2
15
67
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/5abb01301d19a2037cea14d25963e9c2.pdf
abf7efa237c540bfd4865f4214af739e
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
Author
Corporate Author
Biological Branch, Bio-Chemical Division, Air Force Arm
Report/Article Title
Memorandum: Trip Report, Preston, Md. and Ft.
Detrick, Md., from Kennard A. Reynard, 1Lt, to Branch
Chief and Division Chief
Journal/Book Title
ooob]
Year
Month/Day
Color
D
Number of Images
Desoripton Notes
Found in a file labeled: "Correspondence Concerning
the Use of Defoliants in SEA and the Role of Air Force
Personnel, Nov 1962 - Oct 1967"; Discusses visit to
Tidewater A G Systems and demonstration of new
nozzle, also meeting of the Defoliants/Anticrop
Subcommittee of the JTCG Technical Coordinating
Group. Date stamped 9 Oct 1967.
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 250 of 341
�MEMORANDUM
Biological Branch
Bio-Chemical Division
Air Force Armament Lab
SUBJECT:
Trip Report, Preston, Md. and Ft Detrick, Md.
TO: BRANCH CHIEF__
DIVISION CHIEF
Return for File
1. The facilities of Tidewater A G Systems were visited, and a
demonstration of their new nozzle was witnessed. Facilities
consisted of a three room frame building whose space was largely
unoccupied. The company has three crop spraying planes, a private
plane, and their own dirt airstrip. The firm consists of two
partners, a secretary and an engineering consultant.
2. A crop dusting plane was outfitted with the AG nozzle, and
flown at 10-20 feet altitude and 95 mph. A mixture of 2, 4D,
2,4,5T and kerosene was sprayed over a line of Kromecoate cards,
which were spaced approximately at two foot intervals for two
hundred feet. Expected droplet size was 100 microns, and the
cards are being examined by the CB facility. The nozzle is a
sturdy, well designed piece of equipment, but it will cause a
high drag penalty on the aircraft. Cost of the unit was
estimated to be five to six hundred dollars in quantity.
3. The first meeting of the Defoliants/Anticrop Subcommittee of
the JTCG Technical Coordinating Group was convened. A Charter
was discussed and adopted. The remainder of the day was spent
discussing the mission, scope and projects of the agencies
represented by the subcommittee members. A tour of Ft Detrick
facilities was cancelled due to lack of time.
KENNARD A. REYNARD, ILt, USAF
Project Engineer
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
019
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0250
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
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Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Reynard, Kennard A.
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Biological Branch, Bio-Chemical Division, Air Force Armament Lab
Title
A name given to the resource
Memorandum: Trip Report, Preston, Md. and Ft. Detrick, Md., from Kennard A. Reynard, 1Lt, to Branch Chief and Division Chief
Subject
The topic of the resource
spray equipment
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/001545f45a1cfed571a38d43192e8535.pdf
4769742d5dda8746a92e4ad8a2782ae2
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
00250
Author
Corporate Author
Report/Article Title [Typescript: technical Defoliant Problems
Journal/Book Title [~_Z~L. ~ZZTZZZ1T3
Year
Month/Day
[ZT.J!°°°I
Color
Number of Images
Descrlpton Notes
Found in a file labeled: "Misc. Data and Information on
Military Defoliants From an Old 2552 Project Folder";
Discusses technical problems with using agents orange,
blue, and white in Southeast Asia
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 260 of 341
�TECHNICAL DEFOLIANT PROBLEMS
The following technical problems primarily involve the defoliant
agent itself, but if solved would greatly enhance the defoliation
effort:
1. Bulk, Weight and Cost. Agents now in use in SEA weigh between 10 and 11 pounds per gallon and to be effective require, on
the average, 3 gallons per acre deposition rate at a cost of $5-9/gal.
2. Lack of a "super" agent. Presently there are three agents in
SEA, ORANGE (2,4-0/2,4,5-T), BLUE (Cacodylic Acid) and WHITE (Dow's
Tordon and 2,4 Damine). All of these agents require deposition
rates of 1 gallon to 5 gallons per acre depending on the target.
Flow rates vary among agents due to differences in viscosity, further
complicating delivery problems. To be effective against rice,
1/2 to 1 gallon per acre of BLUE is required but when used as a
general defoliant, 3 gallons per acre is required. All of the
above agents are not effective on the entire spectrum of plant
species in SEA. The agents will defoliate and kill many of the
plant species but some species will be defoliated but not killed;
therefore, regrowth occurs 4-8 months after spraying.
The present
use of three different agents also present logistic and ground
handling problems.
3. Lag time between spray application and effect.
Presently
with ORANGE AND BLUE 3 to 6 days is required before a "burn" is
evident and can be seen from the air. With agent WHITE, several
weeks is required for this stage of defoliation. After this has
occurred, usually a month or more is required before leaf drop or
actual "defoliation" is complete. As a result of this lag in time,
�two problems are evident:
a. Lack of ability with the present agents to ascertain
swath coverage immediately after making a spray pass. Numerous
marking techniques have been tried to accomplish this which include
laying down white paint at the rate of 10 gal/A, marking with smoke
bombs, balloons, etc., all with negative results.
b. The other problem is a field commander cannot defoliate
an enemy held area fast enough to expose the enemy. Defoliation
presently acts to expose an area over a long period of time, thereby denying future use of the cover by the enemy.
4. Tendency of agents to drift away from target area to friendly
areas. To obtain optimum swath width, area coverage, and efficient
use of agent, droplets of 100 to 500 microns are desired. However, if
one applies Stokes Law to a droplet this size in a 8-10 knot crosswind, it is evident that unwanted drift is a problem. To complicate
matters, any method which has been presented to the Air Force as
means of controlling drift has also increased the viscosity of the
liquid thereby making the hardware and the agent incompatible, and
decreased the swath width and concentration of the agent per gallon.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
019
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0260
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Typescript: Technical Defoliant Problems
Subject
The topic of the resource
herbicide application
herbicide blue
herbicide white
Ranch Hand
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
019
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0266
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Seymour, K. G.
B.C. Byrd
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>The Dow Chemical Company
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964-01-01
Title
A name given to the resource
Particulate Sprays for Reducing Drift From Herbicide Applications
Subject
The topic of the resource
herbicide testing
herbicide white
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/0eae6411b77d8973b9cb74e4510ebfda.pdf
d3bcd99db582a2fbf252d3d6deebd0ef
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
00274
Author
Corporate Author
RopOrt/ArtiOlB TltlO
Form:
Laboratory Work Request and Report, 5 June
1963, requested by Mr. Sam Fitzgerald, Determine
viscosity-temperature curves of six (6) fuel oil and weed
killer samples.
Journal/Book Titlo
Yoar
oooo
Month/Day
Color
n
Number of Images
1
DOSCrlptOU NOtBS
Viscosity-temperature data for six (6) fuel oil and weed
killer samples. Curves mentioned as being on a
separate sheet are missing.
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 274 of 341
�r
?^
**
LABORATORY WORK REQUEST AND REPORT
PROJECT
DATE
REQUESTED BY
TELEPHONE
ORGANIZATION
FOOT
DESCRIPTION OF W O R K TO BE DONE :
•*«•"»•
MMpU*,
/
L A B O R A T O R Y REPORT
ftflMtli f
„_
H
*JP
1. mawitjrY/^/4,)
"
HP*
iHHMMHMEiNNi
to*
,of>
fffl*
tt.O
90 ,o
li.i^?^^^
93.3
U.O
SO.O
U*0
3.47 2.7t
1 0 M.9
5 .
a.
Vlscoaity
3.
V4wao«lty(^^ /</*///"' //i. 10
5.20
4.50
4.
?i»eo«Uy
5.M
4.95
4.15 1.29
2.*f
1 p*rt #2, vl»co«tty )
1 part f3
)
(by veitme)
19.5
14.8
1 .
11
5.15
i j»rt 03, vl»co«.ity )
2 p«rt» #2
)
(by volunM»)
39.5
26.3
19.4 1 .
14
"
. \ 150.
7.15
7.40
°— - — - •*"•" *"'
ISkVlW A. HMNMI
APGC
AF-EGLIN AFB,
FLA.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
019
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0274
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Form: Laboratory Work Request and Report, 5 June 1963, requested by Mr. Sam Fitzgerald, Determine viscosity-temperature curves of six (6) fuel oil and weed killer samples.
Subject
The topic of the resource
herbicide application
herbicide properties
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/70d5a7dc092b19f7a2a3ce62d1ba7f42.pdf
b667acb4aecd6ec6720b7d088f63473b
PDF Text
Text
°0275
Item ID Number
Author
Corporate Author
Report/Article Title
Table: Pass 3
—31 October 1963, Data on spots and
spread
Journal/Book Title
0000
Month/Day
Color
LJ
Number of Images
1
Descripton Notes
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 275 of 341
�31 October 19*3.
Spot
it
Spread ffcetor
b h
« «
82
105
125
1U
155
170
183,
200
210
233
2*0
255
266
282
298
312
326
342
382
397
411
425
439
453
467
482
497
512
525
538
552
485
869
380
236
233
135
225
61
83
21
1?
24
15
2
6
5
2
6
I
0
0
1
- 190
16,808
274,968
1,263,872
2,300,750
1.293.624
1,275,274
1055,584
1,289,601
2,942,000
1,393,557
1.914,624
1,230,320
1,330,840
2,932,875
1,556,480
1,159.468
1,358,856
925,965
800,000
5641921
883,784
255,507
263,636
375,000
263,640
39.366
131,712
121,945
54,000
.78,746
32,768
2,101
10,184
19,748
18,406
5.989
3.718
2,257
1,769
2.942
1,047
1,108
S.875
2.45
2.85
3.20
3.55
3.90
4*14
4.38
4.47
4.56
4.74
5.00
502
5.23
5.31
5.39
5.45
5.52
5.58
5.65
5.70
5.76
5.80
5.84
5.88
5.92
5.9*6.00
6.02
6.04
6.06
f.09
6.13
42,875
6.18
15
23
33
45
59
71
84
89
95
106
125
134
143
150
157
162
168
174
180
185
191
195
199
203
207
212
216
218
220
223
226
230
234
236
sr)3
1,120.5
11,955.1
38,295.2
51,1?7.8
21,925.8
17,961.6
13,757.0
14,489.9
30,9*8.4
13,U*.8
15,317.0
9,181.5
9,306.6
19,552.5
9,913.9
7,157.2
8,088.4
5.321.6
4*444*4
3,053.*
4.627.1
1.310.3
1,319.9
1,847.3
1,273.6
185.7
609.8
559.4
245.4
801. f
145.0
181.
319,195.
ltl«tii
lsti
0.4
3.7
12.0
16.0
0.4
40
6.9
5.6
4.3
4.5
9.7
4*1
4.8
2.9
2.9
60
3.1
39.0
44.6
48.9
53.4
630
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
oo
0.2
0.0
0.1
72.0
74.9
77.8
83.9
87.0
89.2
91.7
93.4
94.8
95.8
97^2
97.6
98.0
98.6
99.0
990
99.3
9S.5
99.*
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.9
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
019
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0275
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Table: Pass 3 --- 31 October 1963, Data on spots and spread
Subject
The topic of the resource
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/6d756e3798a3feb87ce9f888ef9eca00.pdf
bfab4644bc6cb4df7e6420cf79c1b6c5
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
00294
Author
Corporate Author
Report/Article Title Typescript: Pre 65 DFL Spray Operations RUN
Journal/Book Title
Year
000
°
Month/Day
Color
Number of Images
9
OeSCriptOU NOtBS
Includes data table of number of gallons of military
herbicide procured by the U.S. Department of Defense
and disseminated in South Vietnam during the period
January 1962 - December 1964, source of table listed
as USAF OEHL Report, p. I-9
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 294 of 341
�p re 65 rirL Spray '"'Derations R M M
The first actual test mission in Q outh Vietnam was flown along a road
north of Kontum by a VMA 1 7 H-^-l helicopter equioned with a '1°, Navy
Helicopter Insecticide Dispersal Apparatus L i q u i d (HTn/U,) Sprav system ^
1
0 August
1
Q61.
Two weeks later, the first fixed-winn: spray mission was
flown by a V M A ^ C-47 .
stretch of route
Thanh.
1
T
his mission, flown on ?'» August, a four km
3 about RO km north of Saigon near the V i l l a g e of Chon
Roth of these missions disnersed the herbicide n}.noxol .
On ? January
1
9^?, President ^ennedy authorized l i m i t e d n^L operations o
an experimental nature against separate targets which together comprised
about
1
6 miles o^ the total distance about ^ miles along route
1C
S
between Hien Hoa and Vung T au .
Three C-t?3 equipped with MC-1 spray tanks (1000 g a l l o n caoacity) landed
at Tan Son Mhut on 7 January 1Q6?.
for Ranch Hand until
1
December
1
Tan Son Mhut remained the headouarte
9^*S when the unit mov^d to Rion
�The first Ranch Hand spray mission was flown on the morning of
1
96?.
A target north of Route
1
1
1
At 0«?o and
0 January one Ranch "and C-1?? sprayed less than
200 gallons of herbicide purple.
January along Route
> Januar
5 was chosen adjacent to a swath, a "MA17
C-47 had sprayed with herbicide pink on ?9 n^cember 10*>1.
0900 on the morning of
ir
T
wo spray missions were flown on 1 1
*•> which inaugurated the ''anch M and program.
Swath
width was 500 feet for the first flight and 400 feet for the second
flight.
A g a i n purple was applied.
the following three days.
Missions continued along R^ute
The mission on
the
1
1
^ on
6th completed the
initially authorized spray work which totaled to sorties, used 7,9?0
gallons of herbicide and covered 6,9?0 acres.
During the period January - March 6?, many training missions were also
flown.
On one low level mission, in February
1
96 9 , a D anch Hand aircraf
T
crashed, destroying the aircraft and k i l l i n g the three crew members.
plane went down in an inaccessable area off of "oute
1
5 between Men
ll
h
oa
and Vung Tau.
Ranch Hand again flew spray missions on 1U-17 February 1Q<5?.
1i
n
n the
lth, they sprayed a target along Route 1'-J which was approximately 1 0
miles long by 400 yards wide and totaled 1^00 acres.
T
hat same dav they
sprayed about 900 acres surrounding the *'han Co airfield.
the
1
5th was accomplished on a stretch of Route
along Route
1
4 on the previous d a y .
T
1
Spraying on
the same dimension as
he ^ather Hoa area, in the souther
portion of the Ca Man penensula, was sprayed on the ifth and i?th of
�February.
T
hese February operations took
1
? sorties, used 1R'-! drums of
purple herbicide and covered 7,800 acres.
With the exception of the Rien Hoa airfield and the T han T uy Ha
ammunition storage area which were treated by WA 17 helicopters, the spra
missions on
17
February completed the i n i t i a l coverage of all authorized
targets.
Ranch Hard aircraft resprayed the areas alons Rt
1
^ on ?n Marc 1 ..
There
was a break in herbicide operations for five months after this mission,
to await evaluation of the chemical effects on the foliage.
On
1
7 and ?1 July 6? V N A F sprayed scrub growth north, northeast and west
of the runway at Bien Hoa.
Ranch Hand began spray operations a g a i n d u r i n g the oeriod 3 to 7
September.
Six soray missions were conducted along the n ng ^oc River i n
An Xuyen Province.
Spray operations were again resumed on ?o September.
S September and 11 October
1
R
etween the period
Q(S2, "anch u and sprayed a total of more than
9,000 acres dispensing ?7,6UB gallons of purple herbicide.
These
missions cleared vegetation along about SO m i l e s of rivers and c a n a l s in
the Ca Mau Penensula.
30 November
1
Q6? authorized clearances por ^ specific areas to be snrave
�proposed in the July recommendation and also delegated the authority to
approve the employment of herbicides in future operations.
Highway 1 south of Tuy Hoa on
Highway
1
Fast side of
1
'4 Oec ft'3. On 1« *• ?U nee 6? U km of
south of Oui Nhon . After these missions were completed
defoliation activities were halted until the advent of the rainy season
the following June.
carried out crop destruction using 5 H-V4 heliconters equipped ^o^
cron destruction.
T
Vietnam occurred on
he first test crop destruction operation in South
1
0 Aug 61.
V M A ^ helicopter sprayed trinoxol on crop
near a v i l l a g e north of r>ak TO.
D
resident Kennedy's basic authority for
Ranch Hand prohibited crop destruction.
Vietnamese program.
r
ron destruction remained an ai
On ? Oct 6? President Kennedy allowed
crop destruction operations.
restricted
Area to be sprayed were portions of a ^ k
square area of Phuoc Long Province.
The base for this crop destruction
program was the air strip at Nui ^ara in D huoc Lons D rovince.
US
Airforce C- 1 ?3's transported chemicals supplies and equipment to this
base.
With advise and assistance of American technicians, the South
Vietnamese installed HTDAT, spray equioment on five VMA 1 7 H-?ii hel icooter,":
Spray operation began on the morning of ? 1 Nov ^"> .
A total of ^O
gallons of Herbicide "Rlue" (cacadylic acid") was spraved over about 400
acres of crops.
On 9? Nov 6P they again spraved Herbicide " n lue" on a
total of 375 acres o^ crops in Phuoc Long
D
rovince.
Ranch Hand began a p p l y i n g herbicides along *46 km of canals in the r/\ M(\'r
�penensula in June
1C
)63.
Fight sorties were flown in this region of TV
Corns between 6 and P June dispensing 7,?00 gallons of chemicals.
Tv
^e
unit flew spray missions along a powerline extending *>om Ha Lat to Rien
From 3-?7 July
Hoa.
during
1
1
96?, Ranch Hand sprayed m,7?p g a l l o n s of herhici'il
9 sorties along 58 km of transmission l i n e right-of-way.
Ranch Hand spray operations ceased after the July spray missions due to
request by the Thai government to assist in the control of locusts.
Ranch Hand resumed spray operations in October
1
U Oct
1
1
963.
between the period
963 and 1? Jan 1QM they dispensed 7 i f ^ f t n g a l l o n s of herbicide o
six separate target complexes.
T
hree of* these i n v o l v e d h i g h w a y s , one wa
a railroad, one was a canal on the Ca M au Peninsula and the southern tio
o r the peninsula which connected directly with the Gulf of Thailand.
This target required 1^ sorties and uijO^O g a l l o n s of defoMant.
March & April
1
During
954 targets were sprayed on the Ha Mau Peninsula.
In January 1 Q6iJ, authority was delegated to the senior Mc; Advisors
serving with Vietnemise d i v i s i o n for hand-spray operations.
This great!
reduced log time that has existed from proposal to completion of small
defoliation projects; i.e., around depots, airfields and outnosts.
Locations and tvpes of herbicides unknown at this time
A mission flown by D anch ^and along a canal in the Me v.or\e rielta on ??
April
1
96M accidently caused crop destruction near the model strategic
�hamlet of Cha La.
During a mission on 30 April
1
9*>U in the Helta, "anch "and aircraft
received considerable ground fire.
One of the two r _ i ? V s received a hi
in one of its engines at this time the pilot feathered the engine and
dumped his herbicide load.
After encountering this intense ground fire on 30 A p r i l , Ranch Hand
discontinued operations until
1
9 May.
Spraying resumed on that date
against a canal "0 miles south east of Saigon.
T
his target was spraved
for two days, however, spraying was discontinued d u r i n g their mission on
the third day due to increased ground fire and damage to the aircraft an
spray equipment.
Twice during May & June iQfiU Ranch Hand shifted its base of operations
north to Da Nang.
Targets sprayed were m a i n l y w i n d i n g mountain roads
which connected South Vietnemese outposts along the Laotion border.
T
he
flew a total of 26 sorties from DA Nans.
During July
1
964 Ranch Hand resprayed areas of the d e l t a that had been
discontinued on 30 Apr.
Ranch Hand completed the re-soray of these area
on ?? July
New spray equipment was received by Ranch Hand in August of 1Q(S'J.
T
his
equipment, known as A/A^Y- 1 , incorporated snray booms under each wins,
boom under the tail and a new 2R horse power pump which increased the
�pump presure from 3^ to ^0 psi and boosted the herbicide pl.ow rate
1
70 to ?80 gallons per minute.
D
rior to the arrival of this new
equipment MC-1 spray tanks were used for spray mission.
After the
a r r i v a l of this equipment the unit flew 3 1 defoliation sorties along Rt
1
4 and also did more spraying in the northern part of South Vietnam
before the end of "'P'SH.
On 3 October
one of
1
1
96iJ, Ranch Hand flew its first croc destruction sorties,
9 flown between 3 and
War Zone D.
1
3 October against a complex of ^ields nea
During November and December
1Q^U, Ranch Hand planes flew
croo destruction sorties in Phuoc Long Province.
destroyed 76?0 acres of Viet riong croos.
1
During iQ^n the unit
Prior to 3 Oct iQ^4 the
Vietnemese destroyed crops by VM/\^ H-34's and hand delivered spray on th
ground .
A test program was conducted in T hailand in 1Q^ ^
1f
)<SR to determine
effectiveness of acre applications of Purple, Organe and other c a n d i d a t e
chemical agents in defoliation of u p l a n d jungle vegetation reoresentive
o-p Southeast Asia on duplicate 1 0 acre plots.
Agent Organe was first tested Thailand in ^eb
Attached is a breakdown of g a l l o n s of herbicide disseminated in South
Vietnam by the US during the period January 1Q^P- December'
�T
here is no e v i d e n c e o*" A g e n t Orange bein? soraved durin!? the neriod
-
1964.
1
�• ,'ur.ber of gallons of military h e r b i c i d e procured by the U.S.
Department of Defense and disseminated in South Vietnam during
the period January 1962 - December 1964.
Military
Herbicide
Gallons of
Formulation
Pounds A c t i v e
Ingredient
Blue
5,200
10,000
Green
8,208
66,980
Pink
122,792
1,001,980
Purple
145 ,_0_00
1 , 1 80_, 300_
281 ,200
2,259,260
Total
Source of table:
USAF OKHL Report, p. 1-9
*
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
020
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0294
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
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Title
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Typescript: Pre 65 DFL Spray Operations RUN
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ranch Hand aircraft
herbicide application
military impact
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/c700e24adbf27b99d410fdbe91d3cf46.pdf
afd6919b6503abb97d0ca8db7d3a466a
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
°0301
Author
Blumenfeld, S. N.
