, and the value obtained at follow-up. This evaluation will be performed on values from all persons who were in the BSOB a long time and for, whom an initial sera for PCBs is available. To make data as comparable as possible, several things will be done whenever possible. First, the same laboratory will be used for both initial and follow-up general blood screening. Second, a limited number of physicians familiar with chloracne and other PCB effects will be utilized for physical exams. Finally, serum for PCB levels will be sent to a reputable laboratory �well experienced in PCB analysis. They will be sent both initial and follow-up sera at the same time and asked to analyze them blind as to the time that they were drawn. SUMMARY In summary, the surveillance of persons potentially exposed to contaminants in the BSOB will involve a 3 tiered approach. Those whose only exposure was outside the BSOB will receive a follow-up blood screen while those exposed inside the BSOB may have sera saved for future^ testing, serum PCB determinations and/or a physical examination depending on duration of time spent in the building. Analysis of infnr-mal-irm o n h a a H - h e f f e t e w i l l ho '. in)j,- to selected liver function tests and a search for chloracne. An attempt to quantitate exposure to PCBs will be made by comparing initial and follow-up serum PCB levels. If no health effect or exposure is demonstrated/ no further investigation is expected. Should significant effects or exposure be found, additional investigative steps might be indicated. �APPENDIX I Place of Exposure Total N Firm or Group 1. 2. New York Telephone Press 3. Firemen 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Police AJ Cerasaro Talent Search NIOSH Broome County City of Binghamton Bldg. Services Aides BGH Staff NEPCO New York Gas & Electric Valley Welding Fanta Sea Central Steel OGS Miske Electric S NYS, Miscellaneous Security Miscellaneous TOTALS In SOB Bldg. 3 In Garage Only 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 9 0 In City or In Cars County From Bldg. Garage 1 6 6 32 39 14 4 1 60 54 3 4 48 21 1 2 6 66 33 39 20 20 6 2 0 0 34 19 0 0 4 48 29 22 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 19 48 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 1 479 208 17 99 4 27 4 2 0 I 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 14 0 Exposed to Bldg. Materials In B Outside of or SB Bldg. or Definite Bldg. or Near NonGarage Bldg . Exposure 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 4 13 3 21 26 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 i i Unknown i 2 1 3 : 7 . F 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 6 2 0 0 2 6 2 0 4 8 2 14 15 65 1 ;• ; , ! : �Bjochem is try 5c reen Glucose BUN Creatim'ne Total bflirubin Direct bilirubin Total protein Albumin Uric acid Alkaline phosphatase SCOT LDH SGPT GGPT Cholesterol' Triglycerides Calcium Phosphorus Acid phosphatase Serum iron Total iron binding capacity ootainea, �APPKNDiX III Possible Exposure Initial Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20, Saved Sera) Exposure Outside BSOB Exposure Inside BSOB Short Duration Follow-up Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20) Follow-up Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20, Saved Sera) Long Duration Follow-up Blood Screen (CBC, SMAC 20, Serum PCB, Saved Sera) Physical Exam � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2181 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Proposed Worker Surveillance, BSOB, Draft June, 19, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment PCBs health monitoring https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/0f87f4fcae200d5763d5cccb0caebb39.pdf 6a3a0020e3960aeef0ee10e95a9d4b27 PDF Text Text Item D Number 02238 Author Kim ' Nancy K. Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Division of Hea Roport/Artlolfl TltlO Typescript: Draft- Revised Risk Assessment, Binghamton State Office Building, July 22, 1983 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images D 12 Descrlpton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2238 of 2293 �DRAFT REVISED RISK ASSESSMENT BINGHAMTON STATE OFFICE BUILDING JULY 22, 1983 Nancy K. Kim John Hawley Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment Division of Health Risk Control New York State Department of Health Albany, New York 12237 �Introduction Two methods are commonly used for establishing standards or guidelines for contaminant levels in food, air or water. One method is to perform an extrapolation to low level exposure using data from a high dose carcinogenic bioassay; this procedure calculates a dose which corresponds to a given lifetime cancer risk. The second is to establish an acceptable daily intake (ADI) usually based on a no-observed effect level (NOEL) in an animal study. The polychlorinated dioxin or furan which has the most toxicologic data to use in a risk assessment is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. This compound has caused cancer in laboratory animals but the tests to date have not shown it to be genotoxic. The scientific community is divided on the proper procedures to use under these circumstance. The following risk assessments use both carcinogenic extrapolation procedures and a no-observed effect level to calculate guidelines. Background This risk assessment is not intended as a review of the human health effects or available toxicologic data for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins or dibenzofjrans. Several reviews already exist in the literature. [See references] This risk assessment is to provide material for the Expert Advisory Panel to discuss and make recommendations for re-entry criteria for the Binghamton State Office Building. Accounts of the fire and subsequent findings are available elsewhere. Human exposure to dioxin-contaminated materials has resulted in chloracne, limited nerve damage, liver abnormalities and psychological disorders. Laboratory studies have shown 2,3,7,8-TCDO to be carcinogenic, embryotoxic, and teratogenic in various animal species and to affect a number of organs and systems including thyroid, liver, skin and the immunologic system. Based on a review of the literature, the no-effect level was set using long-term animal feeding studies examining oncogenic and reproductive effects. Risk Assessment Normally, an ADI is not set from a NOEL for compounds which have been found to be carcinogenic. However, to date 2,3,7,8-TCDD has not been shown to be genotoxic and some scientists use a no-observed effect level to calculate guidelines under these circumstances. For 2,3,7,3-TCDD, a no-observed effect level of 1 nanogram/kg-day (1 x 10~9g/kg-day) in rats has been reported in both & three generation reproduction study [Murray, et al., 1979] and a two year oncogenic study [Kociba, et al. 1978]. An uncertainty factor of 500 was considered appropriate by the Expert Advisory Panel. The acceptable daily intake for humans would be two picogram/kg-day (2 x 10~'2g/kg-day). Following the March 29, 1982 meeting, the Expert Advisory Panel concluded, that the final re-entry criteria would be based on a maximum total daily intake of two picograms of 2,3,7,8-TCDD per kilogram-day. The average weight of 50 kilograms (based on an adult female) would be used in calculating a guideline for re-entry. �-2- Cancer risk extrapolations have been used since the early 1960's. Once a dose-response relationship is established, an "acceptable" risk level must be assumed and the corresponding dose calculated. Mantel-Bryan [Mantel, et al., 1951] originally defined a virtually safe risk for a lifetime as 1 x 10"°. Since then, other regulatory agencies have used risks in the 1 x 10-' to 1 x 10-5 range for setting standards or guidelines [U.S. FDA, 1980 and U.S. EPA, 1980b], Several mathematical models are available for performing cancer risk calculations. Recently the EPA has published dose-response data for 2,3,7,8-TCDD. These data and others will be used to calculate the cancer risk levels which correspond to the re-entry guideline. Equivalents The toxicity of the soot expressed in terms of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents was measured by Eadon et al. (1981) by administering an aqueous suspension of the soot to guinea pigs. The toxicity of the soot, compared to that of a soot sample containing only 2,3,7,8-TCDD administered under identical conditions, was equivalent to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 58 ppm. For comparison purposes, a mathematical estimate of the 2,3,7,3-TCDD equivalents in the soot was also made (Eadon et al. 1982). Using the known concentration of chlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenylenes in the soot and making certain assumptions about their toxicity as compared to 2,3,7,8-TCOD, the toxicity of the soot was calculated to be approximately 44 ppm of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents. The calculated value of 44 ppm is in good agreement with the observed value of 58 ppm. This same procedure has been applied to the air sampling results (Eadon et al., 1983). For the air samples, which had an average 2,3,7,3-TCDD content of J.4 pg/m3, the toxicity for the mixture of chlorinated dioxins, furans and biphenylenes was estimated to be 14 pg/m3 of 2,3,7,8-FCDD equivalents. This calculated level of 14 pg/m3 of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents should be compared with the suggested guidelines for re-entry. Exposure .-Clean-up Workers At the present, workers are wearing protective clothing and respirators. If respirators are not used, inhalation is a possiole route of exposure. (Dermal contact dill not be considered since the workers will be wearing gloves and other protective clothing.) Since tnese workers are males, a risk assessment for this exposure only will be based on a 70 Kilogram male. The maximum exposure would be for 8 hours per day, 260 days per year and 1 1/2 years. For the inhalation calculations, a respiratory volume of 10 m3 per 8 hour work day is assumed. The guidelines calculated for the clean-up crew range from a minimum of 14 pg/m3 to a maximum of 93J pg/nr of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents. (See Guideline Calculations) �-3- Exposure - Office Workers Three different exposure routes are possible for workers in the 3inghamton State Office Building: inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. The risk assessment will be based on the 50 kilogram female. Tne assumption that a worker would be exposed for 30 years, 253 days per year is considered to be the maximum possible duration for the exposure. For the inhalation calculations, a respiratory volume of 10 m3 is assumed for an 8 hour work day. The guidelines calculated for the office workers range from a minimum of 10 pg/m3 to a maximum of 163 pg/m3 of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents. (See Guideline Calculations) Although the Expert Advisory Panel considered inhalation the most important route of exposure, a surface guideline would be useful. To calculate a surface guideline, assumptions must be made concerning how much skin surface is exposed and how much contamination is transferred, absorbed dermally, and ingested. Three different scenarios were used to estimate the reduction in contamination over time and to calculate the average daily exposure over the 30 year period [Kim, et al., 1932], Scenario A assumes that the contaminant concentration remains constant during the 30 year period. In Scenario 3 a first order exponential decay curve is used which assumes that over 30 years contamination levels drop to one percent of the values when the building is reoccupied. Using this approach, a slightly higher concentration would be acceptable in the building when its reopened. Scenario C also employs a first order exponential decay curve, but assumes a half-life of one year for tne disappearance of contaminants in the building. Scenario C has been eliminated. Guideline for Re-entry The following is suggested as an appropriate methodology for deriving a guideline for re-entry. 1. One ng/kg-day is used as a "no-observed effect level" .for 2,3,7,8-TCDO in rats [Murray, et al., 1979; Kociba, et al., 19/8J. 2. An uncertainty factor of 500 is used to obtain a daily intake for 2,3,7,3-TCDD. 1 ng/kg-day = 2 x 10-3ng/kg-day = 2 pg/kg-day Ouu 3. For office workers, an average weight of 50 kilograms is used to obtain a daily dose for 2,3,7,8-TCDD; for the clean-up crew an average weight of 70 kilograms is used. 2 pg/kg-day x 50 kg = 103 pg/day for 2,3,7,8-TCDD office workers 2 pg/kg-day x 70 kg = 140 pg/day for 2,3,7,8-FCDD clean-up crew �AIR Inhalation Exposure 1. The air sampling results have been expressed in terms of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents (Eadon, 1983). The same dose of 100 pg (office workers) or 140 pg (clean-up crew) of 2,3,7,8-TCDD will be used to derive a guideline for the mixture; in this case, the units will be expressed as 100 pg or 140 pg of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents. 2. A breathing volume .of 10m3 for an average 8-hour day is used to calculate an air guideline for 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents. 1JJ P9 = 10 pg/m3 of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents (office workers) (2) 10 m3 140 P9 10:m3 = 14 pg/m3 of 2,3,/,8-TCDD equivalents (clean-up crew) (3) The guidelines for re-entry are based on a daily intake of 2 pg/kg-day of 2,3,7,8-equivalents and presumes a lifetime exposure. If the toxic effects are associated with cumulative lifetime dose and exposure is limited to a fraction of an individual's lifetime, then the daily intake during that period could be increased proportionately. Office workers (250 days per year for 30 years) ^^ x r 15_|1 m H I u = " x ^Ms3- m" of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents 3 3-- = -M& of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents m Clean-up crew (250 days per year for 1.5 years) = m ^Mf1 of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents m 20 x m3 70 = 930 pg of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents l.o ~J ~'m �b. Using Scenario 8 for contamination decreasing over time, the initial concentration is calculated assuming that the average daily exposure over 30 years is 10 pg/m3 (equation 2) or 35 pg/tn^ of 2,3,7,3-TCDQ equivalents {equation 3). (N. Kim and J. Hawley. 1982. Risk Assessment: Singhamton State Office Building. New York State Department of Health.) Office Workers only m •an /17 nn x 15. = • 47 pg of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents x 6.4 m3 35 pg x 30 X 6.4 m3 160 pq of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents 3 m Surfaces I ngesti on/Dermal Exposure 1. Surface contact is assumed to. result in the transfer of contaminants to the skin as measured by a wipe test . 