Office of the Science Advisor, Military Assistance Comm
A Theoretical Analysis of Downwind Drift of Herbicide
Sprayed From an Aircraft
Journal/Book Title
Year
1968
Month/Day
A ril 4
Color
^
Number of Images
2
P
Descriptor! Notes
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 301 of 341
�G-
A Theoretical Analysis of
Downwind Drift of Herbicide Sprayed
From an Aircraft
by
Mr. S.N. KLumenfeld
Office of the Science Advisor
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam
k April 1968
�;fn*.problem of drift of herbicide released from an airc
Lcally herein. The paraaeters of release are an|
(l€S.5 f*)» ft xindspeed of 10 knots (11.5 nph),
ire gradient. Two hypothetical distributions
ticle size arc postulated, both statistically normal and cent
<• asfcf T <- •"> ~ ' '"v~ r'Tor-B. In the first case, the major
..tetributed over a fairly narrow size
t particles fall within 300 t 100 microns. In the set,
jpurtieles are distributed more widely: 66% of the
i 300 t 200 «ic1*bns, only 38$ within 300 i 100 ml<
" >: the analysis is the determination of the pere
agent which drifts various distances downwind of the re-\
lease lloe. -\fhi* is done in stepwise fashion, starting fron an anal*
ysis of the distribution of particle site by percentage within
i !
n*error categories for each postulated distribution. The :
, of particles in each of the categories is calculated, and from
'"'Hat*. <$6w8wi»d drift is tfrtemined. lfex$> the percentage of
tfOittpit aKc-ss'.-faL'liCig In each size range Is developed, and this
<?ir-»ctly ts>ntfcs desired information on the percentage of agent ®
- * ,^v<rh drl^t" vttryluK distances downwind. These data, de
for the general case, can easily be employed to ascertain the
tdownwind for any initial cone
For exaaple, in
loa of agent of 3 gal/i
vlll be produced some.
' gal/acre some 31*8 m ' ~
3
will drift even further and,
r
*-mais, "hot spots", concentrations of agent
area iare also likely to be f<
i
sore
that a theoretical
overall magnitude of the
isribstituted for real testing of the
**""
fions in which the actual tests can reasonably axof this problem.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
020
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0301
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
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Creator
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Blumenfeld, S. N.
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Office of the Science Advisor, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
April 4 1968
Title
A name given to the resource
A Theoretical Analysis of Downwind Drift of Herbicide Sprayed From an Aircraft
Subject
The topic of the resource
herbicide testing
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/fc67fd9aca9b9a30ad09fe6c23dabb0b.pdf
13bcf5171a814a53f28087f3d63e67e4
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
°0307
Author
Carrier, Joseph M.
Corporate Author
National Academy of Sciences - National Research Cou
Tne
Effects of Herbicides in Sounth Vietnam, Part B:
Working Papers, February 1974: The Location of
Herbicide Missions and Mickey's Informants in South
Vietnam: An Appraisal
Journal/Book Title
Year
1974
Month/Day
February
Color
' '
Number of Images
is
Descripton Notes
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 307 of 341
�1
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"
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(AUTHOR. TITLE. P E R I O D I C A L TITLE. VOLUME. Y E A R . PACE. E T C . )
Carrier, J. M.
[The location of herbicide missions and Rickey's informancts
in South Vietnam: an appraisal.]
(The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B.
Working papers. Washington, B.C.; National Academy of
Sciences ( 9 4 , 15 pp)
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�THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM
PART B: WORKING PAPERS
FEBRUARY
The Location of Hcirbicido Missions and jjickey's
Informants in South Vietnam: An Appraiaal , , /
-,
f
v''
ft
JOSEPH M. CARRIER
11974
NATIONAIj ACADIMY OF SCIENCES - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
WASHINGTON, D.C.
;-?0'll8
�The Location of Herbicide Missions and Rickey's
Informants in South Vietnam: An Appraisal
a
JOSEPH M. CARRIER
This report presents the available data on herbicide missions
carried out in the vicinity of the villages of Flighlanders used by
b
Hickey as informants for a paper on the perceived effects of
herbicides in the highlands of South Vietnarr (SVN) . Some comments on
mission objectives and support contained in herbicide proposals
submitted by RVN province chiefs and in memoranda submitted by
various U.S. officials are also presented.
LOCATION OF INFORMANTS' VILLAGES
All but one of Hickey's informants were originally from villages
located in Kontum and Pleiku Provinces.
One informant, a South Vietnamese
Highlander who had returned south from North Vietnam in 1969, was stationed
in an NLF food production area astride the border between Phu-Yen and PhuBon Provinces.
Figures 1 and 2 show the approximate locations of informants'
villages; Figure 3 indicates the location of the NLF food production area.
It is important to note that the location of informants' villages
presented in Figures 1 and 2 are shown as being in an approximate "area"
a
Dr. Carrier was a Staff Officer with the Committee on the Effects
of Herbicides in Vietnam. His present address is 17447 Castellammare
Drive, Pacific Palisades, California 90272.
b
See Hickey, G.C. Perceived effects of herbicides used in the
highlands of South Vietnam, Part B of the Report on the Effects of
Herbicides in South Vietnam.
�Boundary:
i.
District — — —itVillage
10
Scale:
1:250,000
Kilometers
FIG. 1. Informant settlement areas and herbicide missions in Kontum Province.
Key to special targets
August 1968
August 1968
August 1968
August 1967
November 1968
May 1969
800
100
100
1100
200
770
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
White
White
White
Blue
White
White
NLF cache site
Military base perimeter
Military base perimeter
Crop destruction
Military base perimeter
Military base perimeter
�0
Kilometers
Scale: 1:250,000
Boundary:
Village
FIG. 2.
Settlement Areas of Informants and Herbicide Missions in Pleiku Province.
Key to Special Targets
Agent Orange (5 missions)
1-5. November 6-30, 1965 - 5800 gallons - Defoliation near Highway
Agent White
550 gallons
Enemy cache site
6. September 27, 1968
100 gallons
Crop destruction
7. October 24, 1968
100 gallons
Military base perimeter
8. October 28, 1968
Military base perimeter
9. October 29, 1968
100 gallons
100 gallons
Military base perimeter
10. November 1, 1968
Military base perimeter
220 gallons
11. June 10, 1969
a
Only one target coordinate given for each mission.
�,
--• .Wion^iu-.c • i;"-/*O ^. ' :: li) .- ••JLH
' /^.:^.C-' '• .- ^ '• . .•>:-.! '..-1
(
:vir.V'/"N;l
".i
Kt v ^ r; -^•';-, ( '.
-•
r
h
> t - ' ' ' P^ u. - ?Yon rr
;—r-
. .». —
i j ^/
.r->.'
-
/ (•_. (2)
.w,--
~-/- S . /!"/.,<.. «1 $<m
'
'
^
V
./
/
'
MIA Tjng.
'
:
',
.
•
.V7
?
^ ,-j«ui^jf\
• /.^
.
'/ ^^~K— " S
' NW OiC NA».-; ' '^, ««V ••/ •.
\^.-
.
- ' ' - - -
-.v
•B-owi.o-.. /".
V ° v - - " V - . >-.
\S •'>• • . - - - .
.(
, "A
Vl y
.'VI" •
" '
.
'r
/
• CUMCA -<.
1
"
/
','
'
'
/
I 1-
I
':
.<rr. '.
^
> 5 . ' ' - , .fl">-MVMVM.-.\.-
10
I
Scale:
1:250,000
miomcters
FIG. 3.
The MLF Food Production Area Phu Yen/Phu Bon Border Region.
�rather than at a specific site.
This was necessary for several reasons.
First, during the period of intensive herbicide spraying from 1967 to
1970, many of the informants had to move from their native villages
because of the intense fighting that enveloped them or occurred nearbyseveral more than once.
(In Kontum, one-half of the province's
population was reported to have been resettled as refugees by the end
of 1970; in Pleiku, close to one-third.)
Second, there is the problem
of phonetically transcribing the names of villages elicited verbally
from informants.
Maps showing the names of villages have employed
several different phonetic transcription systems.
One cannot be
absolutely sure, therefore, that a given map name and elicited name—•
even if quite similar—represent the same village site.
Third, and
last, the elicited names, transcription problems aside, may not
pinpoint the exact site of the informants' villages.
The principal
reason for this is the historical fact that both the French and
ethnic Vietnamese used different naming systems in establishing
administrative control over the people of the highlands.
Province
and district names assigned to specific geographic areas present no
problem.
Subunits, however, created by the French and Vietnamese as
a controlling device between the district administrative unit and the
traditionally named highland settlement, do add to the difficulty of
locating a given named site.
The French divided the "districts" they
created into several "cantons."
Each canton enclosed a number of
villages and was named after one of the important villages enclosed.
The ethnic Vietnamese then superimposed their system , which subdivided
�the cantons.
The Vietnamese conceptualize a "village" as covering a
relatively large geographic area containing three or more settlements.
Cantons were thus divided into Vietnamese-defined villages, each of
which enclosed several Highlander settlements.
The Vietnamese-created
"village" was named after one of the settlements enclosed.
The outcome
of all these administrative subdivisions is that a name elicited from an
informant may be the traditional name of the settlement and/or the subunit
name imposed either by the French or ethnic Vietnamese.
The following are
shown in Figures 1 and 2 both as names of settlements and village areas:
Dak-Rosa, Plei-Kleng, Plei-Krong, and Plei-Ngol-Drong.
LOCATION AND TIMING OF HERBICIDE MISSIONS
The location and timing of herbicide missions in the vicinity of
Hickey's informants are presented in Figures 1-3 and Tables I-IV.
Both
the List of 202 Tasks Realized from January 1962 to September 1965 and
the DOD computer printout of herbicide missions from the fall of 1965 to
the end of the program (File Tape No, C274) were searched for missions
carried out in the vicinity of the informants.
were also searched for relevant information.
The MACV mission files
They contain the herbicide
proposals made by RVN province chiefs, responses and comments made by
U.S. officials (USARV, CORDS, USAID, Embassy, etc.), maps showing flight
patterns, after-flight spray reports, and other miscellaneous items.
The available data show that the spray missions in the vicinity of
the informants' village areas took place from 1965 to 1970. . The major
�Table I.
Herbicide missions near Ben-Het/Dak-Mot-Kram
A.
Agent
Jar
Feb
1967
0
2400
0
1968
6500
0
0
1969
Orange
Year
2100 9000
1970 47650 7900
area (Kontum Province)
Defoliation "issions
(Nuirbcr of gallons)
Mar Apr Kay Jun Jul Au-j fc-p Cct
1060 4150 0
0
0
9000 3000
3000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
White
0
0
7900
16310
0
0
7000
0
15500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T o t a l
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3000 3000
0
58550
4400
13200
22600 12200
34800
8800
0
0
0
0
69950 19300 15000 7860 4150 0
0
0
0
0 50200 74700
Agent
0
Crop Destruction Missior.2
Gallons
Month
Year
Blua
2300
August
1967
Orange
1460
July
1967
C.
85100
0
0
B.
0
11800 50200
0
1968
1969 11700
Dec Total
0
1969
• Blue
t:ov
Miscellaneous Missions
Agent
Gallons
Month
Year
Mission
Khite
600
August
1968
NIJF Cache Site
White
200
Auguot
1960
Military Perircter
0
17700
241160
�Table II.
Herbicide missions near Plei-Jar/Plei Kleng area (Kontura Province).
A.
Defoliation Missions
(Number of gallor.s)
Orange
Year
Jan
Fcb
Mar
Apr
I960
Agent
0
0
0
0
1969
3000 12000
0
0
Jul Aug Srp
Get
Nov
Dec
Total
0
0 3000
0
0
0 14600
6000
23600
0
0
0
0
0
0
5000
30900
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 7000
0
1500 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3000
0
0 7000 22500 14000
6000 5000
1970 39GCO 314CO 28CCO
1968
Hay Jun
0
7900
0
0
3000
59800
10000
White
1969 11000
Dlue
0
1970
0
T o t a l
3000
3000
0
0
0
0
56600 43400 37800 5000 ?.500
B.
Gal Ions
0 3000
Miscellaneous Missions
(Agent White)
Uor.th
Year
200
Noveir.ber
I960
Military Perimeter
770
May
1969
Military Perir.eter
8
190800
�Table III.
Herbicide missions near Diic-Co/P.lni-Ngo.l-Drong area (Pleiku Province)
A.
Defoliation Missions: V i c i n i t y Highway 19
(NunJbcr of gallons)
Arr
May
Jim
Jul
<"A!C
Sop
Cct
N'ov
Dec
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5600
0
5800
0
0
0 I860
0
0
0
0
6850
0
8710
0 4750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 10000
0
14750
1969 5000 3000
Agent
Fcb Mar
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8000
Year
Jan
1965
0
0
1967
0
0
1966
Total
Orange
0
1967
0
0
0
0 19530
0
2000 0
0 10500
19G8
0
0
0 6000 14700
cooo
3000 0
0
5COO
0 10500 30400 13300
7750 13300
53080
White
T o t a l
5000 7750
0 6000 34230 93f,C
0
0
0
0
B. .Miscellaneous Missions
(Agent V/hitie)
Gallons
Month
Year
Mission
550
Sept
1968
HLF Cache Site
100
Oct
19C8
Crop Destruction
200
Oct
1968
Military I'cri.r.cter
100
Hov
1968
Military Perimetex
220
Jun
1969
Military l-orii!"<?tcr
Table IV.
Herbicide missions near Phu-Yen/Phu-Bon border area.
Crop Destruction Missions Since 1969
Agent
Golior.r,
.".or.th
Blue
3000
July
1969
Orange
2600
July
1969
Orange
1900
July
1970
317CO
122C-10
�spraying effort, however, began in 1967 and ended in 1970.
This confirms
the consensus of Hickey's informants that "...there had been many
spraying operations in [their areas] since 1957."
As shown by Tables I and II, the majority of missions in the relevant
areas of Kontum were for defoliation, used Agent Orange, and were carried
out during the dry season (November to March) . The majority of th'e
relevant missions in Pleiku were also for defoliation, as shown by Table
III, but Agent White made up 69 percent of the gallons sprayed, Agent
Orange comprising the other 31 percent.
Missions using Agent White were
carried out in both wet and dry months; Agent Orange was used essentially
only in dry months.
The crop sequence in both provinces, according to
Hickey, is as follows.
February.
The fields are prepared during January and
Depending on the beginning of the rainy season, the planting
of crops occurs from mid-April to early May.
The harvesting of most
crops takes place from mid-July to the end of October—depending on
when planted and time required for ripening—but some fruits and
vegetables are harvested into November and December.
With respect to
the possible spray damage of crops, it is of interest to note that MACV
established the following ral:es for herbicide agents used in crop
destruction missions in Kontum and Pleiku:
3 gal/acre;
rice, Agents Blue or Orange,
broadleaf crops, Agents Blue or Orange, 1-1/2 gal/acre;
The established rate for defoliation missions was 3 gal/acre.
10
�WERE TIE INFORMANTS SPRAYED?
A comparison of spray runs with areas inhabited by the informants
suggests that they were living in relatively close proximity to areas
targeted for defoliation and/or crop destruction.
The most distant any
group of settlements appear to have been from target coordinates is
about 15 km.
However, because at the time of spraying the location of
the informants and their settlements and swiddens cannot be precisely
determined, and because there is no way of proving that the spray runs
were made exactly along the paths outlined by the coordinates given,
there is no way of determining whether Hickey's informants were or were
not exactly in the paths of actual spray missions or whether they were
or were not close enough to have been affected by spray drift.
As noted above, the major objective of the relevant spray missions
in Kontum and Pleiku was defoliation.
Judging from the herbicide proposals
made by the province chiefs and the memorandums of U.S. officials, an
effort was made to prevent the sprayed chemicals from affecting the crops
of "friendly" Highlanders.
Contained in every province proposal was a
signed pledge by the province chief "....to pay compensation for damages
to the crops of the people affected by the spraying of defoliants."
This
was meant to apply, however, only to the crops of people living in RVNcontrolled areas.
In several RVN herbicide proposals this was explicitly
stated.
Judging from the herbicide proposals and memoranda in the mission
files, it was a known fact that Highlander settlements and swiddens were
located in or near the targeted areas.
11
The decision to go ahead with a
�given defoliation mission in spite of the Highlanders present was based
on a belief generally held by RVN and U.S. officials that the importance
of the mission outweighed the consequences to the human inhabitants.
The
decision was also rationalized in part by the fact that the target areas
were believed to be sparsely populated.
And, as one U.S. official put it,
not only are the target areas sparsely populated but the Highlanders "...
living in or adjacent to the targets are under enemy control and have been
for a number of years."
The implication of being controlled by the NLF/NVA,
as one RVN province official noted, is that the Highlanders were being
encouraged "...to increase production of rice and foods for them."
As
there was an existing herbicide program which targeted the destruction
of crops in NLF/NVA territory, the fact that the inhabitants in a
defoliation target might lose their crops was perhaps considered a bonus
for such missions.
Finally, it is relevant to note that neither RVN
nor U.S. officials believed the sprayed chemicals to be harmful in any
way to human beings or their domestic animals.
This was explicitly stated
in all province herbicide proposals and in a MACV directive "525-1" dated
February 15, 1966.
FACTORS OTHER THAN HERBICIDES
Assuming that the settlements and swiddens were directly in the paths
of herbicide runs or were hit by spray drift as described by the informants,
their perceptions of what happened as a result of exposure to chemicals
must be evaluated by a number of possible factors, the effects of which
cannot be known v/ith any certainty at this point in time.
12
Hickey
�notes for example, that:
i
"A difficult area of inquiry concerned possible deaths
due to the herbicides. Sickness and death are common
occurrences in highland villages, and infant mortality
is particularly high."
Wiersma (1970) suggests another factor:
"A complicating factor in Vietnam is the possibility that
the Vietnamese peasants are less resistant to toxins in
their environment than people who are living on proteinrich diets."
PROPAGANDA
Still another factor is propaganda.
The Highlanders have been
subjected to conflicting stories about the effects of chemicals both by
the RVN and the NLF since 1962 when herbicides were first tested in the
field in SVN.
In response to an RVN/U.S. test of Agent Blue on 750
acres of crops in the Highlander province of Phuoc-Long on November 21
and 23, 1962, the NLF on the 29lh of November reported the destruction
of 1,000 hectares of crops because of the spraying and claimed "...more
than 100 people suffered from sore eyes, that many persons were afflicted
with beriberi, and that a child had died."
Later, on December 1, the
DRVN broadcast that: "[the RVN/U.S.] spread noxious chemicals to destroy
crops, kill cattle, and poison the people with the aim
into concentration camps."
of forcing them
A North Vietnamese professor, Tran-Huu-Tuoc,
in an article published in Nhan-Dan in December 19G2, set forth the
basic belief held about the effects of herbicides on human beings and
domestic animals:
"Persons affected by the chemical are asphyxiated, vomit,
faint, or fall sick for 20 hours, and some even four days.
13
�Affected children are seriously ill, suffer hemorrhages,
or die. Poultry, pigs, dogs, and other animals that
drink chemical-poisoned water die, too."
Another DRVN/NLF assertion dealing with the use of chemicals was that
"poison was put into the people's water jars for the purpose of killing
them."
The RVN countered with their own propaganda about herbicides.
Every
province herbicide proposal contained a "Psywar/Civic Action Annex" which
outlined a plan of action.
The basic objective of the plan was to explain
and demonstrate the harmlessness of the chemical agents on human beings
and animals.
A countercharge was also supposed to be made to the NLF/NVA
"poison" charge.
In a Kontum herbicide proposal it was stated as follows:
"The population will be urged to be vigilant against
the enemy schemes: he may secretly put poison into
the wells or in the food, then charge the' government
with using poisonous defoliants when some local
residents are killed by the poison."
OVERVIEW
Judging from the available evidence, there can be no dispute about
the fact that Hickey's informants came from areas in Pleiku and Kontum
Provinces that were severely affected by the military compaigns which
took place between the beginning of 1965 and the end of 1970.
As
reported by the RVN government, 51,474 refugees in Kontum and 58,477
refugees in Pleiku had been resettled as of the end of 1970.
As shown
by the mission files, large areas of the relevant parts of both provinces
were sprayed with herbicides:
little over 123 000 gal
close to 438,000 gal
in Pleiku.
in Kontum and a
However, because of the uncertainties
�involved in locating the settlements of the informants at the time cf
spraying and in locating the spray run tracks, the question of whether
or how much the informants were directly or indirectly exposed to the
sprayed herbicides cannot be definitively answered.
REFERENCES
Wiersma, G.B. 1970.
Ecological impact of antiplant agents and
implications for future use. U.S. Army, Combat Development Command,
Institute of Land Combat.
Vietnam statistical yearbook, Vol. 16. 1970. Number of war
refugees, 1967 to 1970, Table 324, p0 391. National Institute of Statistics,
Republic of Vietnam. 410 ppn
Delmore, F«Jo and C.E. Minarik. 1962„ Destruction of Viet Cong
crops, RVN: attack of target 2-1, 21 and 23 November 1962. US/MACV,
3110, Ser. 00333, 26 Dec. 1962.
Hanoi. 1962. VNA broadcast in English to Europe and Asia 0639 GMT
10 Dec. 1962, concerning an article in Nhan-Dan by Prof. Tran-Huu-Tuoc.
�j'&j
,
,%
.f
f*d cotton seedlings from. 2.25 kg/ha. Wheat and cucumber
seedlings were unharmed.
BE
ANALYSIS AND RESIDUES
328
McKoNE, C. E.; COTTERILL, E. G.
Extraction of
picloram residues from a sandy loam soil. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (1 974) 11 (3)
233-237 [En, 8 ref.] ARC Weed Res. Org., Yarnton, Oxford
0X5 IFF, UK.
The recovery was examined of low levels of picloram
(0.01 to 0.1 ppm.) at pll levels > 7 from soil fortified in the
laboratory and from the same soil containing residues from a
dose of 1.5 Ib/acre applied 67 weeks before sampling. A
series of KOII conc,,s. were prepared in IG% KG! as
extractant. Aliquots were shaken with 25 g of. the soil to give
filtrate pH's in the range 7.2 to 11.6. The filtrate was
acidified to adjust the pH to < 2,, partitioned into chloroform
containing 5% ethanol (see WA 21, 477) and methylated
• with diazomethane. The methyl ester was determined using a
1.5 m X 4 mm (internal diam.) glass column packed with
1.5% XE 60 on Chromosorb W and fitted with a 63Ni
electron capture detector. Operating conditions were [temps.
in °C\: column 180, injection port 215, detector 300, carrier
gas 80 ml/min oxygen-free Nj. The quantities of picloram
extracted were below the limit of detection (0.001 ppm.)
where the KOH solution was <pH 8. Above pH 8 the
extractable picloram increased almost linearly to 0.038 ppm.
at the highest pH. With the fortified soil recovery was
obtained at all pH levels which ranged from 60% at pH 7.2
to 96% at pH 11.6. In another experiment using Ca(OH)2 as
extractant, selected as it conveniently buffered soils of varying
pH to pH 12.4, recovery from soil fortified with picloram in
the range 0.01 to 1 ppm. slightly exceeded 100%; Ca(OH)3
(at pH 12.4) also accounted for a considerable increase in
extractable picloram in field weathered residues compared
with KOH at pH 9.35.
JLM
329
ZAWADZKA, H.; ADAMCZEWSKA, M.; ELBANOWSKA,
H.
[Determination of simazine, atrazine and prometryne
in natural water and sewage by thin-layer chromatography.]
•
Health Aspects of Pesticides 73 - 3003.
The best conditions for the detection of small amounts of
simazine, atrazine and prometryne were determined in a
series of experiments. Abbott's method for the determination
of triazine herbicides [see WA 14, 1273] did not lend itself to
the detection of these substances in natural waters and
municipal sewage because of interfering impurities. The
method was modified by introducing an intermediate step of
extract purification consisting of column chromatography
with basic Al2Oa as the stationary phase and elution with
ethyl ether. The thin layer chromatographic results were
improved by the addition of fluorescein to the silica gel used
for coating of plates, u.v. irradiation of plates and reading
under a quartz lamp with a 254 nm filter. Detection of 2.5
ppb. of atrazine and simazine and of 0.5 ppb. prometryne was
possible.
330
BRUNS, V. F.; CARLILE, B. L.; KELLEY, A. D.
Responses and residues in sugarbccts, soybeans, and corn
irrigated with 2,4-D or silvex-treated water. Technical
Bulletin, Agricultural Research Service, United States
Department of Agriculture (1973) No. 1476, 32 pp. [En, 28
ref.] Irrig. Agric. Res. Ext. Cent., Prosser, Washington 99350,
USA.
See also WA 22, 2690. Analytical methods for
determining 2,4-D and silvex (fenoprop) residues in water,
soil and plant material were studied, tested, and modified in
preliminary laboratory experiments. The basic method used
involved the conversion of the alkanolamine salts of 2,4-D
and the propylene glycol butyl ether (PGBE) ester of
fenoprop to the methyl ester by esterification with boron
trifluoride in methanol, and the derivatives were measured on
a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture
detector. Residues detected were as low as 0.000 01-0.00004
ppm. in water, 0.0005-0.002 ppm. in soil and 0.005 ppm. in
plant material. In field trials, herbicides at 0.22-5.51 ppmw.
in 2 acre-inches of water (0.1-2.5 Ib/acre) were applied by
furrow irrigation on a fine sandy loam soil and concns. of
0.02-2.21 ppmw. were also applied by sprinkler irrigation. In
general, no edible purls of crops treated with 0.22-1.1 ppmw.
by furrow irrigation or with 0.02-0.22 ppmw. by sprinkler
irrigation contained detectable amounts of free 2,4-D or
fenoprop residues at harvest time. At the highest concns.
Weed Abstracts 1975 Vol. 24 No. 2
residues were detected but were many times less than the
official tolerance limits; irrigation with fcnoprop-treated water
before adequate degradation has occurred should probably be
avoided. From summary.
« PK
TOXICOLOGY
See also abst. 298.
331
WIESE, A. F.
Are herbicides environmental
contaminants? In Proceedings 27th Annual Meeting Southern
Weed Science Society. (1974) 1-7 [En, 28 ref.] Texas Agric.
Exp. Stn., Bushland, USA.
The author refutes assertions that herbicides cause longterm contamination of the environment by outlining
behaviour patterns of herbicides in the air, plants, soil and
water, and submits that the economic and other benefits
accruing from their use outweighs any possible undesirable
short-term effects.
JLM
332
BLASZYK, P.
[Chemical weed control in and near
drainage ditches from the point of view of agriculture.]
Schiftenreihe des Vercins fur Wasser-, Boden- und
Lufthygiene (1972) ,37, 187092 ,[De] Pflanzensch.utzamt
Oldenburg, Landwirtschaftskammer Weser Ems, German
Federal Republic. From Pesticides Abstracts 74 - 0609.
See also WA 22, 2077. The complex effect of chemical
weed control in and near drainage ditches in the Weser-Ems
region is assessed. The use,of herbicides over 10 years did not
result in any damage to domestic animals even though such
animals were given water exclusively from drainage ditches
with chemical weed control. The use of herbicides in
unfavourable conditions or not in the proper manner caused a
few fish deaths and adverse effects on birds.
333
HICKEY, G. C.
Perceived effects of herbicides
used in the highlands of South Vietnam. The effect of
herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B: Working papers.
Washington, D.C., USA; National Academy of Sciences.
(1974) 23 pp. [En] SE Asia Program, Cornell Univ., Ithaca,
New York 14850, USA.
Local informants on herbicide effects were interviewed.
were not anticipated; informants suggested that there were
some harmful effects on humans, animals and fish. The study
has been preliminary, however, and considerably more
investigation should be conducted.
PK
334
CARRIER, J. M.
The location of herbicide missions
and Hickey's informants in South Vietnam: an appraisal. The
effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B: Working
papers. Washington, D.C., USA; National Academy of
Sciences. (1974) 15 pp. [En, 4 ref.] 17447 Castellammare
Drive, Pacific Palisades, California 90272, USA.
Appraisal of the data on herbicide effects collected in the
area surveyed by G.C. Hickcy in the above paper stresses the
difficulties involved in locating the settlements of the
informants at the time of spraying and the uncertainties of
ascertaining the degree of direct or indirect exposure to the
chemicals.
JLM
335
BOLIER, G.; MAAS, H. L. VAN DER; BOOTSMA, R.
The toxicity of the herbicide dichlobenil to goldfish
(Carassius auratud. [Paper in] 25s1" Internationaal Symposium
over Fytofarmacie en Fytiatrie. Part I. Mcdcdelingen
Fnkulteit Litndbouwwetcnschappen Gent (1973) 38 (3) 733740 [En, 9 ref.] Inst. Vet. Pharmacology & Toxicology, Univ.
Utrecht, Netherlands.
Goldfish of average length 10 cm were maintained in
aquaria containing 6.4, 1.6, 0.4 and 0 mg dichlobcnil/litre for
3 months. During this period none died but those in the 6.4
mg/litre aquarium lost weight and exhibited abnormal
behaviour. Autopsies were carried out at the end of the trial.
Serum glutamine-pyruvate transaminase and alkaline
phosphatase levels were unaffected by exposure to the
herbicide, except for a significant increase in the level of the
latter en/ymc at the 1.6 mg dichlobenil/litre concn. Glucosc6-phosphatase activity of liver homogcnates was significantly
decreased at the 0.4 mg/litre eoncn. and significantly though
unexpectedly increased at the 0.4 mg/litre concn.
Considerable accumulation of residue in the body tissues was
found; concns. here were 15-20 times higher than in the
water. At the (>.4 ing/litre and 1.6 mg/litre concns., several
fish developed ascites which was taken by the authors as the
first indication of dichlobenil toxicity and led them to
recommend a concn. of 1 mg dichlobenil/litrc as being sale
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
The box containing the original item.
020
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0307
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
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Creator
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Carrier, Joseph M.
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1974-02-01
Title
A name given to the resource
The Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam, Part B: Working Papers, February 1974: The Location of Herbicide Missions and Hickey's Informants in South Vietnam: An Appraisal
Subject
The topic of the resource
civilian impact
Ranch Hand
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/5d84ecb95d12f547894d9de9574b8f30.pdf
fe418b5e13879987ea4c99062e3fe187
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
°0318
Author
Young, Alvin L.
Corporate Author
RepOrt/ArtlClB TitlB Letter: To Mrs. Cleary from Alvin L. Young Regarding
Use of Herbicides in Southeast Asia
Journal/Book Title
Year
000
°
Month/Day
Color
']
Number of Images
5
Descripton Notes
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 318 of 341
�ALV1N L YOUNG
Dear Mrs. Cleary
Aerial spray of herbicides has been conducted in Southeast Asia
since January 1962, and as of 31 December 1967, 2,21^,600 acres have
been treated. Herbicide operations, in particular, are one of the
more controversial aspects of the conflict in Southeast Asia due to
the limited knowledge of the general, public. The. most important
point one must realize to understand the defoliation process is that
the chemicals currently in use do not affect the'soil and attack
only the plant or tree on which it is sprayed. Dr. Charles E.
Minarik of the Plant Science Laboratory at Ft. Detrick, Md. has
gone on record with the position that defoliation in Vietnam is
essentially no more of a threat to the balance of nature than the
spraying of vegetation along power lines, railways, and highways in
the United States.
The chemical herbicides which are being used by the Republic of
Vietnam in clearing out jungle growth to reduce the hazards of ambush
by Viet Cong bandits have been used commonly in the United States
and other countries for the past 15 years by farmers, ranchers and
home owners.
tThe two herbicides -- known as 2,4-D and 2,U,5~T -- are used extensively in most countries of both the free world and the communist bloc
for selective control of undesirable vegetation. These chemicals are
better for vegetation control than other compounds of a similar nature
because they are not harmful to people, animals, soil or water. They
�are described by research scientists as "non-toxic -- even when fed to
cows and livestock at rates exceeding those used for vegetation control."
The importance of the use of herbicides in agricultural production
is universally recognized. In fact, Premier Krushchev, in.reporting
to the U.S.S.R. Central Committee on March 5, 1962, stressed the
importance of herbicides and called for production on an industrial
basis.
The two chemicals, 2,^-D and 2,4,5-T, are now in regular use,
particularly for weed control, in rice paddies, other field and
horticultural crops, and rangeland, in Asian countries such as Burma,
Thailand, Philippines, Republic of China, Japan, India, Indonesia,
Australia and Hew Zealand.
The herbicides are being used by the government of the Republic
of Vietnam in the guerrilla warfare with the Viet Cong in order to
increase visibility on the ground and from the air.
At low rates of application, the herbicides wither the leaves
and cause them to fall from the plants, but jungle plants usually
regrow in about 30 days. At higher rates of application, the herbi- •
'cides will cause defoliation, kill the top growth of brush, plants
and trees, and prevent'regrowth for a year or more.
The government of South Vietnam has been very thorough in its
investigations and decisions to use the chemicals 2,^-D and 2,4,5-T.
Scientists first set up a list of standards to be used in selec*
ting any chemicals that might be used extensively in the country.
�All the areas sprayed in South Vietnam are first mapped and then
selected after careful study.
Scientists have long known that the herbicides 2,k-D and 2,4,5-T
are not toxic to people or animals.
The two chemicals are registered
in the United States by the Department of Agriculture for use on
food crops, in rivers and ponds, and on rangelands where livestock
^
graze.
They are available for purchase throughout the United States
and are labeled nonpoisonous.
Records on the production of the herbicides during the past 15
years show that workers in the chemical manufacturing plants have not been adversely affected.
There has been no documentable death
or injury from association with the chemicals.. The same is true in
the use .of these chemicals in Vietnam.
The South Vietnamese are also learning that the herbicides can
be most useful for them.
In addition to getting rid of -weeds, the
farmers are now harvesting the trees of the sprayed junglelands and
using the weed for fuel.
Previously the farmers were afraid to enter
the jungles because of the threat to their lives from ambush by the
Viet Cong,
, After harvesting the wood, the farmers are clearing sorae of the
land for agricultural use.
In fact, the farmers have been so enthusiastic about the clearing
of lands that the government of Vietnam has asked them not to harvest
wood too soon afte,r chemical spraying because this practice reduces
the effectiveness of the herbicides in controlling the vegetation. •
�The herbicidal.effects of 2,4-D and 2,^,5-T were discovered and
published in 1 ^ Commercial manufacture of the chemicals -was
9.
developed in the United States bet-ween 1 ^ and 19Vf.
9
During the 15 years since 19^-7> U.S. production of the two herbicides has averaged about 25 million pounds (11.3 million kilograms)
per year. The herbicides are used on an average of 30 million acres
(12 million hecares) in the past 15 years, while most of this land
•was under cultivation.
The herbicides are used in the United States to control weeds in
cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, rice, barley and grain
sorghums; for control of weeds on rangeland where livestock graze;
for clearing ponds and streams of undesirable plant growth, such as
water hyacinths; on lawns and parks to kill weeds where pets and
children play; to kill poison ivy and other poisonous plants in
wooded. areas near camp sites; and for killing weeds, such as ragweed
\
and heavy-pollen producing plants, which are a threat to good health
or create allergies in some people.
In a study conducted from 15 August 1967 to 1 December 1967, the
Midwest Research'Institute of Kansas City, Missouri concluded that:
"There is no question that the greatest short-term and long-term direct
ecological consequence of using herbicides in Vietnam or anywhere else
is'the destruction of vegetation. It should be borne in mind that as
long as soil sterilization is not an objective, destruction of vegetation by herbicides is a selective process and that denuded earth
�does not occur. Furthermore, the end result of the use of the herbicides from an ecological standpoint represents a process that is
common after uncontrolled fires, or thw wild regrowth of abandoned
fields, that is, the ecosystem is set
ck to an earlier sere."
It is a pleasure to be of assistance to you in providing this
information.
�
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Title
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
020
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0318
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young, Alvin L.
Title
A name given to the resource
Letter: To Mrs. Cleary from Alvin L. Young Regarding Use of Herbicides in Southeast Asia
Subject
The topic of the resource
herbicide application
ecological impact
Ranch Hand
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/506dd83b18da6038e48255938540a33d.pdf
5d2b0ab3dec7858eea2474f71e510fd1
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
0033
°
Author
Corporate Author
ReOOrt/ArtiGlB TitlB Typescript: Statistics on Insecticide Operations
Between 1966 and 1968
Journal/Book Title
Year
000
°
Month/Day
Color
Number of Images
D
1
Descripton Notes
Monday, January 22, 2001
Page 330 of 341
�Statistics on Insecticide operations between 1966 and 1968:
1966 - no data
1967 - 118,985 gallons delivered
1968 - 111,998 gallons delivered
Magnitude of operation during Jan 1969 and Aug 1969:
MISSION
SORTIES
GALLONS DELIVERED
1 J a n 6 9 - 31 M a r 6
Herb.
Insect.
9
.
FLYING TIME
\
1,485
58
1,327,525
17,835
2,501
119'
1 Apr 69 - 30 Jun "69
Herb.
1,427
Insect.
135
1,198,100
43,505
1,971
256
July 1969
Herb.
Insect.
August 1969
Herb.
Insect.
484
401,900
49
16,020
424
45
670
297,175
8,475
'
80
634
106
Proportions of the different herbicides delivered:
FY L968 (Jul 67 - Jun 68)
Blue
576,000 gals
FY 1969 (Jul 68 - Jun 69)
Blue
576,000 gals
Orange
3,975,000 gals
White
2.865.000 gals
TOTAL7,4ie,000 gals
Orange 8,300,000 gals
White
2,700,000 gals
TOTAL11,576,000 gals
3'C- *
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
020
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0330
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Typescript: Statistics on Insecticide Operations Between 1966 and 1968
Subject
The topic of the resource
pesticide application
herbicide application
Ranch Hand
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/bc319e3111ea0218ef09e3aae8852d2d.pdf
04e7e763c1b62eddf0b80cf3ed977a60
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
Author
Corporate Author
Report/Article Title
00338
Brown, James W.
[U.S.
Air Force, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S.J
(Modification and Calibration of Defoliation Equipment
KC-123 First Modification)
Journal/Book Title
Year
Month/Day
Color
Number of Images
Doscrlpton Notes
185
This item was filed by Alvin L. Young under the
category Military Use of Herbicides (item no. 61) and
under the category Equipment, How Developed (item
338); OSD/ARPA Order 256-62, Amendment 4;
Supplement: Graphs of Spray Deposit not included
Tuesday, January 23, 2001
Page 338 of 341
�Item No.: 338
Author(s): Brown, James W. and Donald Whittam
Editor/Translator:
Corporate Author:
Article/Report Title: Modification and Calibration of
Defoliation Equipment (C-123 First Modification)
Journal/Book Title:
Date: July 1962
Publisher:
This item was filed by Alvin L.Young under the category
Military Use of Herbicides (item no. 61) and under the
category Equipment, How Developed (item no. 338).
Item no. 338 is a duplicate of item no. 61
Please see item no. 61 for the complete
document.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
021
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0338
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Brown, James W.
Donald Whittam
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>U.S. Air Force, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Army (Cml Corp)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962-07-01
Title
A name given to the resource
Modification and Calibration of Defoliation Equipment (C-123 First Modification)
Subject
The topic of the resource
spray equipment
Ranch Hand aircraft
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/63ab9de52e098d5543fac0a0eedb8ced.pdf
891b45dd7aabc95bb0b7ef7d32606502
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
Author
Corporate Author
[Advanced Research Projects Agency, Project AGILE, R
Report/Article Title [Semiannual Report, 1 July- 31 December 1963
Journal/Book Title
Year
Month/Day
Color
Number of Images
Desorlpton Notes
222
Alvin L Young had this item filed under the category
Equipment - How Developed, How Used"; Contract
SD-171, AO-324 Amendment 8
Tuesday, January 23, 2001
Page 340 of 341
�Anonymous
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1963
r
:
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Advanced research projects agency project"
remote area conflict research & engineering
semi-annual report
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Technical
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distributed by
Defense Technical Information Center
DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY
Cameron Station'Alexandria, Virginia 22314
&EROMEDICAT: LTBRAR'
JAN is 10.10
UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED
DOCUMENTS
�' UNCLASSIFIED'
DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER
FOB
WAI ION
SCIENTIFIC-Af
:,AMFSON S T A T I O N A l E X A N D F U A . VIRGINIA
CLASSIFICATION1- CHANGtD.. If..- vj,y<2. •:r* ..;-.<* o"' V— •'• •«/•— "-:-o^i.*
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other tear- 1.1 connection vith a del'i&itely related
governoeit. procurcF-eiit operation, the U. S.
Governor.* thereby Incurs no responsibility, nor
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ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MAIWER TO AN
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.IULY-2!
CLASSIF
�ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY
PROJECT AGILE
REMOTE AREA CONFLICT RESEARCH fc ENGINEERING
Suini-Ttinual Report
1 July - 31 December 1963
Reproduced by
Remote Area Conflict In£ormation Coutcr .(RACIC)
BaUelle Memorial Institute
under Contract SD-171, AO-324 Amendment 8
Notice: This documcnc contains information
affecting ihe national defense of ilie
L'Hi led States within llic meaning of die
espionage laws Title 18 U.S.C., Suctions 793
ar.o 70-1. the transmission or revelation of
which in any maniicr to an nn.inlhorizud
person is prohibited by law.
I February 1964
GROUP-3
DOWNGRADE TO:
-SECRET. on Not applicable
CONFIDENTIAL on 1 February 13C4
KOT AUTOMATICALLY DECLASSIFIED
�~r£vli°Ii.(? J*'•'VSLrls in This Series'
QR-7, 1 J u l y - 30 .September 1962, AD 342163
Qll-8, 1 Oc:ti)l)or - 30 .December 1962, AP 342165
QR-9. 1 Jainuiry - 31 XUrch 1963. AD 34Z164
QK-10. 1 A p r i l - 30 June 1963, AD 338491
�CONriDC-NttAfc-
FOREWORD
This is the first Project AGILE Semiannual Report. This and subsequent reports
prepared by this office replace the Quarterly Reports as the means of 'Communicating
the AGILE RDT&E program to aU interested Governmental agencies.
This report includes a description of existing and planned re-scarrh and development
programs as well as the status of the various RDT&E tasks currently under way. In the
Quarterly Report series, each of Project AGILK's eight subprojccts \w. 3 tabbed separately; beginning with this report Subprojccts I, II, and VlII have been consolidated for
reporting purposes.
This report is classified CONFIDENTIAL and is released to the foreign governments
participating in Project AGILE on a nced-to-know basis. Information relating to some
of the tasks that require a higher classification is excluded and HO noted. Also, because
this project contains the longer-range programs and objectives of Project AGILE it
should not be retransmitted to existing or potential Government contractors.
C.
K. C. Phclps
Director for
Ro:mote A r e a Conflict
i and ii
�CONflDCNTlALr
'
INTRODUCTION .
CONTENTS
.
.
"- . .'
MISSION
. . .
REQUIREMENT
ORGANIZATION
REPORTS
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
2
AGILE SUBPROJECT I • - WEAPONS, INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT,
AND RATIONS (Combines f o r m e r Subprojects I, II, and VIII.)
SUBPROJECT OBJECTIVE
SUBPROJECT BACKGROUND
CONDUCT OF PROGRAMS
Technical Arr:i 1 - Weapons
Technical Area 2 - Individual Equipment . . . . . . .
Technical Area 3 - Rations
SUBPROJECT I TECHNICAL AREAS, TASKS, AND SUBTASK'S .
Technical Area 1 - Weapons
•
Task A - Individual Weapons
Background
(1) Assault Rifle
(2) Special Shotguns
(3) Portable Flamethrowers
.
(4) Rifle Grenades
.
.
.
. . .