2. Total body surface area in square meters (S) can be estimated from a person's height in centimeters (H) and waight in kilograms ( W ) . [DuSois, et a!., 1916; Ganong, 1975; Suyton, 1976] Data from the National Center for Health Statistics "indicate that the height of a 50 kilogram female averages about 154 centimeters." 5=0.007134 x W J - 4 2 5 x H°-725 5=0.007184 x 50°- 425 x 1540.725 Total surface area is 1.46 m2 3. The hands account for approximately 4.5% of the total surface area. 1.46 m2 x .045= J. 0657m 2 4. The contaminants from 5%, 10% or 25% of the surface area of the hands is assumed to be ingested every day. 0.0657m 2 x 0.05 = 0.0033m2 0.0657m 2 x 0.10 = 0.0056m 2 0.0557m 2 x 0.25 = 0.016m 2 �-6- 5. The maximum exposed surface area for considering dermal absorption is the entire area of both arms. That surface area for a 50 Kilogram female is 19% of the total body surface area or 0.28m 2 (0.19 x 1.46m 2 ). [Diem et al., 1970J Contact between skin and contaminated walls (or other surface) is assumed to occur for 10%, 25% or 50% of this surface area. 0.10 x 0.28m2 = 0.028m2 0.25 x 0.28m2 = 0.070m2 0.50 x 0.28m2 = 0.14m 2 6. The amount of contamination absorbed by the skin is assumed to be 1% or 10%. [Poiger et al., 1930] 7. Selecting among the assumptions outlined previously w i l l define a surface area guideline. The maximum and minimum guidelines among all possible guidelines are calculated below. a. Maximum guideline Assumptions - ingest contamination from 5% of the hands' surface area (0.0033m2) - absorb 1% of the contamination with 10% of the surface area of the arms contacting a contaminated surface (0.00023m2) 100 picograms = 28 ng/m2 of 2,3,/,8-TCDD equivalents 0.0033 m2 + 0.00028 m2 b. Minimum guideline Assumptions - ingest contamination from 25% of the hands' surface area (0.016m2) - absorb 10% of the contamination with 50% of the surface area of 2the arms contacting a contaminated surface (0.014m ) . 100 picograms = 3.3 ng/m2 of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents 0.016 m2 + 0.014 m2 �-7- 8. Using Scenario 8 for contamination decreasing over time, a guideline for the initial concentration can be calculated. (N. Kim, 1982) a b - 28 "9 m 3 3 - "9 m2 30 , 130 ng/m2 of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents J2. = 1 5 ng/m2 of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents °4 ' �-3- References The first version of this risk assessment was presented to the Expert Advisory Panel on March 29, 1982. The Summary Conclusions reached by the panel were dated August 10, 1932. ~~ Berkow, S.G. 1924. A method of estimating the extensiveness of lesions (burns and scalds) based on surface area proportions. Archives of Surgery 8:133-143. Berkow, S.G. 1931. Value of surface-area proportions in the prognosis of cutaneous burns and scalds. Amer. J. Surg. 11:315-317. Diem, K. and Lentner, C., eds. 19/0. Scientific Tables. Ciba-Geigy Limited, Basle, Switzerland, p. 523. 7th edition. DuBois, Q. and DuBois, E.F. 1915. Clinical calorimetry. Tenth paper. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Archives of Internal Medicine 17:853-871. Eadon, G., K. Aldous, D. Hilker, P. O'Keefe and R. Smith. on air samples from the Binghamton State Office Building. Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201. 1933. Chemical data New York State Eadon, G., K. Aldous, G. Frenkel, J. Gierthy, D. Hilker, L. Kaminsky, P. O'Keefe, J. Silkworth and R. Smith. March 1932. Comparisons of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples from the Binghamton State Office Building. Mew York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12202. Sanong, W.F. 1975. Review of Medical Physiology. 7th edition. CA: Lange Medical Publications. Guyton, A.C. 1975. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: W.3. Saunders Company. Los Altos, 5th edition. Kim, N. and J. Hawley. 1932. Revised risk assessment: Binghamton State Office Building. New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12237. Kocioa, R.J., D.G. Keyes, J.E. Beyer, R.M. Carreon, C.E. Wade, D.A. Dittenber, R.P. Kalnins, L.t. Trauson, C.N. Parks, S.D. Bainard, R.A. Hummel and C.G. Humiston. 1978. Results of two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 46: 279-303. Mantel, rt. and W.R. Bryan. 1951. Safety testing of carcinogenic agents. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2 7 ( 2 ) : 455-470. �-9Murray, F.J., et al. 19/9. Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 50_: 241-252. Poiger, H. and C. Schlatter. 1980. Influence of solvents and adsorbents on dermal and intestinal absorption of TCDD. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Jj3:477-431. Silkworth, J., McMartn, D., DeCaprio, A., Rej, R., O'Keefe, P., and Kaminsky, L. 1982. Acute toxicity in guinea pigs and rabbits of soot from a polychlorinated bipnenyl-containing transformer fire. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55_: 425-439. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Carcinogen Assessment Group's Risk Assessment on 2,4,5-T, Silvex and TCDD. September 12, 1980a. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Interim Evaluation of Health Risks Associated with Emissions of Tetrachlorinated Dioxins from Municipal Waste Resource Recovery Facilities. November 1981. United States Environmental Protection Agency. November 28, 1930b. Water quality criteria documents; availability, federal Register, 4£ (23I):79318. United States Food and Drug Administration. May 30, 1980. Chemical compounds used in food-producing animals; criteria and procedures for evaluating assays for carcinogenic residues. Federal Register, 45(105): 35942-36943. Health Reviews of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins 1. Dioxins, USEPA 500/2-80-197, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 1980. 2. The Health Effects of Agent Orange and Polychlorinated Dioxin Contaminants, American Medical Association, Chicago, tit., October 1981. 3. Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document for 2,3,7,3-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin, USEPA, Criteria and Standards Division, 1930. 4. Huff, J. et al., Long term hazards of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Environmental Health Perspectives, 35, 21-240, 1930. ~~ 5. Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to 2,4,5-T, Silvex and TCDD, US EPA, Sept. 1930. 5. Poylchlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, National Research Council Canada, Publication number 13576, 1981. 7. Reggiani, G., Toxicology of 2,3,/,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1, 211-43, 1931. �-108. Dioxins, US EPA, 600/2-83-156, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1930. 9. Phenoxy Herbicides - Their Effects on Environmental Quality, National Research Council Canada, Publication number 1SJ/5, 19/3. 10. Exposure Assessments for 2,4,5-T, Si 1 vex and TCDD, US EPA, Environmental Fate Branch, Sept. 12, 1930. �-11QUESTIONS 1. For the surface guideline, is the 50 kilogram female the appropriate person to use for the risk assessment? 2. ror the surface guideline, is the assumption reasonable that the quantity of contaminants adhering to the skin equals that found on building surfaces? 3. For the surface guideline, what percentage of the surface area of the hands should be used to estimate how much contamination is ingested? 4. For the surface guideline, what is a reasonable estimate for the body surface area exposed for dermal contact with contaminated surface? 5. For the surface guideline, what is a reasonable estimate for the absorption of contamination through the skin? � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 088 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2238 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kim, Nancy K. John Hawley Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Division of Health Risk Control, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Draft- Revised Risk Assessment, Binghamton State Office Building, July 22, 1983 Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment protective clothing clean-up standards BSOB https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/7cf35010eaaf5fedbe2d782dbf0502b9.pdf d069246902139fd56fd093d87ce8a0e1 PDF Text Text Item ID Number Author Corporate Author RopOrt/ArtiClB Tltlfl Typescript: Criteria for Estimating Exposure Levels of Military Personnel to Dioxin and Herbicide Orange during the Vietnam War Journal/Book Titlo Year 000 ° Month/Day Color [J Number of Imanes ^ DOSGrlptOn NOtOS Draft includes editing and additional notes Tuesday, May 15, 2001 Page 1480 of 1514 �CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING EXPOSURE LEVELS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL TO DIOXIN AND HERBICIDE ORANGE DURING THE VIETNAM WAR Any attempt to determine exposure levels of military personnel to Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin must be predicated on events that occurred at least ten years ago. Since there were no routine occupational or environmental sampling programs associated with the handling or dissemination of the herbicides in South Vietnam, a quantitative determination of exposure can only be subject to speculation. In addition, since specific no-effect criteria for comparison with actual or derived values do not exist, the /calculation of theoretical exposure levels provide^ data in the absence of a means to assess their significance. The approach taken in this document is to develop data points for determining "relative" exposures to Herbicide Orange and TCDD. The population at risk certainly did not include all military personnel who served in South Vietnam. Moreover, within the military population at risk, the range in magnitude of exposure must have been great. Therefore, it is important to evaluate those factors which would have influenced the potential for a given individual to be "at risk" and those which would have influenced the magnitude of that exposure. The following factors for determining relative exposures are <!• proposed: Time When was the individual in South Vietnam? Duty What job(s) did the individual perform? Exposure What was the situation at the time of exposure? �What aircraft/vehicle was involved in the exposure? How did the exposure occur? Each of these questions will be discussed and available data will be provided in order to evaluate the magnitude of exposure. I. WHEN WAS THE INDIVIDUAL IN VIETNAM? This issue of time is very important. Not all of the herbicides used in South Vietnam were used throughout the entire ten years (1962-1972) encompassed by the Department of Defense (DOD) defoliation program. In addition, 2,4,5-T <jf(L WW\J<?fi Ao VLOJ>£ formulations used early in the program contained higher levels of dioxin (TCDD) than did the formulations used in the later years. The three time periods shown in Table 1 can be differentiated on the basis of specific herbicides used and the mean dioxin content. TABLE 1. The Differentiation of Three Time Periods During the * US Military Defoliation Program in South Vietnam HERBICIDES USED (Code Names) PERIOD January 1962 June 1965 Purple, Pink, Green Blue July 1965 June 1970 Orange White, Blue July 1970 •ftprtt' *972 White, Blue * Source: (3) ; Young et al v ** Found only in 2,4,5-T containing formulations **V«L en MEAN DIOXIN CONTENT** (parts per million) 32 0 2 -H0 �Herbicide Oifange was the most extensively used herbicide in South Vietnam. Orange accounted for approximately 10.7 million gallons of the total 17.7 million gallons of herbicide used (Table 2). It was used from mid-1965 to kpn* 1970. However, as noted above and in Table 2, Orange was not the only 2,4,5-T containing herbicide used in the defoliation program. Small quantities of Purple, Pink, and Green, all containing 2,4,5-T were used from 1962 through mid-1965. In subsequent sections of this document, the term, "Herbicide Orange", will refer to all of the 2,4,5-T containing herbicides used in Vietnam (Purple, Pink, Green, and Orange). TABLE 2. Number of Gallons of Military Herbicide Procured by the US Department of Defense and Disseminated in flefofci.tr * South Vietnam during January 1962 - February 197f CODE NAME HERBICIDE QUANTITY Orange 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 10,646,000 White 2,4-D; Picloram 5,633,000 1 965-1 97\ 4t4Mr Blue Cacodylic Acid 1,150,000 1 962-1 971*** Purple 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 145,000 1962-1965 Pink 2,4,5-T 123,000 1962-1965 Green 2,4,5-T 8,200 1962-1965 Total Source: Young et al 17,705,200 PERIOD OF USE 1965-1970"** �II. WHAT JOB(S) DID THE INDIVIDUAL PERFORM DURING HIS TOUR(S) IN SOUTH VIETNAM? There were relatively few military operations that involved the handling of herbicides by military personnel. It is, thus, appropriate to examine both the functions, or jobs, where individuals would have been at risk, and to estimate the size of the population at risk. a. Populations at Risk A review of operations involving Herbicide Orange in South Vietnam from January 1962 to April 1970 revealed that there were essentially three groups of US military personnel potentially exposed to Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin contaminant. These three groups were: 1. "Operation RANCH HAND" personnel actively involved in the defoliation program. This group included aircrew members and maintenance and support personnel directly assigned to the RANCH HAND squadrons. 2. Personnel assigned to selected support functions that may have resulted in exposure to Herbicide Orange. This group included, for example, personnel who sprayed herbicides, using helicopters or ground application equipment; personnel who may have delivered the herbicides to the units performing the defoliation missions; aircraft mechanics who were specialized and occasionally provided support to RANCH HAND aircraft; or, personnel who may have flown contaminated C-123 aircraft, but were not assigned to RANCH HAND (e.g., during the Tet Offensive, all RANCH HAND aircraft were reconfigured to transport supplies and equipment, and were assigned to non-RANCH HAND squadrons). 