Tssk B - S u r f a c e - B o r n e Crew-Served Weapons
Background
.' .
(1) Cupolas for the M - l 13 Armored
Personnel Carrier
(2) Quad Machine Guns
(3) Salvo Squeeze-Bore . SO/. 30-Caliber
Machine Gun
(4) Multiple Grenade Launcher
.
(5) Lightweight M o r t a r s
(6) Stonrtr 6 3 Weapons System . . . . . . . . .
T a s k C - Aerial Weapons-and Munitions . . . . . . . .
Background
•
( \ ) C o u n t e r i n s u r g e n c y Aircraft
'(2) Assisted Take-Off
(3) Delayed Proximity Fuzes
(4) Tavget-Markin;; Munitions and Devices
(5) Illuminating Flares
((>) A n t i p e r s o n n e l Bombs
CONriDCNTIAL
5
5
6
6
6
6
,7
9
9
9
9
10
12
13
14
14
14
15
15
21
24
«i5
^
&
<2"
^
28
<-9
3
0
30 •
�CONTENTS {Continued)
>#'s. D - Special Weapons . . . . . . ..
Background
. . •.
. . . . . .
(1) Camouflaged Antipersonnel Mines
31
31,
31
(2) Microrockel Pistol and Projectile
32
(3) Fuel-Air Explosive (FAX)
(4) Helicopter Trip Weapoi: (HTW)
33
34
(-.5) Strip Bullets
35
(6) Hii'h-Jntensity Sound Generator
35
(7) Village a n d Outpost Security
. . . . . . . . .
'i#-v E - Lethal and Nonlethal Weapon SysJems
Background
. . . . . .
(1) Weapon Systems Studies ar.d Research
i^ Area,2. - Individual Equipment
?x A • Clothing And EquipnuMit . . . . . . . . . .
Background
(1) Improved Individual Combat Eq'jiyTJ-jent
j-'^ B - Remote Area Power Sources
.
Backg round
38
38
38
38
40
40
40
40
4.J
-
(1)
(1)
(3)
*k C -
42
Powur-Sourccs Study . . . . Thermoelectric Generator . . - , . . . . .
Hydroelectric Generators
Lightweight Armor Materials and
Protective Devices
Background
. . . . .
(U Penetration Mechanics Phenomenology
45
45
46
(2) .-I^rojectiie-Euergy Absorption
47
(3)'''M.atcriais Research •
aJ A-'ea 3 - Rations
B.vcXground
TArux A - Individual and Group Rations
AGILE S U B P R O J K C T K
.
'.
. . . . . . . .
44
45
45
47
48
48
48
(Tasks f o r m e r l y c a r r i e d under S'-bp>r.oject II
have been i n c l u d e d in Subpr-,;ject I. J
AGILE SUBPROJECT ill - REMOTE AREA MOBILITY AND
LOGISTICS SYSTEMS
SUBPROJECT OBJECTIVE .
SUBPROJECT BACKGROUND
t
.
.
.'•
General H>isfussion
CONDUCT OF PROGRAMS .
I - MobiVrty Environmental Hest-arch Studies (.MERSj)
II - Logistic*
III - Air Mobility
IV - Surf.tvrc' Mobility
51
51
51
52
52
52
53
53
�y
'
'
"
.
'
•
•
•
CONTENTS (Continued)"
Mobility Research and Testing (MORT)
. Vehicle Te'St a n d Evaluation (VETE) . . . . . . . . .
Delta Mobility •• .,.
. .
SUBPROJECT I I I TECHNICAL AREAS, TASKS, A N D SUBTASKS . . .
Technical Area 1 - Mobility Environmental Research (MERS) . .
Background
Task A - Classification Systems
•.
Task B - Measurements
Task C - Field Test's . . . "
Task D - Data Collection and Environmental Analysis . . .
Task E - Vehicle Design :and Analysis
.
Technical .Area 2 - Logistics Analyses; Investigation, Development,
and Evaluation uf Techniques and Devices . .
Background
. . . "V~
Task A - Thai Logistics Facilities
Task B - Logistics Implications of Thai Weapons
and Weapons Systcm.s
Task C - Logistics Command and Control Problems . . . .
Ta.sk D - Transportation, Communications, and
Supply Problems
Technical Area 3 - Air Mobility: Investigation, Development,
and Evalxiation of Techniques and Devices . .
Background
•.
Task A - STQL Troop/Cargo Aircraft
Task B - Remote Area Airstrips
Task C - Improvement in Aerial Delivery Means
Technical Area 4 - Surface Mobility: Investigation, Development,
and Evaluation of Techniques and Devices . .
Background
Tajk A - Development of Requirements for Land, W a t e r ,
and Amphibious Items or Systems
Task B - Mobility Research and Testing (MORT)
Task C - Vehicle Test and Evaluation (VETE)
Task D - Delta Mobility
53
53
53
5455
55
55
56
57
57
58
60
60
60
61
61
62
68
68
68
69
70
79
79
79
81
91
91
AGILE SUBPROJECT IV - COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
SUBPROJECT OBJECTIVE
SUBPROJECT BACKGROUND
CONDUCT OF THE PROGRAM
Technical Area 1 - Communications Research
Objective .
Data Required
Conduct
CONFIDENTIAL:
105
105
106
106
106
106
1T •
�CONTENTS (Continued)
Technical Area 2 - Investigation, Development, and Evaluation of
•Communications Techniques and De.viccs
.' .
Objective
Data Required
Conduct
SUBPROJECT IV TECHNICAL AREAS, TASKS, AND SUBTASKS . . .
Technical A r e a t - Communications Research . . . . . . . .
Background
,'
Task A - Tactical Field Studies
Task B - Phenomenological Research . . . . ' . . ' . . .
Task C - Devolopmcnl of Host-Nation Electronic
' Research Capabilities .
Technical Area 2 - Investigation, Development, and Evaluation
of Communications Techniques and Devices . • .
Background
Task A - Tropical Int'i-a-Patrol Radio Coniimwiicatjons
. . .
Task D - Tropical Man-Pack Radio Communications . . . .
Task C. - Remote Area Conflict Vehicular Ra-dio
Communications.
. . , .'. .
Task. D - Remote Area Conflict River and Coastal Flotilla
Communications
Task E - Hamlet aredOutpost Alarm Communications . . . .
Task F - Power Supplies for Communications Equipment
.
Task G - Special Antennas
-
106
106
106
i07
108
IQg
11)9
109
110
112
114
114114
115
118
11^9
119
120
121
AGILE SUBPROJECT V - COMBAT SURVEILLANCE AND TARGET
ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
SUBPHOJECT OBJECTIVE
SUBPROJECT BACKGROUND
General Discussion
Limitations on Equipment
CONDUCT OF THE PROGRAM
Technical Area 1 - Surveillance Research . . . . . . . . . . .
Objective
Data Required . . . . . . .
Technical Area 2 - Investigation, Development, and
Evaluation o f Techniques and Devices . . .
Objective
.
Data Required
"
vi
CONFIDENTTAt:
1Z5
123
124
J£4
12*1
124
�CONTENTS (Continued)
.
'
SUBPROJECT V TECHNICAL AREAS, TASKS, AND SUBTASKS
Technical Area 1 - Surveillance Research
Background . • . . ' . .
Task A - T;irget and Threat Analysis
Task D - Phcnomenological Research
Task C - Development'of Host-Nation. Surveillance
Page
. . .
Research Capabilities
128
130
130
131 .
131
132
Technical Area 2 - Investigation, Development,and Evaluation of
Techniques and Devices
Task A — A i r b o r n e Systems
(1) Infrared
(2) Radar
(3) Illuminated Night Photography
. „
(4) Visual Surveillance and Low-Light-Level
Amplification
.,
'
' (5) Spectra-Zonal Photography
(6) Electromagnetic'Detection
. . . , ; . .
Task B - Surface Systems
(1) Night Vision
(2) Doppler Personnel-Surveillance Radar
(3) TIARA (Target Illumination and Rescue Aids) .
(4) Persistent Identification Chemicals
(5) Hidden-Metal-and Subsurface-Cavity Detectois .
Task C - Navigation and Deacon Equipment
(1) Aer.ial Navigation System
(2) Terminal Guidance Beacon
(3) Identification and Location of Air-Dropped
Equipment
(4) Tactical Maps
(5) Patrol Locating System
Task D - Security and Protection Systems
(!) Railway,. Pipeline, Poworlnie, and Road Security
(2) Airborne GroUnd-Firc Detectors
(3) Patrol and Outpost Intrusion Detectors
135
135
135
135
136
. ,
. .
.
.
.
.
137
138
138
139
139
139
139
140
142
143
143
145
145
146
146
147
147
147
148
AGILE SUBPROJECT VI - INDIVIDUAL AND SPECIAL PROJECTS
SUBPUOJECT OBJECTIVE
SUBPROJECT VI -TECHNICAL AREAS, TASKS, AND SUBTASKS .
Technical Area 1 - Military Chemistry
. . .
149
150
151
Background
151
Task A - Defoliation .
(1) JiTDAL Herbicide Spray System
(2) FIDAL Herbicide Spray System
151
151
15'
CONFIDENTIAL
.
�CONTENTS (Continued)
(3) Modified M C - i / C - 1 . ' 3 Herbicide Spray System . . .
(4) FS-AMD/C- 130 Herbicide Spray System
(5) Horbieidul Chemical R e s e a r c h and Tesit Program . .
Task B - Crop D e s t r u c t i o n
(1) Hcrbicidal Uoniblct C l u s t e r System
'. .
Techniciil Area ?. - Psychological W a r f a r e
Background . ,
,
.Task A - Mobile A u d i o - V i s u a l Unit
Task B - High-Power V o i c e -Amplifier System
. . . ' . . .
Task C - Man-Portable, Self-Contained PA System . . . . .
Technical Area 3 - Medical R e s e a r c h and Equipment
Background .
Task A - Individual Aid Kits
' . ' . . .
Task B - Leech R e p e l l e n t s . . . .
, . .
Task C - J u n g l e Li tier
155
155
157
158
158
16?.
16?.
1-62
163
163
165
165
165 '
166
166
AGILE SUBPROJECT VU - TECHNICAL PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING
SUBPROJECT OBJECTIVE
169
SUBPROJECT BACKGROUND
169
SUBPROJECT VII TECHNICAL AREAS, TASKS, A N D SUBTASKS. . . . 1 7 0
Technical Area 1 - Environmental Data Collection and Analysis . . . 172
Background
172
Task A - Physical Environment Methodology
(Project DUTY)
17.2
Task B - Vegetation Study . .
173
Technical Area 2 - M i l i t a r y Data Collection and Analysis
175
Background
.
175
Task A - Morbidity and Casualty Study
175
Task B - SEATO Medical A n a l y s i s
175
Task C - FlVNAF A f t e r - A c t i o n Report Study . . . . . . . 1 7 6
Tank D - Border Surveillance and Control
176
Task E - Ambush Patterns and Countertechniques '
177
Task F - Field Communication Systems Performance . . . . 178
Task G - Analysis of Large-Scale Viet Cong Operations . . . 178
Technical Area 3 - Sociological Data Collection and Analysis
. . . 179
Background
,
179
Task A - Studies o f Northeast Thailand
. . . . . . . . 179
Task B - Analysis of Mobile Development Unit (MDU)
Operations
179
Technical Area 4 - Historical Studies
,
181
Background
. 1 8 1
Task A - Algerian Study
181
�''CONFIDENTIAL
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Task B - Historical Survey of Patterns and Techniques of
Insurgency Conflicts in Post-1900 Latin America
Technical Area 5 - Special Studies
Background
, . . .
Task A - Adviser-Counterpart Communication . . . .
Task B - Operations Research Lectures
Task C - Effects of the Strategic Hamlel Program
in Vietnam
Technical Area 6 - Data Storage and Retrieval . . . . . . .
Background . . . . .
Task A - Remote Area Conflict Information Center (RA'CIC)
.
.
.
181
183
.183
. 183
183
184
185
185
. 185
. .
.
AGILE SUBP.ROJECT VIII (Tasks formerly c a r r i e d under Subproject VIII
have been included in Subproject I. )
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A - Terminated Tasks
APPENDIX B - .Completed Reports and Studies
A-l
.
DISTRIBUTION LIST
ix and x
eONFTDENTtAt
B-l
�INTRODUCTION
�ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY
PROJECT AGILE•
1. — .•• • "•• ' " ' • •
*—•'
RKMOTJS AREA CONFLICT RESEARCH & ENGINEERING '
MISSION
i
.
Project AGILE p e r f o r m s r e s e a r c h and e n g i n e e r i n g support for the military and
p a r a m i l i t a r y forces enga-gcd in or t h r e a t e n e d by conflict in remote a r e a s of the world.
Its a c t i v i t i e s are oriented toward the r e q u i r e m e n t s of the local f o r c e s in thesi: a r e a s ,
whereas the Service r e s e a r c h and development a g e n c i e s a r c primarily c o n c e r n e d with
the requirements of the U. S. forces.
At the present t i m e , Project AGILE is providing research and e n g i n e e r i n g support
for the f o r c e s engaged iir V i e t n a m and to the M i n i s t r y of Deft-rise in Thailand. Preliminary discussions with the U. S. o f f i c i a l s in other c o u n t r i e s to explore the feasibility
and desirability of R & D support for those f o r c e s have hi;en approved by the Office,1? of
the S e c r e t a r y of Defense and State and are Under way.
REQUIREMENT
'
.
There are several forms of conflict which lie below th.s threshold. of that categorized by the t e r m . "Limited" W a r , and there are many remote a r e a s of the worldwhc.ro d i s c r e t e l y d i f f e r e n t environmental conditions .affect the nature of any level of
conflict that can or does exist. The c o u n t e r i n s u r g e n c y conflict in Vietnam and the
border war between India and Red China are two c u r r e n t examples of quite different
types of w a r f a r e — each of which has some d i s c r e t e materiel requirements..
The not unlimited economic, m i l i t a r y , and technological assets of the U. S. svrpri
port to those Free World c o u n t r i e s threatened by or experienc.'ng i n s u r g e n c y and othcS'';4^
forms of conflict in 'remote a r e a s , the i n c r e a s i n g capability of the Communist Bloc u»" ; *
mount and support such a c t i v i t y , the wide-ranging commitments of the United States to
aid in the defense of t h r e a t e n e d countries, the environmental and tactical peculiarities
pf these conflicts, and the physiological and psychological nature of the indigenous personnel engaged all combine? to csUiblish the necessity that an integrated and improved
capability be developed within the U. S. Government to c o u n t e r these threats. Project
AGILE was created to provide one of the essential elements — that of performing the
r e s e a r c h , development, t e s t , and engineering of more suitable and effective devices,
weapons, and equipment for employment under these- conditions.
The mission assigned and the tasks to be performed have determined the general
form of Project AGILE organisation.
Development of a capability to acquire and analyze data, from winch requirements
for remote aroa conflict research and development arc derived, lias been accomplished
CONFlDENTtAir
�by the creation and implementation of a plan for Research and Development Field Units; .
two of the units are now in Southeast Asia, one located in Saigon and the other in
Bangkok. These Field Units bring to bear a broad spectrum of military and technical
capability; they are staffed by o f f i c e r s with research, developmen^and combat experience from each Service, and by civilians with scientific or technical specialties particularly suited to the tasks assigned to these u n i t s . The capabilities of the Field U n i t s arc
augmented from time to time by the assignment of teams of research, 'or technical
specialistH on an ad hoc basis. Surh'teams are organized and staffed to p e r f o r m specific
tasks which are either beyond the normal capability of the field unit to accomplish or of
such immediate concern that the task must be accomplished more rapidly than the capability and capacity qf the pcrmrmfinl staff of the field unit permit.
These R e s e a r c h .and Development Field Units arc combined with a cor.tingnni i»f
military o f f i c e r s from the various Services of the host country to form. Research and
Development Centers - the Combat Development and Tost Center in Vietnam, CDTC-V,
and the Military Research aiid Development Center, MRDC, in Thailand. Until r e c e n t l y
the MRDC was known as. CDTC-T, but has been renamed in accordance with the preference of the: host c o u n t r y . The Director of each Center is a senior officer of one of the
Services.of the host country; his deputy is'thc .senior American on the permanent staff
of the Field Unit. 'Basically, the organisation plan for these Centers pairs a military
officer from the host country with each U. S. military- officer. Although the initial
emphasis of Project AGILE was with Southeast Asia , and the presently existing Field
Units arc conc-erned with Southeast Ask*, similar representation is being considered by
OSD in other areas of the world.
An AGILE Staff in Washington performs those functions which arc beyond the capability of the Field Units to perform in-country. It also provides the means for integrating and controlling the total effort, provides the scientific and technical support for the
various tasks and projects described below, and assembles and coordinates those ad hoc
groups which are sent inta the field from time to time to augment the capability of the
Field Units. la addition, the Staff reviews the efforts of Field Units to insure that valid
data and requirements have been obtained or developed, and conducts broader studies
into t h e ' e l e m e n t s of remote area conflict.
The Staff provides or obtains the scientific and/or technical assistance required to
accomplish the v a r i o u s tasks, either in the field or in the U. S. It is charged with the
responsibility of maintaining liaison with all Service and civilian laboratories engaged
in or capable'of supplying the specific talents required by the Project, within the U. S.
and within oilier n a t i o n s with whom the U. S. is closely allied. One of the major objectives of Project AGILE is to bring the broadest applicable spectrum o f ' s c i e n t i f i c and
technical capability to bear on the unique problems of remote area conflict, in an
endeavor to enhance' substantially the capability of U. S, and friendly foreign governments threatened with, or engaged in, this form of conflict,
REPORTS
Each Field Unit issues a monthly report, and in the past a q u a r t e r l y report was
prepared in Washington summarizing the activities of the individual Field Units and the
.work performed in CONUS. Beginning with this report, however, the Washington summary report will be issued semiannual!/*.
�CONFIDENTIAL >
In addition to a change in timing, changes in organization arc reflected in this
report. Technical Areas and Tasks previously divided among Subproject I- Tactical Unil
Weapons Systems, II - Area Fire Weapons Systems, and VIII - Research and .Exploratory Development have been grouped into one Subproject called AGILE Subproject I Weapons, Individual Equipment, and Rations. Subproject VIII is be'-ig reconstituted with
nc'w tacks, and Subproject II is being held open for possible reactivation with different
tasks. This report, therefore, consists of six Subproject sections instead of eight, but
Subproject numbering remains the same, with no tasks presently assigned to Subprojects II and VIII.
Both the Field Unit monthly reports and the Wasb-'ik''-^' quarterly, now semiannual, reports receive wide distribution within the '».'•_• ^artmcnt of Defense; additional
copies are provided to other interested Departments .:.->, A Agei cies and, on a r.eed-toknow basis, to the foreign governments participating in Pr ,.;ct AGILE.
Interim and final test reports for the individual tasks ar-e prepared and distributed
as the information becomes available. These reports are summarized in the Field Unit
and Washington reports.
3 and 4
�CONFIDENTIAL
AGILE SUBPROJECT I
W E A P O N S , I N D I V I D U A L EQUIPMENT, AND R A T I O N S
(Combines former .Sutjprojocts I, II, and VIII)
�/.'CONFIDENTIAL'
AGILE SUBPROJECT I
WEAPONS,.INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT, AND RATIONS
SUBPRO JKCIT QBJ KCTIVE^
'
.
To provide s i g n i f i c a n t improvement .in the weapons, individual equipment, and
r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d by the f r i e n d l y local forces engaged in remote a r e a conflict. Through
r e s e a r c h and engineering, e f f o r t s are u n d e r t a k e n to develop e f f e c t i v e , or improve the
e f f e c t i v e n e s s of, essential ittrns which will provide maximum flexibility and superiority
in application for the local f o r c e s . The scope of this effort is from individual equipment
t h r o u g h tactical unit equipment, for both surface and tactical air employment.
SUB PROJECT_BACKGROUND
Research and e n g i n e e r i n g i-cquircrnciits are to a great extent influenced by the
nature of the conflict in which the local forces of a friendly government are engaged.
Coupled with the n a t u r e of the conflict, the physical environment - such as t e r r a i n ,
vegetation, climate, etc. - exerts a considerable influence on these requirements. In
general, such conflict places greater emphasis on the small tactical unit as the p r i m a r y
combat element and s t r e s s e s mobile, lightweight individual and supporting weapons and
equipment, rather than heavy support weapons such as tanks and large artillery.
These tactical units, to a considerable d e g r e e , 'must rely on individual weapons
and equipment capable of being hand carried into the combat areas. In these operations, the enemy g e n e r a l l y is a r m e d with lightweight and portable equipment consisting,
of hand weapons, light machine g u n s , m o r t a r s , mines, etc. , but possesses, in most
instances, the distinct advantage of being able to control the time and locale of contact
and, to a great extent, the degree of contact. Typical of one such advantage and one of
the most effective and cormnon actions of the opposing enemy for<;q£,-is the ambush.
: 1. , '-,i^fc.-:VA --i:,.;..,t . ...•. • ..;.,... •
-7^-vV • , , : • •
• ..";
One method of offsetting these significant enemy advantag*.-1^^'^}) rough'better
equipment and more effective fire power. For the ambush situation,insta^jyKJncthis and
s a t u r a t i n g area f i r e , as well as aimed fire, is essential for enhanced
s u c c e s s f u l reaction.
.
:
4
(
Air power, in both the tactical close-air-support role and the offensive strike
role, should be: able to provide a significant advantage to the friendly forces. However,
existing air weapons systems do not provide as g r e a t ;* capability as is desired or as is
possible to achieve within the existing state of the art.
�CONflDCNTIAL
CONDUCT OF PROGRAMa
.
'
Tochnical 'A rea 1 — Weapons
The program for this technical area encompasses studies and development efforts
designed to provide local forces with improved weapon/ammunition systems that arc
more compatible to t h e i r requirements, the environment of the area and the nature of
remote area conflict. Studies will be conducted to determine requirements, establish
feasibility, and select appropriate types of h a r d w a r e . Development efforts will be concerned with either the- modification of existing U.S. military weaponry or the complete
Cycle of weapon development from concept, to end item, whichever is required to meet
.identified requirements.