3. Ground personnel who may have been inadvertently sprayed by defoliation aircraft or who, during combat operations, may have entered an area previously sprayed with Herbicide Orange. �b. Population Estimates The total number of US military personnel exposed to Herbicide Orange is not known. Approximately 1,200 RANCH HAND personnel were exposed in direct support of the defoliation operations; however, there are no data on the number of non-RANCH HAND personnel who may have been exposed. The actual number of people may be in the thousands since at least one hundred helicopter spray equipment units were used in South Vietnam, and most military bases had vehiclemounted and backpack spray units available for use in routine vegetation control programs. The number of military ground personnel who may have inadvertently been sprayed by RANCH HAND aircraft, or who may have entered areas recently sprayed with Herbicide Orange during combat operations is not known. Approximately ten percent of South Vietnam was sprayed with herbicides, and most of this area was contested and/or controlled by enemy forces. An estimated frequency of occurrence for selected exposure scenarios is given in Table 3. TABLE 3. Estimated Frequency of Events Where Military Ground Personnel May Have Been Exposed to Herbicide Orange EVENT Direct application of Herbicide on ground troops Ground troops moving into area treated within 24 hours Ground troops entering a defoliated area (one month or more after herbicide application) FREQUENCY -ttaigue "Rare Frequent �Discussions with a RANCH HAND aircrew members confirmed that in at least one instance in 1967, direct application of herbicide onto a Marine patrol did occur. $><- -U«> wc^e < MAA- The basic concept of the defoliation program, i.e., the use of chemicals to remove foliage to enhance visibility, supports the contention that it was unlikely that troops would be in areas to be treated, or would move into the areas immediately after treatment since the desired effect would not be evident until three to six weeks after the herbicides were applied. However, the occurrence of the first two scenarios in Table 3 cannot be ruled out. III. WHAT WAS THE SITUATION AT THE TIME THE INDIVIDUAL WAS EXPOSED? There are a number of exposure scenarios in which an individual was more likely to have been significantly exposed to a specific herbicide or even another pesticide, including: 1. Guards at a base perimeter. 2. An individual at a Special Forces camp in the inland forest. 3. An individual on combat patrol in the Rung Sat Special Zone. 4. An individual repairing aircraft. A 5. A supply clerk or depot aide handling drums of chemicals. These different situations could have exposed individuals to varying amounts of a v A S C c r f *»« different herbicides since the use patterns of ther J^rbicides differed markedly. Use Patterns of Individual Herbicides Each of the three major herbicides (Orange, White, and Blue) had specific uses. Ninety-nine percent of Herbicide White was applied in defoliation missions. It was not recommended for use on crops because of the persis- tence of Picloram in soils. Because the herbicidal action on woody plants was usually slow, full defoliation did not occur for several months after spray application. Thus, it was an ideal herbicide for use in the inland forests in �areas where defoliation was not immediately required, but where it did occur it would persist longer than if the area were sprayed with Orange or Blue. Herbicide Blue was the herbicide of choice for crop destruction missions involving cereal or grain crops. Approximately 50 percent of all Blue was or used in crop destruction missionsA>with the remainder being used as a contact herbicide for control of grasses around base perimeters. Ninety percent of all Herbicide Orange was used for forest defoliation and it was especially effective in defoliating mangrove forests. Eight percent of Herbicide Orange was used in the destruction of broadleaf crops (beans, peanuts, ramie, and root or tuber crops). The remaining two percent was used around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communication lines. Table 4 shows the number of acres in South Vietnam within the three major vegetational categories. TABLE 4. The Number of Acres Treated in South Vietnam, 1962-1972, With Military Herbicides Within the Three Major Vegetational Categories. VEGETATIONAL CATEGORY ACRES TREATED* Inland forests 2,670,000 Mangrove forests 318,000 Cultivated crops 260,000 Total Areas receiving single or multiple coverage. 3,248,000 Source: *estin.g �Certain portions of South Vietnam were more likely to have been subjected to (jM&tf TteKcaQ. ,2£Xres, defoliation. Herbicide expenditures for the four^military regions T South OY&GUMC&. -WcMV VA Vietnam are shown in Table 5. These data were estimated by Wes^ting^* and total CiMVffij^ SltouioO volume is not inA,agreement with the actual procurement data d4*playfid in Table ? ' oA A . ^ A v w . i ' 8, £><p<ttM TABLE 5. US Herbicides Expenditures in South Vietnam, 1962* A Breakdown by Region HERBICIDE REGION EXPENDITURE O-T:' Military Region" I 3,249,300 Military Region II 4,013,800 10,130,500 Military Region III -Military Region" IV Source: N J 1,720,300 Vl^RBS In addition to the herbicides, numerous other chemicals were shipped to South Vietnam in 55 gallon drums. These included selected fuel additives, cleaning solvents, cooking oils, and a variety of other pesticides. The insecticide Malathion was widely used for control of mosquitoes and at least 400,000 gallons of it were used from 1966 throughJ970. In addition, much »i 3*°***^ o$e**™>«.i smaller quantitites of Lindane and DDT were used throughout the war in Southeast Asia. The distribution of the herbicides within Vietnam after their arrival did not occur randomly. About 65 percent was shipped to the 20th Ordnance Storage Depot, Saigon, and 35 percent was shipped to the 511th Ordnance Depot, Da Nang. 8 . �IV. WHAT MILITARY AIRCRAFT/VEHICLE WAS INVOLVED IN THE EXPOSURE? Numerous aircraft were used in the air war in Vietnam, but only a few of these aircraft were used for aerial dissemination of herbicides. The "work horse" of Operation RANCH HAND was the C-123/UC-123, "Provider". This cargo aircraft was adapted to receive a modular spray system for internal carriage. The module (the A/A 45 Y-l) consisted of a 1,000 gallon tank, pump, and engine which were all mounted on a frame pallet. An operator's console was an integral part of the unit, but was not mounted on the pallet. Wing booms (1.5 inches in diameter, 22 feet long) extended from the outboard engine nacelles toward 20 *e**r U*O the wing tips. A short tail boom (3 inches in diameteKJl was positioned centrally near the aft cargo door. Each aircraft normally had a crew of three men: the pilot, co-pilot (navigator), and flight engineer (console operator). During the peak activity of RANCH HAND operations (1968-1969), approximately 30 C-123/UC-123 aircraft were employed. However, many other squadrons of nonRANCH HAND C-123 aircraft were routinely used throughout South Vietnam in transport operations. The control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases in South Vietnam necessitated an extensive aerial insecticide application program in order to control these vector insects. From 1966 through 1972, three C-123 aircraft were used to spray Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide. These aircraft could be distinguished from the Herbicide-spraying aircraft because they were not camouflaged. These aircraft routinely sprayed insecticide adjacent to military and civilian installations, as well as in areas where military operations were in progress, or about to commence. Approximately 10 to 12 percent of all herbicides used in South Vietnam was disseminated by helicopter or ground application equipment. Generally, �helicopter crews were not assigned to herbicide spray duties on a full-time basis and rotated the spraying duties with other mission requirements. The military UH-1 series of helicopters, deployed by the Air Force, the Army, and Navy units, generally sprayed the herbicides. The most common spray system used was the AGRINAUTICS unit. This unit was installed in or removed from the aircraft in a matter of minutes because it was "tied down" to installed cargo shackles and aircraft modifications were not required for its use. The unit consisted of a 200 gallon tank and a collapsible 32-foot spray boom. The unit was operated by manual controls to control the flow valve and a windmill.brake. Generally, each helicopter had three crew members^ * v A summary of the aircraft used in pesticide operations is shown in Table 6. Ground crews that maintained these aircraft were also at risk for exposure to the herbicides and insecticides. TABLE 6. US Military Aircraft used in the Dissemination of tt<?c}»i<u.&»a 3T<*toHtCi&JGtf -Pesticides'in South Vietnam AIRCRAFT CAMOUFLAGED * TICIM DISSEMINATED C-123/UC-123 Yes All Herbicides C-123 No Malathion Yes Orange, Blue Helicopter Air Force UH-F Army UH-1B/UH-1D Navy UH-1E Source: Young et al 10 �Various ground delivery systems were also used in South Vietnam for control of vegetation in limited areas. Most of these units were towed or mounted on vehicles. One unit that was routinely used was the Buffalo turbine. It develop3 ed a wind blast with a velocity up to 150 mph at 10,000 ft /minute volume. When the herbicide was injected into the air blast, it was essentially "shot" at the foliage. The Buffalo turbine was useful for roadside spraying and applications on perimeter defenses. The herbicides of choice in these operations were Blue and Orange. V. HOW DID THE EXPOSURE OCCUR? As previously noted, the population at highest risk was the RANCH HAND group since these individuals were exposed to herbicides on a daily basis. Non-RANCH HAND support personnel who handled herbicides and performed secondary level maintenance were also at risk. Beyond these limited populations, the likelihood of other individuals being heavily exposed to herbicides was significantly less. The exposure of personnel could have occurred by essentially three routes: 1. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors/aerosols by direct exposure to sprays. 2. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors by exposure to treated areas following spray application, and 3. Ingestion of foods contaminated with the material. As previously discussed, the use of Herbicide Orange in South Vietnam was for the purpose of denying the enemy the cover of dense jungle foliage. The j areas normally sprayed were SBmiJpapulated. forested areas where very few, if any, US military personnel would be and the exposure to direct spray of HerbiA> cide Orange would have been unlikely. In addition, because of the dense canopy cover, the target of the defoliation operation, the amount of herbicide penetrating to the forest floor would have been small. The chemical and physical 11 �characteristics of Herbicide Orange and the spray, as it would have occurred following dissemination from a C-123, are important factors in assessing relative exposures to the Herbicides and TCDD. Table 7 reviews the pertinent chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange. Table 8 reviews both the application parameters of the spray system used in the C-123 aircraft and the characteristics of the spray itself. BLE 7. Pertinent CMnical and Physical Characteristics of Herbicide Orange Formulation Concentrated (8.6 Ib ai/gal)J Water Insoluble Density = 1.28 Vapor Pressure 3.6 x 10"4 mm Hg at 30°C NBEb 2,4-D : NBE 2,4,5-T : TCDD 1.2 x 10-4 0.4 x 10-4 : 1 x 10-7 40 centipoises at 20 C Viscous Noncorrosive to metal Deleterious to paints, rubber, neoprene Long shelf life Pounds active ingredient (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) per gallon NBE = Normal butyl ester 12 �TABLE 8. Application Parameters and Spray Characteristics of the C-123 Modular Internal Spray System Aircraft speed 130 KIAS Aircraft altitude 150 ft Tank volume 1,000 gal Spray time 3.5-4 min Particle size: < lOOy 1.9% 100-5QOM > 500 76.235 21.9% 87% impacted within 1 min 13% drifted or volatilized Mean particle volume Spray swath 260 ±20 ft Mean deposition 3 gal/acre Total area/tank 340 acres Knots Indicated Air Speed Ground combat forces normally would not have been expected to have entered a previously treated area for several weeks after treatment, during which time numerous environmental factors would have reduced the potential for exposure to military personnel. Young et al (3) have conducted an indepth review of the ' environmental fate of Herbicide Orange and TCDD. The following is a summary from that report: 13 �". . . Available data indicate that the vast majority of the phenoxy herbicides would impact forest canopy, the intended target. Rapid uptake (e.g., within a few hours) of the ester formulations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T would occur. Most of the herbicide probably would undergo rapid degradation (weeks) within the cellular matrix of the vegetation. However, some of herbicide may remain unmetabolized and would be deposited on the forest floor at the time of leaf fall. Soil microbial and/or chemical action would likely complete the degradation process. "Herbicide droplets that impacted directly on soil or water would probably hydrolyze rapidly (within hours). Biological and nonbiological degradative processes would further occur to significantly reduce these residues. Some volatilization of the esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T would occur during and immediately after application. The volatile material most likely would dissipate within the foliage of the target area. Photodecomposition of TCDD would minimize the amount of biologically active volatile residues moving downwind of the target area. "Accumulation of phenoxy herbicides in animals may occur following ingestion of treated vegetation. The magnitude of this accumulation would likely be at nontoxic levels. Herbicide residues in animals would rapidly decline after withdrawal from treated feed. "Most TCDD sprayed into the environment during defoliation operations would probably photodegrade within 24 hours of application. Moreover, recent studies suggest that even within the shaded forest canopy, volatilization and subsequent photodecomposition of TCDD would occur. Since translocation into vegetation would be minimal, most TCDD that escaped photodegradation would enter the soil-organic complex on the forest floor following leaf fall. Soil chemical and microbial processes would further reduce TCDD residues. Bioconcentration of the remaining minute levels of TCDD may occur in-liver and fat of animals ingesting contaminated vegetation or soil. However, there are no field data available that indicate that the levels of TCDD likely to accumulate in these animals would have a biological effect. "The environmental generation of TCDD from 2,4,5-T residues, through thermal or photolytic processes, would be highly unlikely and of no consequence. ..." VI. CONCLUSIONS While a precise determination of herbicide exposure cannot be achieved, 14 �the five factors discussed in this document wtll permit both a characterization and a relative estimate of the magnitude of the exposure. In the preparation of a total exposure for a given individual, answers to the five questions must be determined for each exposure incident, and a summary exposure estimate developed. LITERATURE CITED 1. Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam. 1974. Part A: Summary and Conclusions. National Academy of Science, Washington, D. C., 398 p. -3«i**4lesting, A. Ih 1-976. Ecological Consequences of the Second Indochina War. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Almgrist and Wiksel Internation, Stockholm, Sweden. 110 p. 3. Young, A. L., J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and J. W. Tremblay. 1978. The Toxicology and Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235, 247 p. OM 15 ricu MlSS/0*<oJ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 055 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1480 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Criteria for Estimating Exposure Levels of Military Personnel to Dioxin and Herbicide Orange during the Vietnam War Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment Ranch Hand dioxin ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 088 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2199 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource Summary Conclusions of and Responses to Binghamton State Office Building Expert Advisory Panel Meeting Subject The topic of the resource BSOB risk assessment dioxin exposure assessment https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/73e0f3e5aae62ea65475faae6b92dcbc.pdf d605b67808bcb9d920b1b5bcf3ba8ece PDF Text Text Item D Number 02195 Author Kim, Nancy K. Corporate Author Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Division of Hea RflpOrt/ArtiClB Tltlfl Risk Assessment, Binghamton State Office Building Journal/Book Title Yoar Month/Day Color Number of Images 1982 Mar °h 29 D 11 Doscrlpton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2196 of 2293 �RISK ASSESSMENT BINGHAMTON STATE OFFICE BUILDING Nancy K. Kim John Hawley Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment Division of Health Risk Control New York State Department of Health Albany, New York 12237 March 29, 1982 �-1Two methods are commonly used for establishing standards or guidelines for contaminant levels in food, air or water. One method is to perform an extrapolation to low level exposure using data from a high dose carcinogenic bioassay; this procedure calculates a dose which corresponds to a given lifetime cancer risk. The second is to establish an acceptable daily intake (ADI) usually based on a no observed effect level (NOEL),in an animal study. The only polychlorinated dioxin or furan which has been studied sufficiently to perform a risk assessment is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. This compound has caused cancer in laboratory animals but is not a genotoxin. The scientific community is divided on the proper procedures to use under this circumstance. In the following discussion risk assessments using both carcinogenic extrapolation procedures and a no observed effect level will be used. Normally the establishment of an ADI from a NOEL is not used for compounds which have been found to be carcinogenic. However, 2,3,7,8-TCDD is not genotoxic and some scientists believe that the establishment of a no observed effect level is justified under these circumstances. For 2,3,7,8-TCDD, a no observed effect level of o'.OOl ug/kg-day in rats has been reported in both a three generation reproduction study and a p two year oncology study. An uncertainty factor is applied to the no effect level. Since long-term animal studies are available for this compound, an uncertainty factor of 100 is appropriate. The acceptable daily intake for humans would be 1 x 10" ug/kg-day. Cancer risk extrapolations have been used since the early 1960's. Once a dose-response relationship is established, an "acceptable" risk level must be assumed and the corresponding dose calculated. Mantel-Bryan -8 originally defined a virtually safe risk for a lifetime as 1 x 10~ . 3 �-2- Since then, other regulatory agencies have used a risk of 1 x 10~6 for setting standards or guidelines. The Carcinogen Assessment Group of the EPA has performed a risk assessment for 2,3,7,8-TCDD using a carcinogenic extrapolation procedure.5 The 1 x 10" risk was found to correspond to a dose level of 2.36 x 10"9 ug/kg-day. Recently a new method for handling non-genotoxic carcinogens has been suggested. This method uses the dose corresponding to a 1 x 10 o cancer risk level. This dose is corrected for surface area differences between species. Scientific opinion is divided as to whether or not additional uncertainty factors should be used. In the following risk assessment, the surface area correction and an uncertainty factor of 100 are applied. The dose corresponding to a 1 x 10 o risk is 0.0026 -6 ug/kg-day. The appropriate daily intake is calculated to be 4.7 x 10" ug/kg-day. Since this daily intake is one-half of the ADI calculated from the no-effect level, the guidelines for air samples and wipes using this procedure would be one-half that shown in Tables 1-6 for ADI calculations. Three different exposure routes are possible for workers in the Binghamton State Office Building: inhalation, ingestion and dermal exposure. The assumption that a worker would be exposed for 30 years, 250 days per year is considered to be the maximum possible exposure. For the inhalation 3 calculations, a respiratory volume of 10 m is assumed for an 8 hour wftrk day. For the ingestion calculations, a worker is assumed to ingest the o particulate matter on 1 m of surface area. (This could be possible from food being placed on a work surface or from particulate matter adhering to hands which could subsequently contaminate food and be ingested.) Dermal exposure is considered to be negligible compared to the other two routes of exposure; this decision is based in part on the acute dermal studies conducted by the Toxicology Institute. Inhalation exposure �-3- is assumed to account for one-half of the daily exposure and ingestion the other half. Three different scenarios are used in the calculation of the daily exposure over the 30 year period. Scenario A assumes that the contaminant concentration remains constant during the 30 year period. In Scenario B a first order decomposition curve is calculated, assuming that over 30 years contamination levels drop to one percent of the values when the building is reoccupied. Using this approach, a slightly higher concentration would be acceptable in the building when its reopened. Scenario C also employs a first order decomposition curve, but assumes a half-life of i one year for the disappearance of contaminants in the building. Tables 1-6 contain contaminant concentrations in air or surface wipe samples calculated from the two risk assessment procedures and the three exposure scenarios. Tables 1-3 include the 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalence factor of 58 which takes into account the toxicity of all the other compounds.7 Tables 4-6 contain contaminant concentrations based only on the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. If the concentration ratios of contaminant compounds remain constant, the decision to reopen the building can be based on the concentration of any one compound. Thus, the guidelines can be expressed in alternate forms; Tables 1 and 4 are in terms of 2,3,7,8TCDD concentration, Tables 2 and 5 are in terms of PCBS, and Tables 3 and 6 are in terms of 2,3,7,8-TCDF. A sample calculation for an air concentration based on the ADI, Scenario A, the toxicity assumption of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents, and sample analysis for 2,3,7,8-TCDD is provided below. total lifetime exposure = (0.01 ng/kg)(70 kg) (70 years) (365 days/year) = 17885 ng air concentration = 17885 ng x 1_ 1* 58 TCDD equivalents x 2 = °-002 *0ne-half the daily exposure comes from inhalation sources, the other from ingestion. �-4- The available toxicologic data on other compounds beside 2,3,7,8-TCDD are very limited and in most cases none exist. Some reassurance as to the appropriateness of using chronic 2,3,7,8-TCDD data for TCDD equivalents can % be obtained by examining the bioassay that was completed for a mixture of . 1,2,3,6,7,8- and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Using a multihit extrapolation procedure, a value of 7.5 x 10 found to correspond to a 1 x 10 ug/day for humans is risk level. From this extrapolation procedure, hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin mixture is found to be 45 times less potent as a carcinogen than 2,3,7,8-TCDD. For'acute data, the hexachlorop-dioxin compounds are approximately 29 times less potent than the 2,3,7,8TCDD isomer. These two factors are, probably fortuitously, in good agreement. Guideline values in Tables 1-6 should be compared with Table 7, a summary of surface and air contamination measurements. Surface wipe value's are given before and after cleaning with various solvents. Comparing, for example, the surface wipe guideline in Table 2 derived from the ADI, with the PCB values in Table 7, the guideline falls within the range of surface contamination levels obtained on cleaned desks. Probable detection limits for PCB, TCDD, and TCDF in surface and air samples are given in Table 8. Other environmental exposures to 2,3,7,8-TCDD are possible. Several samples are calculated so that these values can be compared with the guidelines for air ^nd wipe samples. Example 1 A person consumes one meal of fish (one-half pound) which is contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD at the Dept. of Health guideline of 10 ppt. (227 g of fish) iML.ng of Z T b l C D D l . = 2.3 ng of 2,3,7,8-TCDD �-5- Example 2 Recently the Environmental Protection Agency has been evaluating possible 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions from resource recovery plants. In its recent report6, EPA stated that there was "no reason for concern" for concentrations of up to 3.8 x 10"5 ng/m of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the ambient o air. If a person inhales 20 m of air per day, then the 2,3,7,8-TCDD intake would be 7.6 x 10"4 ng/day, or 2.8 x 10"1 ng/year or 8.3 ng/30 years. Example 3 The standard used at Seveso for reoccupancy of buildings was 10 ng/m p of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on interior surfaces. Example 4 The Environmental Protection Agency in its risk assessment document calculated 2,3,7,8-TCDD intake from contaminated beef fat from the use of 2,4,5-T on range land. The report is quoted below. "Based on the 4.2 ppt TCDD contamination level in beef fat and a beef consumption of approximately 100 Ib/person/year, HED estimates that TCDD dietary intake from beef for the general population is approximately 0.4 pg/day. For the local population consuming only contaminated beef, dietary intake could be as high as 31 pg TCDD/person/day assuming a 5-year treatment cycle. Likewise, for milk contamination, assumption of 4.2 ppt TCDD in fat of grazing cows would project to as much as 74 pg TCDD/day dietary intake for local populations or for those consuming only contaminated dairy products. Measurements of si 1 vex in milk assumed similar for 2,4,5-T, yield exposure estimates of 7.1 ng/kg/day 2,4,5-T for the local population." �Table 1 Guidelines. Calculated Using 2.,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents, Air Air Wipes Wipes Scenario A 3 0.002 ng/m 7 ADI Scenario B 3 0.010 ng/m 2.3 x 10'6 ng/m3 2 0.10 ng/m5 2.3 x 10' ng/m2 4.8 x 10" 2ng/m3 Cancer Risk - ADI 0.020 ng/m - Cancer Risk 4.8 x 10"6 ng/m2 Scenario C 3 0.044 ng/m 1.0 x 10"5 ng/m3 0.44 ng/m2 2 1.0 x 10-" ng/m Table 2 Values in Table 1 Expressed in Terms of PCS Concentration Air Air Wipes Wi pes ADI Cancer Risk - ADI - Cancer Risk Scenario A ST 5.1 x lQ~k ng/m3 21 ng/m2 3 5.1 x 10~ ng/m2 - Scenario B Scenario C 47 ng/m3 2 1.1 x 10" ng/m3 470 ng/m2 2 0.11 ng/m 2.4 x ID'3 ng/m3 110 ng/m2 2 2.4 x 10- ng/m2 Table 3 Values in Table 1 Expressed in Terms of 2,3.7,8-TCDF Air Air Wipes Wipes ADI Cancer Risk -ADI - Cancer Risk Table 7 Date Feb. 1981 H n H n n n March 1981 n n n n n n ti n n n Scenario A 3 OO4 ng/m5 3.4 x 10" ng/m3 1.4 ng/m21 3.4 x lO' * ng/m2 Scenario3 B 0.7 ng/m 1.6 x 10-" ng/m3 7 ng/m2 3 1.6 x 10' ng/m2 Scenario3C 3.1 ng/m 7 x 10-" ng/m3 31 ng/m2 7 x 10-3 ng/m2 Binghamton State Office Building Contamination Measuc Type Location Throughout building Top of ceiling panel Floors, top of cabinet Shelf fnside cabinet Doors-vertical surf. Floor-cleaned Desks-cleaned Air parti culates n Air- vapor Air-particulates M n n Air-"Volatiles" n n n Air-florisil Dry wipe n it n n n Hi-Vol n Florisil Hi-Vol n it n Florisil n n n Contaminant PCB (1254) PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB TSP PCB PCB 2,3,7,8-TCDD Total TCDD 2,3,7,8-TCDF Total TCDF 2,3,7,8-TCDD Total TCDD 2,3,7,8-TCDF Total TCDF Table 8. Lowest Detection Limits (in surface or air samples^ PCB = 3 pg TCDD, TCDF; 10 pg (possibly 1 pg) Level 0.21-8.7 ug/m3 2 1000-6300 ug/m 140-800 ug/m2 480 ug/m2 2 8-64 ug/m 69 ug/m2 2 0.4-58 uoVm 2-3 ug/m3 "0"-0.002 ug/m3 0.45-2.2 ug/m3 0.92 pg/m3 1.4 pg/m3 60 pa/m3 3 321 pg/m 3 pg/m3 5 pg/m3 3 26 pg/m 3 292 pg/m �Table 4 Guidelines Based on 2,3,7,8-TCDD Alone Air - ADI Air - Cancer Risk Wipes - ADI Wipes - Cancer Risk Scenario A 3 0.12 ng/m5 2.8 x ID' ng/m3 1.2 ng/m2 4 2,8 x lO' ng/m2 Scenario B 0.58 ng/m3 1.3 x 10'^ ng/m3 5.8 na/m2 2 0.0013 ng/m Scenario 3 C 2.6 ng/m 5.8 x 10-" ng/m3 26 ng/m2 2 0.0058 ng/m Table 5 Values in Table 4 Expressed in Terms of PCB Concentration Air Air Wipes Wipes ADI Cancer Risk - ADI - Cancer Risk Scenario B 620 ng/m3 3 0.14 ng/m2 6200 ng/m 1.4 ng/m2 Scenario 3A 120 ng/m 0.030 ng/m3 1200 ng/m2 0,30 ng/m2 Scenario C 2700 ng/m3 0.62 ng/m3 2 27000 ng/m 6.2 ng/m2 Table 6 Values in Table 4 Expressed in Terms of 2,3,7,8-TCDF Air Air Wipes Wipes ADI Cancer Risk - ADI - Cancer Risk Table 7 Date Scenario A 8.4 ng/m3 3 0.002 ng/m 84 ng/m2 2 0.020 ng/m Scenario B 41 ng/m3 3 0.0091 ng/m 410 ng/m2 2 0.091 ng/m Scenario 3 C 180 ng/m 3 0.041 ng/m 1800 ng/m2 0.41 ng/m2 Binghamton State Office BuildingContamination Measurements Location Feb. 1981 Throughout building " Top of ceiling panel " Floors, top.jpjf.,,c&blne t ii "TheTflrTside cabinet " _Dpprs-vertical surf. " JEiojDr-cleaned,, " Desks-gleaned March 1981 Air particulates n n " Air-vapor " Air-particulates Air-"Volatiles" Contaminant Air-florisil Dry wipe Hi-Vol Florisil Hi-Vol Florisil n n n Level PCB (1254) 0.21-8.7 ug/m3 2 PCB 1000-6300 ug/m PCB, 140-800 ug/m2 PCB 480 ug/m2 2 PCB 8-64 ug/m PCB 69, ug/m2 PCB 0.4-58 ug/m2_ TSP 2-3 ug/m5 "0"-0.002 ug/m3 PCB PCB 0.45-2.2 ug/m3 2,3,7,8-TCDD 0.92 pg/m3 Total TCDD 1.4 pg/m33 2,3,7,8-TCDF . 