Technical Area 2 - Individual Equipment
The program conducted for this technical area is designed to provide the necessary r e s e a r c h and development to produce the various items of clothing and individual
equipment, other than, weapon's, required by local forces engaged in remote area conflict. Since conditions will vary from one country to another, r e s e a r c h will bu conducted to accumulate data on the physical characteristics and sociology of the local
people for whom the equipment is intended, the 'environment of the area, the type of
conflict being fought, the availability of local materials and manufacturing sources,
etc. , which will be taken into consideration in meeting the clothing and individual equipment requirements of the particular country. Development will be concerned with
( I ) the modification of existing items to make them more effective .and suitable to the
local f o r c e s or (2) the production of a new item for which there may be a need.
Technical Area 3- Rations
The program for this technical area is directed toward the research and development of individual and group tactical rations which will sustain the local soldier for long
periods of extended combat operations without re supply. Research will bo conducted to
determine the food products best suited to the tasto and nutritional needs of the people
for whom the rations arc intended. Development will utilize the large body of technical
knowledge that lias been generated by the U.S. military and by private industry on food
and food packaging to provide these improved rations for the local f o r c e s . The program will be conducted on .a cooperative basis between the U.S. and the local m i l i t a r y
and technical establishments using local resources and m a n u f a c t u r i n g capabilities.
ENT I r\\
�CiOMFinFMTIAI:
SUBPROJECT IJi'ECtlNICAL AREAS, TASKS, AND SUBT.&SKS
'
Listed below arc the major technical areas, and the tasks and subtasks in each
aroa, with which this subproject is concerned
Succeeding pages cpntain the summaries
of their objectives and status.
•Technical Area 1.
Task A.
Weapons
Individual Weapons
(1) Assault Rifle
.
• '
(2.) Special Shotguns
(3)
Portable Flamethrowers
•
.
(4) Rifle Grenades
Task B.
Surface-Borne Crew-Served Weapons
(1) Cupolas for M-113 A r m o r e d Personnel Carrier
(2) Quad Machine Guns
(3) Salvo Squce7.e-Bore . 50/. 30 Caliber Machine Guns
(4) Multiple Grenade Launcher
(5) Lightweight Mortars
(6) Ston-cr 63 Weapons System
Task C.
Aerial Weapons and Munitions
(1) Counterinsurgency Aircraft
(2) Assisted Take-Off
(3) Delayed Proximity Fuze
(4) Target-Marking Munitions and Devices
(5) Illuminating Flares
(6) Antipersonnel Bombs
Task D. Special Weapons
(1) Camouflaged Antipersonnel Mines
7
CONriDCNTIAL
.
�•
(2) Microrockot Pistol and Projectile
(3) Fuel-Air Explosive (FAX)
(4) Helicopter Trap Weapon (HTW)
(5) Strip Bullets
(6) High-Intensity Sound Generator
(7) Village and Outpost Security
Task E.
Lethal and -Nonlcthal Weapon-Systems
(1) Weapon Systems StnHios and Research
Technical Area 2. _ Individual Equipment
Task A.
Clothing and Kquipment
(1) Improved Individual Combat Equipment
Task B.
Remote Area Power Sources
(1) Power-Sources Study
(2) Thermoelectric Generator
(3) Hydroelectric Generator
Task C.
Lightweight A r m o r -Materials and Protective Devices
(!) Penetration Mechanics Phenomenology
(2) Projectile-Energy Absorption
(3) Materials Research
t
.
Technical Area 3.
Task A.
Rations
Individual and Group Rations
�Technical Area I - Weapons
Task A - Individual Weapons
•—'
'
' t—'•• ''•.—:—*-—'—*
Backg, round
The environment .and nature of conflict in remote areas place considerable emphasis on the individual soldier and the effectiveness.of his weapons. The use of standard U. S. military weapons does not always meet the requirements peculiar to the local
f o r c e s in this type of conflict where there are significant differences existing between
the local soldier and hi-s U.S. counterpart for whom these weapons were designed.
Thes-e differences, in the main, are physical stature, military training, and combat
experience.
To overcome these differences, concentration is required on the development of
individual weapons that are lighter in weight, less complicated, easier to maintain,
more accurate, and capable °' higher rates of f i r e . The over-nil goal is to Achieve a.
g r e a t e r compatibility among these-weapons, the individual soldier, and the ehvironment in which he must fight.
1) Assault Rifle
Objective - To develop a lightweight individual weapon/ammunition system that
is better suited to the local soldier, is more effective, and has a greater capability for
delivery of accurate, high rates of fire.
-',-••-""•'*
:. : -: '.. , - ^VH- -^V
Prpgres's to Date - As one of the alternative means of providing a.weapoi>7»m'*x
munition system which can better satisfy the requirement for u'h.|mprove'<d t>asic infantry weapon, the Armalite Rifle (AR-15) was selected for teajt ITn^'ev'Siuatiba. yThe
Armalitc AR-15 Rifle is a lightweight, gas-operated rifle capable ."61 fully 1 automatic
fire and is equipped with a EO-round detachable magazine. It is chambered for a
. 223-caliber cartridge, firing a 55-grain fully jacketed bullet at a niu^^.le velocity of
3200 feet per second. The empty weight of the weapon is 6-1/4 pounds. An integral
muzzle device is incorporated as part of the barrel which serves as flash suppressor,
grenade launcher, and front support for a bayonet. Standard accessories include
bayonet with scabbard, bipod with case, gfcnade -launching sight,and cleaning rod.
Following favorable observations of AR-15 Rifle demonstrations in Vietnam
during August, 1961, it was decided to procure sufficient numbers to conduct .x fullscale combat evaluation of the AR-15 Rifle by selected RVNAF. In December, 1961,
the Secretary of Defense approved the procurement of 1000 AR-15 Rifles, necessary
ammunition, spare parts, and accessories for the evaluation. Operational cvnluatipn
and testing in Vietnam began in February and was terminated in July, 1962, followed
shortly thereafter by a final 'report of test.
CONriDCNTIAh:
�CONFIDENTIAL.
The original A R - I 5 test vcapdns have been undergoing a'program of rehabilitation at the A R V N 80-th Ordnance Rebuild Depot. This program is of .particular interest
at this t i m e 'because of the quantity procurement of the AR-15 .Rifles for the U.S.
Forces. Repair-parts usage data obtained f r o m ' t h e rehabilitation program will be of
considerable value in determining the appropriate number of repair parts to procure
for these units.
In addition to the repair-parts usage data, other data are being compiled under
field conditions on wound effects, malfunctions, and parts failures, together with the
causes and suggested modifications for correction.
Phi 11 and Schedule to Complete - The rehabilitation program and the data collection were terminated. 31 December 1963. A field report will be rendered shortly,
which w i l l be sent to the interested Services for their information and appropriate
action. The rendition of that report will bring this subtask to completion.
(2) Special Shotguns
^«^
W-*.__
L..
I
I
V
,.
,,,
,
Objective - Tu develop special shotgun/ammunition systems for use by local
military and para-military forces in village defense and counterambush situations.
Progress to Date - In order to fulfill the objective, a three-part program was
u n d e r t a k e n in November, 1962, by the U.S. Army Weapons Command for ARPA/AGILE
to provide a n s w e r s to the foil-owing questions. First, based on present technology,
which of the commercially available shotguns are most suitable for use by local military personnel and what rapid modifications can be rnade at this time-to standardize
commercial designs in order to best suit the military purpose? Second, based on the
needs of p a r a m i l i t a r y or civil defense forces, what shotgun design is best suited to
their requirements, taking into account t.h<: much larger numbers of such weapons
which would have to be: supplied and the relatively lower state of training of these
forces? Third, based on the most advanced state of weapon design, what are the
desired c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for the optimum m i l i t a r y shotgun.
Tin; program was comprised of the following:
(1) Part I - A "quick fix" of commercial shotguns/ammunition most
suited for military use.
(2) Part II - A study of a shotgun/ammunition system having limited
life, low production cost, low recoil, and light weight, which willbe suitable for use by a.small-statured individual in the defense
of a village or hamlet.
10
CONFIDENTIAL
�-CQNFI PENT!AU
'
(3) Part III - Establislurient of the technical design characteristics of
an optimum military shotgun/apiiTumition system.
In addition to the U.S. Army Weapons Command, work o.n this subtask was also
conducted by the Ballistic Research Laboratories, Frunkfo'rd Arscnal,and Springfield
Armory.
•
Because of Military Assistance Program (MAP) p r o c u r e m e n t .of large numbers
of shotguns for use in the Republic of Vietnam, the urgency of this subtask was reduced. Additionally, the study for Part II of the p r o g r a m was completed in July, 1963.
For tho.se and ether reasons it was decided to t e r m i n a t e this p r o g r a m on 30 September
1963 and bring the work in progress to a logical conclusion as soon thereafter as
practicable.
Final reports on all p o r t s of the program have been received and r e f l e c t the following accomplishments:
,
.
(1.) Part I - Based on extensive testing, th-e following commercially
manufactured 12-gaugc shotguns, with modifications, were selected:
Pump Action - Remington Mo.del 870
Semiautomatic - R e m i n g t o n Model 11-48
Bolt Action - Mosybcrg Model 195 KA
• " • • • • •
. • M .
:
„.
Based on the results of the ammunition testing conducted,''.it was determined the Winchester experimental plastic shot-shell? folded
crimp-hard, loaded with 7-Jo. 4 buckshot was the best'.
(2) Part II - The study confirmed the feasibility of developing a limited.life shotgun/ammunition system .Cor use by individuals of small s t a t u r e
in village and hamlet defense. It was determined that:
(a) Shotguns having a mechanically controlled life of 100
rounds can be produced at a cost of $15- 00 to $20. 00
each.
(b) Ammunition life can be controlled by the use of encapsulated corrosive m a t e r i a l s , fungi, a n d / o r unstable propellant or primer mix. However, additional investigations
will be required to determine which method or methods
are most feasible from the standpoint of safer.y, reliability,
and economic fabrication.
(3) Part III - Several analytical, experimental, and parametric effectiveness studies were conducted to establish the technical design characteristics of an optimum military shotgun/ammunition system. Although
11
�CONflDCNTIAL.'
considerable work was accomplished in this part prior to program
termination, much remains to be done before the design characteristics are complete,
;
•
.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Although this program was terminated prior to
completion, it had, noncthclcus, generated a considerable amount of valuable data on
shotgun/ammunition systems. These data are available to all interested Governmental
agencies through the final reports of the ARPA Shotgun Development Program prep..,red by the U.S. Army Weapons Command.
Since no f u r t h e r effort in this arc.i is planned at this time, this subtask will not
appear in future Project AGILE reports.
Portable Fln-mcthrowcrs
Objective - To develop portable flamethrowers which arc light enough to be carried 011 deep patrols and which have greater range and lethality.
Progress to Date - The U.S. portable flamethrower available to ARVN is the
M2A1, _ which carries approximately 5 gallons of fuel and has a combat weight of about
7.2 pounds. The M2A1 has been found to be too heavy for the. ARVN soldier to carry in
combat operations. Based on anthroporrtetric studies, it was determined that the
combat load of the ARVN soldier should not exceed one-third of his body weight, or
about 35 pounds maximum.
In the search for a flamethrower of lighter weight than the M2A1 the CDTC-V
conducted tests to determine the suitability and operational utility of the U 3. One-Shot
Portable Flamethrower , M8, and the West Gorman Single-Durst Flamethrower,
DM-14, as portable, lightweight flame weapons for Vietnamese Forces. The M8 has
a capacity of approximately 2 gallons of fuel and weighs about 27 ppunds when combat
Loaded. The DM-14 utilizes a solid fuel and weighs about 20 pounds. The results of
-this test are contained in the CDTC-V Report of Test dated 30 June 1963. The report
concludes the ARVN requires a portable flamethrower of lighter weight than the M2A1;
the DM-14 does not satisfy this requirement; the M8 is about the correct weight for the
ARVN soldier (approximately 30 pounds) and has the advantage of an adjustable flame
over the solid-fuel flamethrower. A satisfactory solid-fucl-projection portable flamethrower could be designed, but would require a protracted period of development; and
since the M8 is an -obsolete item of oquipmert, the standard U.S. Army Portable
Flamethrower, M9-7, could be modified within a few months to meet ARVN
requirements.
The report of test recommtsnded that there be no additional procurement of the
DM-14; that. R & D a g e n c i e s i n v e s t i g a t e the feasibility of designing a satisfactory solidfuel portable f l a m e t h r o w e r ; and that the M9-7 Portable Flamethrower be lightened from
12
'CONFIDENTIAL-
�•CONFIDENTIAL
50 to 30 pounds by removing one fuel tank and making other modifications, and that a
number be sent to the CDTC-V for operational test. The U. S. Army has been asked
' for its comments on these recommendations.
The Institute of Defense Analyses completed a confidential study "Research Guidance for the Development of Flame Weapons" (U) for ARPA in September, 1963. The
study was conducted to answer two questions: (1) What are the potentials for improving
flame weapons through further research and development?., (2) Are there flame weapons
with unique applicability to counterinsurge'ncy ? The study investigated fundamental
problems influencing new directions in flame weapons, technical efforts justifying immediate additional support, resurrection of devices developed during WW II, and technical problems of secondary priority. In brief, the study recommends that primary
effort be devoted to research in advancing the state of the art for use of flame as a
weapon, with secondary e f f o r t s being directed toward'the improvement of flame devices
for countcrinnurgency.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Following resolution of the recommendation for
the modification of the~M9-7 Portable Flamethrower, efforts in this subtask are now
scheduled for completion and will not appear in 'future Project AGILE reports. It is
planned, however, that any future efforts in this .technical area will be devoted to research to advance the state of the art 'of flame as a weapon.
(4) Rifle Grenades
Objective - To investigate methods of (1) launching rifle grenades with standard
ball ammunition rather than with the special grenade-launching cartridges, (2) achieving
improved f u z i n g , and (3) attaining an air-burst capability in order to provide higher
lethality per pound of weight.
P r o g r o s s to Date - A grenade capable of being launched from the M - l , M-14, or
AR.-1S rifles has been developed by the U.S. Naval Ordnance.Test Station. The grenade
weighs 1.3 pounds and has a maximum range of 250 yards when launched from the .30caiiber M-l or M-14 rifles and 150 yards when launched from the .223 AR-15 rifle.
The energy to drive the grenade is derived from two sources, high-pressure propellant
combustion products and momentum transfer from the bullet. The first sourct is
simply the confinement of the hot gases in the rear portion of the grenade which drives
the grenade like a piston. The second source of energy is momentum transfer effected
by trapping the bullet in a slack of titanium disks alternated with aluminum washers.
The aluminum washers provide a path of least resistance, which insures that the bullet
is contained within the momentum-transfer device, and the disks have elastic properties under high-impact loading which enable effective momentum t r a n s f e r from the
bullet to the grenade. Use of this latter propulsion method results in recoil impulse of
lower amplitude and longer d u r a t i o n than with the usual blank-fired grenade. The discomfort felt by the shooter is significantly reduced.
13
"CON r I DENT
�The most suitable fuze found for this grenade is the M538 mechanical-electric
fuze made by Eureka- Williams Company of Bloomington', Illinois. A development contract with this f i r m was negotiated by the U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station for modifying the M538 fuze for g r e n a d e use. The fuze includes a mechanical time-inertia arming
device, a one-second delay after firing before the fuxe arms, and a very sensitive impact firing device.
.
Work on this subU'.sk has been temporarily SMspcr.dcd following the firing of five
grenades (complete with modified f u z e ) to test compatibility of grenade, fuze, and
"bullet catching" technique.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - iTuture plans for this subtask will depend on the
outcome of a technical review of the program which is c u r r e n t l y under way. This
should be accomplished d u r i n g the next quarter.
.
•
Task 1} r S u r f a c c - B o r n o Crew-Served Weapons
Background
Most, if not all, enemy targets at this level of conflict are "soft" targets.
Targets may generally be described as individual people, small groups of people,
houses or storage huts, small boats, domesticated ajiimals, gun emplacements, etc.
Protection for these targets is usually no more than foliage, which serves as camouflage as well as a degree of physical protection; open slit trenches pr caves for people;
and soft embankments for gun emplacements.
The predominant weapons requirement is therefore for munitions effective
against soft targets, which arc most often "people" targets. Within this ter;t area requirements are recognized for support weapons which will provide' superior fire power
for the friendly local forces, weapons which are capable of applying immediate and
.saturating an>a f i r e as well as aimed fire to counter ambushes set against vehicles-and
convoys, and reasonable protection to the vehicle and armament operators so that the
weapon system may be effectively employed in combat.
(1J Cupolas for the M - l l 3 Armored Personnel Carrier
Objective - To determine the most practical and effective jnt.-ans of providing
protection to the armament operator aboard the M-113-APC when used as at: offensive,
weapon system.
Progress to Date - Gunner shields, which were m a n u f a c t u r e d in RVN out of scrap
armor Steel plate as an interim measure, arc continuing under evaluation.
14
�T&ONFIDENTIAL
Four pf the five modified Navy cupolas (Navy 100E) have been undergoing evaluation since a r r i v i n g in RVN in May, 1963. One of these cupolas was lost in the destruction of an M-113 vehicle during.the recent change of government in the Republic of
Vietnam. The fifth Navy cupola remains in CO N.US and will be shipped to RVN. as soon
as the field evaluation determines that no f u r t h e r essential modifications will be required to this cupola. The Navy cupola mounts'a single' . 30-cal'ibcr machine gun.
Of the tc.n cupolas fabricated by Air/craft Armaments, Inc. ; four were shipped by
air transport and five by surface to RVN'in November, 1963. One AAI cupola has been
retained in CONUS and it will also be shipped' to RVN as soon as it can be determined
that no f u r t h e r essential modifications are required. The AAI cupola mounts twin
. 30-caliber machine guns; see Figures 1 and Z.
Plan and Schedule, to Complete - Present indications are that tbs only outstanding
actions on this subtask are tin; shipment of the two remaining cupolas to R V N , the completion of the evaluation, and the rendition of a final report by the field "nit. It is
anticipated that this s.ubtask will be completed during the subsequent reporting period.
(Z) Quad Machine Guns
Objective - To evaluate Quad machine g u n s as a weapon system to provide saturating area f i r e , as well as aimed f i r e , in counterarnbusb actions.
Progress to Date - Ten Quad . 50-caliber machine guns complete with M55 trailers wcro whipped to the CvDTC-V in October, 196<i. These Quad machine guns are
utilized in a Convoy Protection Unit being established. Training of the indigenous
Convoy Protection Unit personnel is continuing.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - The provision cf Quad . SQ'-c.alibor ma chine gu<"°
for field test and evaluation.is complete. Evaluation of the Quad .50 machine guns will
bo given in reports concerned with the Coiivoy Protection Unit.. This completes the
RfcD activity on Quad machine guns.
(3) Salvo Squeeze-Bore . 50/. 30-Calibcr Machine Gun
Objoctiyc - To determine whether the squeeze-bore principle is a practical,
effective means of increasing the fire power from a single barrel.
Progress to Date - The feasibility of increasing the effective fire power of a
single machine gun by barrel modification and use of special ammunition has been
15
�CONFlnFMTiAl,,
FIGURE 1. ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER WITH CUPOLA MOUNTING
TWIN . 30-CALIBER MACHINE GUNS
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�-CONriDEINTIAL
demonstrated. For a . 50-caliber machine gun the increase in fire power is a factor of
. five. The technique is IQ fire one caliber .50 cartridge, fitted with a special bullet,
through a squeeze-bore b a r r e l which separates the bullet into five individual caliber
. 30 projectiles. These projectiles emerge from the barrel in scries an:3 strike the
t a r g e t in salvo.
During the past year the U.S. Army Limited War Laboratory, at the request of
ARPA/AGILE, has been conducting a program of test and evaluation .of the salvo
squeeze-bore principle. Test material, fabricated by the Robinson Improved Conventional Anns, (RICA), Costa Mesa, California, and furnished under contract, consisted
of 11,040 rounds of caliber . 50 .salvo squee/.e-bore ammunition with five sub-projectiles
and six tapered barrels. The caliber .50/. 30 salvo squeeze-bore projectile'^ as shown
in Figure 3, consists, basically of five stacked l?.5-grain machined cones or subprojcctiles. Half of the ammunition furnished for test had the mating surfaces of the subprojectiles tin-soldored, and the other half had the subprojectiles bonded together with
.a wax material. Tho barrels furnished for the test were caliber .50 M2 heavy machinegun barrels that had been modified by a 19-inch-long tapered b a r r e l screwed onto a
mating thread cut on the front of the trimmed machine-gun barrel, as shown in Figure 4.
Both types of ammunition were tested to determine their' time of flight, velocity,
a c c u r a c y , functioning,- and reliability in burst fire at ambient temperature and after
conditioning at l^O^Fv, wecir and t e m p e r a t u r e buildup in the tapered squeeze-bore
barrel attachment, pine-board penetration,and p r e s s u r e - t i m e characteristics.. The results shown in the U.S. Army Limited War Laboratory Technical Report 63-1, "Test
and Evaluation of Caliber . 5 0 / . 3 0 Salvo. Squeczehore System (U)," indicate that:
(1.) The salvo squeeze-bore principle is sound and may be applied effectively
in converting caliber . 50 antimateriel ammunition into antipersonnel
ammunition having effective penetration from 200 meters.
(2) Tinned-and-waxed rounds are effectively, but not reliably bonded, but
rounds with only waJk or vinyl bonding are unsafe.
(3) There is no degradation in ammunition accuracy during firing of 2000
rounds that can be correlated to the extensive salvo squee7.fi-bore
barrel muzzle wear.