6Q po/m 3 Total TCDF 321 pg/m * 3 2,3,7,8-TCDD 3 pg/m3 Total TCDD/ 5' pg/m 2,3,7,8-TCDF 26 pg/m3 3 Total TCDF 292 pg/m Table 8. Lowest Detection Limits Jin surface or air samples) PCB = 3 pg TCDD, TCDF: 10 pg (possibly 1 pg) �Table ^ Exposure Calculations Assuming Contaminati on Decreases Over Time Scenario B: C = initial concentration C(30) = 0.01CQ C(30) = C Q e- b(30) Coe"30b = 0.01CQ e-30b = 0.01 b = 0.15 This means that after one year C(l) = Coe"°'15 = 0.86 CQ, so that contamination decreases by 14%. The total exposure over 30 years equals the sum of exposure over time, or the integral r 3 C(t)dt = Jr 3 o C e-n i^t = 6.4 C J o , , U<i0i: dt 0 0 Q Q (units of this expression are years x concentration) Sample calculation: w = 17885 ng " 1 1 1 1 ear day L l n3) C 0 (ngV) = 17885 ng ^ ^^ * -^ * ^* ^ * e^aT? * * * L.*J\. v,>5\ C Q (ng/m 3 ) - n m n *n/m3 = 0.010 ng/m Scenario C: C(D = 0.5C Q e-°' 69 = 0.5 The total exposure over 30 years equals the sum of exposure over time, or the integral °C(t)dt = / " - 6 ! ) t d t - 1.4C �Table 10 Calculations for Tables 2, 3, 5 and 6 Tables 2 and 5 2.3,7.8-TCDF 198.5 7n 2,3,7,8-TCDD " 2.85 ~ /u PCB _ 1 PCDF " 0.066 0.002 ng of 2,3,7,8-TCDD Y 7n ~m^ ' A /u x 1 Of056 _ 2.1 ng of PCB ^ - Tables 3 and 6 2,3,7.8-TCDF _ • 7n 2,3,7,8-TCDD ~ /U 0.002 ng of 2.3.7,8-TCDD - Y 7n X /U _ 0.14 ng of 2,3,7.8-TCDF �References 1. F. J. Murray, Kociba and B. study of rats in the diet. F. A. Smith, K. D. Nitschke, C. G. Humiston, R. J. A. Schwetz. 1979. Three-generation reproduction given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 50: 241-252. 2. R. J. Kociba, D. G. Keyes, J. E. Beyer, R. M. Carreon, C. E. Wade, D. A. Dittenber, R. P. Kalnins, L. E. Trauson, C. N. Park, S. D. Bainard, R. A. Hummel and C. G. Humiston. 1978. Results of a twoyear chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 46: 279-303. 3. N. Mantel and W. R. Bryan. 1961. Safety testing of carcinogenic agents. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 27(2): 455-470. 4. Food and Drug Administration. May 30, 1980. Chemical compounds used in food-producing animals; criteria and procedures for evaluating assays for carcinogenic residues. Federal Register, 45(106): 3694236943. 5. Carcinoaen Assessment Group's Risk Assessment on 2,4,5-T, Silvex and TCDD. September12, 1980. 6. U.S. EPA. Interim Evaluation of Health Risks Associated with Emissions of Tetrachlorinated Dioxins From Municipal Waste Resource Recovery Facilities. November 1981. 7. G. Eadon, K. Aldous, G. Frenkel, J. Gierthy, D. Milker, L. Kaminsky, P. O'Keefe, J. Silkworth and R. Smith. March, 1982. Comparisons of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples from the Binghamton State Office Building. New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12202. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2196 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kim, Nancy K. John Hawley Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Division of Health Risk Control, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 29 1982 Title A name given to the resource Risk Assessment, Binghamton State Office Building Subject The topic of the resource BSOB exposure assessment dioxin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 085 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2134 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Licht, Lou Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>CH2M Hill Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 11 1983 Title A name given to the resource Memorandum: Pertinent Questions Regarding TCDD Bioavailability/Bioassimilation Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment herbicide toxicology https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/94b2e6e51bfb3cf35901f17fb5bc9d08.pdf 4be780c5d1ddd90b906f30da7680194a PDF Text Text Item ID Number Author Corporate Author ROpOPt/ArtiClB TltlB Manuscript: Notes regarding exposure of military personnel to Herbicide Orange Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Images n 9 Descrlpton Notes Tuesday, May 15, 2001 Page 1476 of 1514 �<$) /? J^ ~ ~fr /^/^^^£0 wn&*Jb T CTC.lt) <J �K /t$4^f&0€£$ • #/M2 L/J ^T \. t...J)ff _A atovJLa S / Jt s&a+tJa*?P £*+«&4 ���IV — ' f\frW)JLv ^ \ ^ ^J j i o ,/Vuujt<) I ^ J2x6A V �/j#^^ r U#^£ ht&t, r f •%#***#*£ 4Mi yto Tcbb �-&**£ ^' �GJt<f t&tS-.it&t si* & . -y- «*4tyM*i£^CC, 10^0 <t/ t&*&\>*~+ �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 055 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1476 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manuscript: Notes regarding exposure of military personnel to Herbicide Orange Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment Ranch Hand dioxin ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/4db5f3af947565e11920ccd04710b45d.pdf e7910789115207f09a36d676ed50e28e PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01473 Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Manuscript: Exposure Estimates for Herbicide Orange of Ranch Hand and ground troops in Vietnam Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color '—' Number of Images 25 Descrlpton Notes Tuesday, May 15, 2001 Page 1478 of 1514 ���Z7 C triditdi C /tf ��/o * AtX Jju* tfJ^MAf^&<4 CktMlWAU"' �G> /f -j 700 ���' /// " �x 3 > ^ / Jerttt) �ft �f z, 2^ �7? �s-r a </,s-r o.uz /s 0-49 0,210 �0,03 16 /•¥/ �32, 3OO �/, a /c^ >f*# ym / 10 ty vnaw IDO% �O.0/S e TCib iff? £ 7t0 (9 V �/ d' f 7 T 9.27 *#y T - 0437*) 0.5V #4} MI �j / /) TlGM • 70 fy 7 Q 7~ �? iI Tti. ,| 10 / ' �7 I 7 5 uio �i . j fe 1227 _JL :.-__& 51<i,!C -w v fioGUML �/2 «*> jUfls f>- y • 7fa> ^^ » sOW& ^tv4s �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 055 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1478 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manuscript: Exposure Estimates for Herbicide Orange of Ranch Hand and ground troops in Vietnam Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment Marine Corps exposure dioxin ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/7ff597d325d3aef1ced2e1a704499386.pdf 5b0b0fa2cbd09076919dd9408fbddbf2 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 01477 Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Manuscript: Exposure calculations Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color H Number of images 85 DOSCrlptOn NOtOS Includes notes and calculations on various exposure scenarios. Items were filed in one folder labeled "Exposure Calculations" Tuesday, May 15, 2001 Page 1477 of 1514 �72 * �30 0 ** ~ ^ x 72 �of-e-7-e c 4*- a f T' j u 2> 2) ^ -f �AJC&C- "fr* �ritto* 32-3^ �s? %aJa^r/ ) T_ 3 / CM */ �ft V , i 11 "I' /) ) s; * 04 ^ f �y z 3 if 2 99 9? �Z 3, 7~ �, <, 5V �/ / �G> as «* y a 4) O*0/2 U �•*) JL /r "r-fAT'0 T/e f ct<*r- �-e) ^ 7<tf x Oity �WjX <?•/ /* 4*4 �&/Wf- &MJLS « 47**jlfy j *£*• '* T^ o. y£Wfo 9, 3 /*i* J i tO&lO AJHO* �-/- 9/5 70 �ftt * <lc#i ' X -' Tcl> is Tc. 5 -2. &5 Si, �///> rctbb wwi-d 9/ 3 Z) 7 �A? 7* o. rat �/</ «*<) Tab 1*05 fy �0.01 �(O' ro" 2-G 3o N 7 -6 �•k * A. \- ^ (5/^ tc^uJ^i^ \ "°3o V N iV. * 3 Q, - ^ft . tO It 0> \v 0 \*—<\£V ��O-eUfl �A(^y^ I 13O I. / X �f x / �s, 'OX* ex JO r \. �4 k ^ u y (W>{ ~~ Oil 0 �3 so /, <}** *- - / ?*S0 6 -t- 0,0^ ~ �^<MO 7e>^ ^ (/ ?*ttto3_ / /ZO rt^ ^ "D&U ��T>, •f �tf C Ok J. ) ' V, 21 /O r �/£> �/ ~r0 & '-A- ; �V. £ d; ' „ " �/o As - - f - /U'f '- 7 7 v- &,€>*- �y* ^/ // J �0> 0-0 00 L �/ 2,u,s-T _ . .N«vttfu \i 1 * i two U>Uu^ �(D 0. 000} 91 o O / T crjf ��JfoM r C%Ut^^l£#£j / /rt 1_ ^ w>/A ^i&B&feffi&t v I /,£5X/*"^ �/,35 �4-1 $f �l i tf / ?o �\P& 0, *r T �- 2) y , 3 �3. 7' df top ®L J^C,'>ttfi6A-, ' * ��Droplet Diameter (microns) 10 No. spray droplets per square inch 50 1,148,000 143,000 9,224 100 1,184 200 142 300 43 500 9 20 (a) from Himel (1969) p. 920 universally water. Seymour and Byrd" projected t h a t an 80 m i c r o n w a t e r droplet falling through air at 70% relative humidity will disappear in approximately 8.5 seconds. During that time, the 80 micron drop will fall less than 2 feet! A 50 micron drop will last only about 2 seconds, Figure 1 shows this relationship. Boise' reports that evaporation and liquid density are often overlooked as factors contributing to the drift of sprays. A spray mixture that is 95% water will evaporate readily, with a 100 micron diameter drop being reduced to a 40 micron drop in about 15 seconds when the air temperature is 80"T and relative h u m i d i t y is 50%. fivcn though the solvents and emulsifiers in the insecticida! formulations reduce the rate of evaporation somewhat, it is still extremely difficult to get an appreciable percentage of the applied insecticide into a cotton crop in an effective droplet size range as long as water is used as the principal carrier. Thus, evaporation can be reduced by using low-volatile spray carriers in lieu of water. A large number of low volatile materials may be used as substitutes for water as insecticide carriers. Wright/' suggested that when concerned with evaporation on a real hot, dry day, to add some propylenc glycol or even ethylene glycol to the spray mixture. In the initial screening a number of criteria were used for selecting candid a t e carriers for i n c l u s i o n in t h e s e studies: sect control was the effect oflow rela- droplets, a more practical way to inl i v e h u m i d i t y . When t h e h u m i d i t y crease it is to break the spray up into dropped below 70%, insect control small drops. Each time the average d e c l i n e d . In 1977, a c o m p a r a t i v e l y drop size is divided in half, the number humid year, excellent insect control of drops is increased approximately 8 was obtained with all of the standard times. These data are presented in insecticides. It was determined that Table I. Thus, one gallon of spray per rapid evaporation of the smaller, in- acre divided into 50 micron drops will secticiclaily effective droplets was a produce the same coverage as 64 galmajor factor in poor insect control. lons applied in 200 micron drops. Droplet si/c is of major importance A third major ad vantage of very fine in insect control. Very fine droplets droplet sprays is their ability to pene(less than 50 microns or 1/500th inch in trate through very small openings in diameter) of short residual insecticides the bud tissues and beneath bracts appear to be highly effective in con- enclosing squares and bolls where the trolling insects. These small droplets bollworm and boll weevil live and impinge on the setae and other parts of feed. Additionally, fine droplets, bethe insect's body. A larger droplet may cause of their tendency to float on air strike the pest causing mortality; how- c u r r e n t s , penetrate plant canopies ever, the smaller droplets increase the more efficiently, are deposited on the probability of hitting the target pest. u n d e r s i d e s of the leaf, and deliver According to Himel and Moore', 93 more insecticide to the lower portions percent of the mortality of tobacco of the plant. This gets the insecticide budworm (Ileliothis viresccns), cab- out of the sunlight and slows the rate of 1. relatively non-volatile bage looper (Trie ho pi us in ni) and boll ultraviolet degradation. This in turn., 2. non-phytotoxic weevil (Ant ho no inns f>ran<lis) was extends the efficacy and increases the 3. compatible with insecticides caused by droplets less than 50 mi- control of the bollworm and budworm 4. non-corrosive and non-damaging crons in diameter. Later, HiincP re- moths that spend the day down in the to aircraft components ported that if the optimum droplet size canopy. 5. non-flammable Since mites and whiteflies live alis around 20 microns, then our present 6. relatively non-toxic most exclusively on the undersides of spray efficiency is about 1% or less. 7. physical characteristics as close to Of almost equal importance is the the leaf, only fine droplet sprays can water as possible or at least sprayeffect of droplet size on coverage and reach them. able through systems in current use Larger drops, due to their greater penetration of the canopy. Higher volwithout major modifications umes of spray arc generally recom- vcrticle velocity, tend to impinge on 8. inexpensive (or their cost to be mended in an effort to obtain more the upper surface of the leaves. more than offset through reduction complete coverage and better penetraDespite the many important advanof insecticide required) tion of the plant canopy. It is true that tages of small particle sprays, there are 9. cleared for use on crops increasing volume will increase n u m - a number of serious disadvantages. bers of droplets and, therefore, cover- The most serious of these is the rapid Small plot studies on two month old age. H o w e v e r , since coverage is rate of evaporation of the insecticide cotton were conducted during 1978 on primarily a function of numbers of carriers. In practice, this is almost insccticidal formulations containing DOWN TO EARTH, Vol. 36 No. 1, Fall 1979 �- -j K 5 5b - •Z) . C^b) E>^ 6/r £7 it$ootM. civ 6M U T •4- ^ cPf«- * km A? tfv £& \ (Ut a, <?r •^^ ^it. Oti'^p i^t? /<eU MliH*1 6& If ^ �a. 7 6 c �'t.t a/ <:P- t ^r^<^r fcbV ^C- nim/ * <w 4^4^ Vr ^c?c; ?.AW.^! PP^44UV 4 & t VJ *ff ^^ V* '. <?<5|// 11 •^ 7, A ra^- 4l L2£ /*T J /* 7^^ >o v.^D >^/l ^^u �u-w/M* M .a - / 71 TU^A .726 5 c3>2* I !' <ty^7 x< / W r4/z> 7 4 4#r £f« ^ /^M»^et£^ �«- » �Textbook of SECOND EDITION, Illustrated A R T H U R C. GUYTON, M.D. Professor and Chairman of the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi School of Medicine W. B, SAUNDERS COMPANY Philadelphia and London 4 S* �926 METABOLISM AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION is not the reason why the basal metabolic rates of different persons vary according to the surface area; instead, this relationship is only an empirical one. Referring once again to Figure 660 it will be noted that, the total number of Calories liberated by the patient per hour is divided by Ids total body surface area of 1.5 square meters. This means that his basal metabolic rate is 48.3 Calories per square meter per hour. Method for calculating the total surface area. The surface area of the body varies approximately in proportion to weight °-07. However, more accurate measurements of the body surface area have shown that it can be determined more accurately by a complicated formula based on weight and height of the subject as follows: Body surface area = Weight °-«5 X Height °-«B X 0.07184 Figure 661 presents a graph based on this formula. In the formula and in the figure, body surface area is expressed in square meters, weight in kilograms, and height in centimeters. WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS Figure 661. Relationship of height and weight to body surface area. (From DiiDois: Metabolism in Health and Disease, Lea & Febigcr.) Expression of Basal Metabolic Rate in Terms of Weight. Measurement of the basal metabolic rates of many different species of animals has shown that the rates do not vary precisely in proportion to the body surface area. Instead, in animals ranging in size from the mouse to the horse, the basal metabolic rate has been found to be proportional to weight 0>m. Because surface area is approximately proportional to weight °-or, it is obvious that correlating basal metabolic rates between animal species on the basis of surface areas would be in extreme error. This fact has considerable implication in human physiology and in clinical medicine, for some physiologists believe that even in comparing basal metabolic rates between human beings the factor weight °-m should be used instead of surface area. // this is true, overweight subjects would have to have basal metabolic rates considerably above the mean as based on the sur- face area method in order to be normal, and very thin subjects would have, to have basal metabol'i rates considerably less than the mean as based on the surface area method in order to be normal. Expression of Basal Metabolic Rate in Percentage Above or Below Normal. In Fig. 659 it will be noted that the basal metabolic rate varies tremendously with age; also, males in general have a basal metabolic rate nppnm mately 8 per cent greater per square meter llum that of females. Therefore, to compare the bas;il metabolic rate of any one subject witli the nonnul basal metabolic rale, it is necessary to rrfcv ,« a chart such as that in Figure 659, which giv;s the normal basal metabolic rate per square meter ;ii each age and for each sex. Once reference has been made to such a chart, the basal metabolic rate is ordinarily expressed as a percentage above or below normal. For example, in Figure 659 liic normal basal metabolic rate for a 20-ycar-olil male is shown to be 38.5 Calories per square meter per hour. Therefore, if the particular p;itient represented in the calculations of Figure 660 is a 20-year-old male, he liberates 9.8 Caloric.* per square meter per hour above the normal mean value. It is then determined that this is 25.5 per cent above normal. Therefore, the basal metabolic rate is. expressed as plus 25.5. Similarly, basal metabolic rates below normal are expressed as minus values. Constancy of Basal Metabolic Rat® in the Same Person. Basal metabolic rates have been measured in many subjects al repeated intervals for as long as 20 or more years. As long as a subject remains healthy, almost invariably his basal metabolic rate as expressed in percentage of normal does not vary more than 5 to 10 per cent. Constancy of Basal Metabolic Rate from Person to Person. When the basal metabolic rate is measured in a wide variety of different persons and comparisons are made within single age, weight, and SON groups, 85 per cent of normal persons have been found to have basal metabolic rates within 10 per cent of the mean. Thus, it is obvious that measurements of metabolic rates performed under basal conditions offer an excellent means for comparing the rates of metabolism from one person to another REFERENCES Bozler, E.: Plasticity of contractile elements of muscle as studied in extracted muscle fibers. Am. J. Physiol, 171:359, 1952. �ENERGETICS AND METABOLIC RATE 927 Bozler, E.: The role of phosphocreatine and adcnozymes. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., sinetriphosphate in muscular contraction. /. Gen, 1954. Physiol, 37:03, 1953. Lipmann, F.: Biosynthetic mechanisms. Harvey Lect., Dozlcr, E., and Prince, J. T.: The control of energy 44:99, 1948-1949. release in extracted muscle fibers. /. Gen. Physiol, Mommaerts, W. P.: Investigation of the presumed 37:53, 1953. breakdown of adenosine-triphosphate and phosphoBuchtal, F., Svensmark, O., and Hosenfalck, P.: creatine during a single muscle twitch. Am. /. Mechanical and chemical events in muscle contracPhysiol, 182:585, 1955. tion. Physiol. Rev., 36:503, 1956. Mommaerts, W. F,: Is adenosino triphosphate broken Chance, 1).: Enzymes in action in living cells: the down during a single muscle twitch? Nature, 174: steady state of reduced pyridinc nuclcotidcs. Har1083,1954. vey Led., 4,9:145, 1953-1954. Mommaerts, W. F.: The effect of ndeuosine triphosConway, E. J.: Nature and significance of concentraphate upon actomyosin solutions, studied with a tion relations of potassium and sodium ions in recording dual beam light-scattering photometer. skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rev., 37; 84, 1957. /. Gen. Physiol., 39:821, 1956. Crowoll, J. W.: A continuous recording oxygen debt Mommaerts, W. F.: The proteins of muscle arid their analyzer. Fed. Proc., 19:102, 19GO. participation in the process of contraction. Am. /. Drummond, G. I., and Black, E. C.: Comparative Phys. Med., 34:11,1955. physiology: fuel of muscle metabolism. Ann. Rev. Mommaerts, W. F,, and Hanson, J.: The effect upon actomyosin of stoichiomctric amounts of adcnosineof Physioi, 22:169, 1960. Crecnberg, D. M.: Chemical Pathways of Metabotriphosphato regenerated in a coupled enzyme system. /. Gen. Physiol, 39:831, 1956. lism. New York, Academic Press, 1954. Guyton, A. C., and Parish, C. A.: A rapidly respond- Neilands, J. B., and Stumpf, P. K.: Outlines of Enzyme Chemistry. Now York, John Wiley & Sons, ing continuous oxygen consumption recorder. /. 1955. App. Physiol., 14:143, 1959. Ilasselbach, W., and Weber, A.: Models for the study Pearl, D. C., Jr., Carlson, L, D., and Sherwood, W. W.: Mechanism of oxygen deficit. Proc. Soc. of the contraction of muscje and of cell protoplasm. Exp. Biol. 6- Med., 92:277, 1956. Pharmacol Rev., 7:97, 1955. Ilsia, D. Y.: Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Chicago, Perry, S. V.: Relation between chemical and contractile function and structure of skeletal muscle cell. Year Book Publishers, 1959. Physiol. Reu., 36:1, 1956. Huxley, A. F.: Local activation of striated muscle from the frog and the crab. /. Physiol, 135:171, Szcnt-Gyorgyl, A. G.: Bioencrgetics. New York, Academic Press, 1957. 1957. Huxley, A. P.: Muscle structure and theories of con- S/ent-Gyorgyi, A. G,: Structural and functional aspects of myosin. Adv. Enzymol, 16:313, 1955. traction. Prog. Viophys., 7:255, 1957. Huxley, A. F., and Niodcrgerke, II.: Measurement of Szent-Gyorgyi, A. G., Mazia, D., and Szent-Gyorgyi, A.: On the nature of the cross-striation of body musc'e jilriations in stretch and contraction. /. muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 16:339, 1955. Physiol., 724:461, 1954. Huxley, A. F., and Niedcrgerke, R.: Structural Theorcll, H., and Duve, C. De: Myohcmoglobin. Arch. Blochem., I2.-113,1947. changes in muscle during contraction; interference microscopy of living muscle fibers. Nature, 173: Umbrcit, W. W,: Metabolic Maps. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Co., 1952. 971, 1954. Huxley, A. F., and Taylor, 11. E.: Function of Krauso's Watanabc, S., and Sleator, W., Jr.: EDTA relaxation of glycerol-treatcd muscle fibers, and the effects of membrane. Nature, 176:1068, 1955. magnesium, calcium and manganese ions. Arch. Klotz, I. M.: Some Principles of Energetics in BioBiochem., 68:81, 1957. chemical Reactions. New York, Academic Press, Weber, II. II.: Adenosino triphosphate and motility 1957. of living systems. Harvey Lect., 49:37, 1953-1954. Laidler, K. J.: Introduction to the Chemistry of En- �u f<L. \ -WA 5.7 D 3A # "251 �z a 1 �/ O.O/2. \ \ Y7 s 30 ' / as? \ UM D-KMO ^hou(^M.) ^ �/ .OI2ji£ / /s T x �,3 �1 )AV - \ 10 u - i (/vvl i oh 325M. �r-\ . ��- 7.4 �at S7i- 70, f 510 «ad" - �0' ��><^» H I 0 OA bit*/ �dl s '4 Hf / ™ ri~ �,,; If*" / / X 7 tvrtJl , U ;K: £.-^ &^^ * A«* L?.*L£ li �r*- ��fe^v-^Tt. #\ "p/ �'/ x I Jf 4 COlJWQ vttxX e * f \JQcff o 0 •V •j—• 4-5 -4. \J (__ Aci \ Q jr-r *|^v... * -^ I , �a57 U&fcU t) \ p$ 3 10 5v ) s �tyjjw.J <&>^<3_ $ £t&&( 0-vi Ltf (^ CAjk*~C �1 •fc 3 Y 3 (il "3- �J y^r V 3 Vr, 0 \! 0 - I. i- -5 tt �c o O \4\fiV\ \ . r cc. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 055 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1477 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manuscript: Exposure calculations Subject The topic of the resource exposure assessment Ranch Hand dioxin ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/f4555f8a4887f0642f52fc067c2cc320.pdf a9a880813e85397665dfa89e33a5a273 PDF Text Text ItomD Number °2178 Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Repert/ArtlClO TltlO Letter: from Alving L. Young to Glenn E. Haughie, May 7,1981 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images D 6 DBscripton Notes Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2178 of 2293 �* �Alvin L. Young, Ph.D. Environmental Scientist 520A Magnolia Maxwell AFB AL 36113 7 May 1981 Dr. Glenn E. Haughie, MD Director, Office of Public Health New York Department of Health Tower Building, Empire State Plaza Albany NY 12237 Dear Dr. Haughie I apologize for the tardiness of my correspondence! I did appreciate the invitation to serve on the Expert Panel and to have had the opportunity of personally viewing the Binghamton State Office Building. Let me formally share with you my observations and recommendations, First, I commend you and your staff for the progress that has been made on resolving this chemical contamination "episode". However, you are faced with a monumental decontamination task which, unfortunately, has the potential for becoming an albatrose around the neck of the NY Department of Health for many years to come. It will likely produce negative benefits for the State of New York in the press and with the public unless the task is done carefully and tactfully. To this end, I believe you must immediately initiate long-term plans. The most important recommendation that I urge you to adopt is the formation of an "Authority" or "Special Agency" to coordinate all activities and functions associated with this episode. This "Authority" must be headquartered in Binghamton (preferably near the State Office Building so that decontamination activities can be readily monitored, and so that the "crisis" will be a daily reminder of the importance of its task). The MBING-HAMTON AUTHORITY" should be composed of committee members or advisors pMs a full-time, state-employed staff. The committee members should represent the concerned public, appropriate labor unions or employees of the State Office Building, and the city, county, state and federal governments. The full-time staff should minimally consist of a project director, staff scientist, public relations coordinator, and a small support staff. The full-time staff should maintain a facility where the Committee could hold weekly meetings, and where 1. �letters could be typed, phone calls received, status reports prepared, and interviews given to the news media. The current "Panel of Experts" could periodically serve the Authority on difficult scientific questions or sensitive public issues. The point that I am trying to make is that the Binghamton Authority must have the responsibility and authority to "get the job done". You desperately need a single focal point for this episode. When I visited Binghamton I was appalled by the number of "players" and the apparent lackoof coordination between them in collecting samples and giving interviews,and tours. Unless you can get this facet of the program in hand,^, future accomplishments Mil be minimal. A Binghamton Authority would provide the needed focal point. It is important that every action that concerns this episode be coordinated and appropriately documented. This includes proposals for research, contractual arrangements and actions, sampling protocols, labor actions, press releases, and the maintenance of a registry of visitors and tours of the contaminated facility. Although the cost of establishing a Binghamton Authority will be significant, the dollars that will be saved, the knowledge that will be documented, and favorable public relations that will be cultivated will offset the investment. The second issue I would like to address concerns exposure standards. The Expert Panel meeting of 3 April was unable to establish permissible expositae levels. In the absence of such data, I would recommend the use of interim standards. For example, for PCBs, an interim standard of 2 micrograms/per square meter for public surfaces and 1 microgram per cubic meter of air would be consistent with NIOSH actions. For TCDD, I would recommend an interim standard of 0.01 microgram per square meter and 0 0 6 microgram per cubic meter for similar surfaces and air, .0 respectively. These latter interim standards are in keeping with actions by the Italians and the US Air Force, respectively. I would also recommend that different areas of the building have different interim cleaning standards. For example, for TCDD, permissible levels of 5 micrograms per square meter should be adopted for inaccessible areas. Obviously, until sufficient analytical and toxicological data are 2. �available on the sample matrix, final exposure standards cannot be decided. I believe that chemical binding within the soot has signifanctly decreased the toxicity of the samples (see ATCH 1, article fr©m J, Agric. Food Ohem. 1981, 29:288-293). However , decontamination efforts are pointless unless you have a goal-oriented program. Thus, interim standards must be established concurrent with decontamination actions, least you be faced with the delemma of when to stop cleaning. In reference to toxicological testing, I was pleased to hear that you've had state laboratories undertake the testing and evaluation of the soot matrix. I feel very strongly that state and local laboratories should play important roHes in this project. Nevertheless, testing protocols should be prepared and evaluated on all projects, and all personnel should be instructed in the safe handling of the chemicals associated with the soot matrix. The entire project ooiald suffer if some laboratory personnel are contaminated due to poor testing and safety procedures. In reference to analytical determinations, I continue to support analyses by Br O'Keefe and Br»Spalik. However, because of the complexity of the analytical tasks, I believe it is important that confirmation of selected samples be obtained from an independent laboratory. I suggested to Br Schecter that the University of Nebraska has the necessary capability to exam samples for 2,3,7,8-TCBB. A commercial laboratory may also be of value in providing rapid turn-a-round time for selected samples. During my visit to Binghamton, I discussed with Br Schecter the need for a standard sampling protocol. This should include a program where all samples for all facets of the project (toxicology, characterization, and decontamination) are collected by the same team with records established on where, when, and how the samples were collected, I believe the current procedure is not providing the adequate "economy of sample" nor "maximum data per sample" that is so necessary in this project. For example, I recommended to Br Schecter that: A. The same location be wiped sampled on multiple floors. I suggested that a site near the vent in the NE Mens Room be sampled on Floors 3,7,11, 15, niid 18. This will allow dispersion modelling from the source. 