(4) The salvo squeeze-bore system is not yet sufficiently reliable to permit
recommendation for immediate field use.
yance further 1 dpyclppPlan and Schedule to Complotc ••• It is planned to hold in abt
mental offort on the salvo squcezc'-bore pending the outcome of ; n effectiveness study
of the system in comparison with lighter-weight systems. This itudy is being conducted
by the U. S. Army Limited W;ir Laboratory and will evaluate the casualty effectiveness
of the salvo squec/.c-borc weapon system and compare it to competitive systems. The
comparative factors will be weighted according to their relative ignlficancc. The
study is scheduled for completion e a r l y in the next reporting period
18
�SALVO SQUEEISBGRE system provides an antipersonnel
capability by modification of an antimateriei system. Five lethal
antipersonnel projectiles in each round provide increased
area coverage giving greater probability of striking a target
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(4) Multiple Grenade- Launcher
Objective - To provide a capability to immediately apply saturating area fire as a
counteraction d u r i n g vehicular ambushes.
Pi^ogrcss to Date - The vehicle-mounted'multiple grenade launcher is one of the
p r i m a r y a rmameiits fpr the Convoy Protection Unit (CPU). In addition to the. grenadel/iunching'systems provided from CONUS, several u n i t s liave been m a n u f a c t u r e d in
RVN. -Six 2 ^ 1 / 2 - t o n t r u c k s for the CPU have been equipped with these launchers and
the training of CPU personnel has resumed after an appreciable time interval. A view
of a f r o n t mount on a 2- 1 / ..'-ton truck is shown in Figure 5 and the firing control box is
shown in Figure 6.
•
The "dead" area from vehicle side out to .ibout 35 meters is still an area of iWi
cern. The CDTC-V has investigated a 70-mm "blunderbuss" type weapon, but has
found this approach very practical. The Army Limited War Laboratory (LVyL^
working independently on weapons which are designed for effective coverage of
described as a sector of a circle having a radius of 50 m e t e r s and an inclosed 'ftti
150 degrees. T h r e e - s y s t e m s are being considered by the LWL:
(1) A weapon consisting of f o r t y - e i g h t 12-gauge shortened shotgun b a r r e l s
contained in a housing mountable either in a truck cab or bed. Each
barrel is capable of firing one round and can be manually reloaded.
Firing control is electrical, and various f i r i n g options can be available. Testing of.a prototype system is currently under "way at Aberdeen
Proving Ground and should be completed by 1 M-'.rch 19^4.
(2) Utilization of the MI8A1 antipersonnel mine or its principle as a truckmounted weapon. The most logical has been determined to be a standard
mine mounted on the-truck bumper. The only real problem is the pos-^
iiiblo eardrum damage from o v e r p r e s s u r e . Tests have shown that the
d e s i g n did not damage the vehicle and that it would w i t h s t a n d readability
tests. A report describing this work is being p r e p a r e d for publication.
(3) Tests of n smaller M18A1 antipersonnel mine (previously r e f e r r e d
to as a claymorette) packaged in plastic containers and mountable
in 23 units per truck side, will be conducted in M a r c h , 19&4. Each
small mi;-,o contains seventy 11-grain steel balls. Limited tests
show effective coverage for counterambush use. -
Plan and SchcdiUe to Complete - AGILE-sponsorcd CONUS research and development e f f o r t s art: complete for the specrfic requirements i d e n t i f i e d , and f u r t h e r reports
will not be made in this publication. (Evaluation of these weapons in the CPU a r m a m e n t '
role will be made by the CDTC-V as appropriate.
21
�CONFIDENTIAL
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OF 2-1/Z-TON TRUCK
22
•eONHULIMIiA-fa
�CONFIDENTIAL
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FIRING CONTROL BOX FOR MULTIPLE GRENADE LAUNCHER
MOUNTED ON 2- 1/2-TON TRUCK
�•CON r I BEN T.I AL(5) .I.ightwcight Mortars
ObJGctiv^e - Tp develop improved lightweight mortars and mortar ammunition fur
use by local forces in remote area conflict.
^Prpgrcsq to Date - The study on indirect f i r e , high-trajectory mortarlike, manportable weapons and their applications to countcrinsurgcncy in remote area conflict,,
being conducted by the Weapons Planning Group of MOTS, continued d u r i n g the reporting
period.
In response to a field requirement for tin improved 60-nim mortar round with enhanced lethality, a query was directed to the U . S . Army for a solution. In addition, a
proposal for an improved 60-mm m o r t a r round from the Ordnance Research and Development Corporation was considered. On tho.basis of the foregoing efforts, three possible alternatives for fulfilling this requirement appeared:
(I)
Undertake a six-month development effort, proposed by Picatinny
Arsenal, to produce a 60-mm mortar round utilizing cast pearlitic
malleable iron in lievi of a forged steel body, and have a 74 per cent
in fragmentation effectiveness.
( i ) Initiate a search of Army ammunition stocks to determine whether
60-mm mortar rounds manufactured prior to 30 November 1956
were made of malleable iron.
(3) Undertake development of an improved 60-mm m o r t a r rouftd utilizing
controlled fragmentation, as proposed by Ordnance Research and
Development Corporation.
Of the three alternatives, the f i r s t offers the moot promising solution. The
search of U. S. Army ammunition slocks revealed the 60-mm mortar rounds manufactured prior to 30 November 1956 were of cast steel rather than malleable iron.. The
proposed Ordnance Research and Development Corporation round appears to bo less
lethal than the current steel round. However, before f u r t h e r consideration is given to
the initiation and funding of the Picatinny Arsenal proposal, the field has been asked to
reconfirm the requirement for this round. In addition, Military Assistance Program
(MAP) interest in the procurement of this round., once it is developed, is also being
determined.
Phin and Schedule to Complete - Written conclusions and recommendations based
upon the study being conducted by the Weapons Planning Group at NOTS will be submitted to ARPA in" January, 196-1, with 3 final report published by 1 April 1964.
Future action on the Picatinny Arsenal proposal for a 60-mm mortar cast iron
round will depend on the answers received from the field and MAP offices.
Z4
�(6)_ Stcnor. 63 Weapons System
Objective - To develop an improved family of lightweight individual and crewserved weapons capable of high rates of automatic fire for use in small unit operations.
P r o g r e s s to Date - Since the negotiation of a contract with the Cadillao! Gage
Company for the procurement of 25 machine guns, m e d i u m , Stoner 63, considerable
interest has been expressed by ARPA.and the Services in the entire Stoner 63 weapons
system. The system comprises, in addition to the medium ma.chine gun, five other
configurations, including a fixed machine gun, a Tight machine gun (belt fed), a light
machine gun (magazine f e d ) , an assault rifle, and a carbine. Chambered for the
5.56-mm (.2.13 caliber) round, all K\X configurations in the system are fabricated from
ono common basic-component group with interchangeable parts used to build up a particular weapon.
.
Beca.use of expression's of interest in. this weapons system by the U.S. Army,
Air Force, and Marine Corps, it was decided to conduct a joint program of test and
evaluation, coordinated by ARPA. The joint program is to be conducted in three
phases: I - Engineering tests, II - User tests, ami III - Troop tests. Phase 1 testing,
which began 2 December 1963, is currently under way at Aberdeen Proving Ground
under the over-all supervision of the U.S. Army Materiel Command. Testing is being
conducted, in accordance with a jointly approved plan of test, by the Development and
Proof Services, Human Engineering Laboratory, and the Ballistic Research Laboratory.
j •
.
. ' ,;£;.;-:
In order to provide the weapons required for Phase I tc.sting,thc original contract
with the Cadillac Gage Company was modified to procure five complete systems j .of
which three went to the U.S. Army and two to the U.S. Marine Corps, and six'ffxed
machine guns went to the U.S. Air Force for use in conducting pod-mounted tests for
aircraft armament applications.
i •
'
•
.
.
Preliminary to tfye initiation of Phase I testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground, the
Stoner 63 medium machine gun was subjected to accuracy, endurance, barrel-performance, and rain tests at the II. P. White Laboratory. These tests were conducted to gut
a sampling of .the accuracy, safety, reliability, and performance characteristics of this
weapons system. Test results obtained were very promising- For example, an a v e r age mean radius of 1. 5 inches,with the greatest extreme spread being 9- 2 inches, was
att-iino.H d u r i n g accuracy tests on fifteen 20-round burst targets fired at a range of 100
yards. The machine gun was mounted on an M 122 tripod which was resting on firm
ground and fired at each of three deflections - zero degrees, maximum left, and maximum right. In the barrel-performance tests, with the weapon fired in 20-rou.nd bursts
at a rate of approximately 80 rounds per minute, 2,480 rounds .were expended before
firing was discontinued because of keyholing in excess of 15 per cent. All p a r t s of the
weapon except the barrel- completed the 10,000-round endurance test.
Following initial difficulties caused by the cmulsifi'cation of the lubricating oil
used, the weapon was rcltibricated with Lubriplatc and functioned properly during the
25
�CONFIDENTIAL
remainder of the rain tests. Of more than IS,700 rounds of ammunition fired in all
tests, only I')- malfunctions occurred; and of these, just one - a light firing-pin blow could bo attributable to the weapon.
j^lani arid Schedule to Complete - The Phase I testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground
is scheduled to be completed the f i r s t p a r t of February, 19&4, with a report of test to
be rendered within 30 days thereafter. U. S. Air Force testing of the pod-mounted
Stoner 63 Fixed Machine Gun, as a part of Phase 1 of the Joint ARPA/Service Program
for Test and Evaluation of the Stoner 63 We.apons System, is planned for late January,
1964, following the delivery of the pods by the Cadillac Gage Company.
It is planned for Phase II of the Joint Program to beg.in in April, 1964, with
Phase II-I following within approximately 60 days. Initiation of these phases, however,
will depend on the outcome of the Phase I testing.
Task C - A e rial Weapons and Munitions
Background
Targets for air strike consist largely of targets appearing on the ground and
generally are the same targets as presented to the ground forces. Dense foliage, such
as that in tropical rain forests and jungle, provides a natural and effective camouflage
for these targets. A degree of physical protection against air-delivered munitions is
also provided by this dense foliage canopy.
In general, the equipment and systems employed in countsrinsnrgency actions
have been h a r d w a r e available in the U.S. inventory and, for the most part, obsolescent
or surplus to U.S. needs. Even though modifications have sometimes been made to this
equipment to improve its effectiveness, totally adeqiuilc systems have not resulted.
Specific design for the intended support role and the environment is essential to arhiovc
efficient air weapons systems. Development of a light attack/reconnaissance aircraft
system, optimized to perform the various missions of this type in counterinsurgcncy
conflicts, is desirable.
( 1 ) Counterinsurgcncy Aircraft
Objective - To develop a light attack/reconnaissance aircraft system optimized to
perform the various missions of this role in remote area conflict actions.
Progress to Date - A detailed feasibility and cost study program directed toward
the development of S light attack/reconnaissance aircraft systc-m was approved by
DDR&K. This program is under the direction of an OSD/Services Steering Committee
Z6
�composed of the-Assistant SecreUries of R&D for the A r m y , Navy, and Air Force;
the Deputy Chief of Staff for R&D of the Marine Corps; .and representatives from
DDR&E Tactical Warfare Systems and ARPA/AGILE. The Assistant Secretary of the'
Navy (R&D) is c h a i r m a n of the compiittee and the Navy is the action Service. Through
the committee rnembership, a i r c r a f t specifications of Service and Agency interest
were placed before the Navy (Bureau of Naval Weapons), who prepared the aircraft
specifications necessary for the publication of the Request for Propo;;2,l (RFP). The
specifications arc intended to describe a versatile a i r p l a n e of minimum size, suitable
for operations by field forces in a primitive environment with a minimum of logistic
support.
Initially the plan of action was specifically aimed at a time-limited and funded
technical feasibility and cost study to include p r e l i m i n a r y design s t u d i e s , wind-tunnel
tests, cost estimates, and schedules for both the development p r o g r a m and the production a i r c r a f t . However, a s - a i r c r a f t specifications were developed and the RFP took
f o r m , it appeared possible that the a i r c r a f t specifications might bo sufficiently well
established that industry could propose -directly on the development of an aircraft
rather tluir. on f u r t h e r study.
The RFP was published 5 December !9°3. Industry was requested to propo-se
directly on the design, development, and construction of four prototype airplanes.
%
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Proposals from industry arc due daring March,
1964, and it is expected that evaluation and decisions can b-Q made by the end of FY1964. -If upon evaluation of the proposals, it is determined that f u r t h e r study is required, funding has been approved to proceed with the initially planned feasibility and
cost study with about three independent contractors. If the proposals reveal that f u r r
t.hor study is not required, further action will depend upon approval and funding to
proceed with the prototype aircraft. It is anticipated that this decision will be available
in the first quarter of FY-19&5. Prototype aircraft may be expected to be in flight test
within 12 months, and production-aircraft delivery could start within 24 months after
the contract is let.
Assisted Take-Off
Objective - To investigate rocket-assist systems, other than JATO, designed to
:
p e r m i t a i r c r a f t operntion from unimproved remote airstrips.
' '
Progress to Date - A proposal submitted by Arde, Inc. , for a study of the required parameters for an autogenetic rocket take-off assist system was selected as
most promising.
•
Plan and Schedule to Complete^ - Budget limitations have prevented allocation of
funds for such work. This subtask has been terminated.
�(3) Delayed Proximity Fuy.es
Objective - To provide a fuzing system for U.S. standard high-explosive bombs
which would produce optimum results against personnel targets shielded by jungle
canopy.
.Progress to Date - To achieve bomb detonation below the jungle canopy and above
ground lovel for antipersonnel application, the .M183 proximity fuze was modified by
substituting d delay detonator for the instantaneous detonator normally used. Based
upon the general average jungle canopy height and thickness, a time delay of 75 milliseconds was incorporated. This time delay a/llows an additional 40 to 50 feet of travel
after the fuze, is electrically initiated upon coming into proximity with the foliag-e before bomb burst. This modified fxize, designated the XM 914, retains the same
MinSAT (Minimum Safe Air Travel) of 3600 feet as the original M 188 fu,ze.
Onu thousand of the M188 fuzes were modified by H a r r y Diamond Laboratories
(previously known as the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories). Approximately 70 of
the modified fuzes were used by the Air Force in jungle tests conducted in Panama,
ar.d the remainder were shipped to RVN for environmental evaluation. A Diamond
Ordnance Fuze Laboratories confidential report Til 1096 titled "The XM914 Fuze" (U),
dated 15 November 1962, describes in detail the XM914 Fuze and reports the test
resvills obtained in Panama. A final report by the CDTC-V on environmental testing in
RVN is titled "Operational Test XM914 Proximity-Bomb Nose Fuze", dated 5 August
1963. This -report concludes that the XM914 fuze will give acceptable results in "area"
bombing operations when the sensitivity setting is properly selected and that in addition
to providing air b u r s t s under a high jungle canopy, the fuze will operate acceptably for
many target type's if properly employed.
;.
• ' I n consideration of the generally low overcast and cloud coverage in much of
RYN _throu'ghout the year and the increased bombing accuracy that can be achieved
from lower-altitude bomb releases, another 1000 M 188 proximity fuzes were modified
with the delay detonator-, in which the MinSAT was reduced from 3600 to 2300 feet.
The XM914 fuze with the reduced MinSAT is designated the X M 9 1 4 E I fuze. These
XM914E1 fuzes were tested by the Air Force for release restrictions. Approximately
950 XM914E1 fuzes were then shipped by surface vessel to RVN in September, 1963.
IIDL confidential report DM-63-2 titled "Notes on Development Type Materiel Fuze,
Bomb : Nose, Proximity, Delay XM914E1" ( U ) , dated 25 April 1V63 describes the
XM914E1 fuze.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - All remaining XM914 and XM914E1 fuzes in
RVN have been t r a n s f e r r e d to operational units for their use.
This concludes AGILE effort."; on the subtusk Delayed Proximity Fuzes.
28
"CONFIDENTIAL
�-CONriDCNTIAl
(4) Target-Marking Munitions and Devices
Objective - To develop the required marking system(s) necessary for effectively
marking ground positions. These marking requirements are for target marking for
either ground or air strike or for marking tho positions of friendly forces for purposes
such as rcsupply actions and protection.
Progress to Date - Within the past two years several devices have been evaluated
a g a i n s t these various marking-system requirements.
Standard hand smoke grenades have proved to be unsatisfactory in that insufficient
smoke was generated to mark targets, in heavy foliage or for the desired period of time.
The 3.5-inch white phosphorus head has been mated to the 2.75-inch rocket as a
target-marking device .for aerial delivery. A two-tube MA-2 rocket launcher on the
0-1A aircraft is used to deliver this marking munition. The accuracy achieved is far
superior to that obtained from the hand smoke grenades. A i'eport on this dnvice is
contained as Annex I to the CDTC-V monthly report for July, 1963.
The E72R1 Smoke Munition has also been evaluated as an aerial marking munition
from p-lA aircraft. This munition has been found to be a satisfactory smoke marker
when employed on forested or dry-land areas. Unsatisfactory performance \vas obtained
whu.a 'employed on swamps or water because the munition was extinguished. The white
smoke of the E72R1 is identified. as one shortcoming and the heavy case as another. A
report on the E 7 2 R l . i s entitled "Operational Test of E72R1 Smoke Munition" dated
30 June 1963.
•For a ground-emplaced position marker a British balloon marker system has
been evaluated. However this system was determined to be too big and too heavy knd
required too much water for the generation of the hydrogen used to inflate the balloon
to be useful for patrols. Even though the inflated balloon was 7 feet high and 4 feet in
diameter, no appreciable difficulty was encountered in getting it up through the forest
canopy.
rid Schedule to Complete - Currently under investigation is a colored smoke
marker developed by the Navy for u s e - o n water, and two small completely self-contained
balloon systems for position markers.
The goal Cor the complete packaged balloon system is a volume of less than 100
cubic inches and a weight of less than 1 pound. It is expected that some, if not all, of
these devices will be available for evaluation before the end of this fiscal year.
29
�(5) Illuminating Flajes
Objective. - To determine the requirements and specifications for illuminating
flares for night tactical operations as dispensed by either aerial or surface vehicles.
Prog re s s to Date - The CDTC-V has participated with the Air Force units in RVN
in evaluation* of the M139(T10E6), a f l a r e with 3-million candle power and 3-minute
duration. This flare has been compared with the Mk6Mod6 f l a r e , which has been employed in large quantities in. the RVN. Mk5 flares have also bcen ; employed.
tiojvT'lly, it is g e n e r a l l y considered that o:ie M139 flare is equivalent to two
flares or three Mk5 flares. .However, the stool case of the M139 flare is likely
survive major damage upon impact and thus be useful to insurgent weapon makers. '
For this reason the M139 is not considered by all users as an acceptable flare for
couijturinsurgcincy operations.
Plan .and ; Scfrcdule to Complete - Determination of the specifications of an illuminating device which will fulfill the unique requirements for counterinsurgeucy operations, and which is sufficiently different from existing flares to require research and
development, remains outstanding. The CDTC-V is attempting, with the assistance of
those units having illumination requirements, to establish the essential specifications.
Ftu-lher reporting of this task will be held in abeyance until such time a-s a development
program is established.
(
. 6 ) Antipersonnel Bombs
~-»
1—-—
• ^—
, >.-•••
'&-'•-
- -5ST ...•. • . ••
s
.
Objective - To determine the best available munitions for antipersonnel application
in the environment, those modifications which will increase their effectiveness, and the
R&D requirements to achieve optimum munitions.
Progress to Date - The AN-MIA2 cluster of M41 20-pound fragmentation bombs
is used operationally by the VNAF. The CDTC-V states that those bomb clusters are
regarded as one of the most effective air-delivered munitions buijm yscd by the VNAF. ,
• 8 Jf':'> .-. ••••':.- ' . - . - • • ' " . •
A limited number of MK 54 depth bombs have been dropped to t<?s.t their effectiveness in dense jungle growth- These tests have determined that nerfKer the XM914
proximity fuze (see Sub task 3jthis task) nor the standard M116 proximity fuze is compatible with the MK54. No f u r t h e r reports on these items are anticipated.
Plan and Schedule lu Complete - No effort is currently under way in this subtask
area. All f u t u r e efforts which could have been identified under this general area will
be identified as specific subtasks. T h e r e f o r e , no subtask entitled "Antipersonnel
Bombs" will appear in f u t u r e ARPA/AGILE Semiannual Reports.
30
�Task D - Special Weapons
Background
* • '••
By the very nature of remote area conflict and the environment in which it is
waged, it is necessary to develop special-purpose weapons and ammunition to f u l f i l l
unusual requirements that a r e generated. Weapons in this task differ from those in the
other weapon tasks in that each is designed for a particular tactical application. These
weapons employ rather unique concepts or applications of existing technology; they
include flame weapon?., self-propelled small-caliber projectiles, separating bullets,
explosive fuel vapors, and others. The development of such special-purpose weapons
and ammunition is intended to overcome peculiarities of the terrain, such as dense
foliagd that conceals targets; insurgency tactics, which often result-in the presence
of but fleeting targets, and, to a . d e g r e e , the lack of conventional heavy supporting
weapons.
( I ) Camouflaged Antipersonnel. Mines
Objective - To develop a new antipersonnel mine v.-hich may. be-either emplaced by
hand or air-dropped and will defy visual detection because of its close resemblance to
indigenous materials.
<<*•;
Progress to Date - Two R&cD e f f o r t s arc involved in this task:. (1) the development
of castablc mines which arc shaped to resemble local materials; and (2) a low^^st,
antidisturbance fuze for use with these explosives. At the ]£&c.L'this program 'wife initiated, PBX mines cast to resemble small stones \Ver'$"J:>eing made in"experimental.",
quantities by the U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station. The techniques of fabricating these
explosives to simulate the color and texture of stones had been developed.
On 1 November 1961, at the request of ARPA/AGILE, NOTS undertook a research
and development program on cast PBX mines with antidisturbance fuzes.
Two hundred mines cast to rcseinble rocks indigenous to South Vietnam and two
h u n d r e d antidisturbance fuzes were shipped by NOTS to the ARPA R&D Field .Unit in
Vietnam in September, 19&2. Mr. Joseph Petit, an explosives expert at the Harry
Diamond Laboratories, was sent to Saigon by ARPA/AGILE to inspect, evaluate, and
demonstrate the "rock" mines.