3. �B. Wipe samples (from floor, wall, and ceiling) be collected from common areas (e.g., elevator lobbies) associated with floors 4,8, 12, and 16. This will allow comparisons between similar floors, walls, and ceilings that are located at equal distance from each other. C. Air samples be similarily collected from 2 locations (heavy traffic areas) on 3 different floors. The air samples should be 48-hr samples and should represent both partic.ulate and vapor phases. Detailed analyses of the above samples would provide a more complete picture of the magnitude of chemical contamination of the State Office Building,,They would also provide excellent baseline data prior to extensive decontamination operations. There are a few minor (but critical) items that I would bring to your attention. It is essential that a registry be prepared of all personnel potentially exposed to the toxins. This should include fireman, workers, visitors, etc. The more thorough the documentation of the individuals (identification, job, age, address,etc.) and the exposure (date, circumstances", located visited, etc.), the more valuable this registry will become in the next few years, especially when legal actions are taken and liability determinations are made. Another item is the disposition of the contaminated office equipment and furniture. I discussed an idea with Dr. Schecter concerning the equipment and furniture; I believe that with appropriate safe guards (approved by EPA), some enterprising firm may be willing to decontaminate, repair, and repaint the equipment and furniture. The firm would be responsible for safely removing the "bagged" equipment and furniture at no cost to the state. It would in-turn recover costs through the sale of the items. The county or state would profit by not ihaving to dispose of the material in a sanitary landfill or through incineration. This idea would be most feasible if it is shown that the soot reduces the exposure potential of the toxic chemicals. The parking garage was essentially decontaminated when I visited Binghamton. I would hope that the latest wipe and air samples confirm that the area is "essentially" decontaminated. Since this is an important parking facility, and one that can be controlled, I believe that the most stringent standards need not apply, I believe that the 4. �benefits gained from opening this parking facitity as soon as possible will outweigh the minimal risks associated with exposure to almost negligible levels of soot-bound contamination. This brings me to my last point. Because of the incidents associated with controlling the fire, and the initial attempts at decontamination, the soot, and hence, PCB, TCDD, and TCDP,;have spread from the building to other areas in the community. I realize that some mapping of the surrounding contamination has been conducted. I would certainly recommend continuation of a systematic (and periodic) mapping program. The public needs to know that there is an environmental monitoring program. The public needs to also hear "positive" information (the intent of my short seminar to your medical association). The "Doom and Gloom" team constantly maximizes any threat at the expense of perspectives and probabilities. In truth, we have no information that the low levels of PCBs, TCDDs, and TCDFs encountered in the environmental monitoring programs or in the decontaminated areas pose a threat to man or his environment. We must not let emotion dictate that the State Office Building and all its contents be destroyed. The project that faces you will be difficult but it ;is manageable? I believe that my comments address the questions and concerns in your letter of 15 April and Dr Schecter's letter of 10 April. It I can be of further assistance or clarify any of my comments, please contact me. Sincerely yours, AIVIN L. YOUNG, PhD 1 Atch Journal Article cc Dr. Arnold Schecter 5. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2178 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Letter: from Alvin L. Young to Glenn E. Haughie, May 7, 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation exposure assessment PCBs Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 087 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2197 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Buckley, John L. Title A name given to the resource Letter to Carl Young from John L. Buckley, 23 November 1981 Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation dioxin exposure assessment https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/378508edeb66c125097b16d400b18f68.pdf 419056635aefeae5a1168ee36426e49e PDF Text Text Item D Number 02210 Author Corporate Author Versar New York Inc., Springfield, Virginia Report/ArtldO TltlO Draft Re P°rt: Estimation of Risk to Human Health Associated with Exposures to Contaminated Surfaces in the Binghamton State Office Building and Proposed Reoccupancy Surface Standard Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color September 27 D Number of bneges 15 DOSCrlOtOn NOtOS Report Is accompanied by letters introducing it. Also included is a sheet of handwritten notes by Alvin L Young regarding a meeting on 22 December 1982. Thursday, September 20, 2001 Page 2210 of 2293 �Zz, « 2t!pD) ,-AV > | Mj» on 7G<3t) W O /(/ �Kcw York iiK. October 1, 1982 Dr. Alvin Young Office of Environmental Medicine Veterans Administration 810 Vemrant Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20420 Dear Dr. Young: Enclosed please find the proposed BSOB reoccupancy standard as we discussed. Although the approach is certainly not earth-shaking, New York State indicated that their initial reaction was favorable. I hope to have formal comments from them within the next week or so. As I mentioned in our phone conversation, I intend to adjust the standard appropriately for inaccessible areas of the building and for surfaces which are not likely to be contacted by BSOB employees. As one final point of interest, Versar has been authorized to pursue research on the two areas which I recommended in the document and I anticipate the generation of some truly fascinating new data over the next six months. I hope your trip is both successful and pleasant and look forward to talking with you further on your return. Sincerely Van Kozak Senior Scientist VK/sh 737C-129 Enclosures P.O. BOX 1549 6621 ELECTRONIC DRIVE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22151 TELEPHONE: (703) 750-3000 �New York inc. September 21, 1982 Mr. Harry Stevens, Jr. Director of Design and Construction Office of General Services State of New York 35th Floor, Tower Building Empire State Plaza Albany, New York 12242 Dear Mr. Stevens: Enclosed please find five copies of a draft report proposing a reoccupancy surface standard for the Binghamton State Office Building. I look forward to meeting you and discussing this analysis and other matters in our Thursday meeting. Sincerely, P. Kozak Senior Scientist VK/sh 737C-124 cc: Dr. Dr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. R. Durfee R. Bonan R. West in j Richards . C. Garter J. Mayers P.O. BOX 1549 6621 ELECTRONIC DRIVE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22151 TELEPHONE: (703) 750-3000 �\Vw York inc. DRAFT REPORT Preliminry Draft: Do Not Cite or Quote This document is a preliminry draft that was prepared by versar New York Inc. for the purpose of facilitating discussions of policy issues. This document has not been formally released by the State of New York and should not at this stage by construed to represent the policy of the State or the final recommendations of Versar New York Inc. It is being circulated for comments on its technical merit and policy implications. Estimation of Risk to Human Health Associated with Exposures to Contaminated Surfaces in the Binghamton State Office Building and Proposed Reoccupancy Surface Standard Prepared for: Office of General Services State of New York Albany, New York Prepared by: Versar New York Inc. 6621 Electronic Drive Springfield, Virginia 22151 �New York inc. September 27, 1982 ESTIMATION OF RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURES TO CONTAMINATED SURFACES IN THE BINGHAMTCN STATE OFFICE BUILDING AND PROPOSED REOCCUPANCY SURFACE STANDARD 1.0 INTRODUCnCN AND BACKGROUND On February 5r 1981, an early morning electrical fire occurred in a basement mechanical room in the State Office Building in Binghamton, New York. The fire, believed to have originated in electrical switchgear,d) was sufficiently intense to cause a coolant leak in an adjacent electrical transformer. The Askarel coolant was composed of about 65 percent Aroclor 1254 (PCBs) and roughly 35 percent trichlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene. Pyrolysis of the coolant and other organic materials by the intense heat resulted in the formation of a fine, oily soot which was found later to be present on virtually all surfaces within the building, presumably transported to upper floors via a ventilation shaft.(D Cleanup activities were initiated but were terminated when chemical analysis of the soot by the New York State Department of Health laboratories revealed significant concentrations of not only PCBs, but also the much more toxic compounds 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro^dibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzofuran.d) These compounds apparently were V produced by pyrolysis of the transformer coolant. Available information on the nature and extent of contamination of the Binghamton State Office Building (BSOB) by toxic organic compounds indicates that a significant portion of the toxic material can be removed by removing the soot that is present on interior surfaces of the building. For example, analytical results from 12 wipe tests of desk tops on the Seventeenth Floor by the New York State Department of Healthd) indicated a geometric mean PCBs (as Aroclor 1254) area concentration of 11.35ug/m2 after vacuuming as compared to an average PCBs area concentration of 162 yg/m2 reported on open, horizontal surfaces prior to cleaning. �New York inc. The development of a reoccupancy surface standard for BSOB surfaces is important for at least three reasons. First, an appropriate standard must be established for the protection of human health. Second, the adoption of a standard will allow logical decisions to be made with respect to removal or encapsulation of building surfaces as opposed to cleaning and retention of the items and, finally, it may be possible to use surface sampling and an accepted standard as an alert system for the initiation of additional air monitoring or other appropriate action once the building is reoccupied. 2.0 INSESTION OF BSOB CONTAMINANTS Based on an intensive review of available toxicological information, the State of New York has estimated a level of permissible human exposure to the BSOB contaminants and has proposed an air guideline for these compounds within the BSCB. Although inhalation is considered to be the most important exposure route, both ingestion and dermal absorption are potential routes for human exposure to BSOB contaminants. In all of the previous risk assessments conducted for the BSOB, the dermal absorption route has been considerd to be negligible when compared to inhalation and ingestion and, hence, has been neglected. Ingestion exposure might occur if particulate matter were to adhere to a worker's hands and eventually reach the mouth through a variety of activities such as smoking, nail biting, eating, or occasional hand-mouth contact. It is also possible that in rare instances, food would be placed directly on a work surface prior to consumption and, thereby, transfer contaminants from the surface directly to the mouth. This document presents an assessment of the risk to human health resulting from potential ingestion of BSOB contaminants and proposes a specific surface reoccupancy standard for the building. The current scientific literature provides very little guidance which would assist in estimating the extent to which BSOB contaminants will be ingested by humans working in the building following cleanup. However, the need for a specific reoccupancy surface standard mandates that best estimates of this exposure route be made. �* New York inc. The general approach used in this document to assess the adequacy of a proposed surface standard has been to: Assume that ingestion is the only significant exposure route to contaminants on BSOB surfaces; Develop predictive estimates of the quantity of contaminants tranferred from surfaces to the hands and finally to the mouth; Add the total predicted ingestion exposure to inhalation levels estimated on the basis of the proposed air standard and; Compare the predicted total exposure to the no-observable-effect-level (NOEL) developed through animal toxicology experiments. From a pragmatic standpoint, it seems unlikely that large amounts of the toxins will be removed from building surfaces and consumed by the average office worker. On the other hand, some degree of ingestion exposure will probably occur on an irregular basis. The extent of this exposure will be dependent on the extent to which contaminants are transferred from the building surfaces to the mouths of the employees. Although the mechanisms of transfer are speculative, it is reasonable to assume that the primary route of transfer will involve movement of the chemicals fron the BSOB surfaces to the hands of the workers and then to the mouth. Activities which might facilitate this transfer include smoking, nail-biting, eating, or occasional hand-mouth contact. It is also possible that employees may occasionally place food directly on the surface of desks or tables prior to consumption and transfer contaminants directly to the mouth. This direct mechanism is considered less likely and has not been specifically addressed, since the analysis has been conducted on a reasonable worst-case basis and should allow for intermittent consumption of food which has been directly contaminated. Transfer of the BSOB contaminants from the hands of a worker to the mouth will likely involve contact with a relatively limited portion of the total hand skin area. It is reasonable to assume that the pads of the fingers and thumbs and some portion of the palm area will be preferentially involved in most hand mouth contact. These skin areas are believed to represent approximately 10% of the total surface area of the hands. Thus, for purposes of this analysis, it will be conservatively assumed that employees will ingest the total quantity of BSOB contaminants which cover 10% of the entire skin surface of both hands on a daily basis over a 30-year working lifetime. �* New York inc. Although available information does not allow a reliable estimate of the extent to which these chemicals will adhere to human skin, there is no reason to expect that relatively dry skin in an air-conditioned environment will collect the contaminants at levels exceeding ambient surface concentrations. Contaminants will likely be in a dynamic interaction with the skin surface where accumulation will be countered by abrasion, wash-off, and transfer off the skin to other surfaces. Thus, the assumption will be made that skin levels of the contaminants are unlikely to exceed the ambient BSOB surface contamination level. These assumptions are believed to be quite conservative because most people wash their hands several times a day and employees will typically contact the same surfaces repeatedly. It is also likely that the contamination levels on such "frequently contacted" surfaces will decline at a rate exceeding the predictions used in this analysis (i.e., Scenario B - Kim and Hawley, 1982). In order to calculate the human exposure based on the skin surface areas of the hands, it is necessary to develop estimates of skin area representative of the exposed population. Following the Binghamton State Office Building Expert advisory Panel Meeting of March 29, 1982, a suggestion was made to use an average weight of less than 70 kg/person in the risk assessment. As a result of this suggestion, the current risk assessment has been revised to use a weight of 50 kg which is one standard deviation below the average weight for adult females. Assuming that the population at greatest risk is comprised of 50 kg women employees, an approximate hand surface area is calculated as shown below. Based on an individual's height and weight, total body surface area can be estimated using the "Height-Weight Formula" for computing body surface area.(2,3,4) Given a person's height in centimeters (H) and weight in kilograms (W), the body surface area in square meters (S) is derived using the following formula: S = 0.007184 x wO-425 x fjO'725 �* New York inc. DuBois and DuBois(2) estimate the error in the "Height-Weight Formula" to be il.5% on the average, with a maximum of —5%. These authors contend that maximum errors apply only to those of unusual shape; for those of average body form, the average error will seldom be exceeded. An estimate of the average height of 50 ]<g woman can be derived using data compiled by the U.S. Department of Health, ESucation and Welfare (1979) National Center for Health Statistics.(5) This publication presents statistical values of height and weight characteristics for the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentile of a sample of the U.S. population at age intervals from birth to 74 years. According to this report, a 50 kg woman corresponds to the 10th percentile (equivalent to one standard deviation below the mean) of U.S. women 18-74 years of age. The corresponding height of women in this category is reported as 60.5 inches or 153.7 on. Total body surface area may then be calculated from the "Height-Wsight Ebrmula"as: S = 0.007184 x 50°-425 x 1 4 ' 2 = 1.46 m2 5°75 According to Berkow*6'7), the hands account for 4.5% of the total body surface area in humans 12-74 years of age. Hence, the skin surface area of the hands of a 50 kg woman is 14600 cm2 x 0.045 = 657 or 329 on2 per hand. The current state-of-the-art with respect to sampling and analytical methodology should allow the quantification of PCB surface levels as low as 1 to 5 yg/m2. If it is assumed that the ratios of the highly toxic contaminants (e.g., TCDD, TCDF, etc.) to PCB levels in the BSQB remain equal to previously reported values, then it is possible to predict the level of human exposure and risk resulting frcm ingestion of these contaminants from surfaces within the building. The following risk assessment assumes that, following the final cleanup of the building, PCB's will not exceed 5 y g/m2 on surfaces which employees will contact on a regular basis. �* New York inc. Key assumptions used in the analysis are as follows: o Skin levels of contaminants will not exceed ambient BSOB surface levels. o Employees will ingest the total quantity of BSOB contaminants which cover 10% of the skin surface of both hands on a daily basis for a 30-year working lifetime. o The skin surface area of both hands of a member of the working population most at risk (i.e., 50 kg women) is 657 on2. o Dermal absorption is negligible and will not contribute to the risk. o Over a 30-year period, surface contamination levels in the BSOB will decline to one percent of the initial values when the building is reoccupied (i.e., Scenario B). o BSOB soot contains 30,000 yg PCB/g, 1.2 yg TCDD/g and 48 yg TCDF/g and the ratios between contaminants remains the same on contaminated surfaces. 58 o The ratio f72 accurately represents the increased toxicity of the contaminant mixture when it is first calculated on the basis of 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration alone. 2.1 Residue Analysis Previous experiments suggests that typical BSOB soot contains 3% PCB's (30,000yg PCB/g soot), 1.2yg TCDD/g soot and 48 yg TCDF/g soot. For purposes of this analysis, it is assumed that the ratios between contaminants (which may be easily derived from these figures) will apply to all relevant surfaces in the building. Further analytical work may refine these values and modify any subsequent exposure analyses. (1) Based on these assumptions, BSOB surfaces contaminated by 5 yg 2 200 pg TCDD/m (i.e., 5 yg/m2 x IjJL | PCB/m2 would also contain 200 pg TCDD/m22 (i. 300007 2 2 and 8.0 ng TCDF/m (i.e., 5yg/m x JL1L ] ^ \ -jnnnn / 30000/ �New York inc. This analysis assumes that BSOB employees are exposed to the contaminants on a daily basis over a 30-year working lifetime. If one assumes that over a 30-year period contamination levels drop to one percent of the initial values when the building is reoccupied per Scenario B - developed by N. Kim and J. Hawley,(l), the initial surface levels may be adjusted to reflect average values more appropriate for the estimate of human exposure: (a) 5ug PCB/m2 x 6.4 = i.l yg PCB/m2 30 (b) 200 pg TCDD/m2 x 6.4 = 43 pg TCDD/m2 30 (c) 8.0 ng TCDF/m2 x 6.4 = 1.7ng TCDF/m2 30 These average values will be used to derive an estimate of human risk based on an initial reoccupany standard of 5yg PCB/m2. 2.2 Exposure/Risk Analysis Assuming that the hands of a 50 kg female BSOB employee become contaminated with the compounds of interest at levels equivalent to the surface reoccupancy standard and that the total quantity of these compounds covering 10% of the entire skin surface of both hands is ingested each working day, the following exposure results: Skin surface area = 10% of 657 on2 = 66 cm2 Average Daily Ingestion Exposure: PCS (1.1 ug/on2) * (66 cm2) =6.9 ng/day (10000 on2/m2) TCED (43 pg/m2) x (66 cm2) » 0.28 pg/day (10000 cm2/m2) (1*7 ng/m2) x (66 on2) = 0.011 ng/day (10000 on2/m2) �Versar NCW YM* inc. It is known that soot from the building has an acute toxicity equivalent to a 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration of 58 ug/g of soot despite the fact that the actual 2,3,7,8-TCDD content is 1.2 pg/g of soot.(8) The difference is presumably attributable to other compounds in the soot. Although the reoccupancy standard will probably be based on actual analytical measurements of PCB, TCDD, TCDF or other contaminants (where appropriate ratios are established), risk is a function of the toxicity of the contaminated mixture to which humans are exposed. Thus, a surface standard based on actual residue analysis of one of these compounds must be adjusted to reflect the actual toxicity of the mixture. As noted above, ingestion exposure at levels predicted by this analysis will result in a dose of "TCDD-equivalent" which is significantly greater than exposure to TCDD alone. Based on the predicted Average Daily/Ingestion Exposure to TCDD of 0.28 pg/day, the dose of "TCDD - equivalent toxicant" is 0.28 pg/day x 58 - 13.5 pg/day. 1.2 For a 50 kg BSOB employee, the dose may be expressed as 13.5 pg/day 50 kg body weight = .27 0 pg/kg/day. Based on a no-observed-effect level of 1 ng/kg/day, an uncertainty factor of 3703 I i.e., 1 0 pg/kg/day\wnnld exist if ingestion were 00 ^ 0.27 pg/kg/day) the sole source of human exposure within the BSOB. To look at it another way, if the inhalation standard (i.e., 2 pg/kg/day) is based on a safety factor of 500 the addition of 0.27 pg/kg/day ingestion exposure would / , reduce the safety factor from 500 to 440 i e , 1 2 . = 440 ../2° \2.27 �VcrSill* New York inc. 3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND REECMMENDATICNS It appears that based on practical limitations of current analytical methodology and a conservative estimate of ingestion exposure/ a reoccupancy surface standard for the BSOB of 5 yg/m2 PCB {200 pg TCDD/m2 or 8 ng TCDF/m2) would ensure an adequate margin of safety for the health of workers in the building. It is important to recognize that the methodology used in this report is quite flexible and may be easily modified should new data become available in the future. For example, the analysis is highly sensitive to both the levels of contaminants and their ratios in the soot and on BSOB surfaces. In a similar fashion, the rate of contaminant degradation in the building determines the appropriate initial reoccupancy surface standard. This assessment has utilized Scenario B of Kim and Hawley since according to the Summary Conclusions of the Binghamton State Office Building Expert Advisory Panel Meeting of March 29, 1982: "Scenario B in the risk assessment paper is the most appropriate decontamination scenario for inhalation exposures (Surface contamination and the resulting dermal exposure may decrease more rapidly than assumed in Scenario B)." (Emphasis added). Scenario B has been utilized in this risk assessment because: (1) Scenario B has been acknowledged as an appropriate scenario for inhalation exposure, (2) it is recognized that Scenario B is probably a conservative estimate for dermal and subsequent ingestion exposure, and (3) available data do not permit development of a more reliable decontamination prediction for the ingestion situation. The decline in BSOB surface contamination levels will depend on the degree of degradation and removal from surfaces (or the building as a whole) on the one hand, and deposition on surfaces following atmospheric transfer from other areas of the building on the other. At present, data are unavailable to permit an adequate evaluation of the dynamics of the contaminants within the building. Vfe recommend that such data be collected in order to further substantiate or �10 * New York inc. appropriately modify the proposed surface standard. Another important consideration from the standpoint of the reoccupancy surface standard is the method used to sample BSOB surface contamination levels. Available information suggests that the two methods currently used (i.e., dry wipes and hexane saturated wipes) provide widely different results, and it is believed that neither method adequately simulates the contact between human skin and building surfaces. Further testing in this area is also recommended. �11 REFERENCES 1. New York State Department of Health. Briefing Document for Expert Panel on the Binghamton State Office Building. Dated 3/24/81. 2. DuBois D, DuBois EF. 1916. Clinical colorimetry. Tenth paper. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Archives of Internal Medicine 17:863-871. 3. Ganong WF. 1975. Review of Medical Physiology. 7th edition. Los Altos, Cfa Lange Medical Publications. 4. Guyton fC. 1976. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 5. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1979. Weight and Height of Aiults 18-74 Years of Age: United States, 1971-74. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Series 11, No. 211. 6. Berkow SG. 1924. A method of estimating the extensiveness of lesions (burns and scalds) based on surface area proportions. Archives of Surgery 8:138-148. 7. Berkow SG. 1931. Value of surface-area proportions in the prognosis of cutaneous burns and scalds. Aner. J. Surg. 11:315-317. 8. Eadon, G., K. Aldons, G. Frankel, J. Gierthy, D. Hilker, L. Kaminsky, P. O'Keefe, J. Silkworth and R. Smith, "Comparisons of Chemical and Biological Data on Soot Samples from the Binghamton State Office Building". Unpublished report by Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, N.Y. (March 1982). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 088 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2210 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Versar New York Inc., Springfield, Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 27 1982 Title A name given to the resource Draft Report: Estimation of Risk to Human Health Associated with Exposures to Contaminated Surfaces in the Binghamton State Office Building and Proposed Reoccupancy Surface Standard Subject The topic of the resource BSOB building remediation exposure assessment clean-up standards Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 088 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2205 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 20 1982 Title A name given to the resource Corrected Summary Conclusions Page Subject The topic of the resource BSOB exposure assessment