Inspection of the fuzes and mines showed that they were incompatible; many fuzes
did not fit the fuze wells in the mines. After arming, some of the mines exploded
spontaneously. Because of the poor manufacturing tolerances .applied to the mine f u z e
wells and the unsafe fuzes, the remaining units were withdrawn from test and will be
disposed of by appropriate ordnance disposal procedures.
31
CONFIDENTIAL
�Flan and Schedule to Complete - Future efforts will be directed toward the following tasks: (!) developing an "out-of-line" fuze; (?.) developing the required manufacturing drawings for the fuze; (3) arranging for the manufacture of a limited but sufficient
number of icomplete units to provide the test, quantities necessary to assure that the
units meet all required specifications; (4) providing for the manufacture of enough additional units for shipment to the- A.RPA R& D Field Unit for environmental test and
evaluation.
The p r o g r a m will be conducted in the steps indicated, with each succeeding step
being predicated upon the successful completion of the preceding step. Probable completion date is about the end of October, 1964.
{2 j Micro rocket Pistol and. Projectile
Objective - To investigate the potential uses of very-small-c.alibcr microrockct
projectiles in various weapons systems and to develop a very-low-cost, defensive handheld weapon suitable for use by local paramilitary or civilian forces.
Progress to Date - The feasibility study and experimental research program
initiated in July, 1962, to investigate small-caliber microrocket projectiles was concluded during the period. Participating in this effort were the U.S. Navai Ordnance
Test Station, the Naval Weapons Laboratory, the U.S. Army Ballistic. Research Laboratory, and MB Associates. Two secret reports were received late in the reporting
period covering this effort. One is from the U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station and is
entitled "Micrcrcckets; Applied Research on the Performance Characteristics of
Microrgckets" (U). It reaches conclusions and makes recommendations in problem
areas sucli as: projectile propollant, ignition, nozr.les, and shape, and launcher de.sign. The other, "Report on Parametric Evaluation of Hand-Held Microjet Weapon"
( U ) , is from the U. S. Naval Weapons Laboratory. It is a study of the effectiveness of
the-haiKJ-held microjet weapons against personnel targets.
. Under contract to ARPA, MB Associates fabricated a test quantity of experimental . 49-cnliber microrocket pistols and projectiles. As reported in the 1 April •30 June 1963 Quarterly Report, these weapons were subjected to engineer design tests
at the M. P. White Laboratory. The results of these tests disclosed reliability and
accuracy problems that required correction before proceeding f u r t h e r . Following these
testa, MB Associates modified a number of the pistols and improved the projectiles in
an attempt to overcome the deficiencies noted. The modified weapons and improved
ammunition were retestod at White Laboratory in September, 1963. The results of this
test showed improvement over those of the first test. However, considerable development effort is still required before this weapon can meet the objective of a low-cost,
defensive, hand-held weapon suitable for use by local paramilitary or civilian forces.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - No f u r t h e r effort on a hand-held microrockct
weapon is planned until such time as the state of the art in small-caliber microrocket
r CONFIDENTIAL
�•V. -GOMFIDENT.IAL
projectiles is advanced to a point of g r e a t e r assurance of success than now exists.
Therefore, with the rendering of a final report, this sublask is completed.
(3) Fuel-Air •Sxplosivc (FAX)
Objective - To develop a munitioh which will be e f f e c t i v e against area targets
concealed and shielded by hvavy vegetation or protected by purthworks and tunnels.
Progress to Date - Detonation of a f u e l - a i r explosive cloud was achieved by the
Naval Ordnance Test Station .during January, 1961. The cloud consisted of ethylene
oxide dispersed by a burster charge and detonated by a high-explosive booster. Studies
showed tha.t the detonation velocity was of the order of 1500 meters per second and that
o v e r p r e s s u r e s - of 250 psi developed throughout, the area covered by the clouds. Such asystem could have marked-advantages over conventional explosives as an area-fire
weapon a g a i n s t protected or concealed targets. The protection from blast and .shrapnel
afforded personnel by slit trenches, t r e e s , rocks, and m a n - m a d e b a r r i e r s would be
l e s s effective because the vapor cloud is all-enveloping within its area of dispersal; the
cloud might even penetrate tunnel.1! for considerable distances.
In January, 1963, an accelerated program to develop an air-droppablc FAX
weapon was undertaken by NOTS at the request of A R PA/AGILE.
A 5-pound device having an internally'mduiited dispersion and detonation mechanism was developed. Because the small size of the cannistcr made it difficult to space
the b u r s t e r charge and the delay-detonation unit correctly, the design was changed to a
10-pound, 7-inch-diameter size.
Twenty 10-pound units were tested by dropping them from a 40-foot tower. In all
cases the burster charge produced a satisfactory cloud of cthylenc oxide. IIo%vever,
five of the clouds did not explode, but burned, indicating that they had been ignited p r e maturely, i . e . , before adequate dispersion to form an explosive fuel-air mixture could
take place.
As larger sizes may allow the uso of techniques not feasible with the small sizes,
studies of an 80-pound size are in^progrcss.
A fiber-glass launcher for 7-inch bomblets was developed, and a contract for the
m a n u f a c t u r e of 66 of the launchers has been lot.
Plan and Scjiadulc to Complete - Presently under study.
33
�.CONFIDENTIAL
(4) Helicopter Trap Weapon
Objective - To develop a. munition capable of destroying bamboo stakes and other
barriers used to deny to helicopters the use of probable landing zones.
Progress to Date - The Viet Cong forces in Vietnam have d«5\eloped the tactic of
erecting bamboo stakes in probable helicopter landing areas. These stakes are sufficiently tall to cause damage to the rotor blades of the descending a i r c r a f t . The effect
has been to deny the use of some landing /.ones or to limit the number of possible helicopter landing sites to thg point where am-bushcs may be p r o f i t a b l y prepared.
To counter this tactic, tin accelerated development program was initiated at the
Naval .Ord'nanf.e Test Station to provide a weapon capable of destroying these antilanding
materials. A f r e e - f a l l bomb, designated as the E X H S M o d O , was developed employing
the M155A1 mechanical time fuze, a modified Mk41 Mod O Zuni continuous-rod warhead, a FIST ribbon drogue parachute with a deployment bag, a parachute canister, and
two modified Mk 105 Practice Bomb strap-type bomb lugs. The physical characteristics of the bomb a r e : nominal diameter, 5 inches; over-all length, 31.5 inches; and
loaded arid fuzed weight, 55 pounds.
This modified Zuni warhead will yield a normally continuous ring of steel expanding at an average velocity of 4700 to 4800 feet per second to its opening diariieter of 50
to 56 feet. Vertical or near-vertical bomb strike, which is necessary to achieve the
maximum effectiveness of the continuous rod, is accomplished by use of the drogue
chute, which, in addition to providing the bomb attitude control necessary for low-level
bomb release', also provides the necessary high drag force which allows the attacking
aircraft to escape front the danger area of the bomb. Thi& system is designed for lowlevel, low-spcod delivery by either fixed- or rotary-winged aircraft.
Final CONUS tests of the production weapon revealed a deficiency in the black
powder fuze booster which must be corrected before'the system can be released to the
field for test and evaluation.
A detailed description of this weapon is contained in NOTS Technical Publication
3416 (Confidential), titled "Description and Instruction for Use of the High-Explosive
Bomb EX 115 Mod O Helicopter Trap Weapon" (U), dated November, 1963.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - It is anticipated that the fuze-booster deficiency
can-be corrected and the weapon can be rctested and readied for shipment to RVN for
environmental test and evaluation by 1 February 19&4. Shipping plans are to transport
40 bombs and five inert practice round.s by air, with the .remaining 160 bombs to be
transported by ship.
34
-CONFIDENTIAL
�-CONn.PENTI.AL
(5)_ Stripi Bullets
'
.
ObJ££tiv£ - To provide an i n c r e a s e d capability for rifles and automatic weapons
used against fleeting t a r g e t s at short ranges.
Progress to Di'.to - The development-program designed to improve the kill capability of small ?.rms conducted over the past year by the U. S. Naval Ordnance Test
Station has been concluded. E f f o r t was concentra'ce-d oil the design UTid test of s t r i p
builets made; of a number of short lengths of lead wire pressed into a die to form a core
of conventional bullet size and shape and then c l a d with a thin copper foil. When the
strip bullet is fired t5iroug.li a bore, the centrifugal force imparted by the rifling causes
the strips" to separate as they leave the barrel. This produces a shotgun effect and increases the hit p r o b a b i l i t y . The principle may be applied in weapons ranging from
pistols to -. 5P-caliber machine guns.
Although t e s t s have demonstrated .the feasibility of this concept, considerably
more development e f f o r t is required to produce a. bullet of this nature that is'practicable
for field use.
Plan and Schedule to Complete.- Sinee other means of improving the kill capability
of small arms appear to offer g r e a t e r probability of success, no f u r t h e r effort will be
expended on this subt.isk.
(6)
High - Into n s i-ty ??ound Oe no r atOj^
Objective - To stjudy the use of detonation techniques for the generation of sustained, very high sound power levels for weapon application.
Progress to Dalo - A single-tube sound generator has been built. The device is
shown schematically in Figure 7 and functions in the following manner. Air is blown
into the mixing plenum where it is mixed with propane to form a detonable mixture.
The mixture is forced through the check valves and fills the com bus lion chamber. At
the desired time, the gas-eons m i x t u r e is ignited by an electric discharge across the
spark plug. The flame front is t r a n s f e r r e d from the combustion chamber to the echo
tube where it is intensified and appears at the exit as an explosion or detonation, 'five
contour of the 127, 2-db sound level is shown in Figure 8. Detailed sound field meas u r e m e n t s are in progress.
£ilLn gj^d^^hedule to Complete - A multitube -sound g e n e r a t o r - i s being assembled.
The interaction of close-packed p a r a l l e l tubes will be studied. Tests will be completed
by 31 J a n u a r y 196-1. F u r t h e r work will depend upon evaluation of the results.
35
�Mixing plenum
Valve assembly
CombusHon chamber
Blower
Echo tube
Air in
Spark sourae
FIGURE 7.
HIGH-INTENSITY SOUND GENERATOR
36
CONFIDENTIAL
�CONFIDCNTIAL-
FIGURE 8.
ISOINTENSITY CONTOUR OF DETONATION SOUND
WITH A 1. 5-INCH DETONATION TUBE AT 35 CPS,
USING A MIXTURE OF AIR AND 'PROPANE
37
�•CONFIDENTIAL
J7) Village and Outpost Security
Objective - To test and evaluate devices and equipment that may be employed to
advantage in protecting villages and outposts from enemy activity.
Progress to Date - A mock-up of the command firing point of a village defense plan
utilizing surplus 75-mm Skysw«cper nriir.es has beun built and demonstrated in V-ietram.
About 5 million rounds of the ammunition are being held in reserve in CONUS depots
pending requirement information from CDTC-V.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - No further R&D work is planned for this task;
therefore it will not be included in future reports.
Task fc - Lethal and Nonlethal Weagon Systems
Weapon requirements for remote area conflict a r e influenced by environmental
and tactical considerations. Hence the acquisition pf data on environment, the nature of
actual and potential conflicts 'in these environments, the duration of the various forms of
enemy targets, the incidence and relative effectiveness pf the cover-and concealment
available to friend or foe, the relative effectiveness of available weapons which are or
can be employed by both sides, the effect of these weapons on relative mobility, their
logistic impact, and the level of skill and training required to employ them is essential
.to the generation of new lethal weapons and to the use of existing ones.
In some instances, it may be desirable to incapacitate the enemy temporarily;
captured troope might be a valuable source of information on enemy positions, or
civilians in an area under attack could be returned to productive occupations after the
Insurgents had been apprehended. Thus, for intelligence, psychological, and humane
reasons, nonlethal weapons are sometimes required.
(1) Weapon Systems Stxxdies and Research
Objective - To provide a comprehensive program within which all weapon tasks
can be coordinated, and to provide a wide base of resources' to examine the various
parameters affecting weapon development for remote a-rca conflict.
Progress to Date^ - A group was assembled to define the approaches and tasks and
to recommend the level of effort to be established in the various weapon systems areas.
Tasks consistent with the background and experience of the Naval Ordnance Te'st Station,
38
�tlio Research Analysis Corporation, the RAND Corporation, and the Institute for Defense
Analysis were agreed upon and assigned to the appropriate organizations. A preliminary report entitled "A Survey of River .Mine Countermeasures for use in Remote Area
Conflict" was published by the R e s e a r c h Analysis Corporation on 15.November 1963.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Since the objectives of this subta.sk are to be
attained d u r i n g . t h e prosecution of specific weapons programs, accomplishments will be
reported wilhin the appropriate technical area and Weapon Systems Studies and
Researcii will not bo reported as a separate subtask in the future.
39
lUNHUEiNT'lALr
�Technical Area, 2 - Individual Equipmoivt
-
Task A •• Clothing and Equipment
Background
-
;^
•
.
•
Because of the nature of remote area conflict and the environment in which it
normally occurs, a considerable amount of material transport requirements is fulfilled by nuin> or sometimes animal, portage. Coupled with the generally small
stature of the local peoples involved, this places aft extremely high premium on the
weight and bulk of the material which must be transported.
This technical area is concerned with ite'ms of individual-issue equipment, except for weapons, which a soldier needs to be properly prepared for .extended operations or needs in order to be effective in combat. Its purpose is to provide the best
solution to problems encountered by local forces in improving this equipment, and
hence the capabilities and effectiveness of the individual soldier as regards personal
equipment.
Since these, requirements will vary with the particular country concerned, the
approach to this technical area may be divided into the fulluwing three general efforts.
First, to provide U. S. technical knowledge anil experience to improve items of
equipment and clothing which have already been developed by the local forces and arc
in use.
Second, where the country concerned has the facilities Or the resources to make
a particular item, to provide the technical knowledge -required to develop a production
capability, in-country, for the specific item. Here the problem is to develop an item
suitable fof the needs of local forces and provide the technical assistance necessary to
the host country's manufacturers to enable them to provide the materials or equipment
to supply their needs.
Third, where a requirement exists for an item for which a country has neither
the resources nor the manufacturing capability to supply it, and it does not exist in the
U.S. inventory, U. S. R&D efforts will be marshalled to develop an item which will
meet the requirement.
( 1 ) Improved Individual Combat Equipment
Objective - This task has a twofold.purpose: (1) to obtain and evaluate information which can be used to design and develop irnprov.ed individual clothing and equipment
for local forces engaged in or threatened by conflict in Southeast Asia; (<J) to develop
prototypes of improved items.
40
�CQNflDCNTIAtr
Progress to Date - (1) An anthropprnetri<: survey of 2,950 men of the Armed
Forces of the Kingdom of Thailand and of 2,130 men of the Armed Forces of the
Republic of Vietnam has been conducted; about 52 body measurements were made on
each man. The data are now undergoing analyses. It is expected that the analyses
will bo completed and final reports issued early in the. next reporting period.
Inspection of the data showed that the height of the average Vietnamese soldier
(50th percentile) is 5 fc.et 2-1/2 inches and that of the Thai soldier, 5 feet and 4-1/2
inches, in contrast with an average of 5 feet 8-1/2 inches for the U.S. soldi-crs- In
addition, the average Vietnamese weighs only 108 pounds-, and the Thai, only 120
pounds., i-n contrast with 152-1/2 pounds for the U.S. soldier.
Usi.ng the rule of thumb that the s.oldier's load should not exceed one-third of his
body weight, it is evident that whereas a load of.Sp.pounds is permissible for U.S,
soldiers, only 35 pounds should be carried by Vietnamese and Thai soldiers. Therefore c]<7thing and personal equipment provided to these'troops should be about one-third
lighter in weight than that provided to the U. S. soldier.
The Engineering Psychology Laboratory, Pioneering Research Division, conducted a human-factors study of problems aiid considerations associated with use of
equipment and clothing by local ground forces of the Royal Thai Army and the Army of
the Republic of Vietnam. Recommendations concerning human-factor considerations
for each item of equipment were published in a report entitled, "Human Factors Evaluation of Clothing and Personal Equipment in "Thailand and the Republic of Vietnam", by
J. M. Chaffin, Major, QMC, and E. W. Youngling, Research Psychologist, V. S. Army
Natick Laboratories, Natick, Massachusetts, August,19^3.
(2) Operations in Vietnam often involve three-day or longer missions without resupply rather than the one-day patrols conducted by U. S. forces. Thus we have the
problem of a smaller man needing equipment that in total weighs a third less than the
load carried by the corresponding U.S. soldier, but who must carry supplies for a
mission three times as long. The uccd far lightening the weight of everything the
Vietnamese soldier carries is therefore particularly important. Accordingly, an inspection of the clothing and equipment of the Royal Thai Army and the Army of tho
Republic of Vietnam was undertaken by Dr. S. J. Kennedy and Mr. R, C. Metxgcr of
the Clothing and Organic Materials Division of the U.S. Army Natick Laboratories.
A series of recommendations was made to the chief of the research and development
center of each country.
41
CONFIDENTIAL
�A.
,C£mn DCNTI Ac
While the specific recommendations ar? ^-:ing considered by the Thai and by the
Vietnamese governments, 1.2 samples of a lo^d-carrying system based on materials
that could be produced locally have been completed under the direction of Mr. Metzger
in Bangkok. Ten of these pack systems were furnished to. a. Thai Ranger Battalion for
evaluation; one was sent to the, ARPA R&D Field Unit in Vietnam for illustration; and
the remaining one was shipped to the Natick Laboratories. Figure 9 is a'photograph of
the pack system.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - After evaluation of the results af the anthropomctric and human-factors sludies, tasks will be formulated to implement the specific
recommendations adopted by the Thai or by the Vietnamese governments. It is estimated that the tasks in both the above ^countries will be completed early in FY-65.
Task B - Remote Area Pow.er Sources
B;!ckground
This task was established to obtain improved sour-ces of power for use in remote
areas where conventional power sources are not readily or .economically available.
Conflict taking place in remote and sometimes underdeveloped countries of the world in
which modern weapons., communication, and transportation equipment are employed
often imposes power requirements which may be .several orders of magnitude greater
than that which the country >.:an supply. There is, in addition, a serious lack of the
necessary facilities such as railroads, power lines, and industry on which to build an
increased power-producing capability. For these reasons this task is concerned with
the total problem of the power requirement and supply inherent in such conflict. The
purpose of this task is to obtain a comprehensive spectrum of i\ll of the power requirements which arise from the necessity to conduct war in a remote area and match this
with the many means which are available to generate power locally.
42
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FIGURE 9. RANGER PACK
43
CONriDENTIAbr
*ii9»
�(1) Power-Sources Study
Objective - (1) To identify requirements for power and potential power sources
for Southeast Asia; (2) to identify those power sources which have the optimum capability of satisfying the requirements of a ranger on a three- to five-day mission.
Progress to D.atc T A study of the power .requirements for ranger operations and
for strategic village defense, in Southeast Asia, has been completed. A report has been
prepared ar.d the following recommendations are made,
(1) For Man-Pack-Radios
-
(a) The development of alkaline-manganese dioxide primary
batteries for radio communication on missions of-up to
three days' duration.
(b) . The development of silver-cadmium rechargeable batteries
and fast battery chargers (one- to three-hour battery
chargers;).
'
(c) For missions of more than three days, the development
of lightweight foot-pedal generators with silver-cadmium
rechargeable batteries.
(d) The development of closed-cycle Rankinc charcoal- and
gasoline-fired steam engine and turbo-alternator generators
' if this substantially lat'ger capital investment is considered
advisable.
(2) For Trail-Type Vehicle Communication;
The development of charcoal- and gasoline-fired steam engines with
adequate boilei- capacity.
(3) For Village Defense Communication
,r
Human-foot-pedal generators and animal-treadmill gcnc.rators to
rcchaVgor automobile-typo lead-acid batteries, (The generiil'ars
may be standard automobile g e n e r a t o r s modifi'ed to operate in the
humid environment of Southeast /Vsia. )
Plan f<nd Schedule to Complete - The f i n a l report is being printed. It should be
.available for distribution during the month of J a n u a r y , 1964. As distribution of this
r e p o r t will complete the power-sources study, this subtask will not be included in
f u t u r e AG-ILE reports. Development of specific h a r d w a r e , if any, \villbe carried on
under Snbproject IV, Communications Systems.
44
�^CONrlDCNTIAL
(Z)
Thermoelectric Generator
Objective - To examine the applicability of thermoelectric generators to the
power requirements of remote area conflict.
Progress to Date - Two thermoelectric units have been evaluated under field conditions in Southeast Asia. The .results are reported under Subproject IV, Communications Systems.
Platband Schedule to. C'ompl-ct.e - Future work on thermoelectric g-enerators will
be c a r r i e d on under Subproject IV, Communications Systems.
(3j Hydroelectric Generators
Objective - To '!xa.mint! methods of producing power from shallow, slow-moving
streams.
Progress to Date - A contract for the study of turbogenerators designed to der
velop 50 watts of electrical power when placed in a stream with a depth of as little as
10 inches and a stream velocity of 2, knots was awarded during the month of April, 1963.
This contract has been cancelled because of lack of performance on the part of the
contractor.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Inasmuch as the turbogenerators arc intended to
serve as a power source for communications equipment, afty future work on hydroelectric generators will be reported as part of the Subproject IV, Communications
Systems.
Task C - lightweight Armor_ Material's and Protective Dcvic-es
!
Background
Since a characteristic of 1 the type of w a r f a r e with which the AGILE program is
primarily concerned is that it is a conflict of foot soldiers armed with light weapons,
protection of the local forces of friendly governments against the effects of small arms
fire and antipersonnel fragmentation munitions a s s u m e s a significant role. It is the
purpose of this task to examine .the role of armor and other protective materials in the
light of the particular characteristics of those small conflicts, and to determine the
best utilization of presently available materials arid methods to decrease the vulnerability of the forces of friendly governments to antipersonnel weapons.
45
CONFIDENTlAb
�CONFIDENTIAL
7\.rmor materials are being examined for possible application to the individual
soldier, aipc.r;ift, land vehicles, and boats. Work being done under this task h a s ' b e e n
divided into two general categories, that which concerns itself with advancing the state
of the art by generating f u n d a m e n t a l knowledge on the mechanics of projectile penetration through homogeneous and heterogeneous armor.materials and a quick-response
empirical development and test program to provide better, more unable armor materials in as short a time as possible. Additionally, under the term protective devices,
new methods of obtaining ballistic protection a r e being explored which do not depend on
passive energy dissipation as do conventional a r m o r s , but attempt to act on or react
with the projectile to achieve the same purpose.
(1)
Penetration Mechanics Phenomenology
Objective - To gain a quantitative understanding of the effects of molecular variables on the behavior of heU-ro.gene-ouc composites structures under ballistic loading
conditions.
.Progress to Date - Work on a contract for a on«-year study of homogeneous and
f i b e r - r e i n f o r c e d -polymers as lightweight a r m o r materials was initiated on January 17,
19^3, by the Acroiiutronic Division of Ford Motor Company. The results to date are
as follows:
(1) Methods of fabrication have been developed which result in rcproduci^
ble high-quality reinforced plnstic composites of known properties in
which variables such as cross-link density, molecular weight, and
crystallinity may be investigated as they a f f e c t mechanical and ballistic behavior.
(2) Thermoplastic film - glass fabric composites have been developed
which, at lower density and cost, possess higher ballistic limits and
integrity after ballistic impact than their thermoset resin
counterparts.
(3) Under certain conditions, a unique p e n e t r a t i o n defense known as
"projectile turning" was observed in experiments with fibcr-glassroving epoxy-rcsin composites. In t h i s - d e f e n s e , the projectile,
after progressing to a certain depth into the target, changes direction
to proceed parallel to the laminations of the composite before coming
to rest at some distance from its o r i g i n a l point of .ontry. The occurrence of this effect depends upon projectile geometry, angle of incidence, and orientation angle of the fiber reinforcement with, respect
to the plane of the projectile obliquity.
(4) Ballistic-limit and residual-velocity determinations on cpoxy-resin
f i b e r - g l a s s - r o v i n g , p o l y e s t e r - r e s i n glass-fabric composites, and
unreinforced therriioplastic m a t e r i a l s , using both . 30»c.alibc'r AP M2
. bullets and 6-mm chrome-steel spheres, have been conducted.
46
'-CONFIDENTIAL
�A
Plan and Schqdulc to Complete - A final report on the present contract will be
issued d u r i n g the mbnth of February, 1964. The direction of future efforts will be
d e t e r m i n e d after 'the final report is evaluated.
Projcctile-J^nergy Absorption
Objective - To determine the optimum techniques for absorbing the energy of a
projectile.
•
to Date - A literature survey has boon made by Utah Research and
Development Company. It became apparent to URDG that the basic mechanisms for
the dissipation of the energy of the projectile upon impacting armor hnd not been considered in detail by previous investigators. Some of the means of dissipating energy
which Utah Research and Development will study in more detail are phase changes,
clastic storage, armor deformation, projectile deformation, frictional heating,
chemical reaction, c r n c k propagation, and increasing spall in the direction of projectileorigin.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - The present contract expires on 8 May 1964.
Further research in this area will be based on the .results obtained from current
studies.
•
.(3) Materials Research
' Objective - To evaluate improved armor materials developed by various Service
and industry laboratories.
Progress to Date - No new materials were submitted for testing during the period
I April to 3l~DeceVnber 1963.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Test requirements on armor materials will be
provided within other sublasks concerned. This subtask will not be included as a
specific subtask in future AGILE reports.
47
�-CONFIDENTIAL
Technical Area 3 - Rations
Background
In remote area conflicts where much of the military endeavors may consist of
p a t r o l s , p r o b e s , scouting expeditions, or counterattacks, many operations arc limited in range and duration simply by the amount of food the men can carry. This restriction in time and radius of action reduces the efficiency and e f f e c t i v e n e s s ' o f the
local f o r c e s by a significant amount.
This technical area has as its objective the development of indivi<U}'il and group
tactical rations which are lightweight., of minimum bulk, nutritionally adequate, and
suited to the taste'of the user. In order to achieve these objectives, a program is
n e c e s s a r y to examine the nutritional needs of the local forces, including the mineral
and vitamin content necessary for an-adequate ration. Having established these values, new rations are studied which consider not only the palate of the local soldier,
but which also take into account storage life, cooking requirements, and handling
techniques suitable for use under local climatic conditions. In order to better tailor
the ration to local conditions and establi.s-h within the c o u n t r y concerned a potential for
producing its own ration package, the availability of ration ingredients and packaging
m a t e r i a l as well as the related facilities within that country are studied. Research
and development on new packaging techniques applicable to the local food substances
are also c u r r i e d on in COXUS to determine what modern techniques for food packaging
arc applicable to the solution of the problem.
Task A - Individ\KU and Group Rations
Objective
To develop a lightweight, nutritionally adequate ration suited to the taste of local
forces.
Pr og r o s s to Date
Two types of rations have been developed. Type 1 provides about 3600 calories
per day and weighs about 2-1/2 pounds. Two d i f f e r e n t menus are provided for breakf a s t , two for dinner, and two for s u p p e r . Each menu includes about 1/2 pound of p r e cooked, dehydrated Vietnamese-type rice which may be rehydrated with hot or cold
water. Shredded and compressed, precooked dehydrated fish, pork, or s h r i m p , p r e cooked dehydrated cabbage or spinach, vacuum-packed roasted peanuts and sesame
seeds, instant coffee or tea, granulated sugar, lemon powdor, garlic powder, and salt
are included in the appropriate meals.
Type 2 ration is intended only for use on special missions. It consists of single
packets weighing less than 1/4 pound and providing approximately 500 calories.
48
•TtAt*-
�Carbohydrates furnish 44 to 50 per cent oif the caloric content of the packs, fats, 37 to
41 per cent, and protein, 13 to 17 per1 cent. This is about the highest caloric density
known to be tolerated by the average soldier for a period of 10 days. Two or three
packets are to b-e used daily, as the tactical situ.ition and availability permit.
Ninety prototype packets, representing ten of each menu, have been shipped to
CDTC-V; 45 of these will be reshippod to MRPC in Bangkok. These prototype packets
will serve as preliminary .field-test specimens.
Plan and Schedule.to Complete
Throe thousand meals will be prepared In accordance with the results of the
preliminary tests; 1500 will Jj£ shipped to Vietnam and an equal number to Thailand.
The nieals will be tested during the. next six months, and a final report will be written.
The ration task in Vietnam and i:i Thailand is scheduled to be completed by 30 June
1964. .
49 and 50
jCONnDCNTIAL
�CONriDCNTIAL
AGILE SU'BPROJECT H
Tosks formerly carried under Subproject I! have been included
under Subproje'ct t — Weapons, Individual Equipment, arid Rations.
�AGILE S U B P R O J E C T HI
REMOTE A R E A MOBILITY A N D LOGISTICS S Y S T E M S
�A
III
. REMOTE AREA MOBILITY AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS
SUHPROJECT OBJECTIVE
To improve the a i r , ground, and water'mobility capabilities of friendly local
f o r c e s engaged in or threatened with conflict in remote areas. Included are land
vehicles, a i r c r a f t , and s v a t c r c r a f t to, t r a n s p o r t t a c t i c a l units and to deliver supplies and
equipment in support of m i l i t a r y operations.
SUBPRQJECT BACKGROUND . . . ' . '
G e n e r a 1 Di seuss ion
•
'
•
Remote area conflict typically requires military operations where the topography
and climate p r e c l u d e or minimi/.o the use of conventional military mobility e q u i p m e n t .
While many novel vehicles have been developed to meet requirements for operation in
s w a m p s , on muskeg, and in f o r e s t s and marshes of the U.S. and Canada, t h e r e are other
aroas of the world in which no systematic approach to'the basic military problems of
m o b i l i t y has been attempted. Such an area is Southeast Asia where the gcomorphologica-1
aspects including extremes of rainfall, man-made f e a t u r e s such as rice paddies and
c a n a l s , lack of roadways, shallow, vegetation-choked \vater\vays, and few improved airfields p r e s e n t f o r m i d a b l e b a r r i e r s to mobility. Conventional wheeled, t r a c k e d , and
amphibious vehicles are roadbound or have a limited off-road capability in many parts of
this a r e a , especially d u r i n g the rainy season. Conventional w a t e r c r a f t and a i r c r a f t also
often lack satisfactory design and p e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s fo.r the environment.
Similarly, remote area conflict situations impose ptirticularly d i f f i c u l t c o n s t r a i n t s
on aerial resupply and place a premium on air mobility. A g a i n , topography, vegetation,
and climate often render conventional techniques ineffective and w a s t e f u l . New techniques and devices for a e r i a l re supply and for the improvement of air mobility appropriate to the region and type of operation and lack of f a c i l i t i e s must therefore be
developed.
Present-day development of ground vehicles remains essentially an empirical art. .
Study of available r e c o r d s - a n d interviews with experienced design personnel, both in
.government and in industry, reveal that the s c i e n t i f i c approach has r a r e l y been applied
to land vehicles. Rather than adapt the ground system to its operating environment, man
has generally chosen to adapt the environment to the system through the construction of
roads, bridges, t u n n e l s , etc. Consequently, modern mechanised armies have bccpmc
increasingly dependent upon road nets for mobility and logistical support. When confronted with environments having only r u d i m e n t a r y . t r a n s p o r t a t i o n networks, as in Korea
and South V i e t n a m , the movement of modern forces is reduced to — or less than — that of
"backward" peoples, who are capable of operating without established road systems.
This lack of effective o f f - r o a d mobility was a major contributing factor to the .defeat of
the French forces in Indochina.
51
�Ill
The interface between ground and water presents unique mobility problems. Dev i c e s optimized for walerborne. p e r f o r m a n c e which also incorporate a capability for
mobility oyer land obstacle's -of various types arc desired. Since military operations
must be conducted in this boundary /.one in c e r t a i n a r e a s , several approaches to the
i n t e r f a c e problem areas are also u n d e r investigation.
1 - Mobility E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e s e a r c h StudJ-es JV.ERS)
A d e t a i l e d study will be made of the environmental factors in Southeast Asia w-hich
c o n s t r a i n surfa-ec-vehicle mobility to gsin the basic data required to develop design
p a r a m e t e r s , tools, and techniques for use by m i l i t a r y and civilian agencies in the de.velopmenl of vehicles capable of s a t i s f a c t o r y off-road operation in remote area conflict
conditions. . N e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a t i o n includes data on soil properties, t e r r a i n g e o m e t r y ,
effects of climaie on soil and terrain, temperature and humidity ranges influencing
engine and mechanical design, effects of the environment on deterioration bf vehicle.
m a t e r i a l s , and size and spacing of t r e e s , rocks, ditches; etc. , which f u r t h e r constrain
vehicle dchigrt parameters.
Data will be acquired on Thru mobility/logistics requirements and capabilities at
various levels of c o n f l i c t , ranging frorn small-scale c o u n t e r i n s u r g e n c y operations to
open w a r f a r e involving the commitment of SEATO military units in f o r c e . Initially an
analytical concept of the Thai mobility/logistics systems will be developed. The ana l y t i c a l techniques so developed will then be applied to other areas faced with defense
problems. Various input studies are required before a comprehensive concept can be
produced, such as a hypothesized countorin-surgeney' conflict analysis, a study of
• c o u n t c r i n s u r g e n c y o.rganizatioiial strv.cUires , and studies on existing logistic systems..
.The Services are actively engaged in research on a i r c r a f t for remote area operations; this project is monitoring those programs. At p r e s e n t this Lank is concentrated on
problems of aerial delivery and -pickup in remote areas. Several subtasks are in progress, the maj»r of which concerns use of the flex-wing principle for aerial delivery.
IV i -. Surface
Work under this p r o g r a m is conducted under three subheadings:
Mobi 1 i t y jlcsoar c h and Testing (MOR.T)
Studies will be conducted and selective tests run to develop q u a n t i t a t i v e requirements and characteristics, in engineering terms, for the development, or acquisition for
t e s t , of an item or system of material to perform a specific military function in SEA.
Advanced vehicles, embodying unique design approaches, and/or improved components,
- CONFIDENTIAL-
�eONriDCNTIAL
III
have been selected with the advice of Service! development experts. These items will be
subjected to controlled to,sts over carefully defined and selected .courses, to determine
the value for the intended user in a given remote area of selected concepts, components,
and configurations. Tests will be conducted by the local armed forces concerned under
the direction of MRDC, Bangkok, and in coordination with MAAG 'personnel.
Vehicle Test and E v a l u a t i o n ffETE)
Selected materiel items and-systems c u r r e n t l y available from m i l i t a r y or civilian
sources will be tested to d e t e r m i n e their immediate suitability for adoption by local
a r m e d f o r c e s engaged, or likely to be engaged, in conflict in remote areas. Tests will
be conducted by and for the armed forces concerned, under the direction of MRDC,
Bangkok, and CDTC,, Saigon, based upon requirements developed by the U.S. and hostnation Commands, MRDC, CDTC, and the ARPA staff. The ARPA s t a f f , MRDC, and
CDTC will then review c u r r e n t l y available equipment with competent development
agencies; upon determination .that an existing item has ,a reason able probability of s a t i s f y ing. tKe requirement, such items will be procured, modified if required, and shipped t<b
the appropriate site for test and evaluation.
• Delta Mobility
The problem of military mobility in the- Delta is critical. The road network is
sparse; the t e r r a i n is spotted w i t h marshes and rice paddies; and throughout the D e l t a ,
there is an intricate complex of inland w a t e r w a y s and shallow, weed-choked creeks.
Tidal fluctuations and seasonal variations change the entire nature o.f much of this network of waterways and introduce additional problems. Exotic, .elaborate, or complex
amphibious vehicles or surface craft arc not supportable logistically and cannot be
employed.
This task will develop boats, amphibious vehicles.,, and propulsion systems which
will substantially i n c r e a s e military mobility in delta areas while retaining simplicity
and ease of maintenance. This involves analysis of the performance, capabilities , and
limitations of vehicles in use in Delta operations and is divided into two subtusks: &ma.U
craft and amphibious vehicles.
53
�CONriDCNTIALSUBPRQJECT III T|:GjlNigAL n AR L KA,S, TASKS, AND SUBTASKS
Listed below are the' major technical U r e a s , and the t a s k s and subtasks in each
area, with which this subprojcct is concerned. Succeeding pages contain the summarie
of t h e i r objectives and status.
.Toe him: al Area 1.
Mobility Environmental R e s e a r c h (MERS)
Task A.
Classification Systems
Task B.
Measurements
Task C.
Field Tests
Task D.
Data Collection and Environmental Analysis
Task E.
Vehicle- -Design and Analysis
Technical Area Z.
Logistics A n a l y s e s : Investigation, Development> and
Evaluation of Techniques and Devices
Task A.
Thai Logistics Facilities
Task B.
Logistics Implications of Thai Weapons and Weapon Systems
Task C.
Logistics Command and Control.Problems
Task D.
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Communication!!, and Supply Problems
Technical Area 3. Air Mobility: Investigation, Development, and Evaluation of
Techniques and Devices
Task A.
STOL Troop/Cargo A i r c r a f t
Task B.
Ili-moli! A v u a A i r s t r i p s
Task C.
Improvement in Aerial Delivery Moans
Technical Aie.ii 4.
Surface Mobility: Investigation, Development, and Evaluation
of Techniques and Devices
Task A.
Development of Requirements for Land, \Vate.r, and Amphibious
Items or Systems
Task B.
Mobility R e s e a r c h and Testing (MORT)
Task C.
Vehicle Test and Evaluation (VETE)
Task D.
Delta Mobility
54
�III
Technical Area 1 - Mobility Environmental Research (MERS)
Background
.
Basic data must be obtained requisite to the construction of design parameters for
use by military and civilian agencies in the development of vehicles capable of satisf a c t o r y off-road operation iii remote area conflicts. N e c e s s a r y information includes that
on soil p r o p e r t i e s , t e r r a i n geomtetry, effects of climate and w e a t h e r on soil and terrain,
t e m p e r a t u r e and humidity ranges influencing engine and mechanical design, effects of the
environment on deterioration of vehicle materials, and size and spacing of t r e e s , rocks,
vegetation, etc.
A program of experimental scientific research will be conducted in selected portions of Southeast Asia on those aspects of the physical environment directly related to
surface-vehicle mobility. The. object is to produce design p a r a m e t e r s in consolidated or
tabular form. This e f f o r t , winch could extend through FY-66, will be clrtsoK- <:o«M-«linaN'H
with an operations r e s e a r c h analysis directed toward integrating all data into a refined
design tool. Several advanced-design, vehicles'havo been procured for use in the
prog rani.
Tri.sk A — Classification Systems
Objective
Collection and'collation of environmental data sufficiently descriptive of topography,
hydrology, and vegetation to support theoretical analysis of surface transport mobility;
classification of soils for mobility purposes; climatic techniques for defining state of the
ground.
.Progress to Qatc
The report of a s h o r t - t e r m mobility team provided by the Army from in-house
resources to make a six-month preliminary study of the environment of Thailand has
been distributed. This study. "Environmental Factors Affectirrg Ground Mobility in
Thailand", (U.S. A r m y Engineers W a t e r w a y s Experiment Station Technical Report
No. 5-625) has f u r t h e r delineated the problem areas to be studied during the long-range
program.
A survey of literature c u r r e n t l y available in the U. S. on the environment in
Thailand is in progress. A bibliography was compiled of data available in the
.Washington, j}. c. , area.
W o r k is in progress on streamlining previously developed systems for classifying
e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s for the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of specific e f f e c t s imposed on ground
mobility operations.
Microrelief and vegetation surveys and soil testing and sampling were initiated cm
beaches in Franklin Country, Florida, by Florida State University.
55
�(.*%*/, v ••>•&**. V-'.--i«'-'-,
.CONFIDENTIAL
Work plans on tasks to be conducted in-house and by contractors are under
preparation.
V
Evaluation of existing environmental classification systems will continue,
W i l s o n , Nut.lall, Raimond Engineers, Inc. , have completed preparation of test
data sheets and wheeled- and tracked-vchicle specifications. Analysis of existing data
is continuing.
•
•
. •
'
P l a n and Schedule t,6 Complete
The subtasks under this heading will be e s s e n t i a l l y complete before June, 1964,
except Cor t o p o g r a p h y and soil classification (end FY*65).
Tn.sk B — M e a s u r e m e n t s
.
:
Objective
Improvement of p h o t o - i n t e r p r e t a t i o n techniques for tropical environments; design
and acquisition of i n s t r u m e n t s suitable for evaluation of cross-country vehicle p.crformap.cf under all conditions of t e r r a i n and w e a t h e r ; acquisition aivd modification of i n s t r i i mc-nlatiou vehicle and eciuipment, and a system of measuring .and recording i n s t r u m e n t s ;
d;ita m a n i p u l a t i o n and reduction in the field; and l a b o r a t o r y processing o-f soil samples
as required by the general research program.
progress to .Date
.
•
.
Most of the equipment needed has been shipped to Thailand. Various component
p a r t s comprising the automatic load'-dyftnmometer mechanism for vehicle drawbar-pull
tests have been o r d e r e d , and design plans and specifications for the i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n
vehicle have been prepared.
Texas Instruments, Inc. , capability in. non.contact sensing and interpretation of
tr.opicrtl t e r r a i n has been examined. It has a R-25 a i r c r a f t equipped w i t h multiple
s e n s o r s including balck-arid-white photography, infrared and KA-band radar, which can
be mrido available. A larger a i r c r a f t ^quipped in addition with.i'-band radar will be
available in the near future.
M a s s a c h u s e t t s Institute of Technology is investigating the influence of environment
on the f j t r e t i g l h behavior o f ' s a t u r a t e d clays.
Colorado State U n i v e r s i t y has f u r n i s h e d instrumentation personnel to design, m a i n
lain, m o d i f y , and .operate vehicle test equipment and to train Thailand engineers in the
above.
56
�Phin and__Sr:hcdulc to Complete
With the exception of noncontact sensing and interpretation of tropical terrain, all
subtasks under this heading will be essentially completed d u r i n g FY-64. The noncoutact
sensing task will extend into f'Y-66, as will dat.,-> manipulation.
Task C - Field Tests
Objective
Development of vehicle performance relations, consisting of development of onepass soil t r a f f i c a b i l i t y criteria, and obstacle capability c r i t e r i a ; establishment of Ihc
properties of rice fields in the U.S. and Caribbean areas f o r comparison with those in.
Southeast Asia (to establish analogs); development of a mathematical model of ground
mobility to include selection, and description of test areas, design of mobility t e s t s , U.-sl
of mobility in l a n d f o r m types, verification of mobility predictions in terrain types of'
geographic regions, and development of ;in expression for g round mobility.
P r p g r c s s lo Date
Evaluation of. existing first-pass immobilization laboratory data for various types
of ;ires is in p r o c e s s , rmd a field-test pro,gra.m has been initiated in the V i c k s b u r g area
with three tracked and three wheeled vehicles to determine various data on a onr-pass
basis.
Wilson, Nutta), Raiinond Engineers, Inc. , have tabulated data from most of the
Waterways Experiment Station self-propelled t r a f f i c tt?sts on forms for one-pass soil
trafficability studi-es. Vehicle specifications ai-e nearly complete, and preliminary
analysis has been started.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Most of the work in this area takes place during FY-65, concluding late in FY-66,
since the major portion 1 of these subtasks depends upon information and data derived
from T n s k s A, B, and D.
Task P. — Data Collnc'ti_on and Environmental Analysis
Objective
Collection and exploitation of environmental data in South-cast Asia; classification
of t e r r a i n types in Southeast A s i n ; analogs of Southeast Asia in the U.S. and vicinity to
include tropical soils and terrain; airphotos of test areas and study areas in Southeast
Asia, the U.S. , and the Caribbean area as required by the general research program;
and development of t e r r a i n intelligence portrayal techniques for mobility.
57
�Ill
Progress to.Pate
•
Studies le. .idih'j> to '.lie development of a mot hod of identifying tor rain types in
Thailand raid in Puerto Rico (to permit an analogy) from aerial photographs have been
. initiated. Identifiable p a t t e r n s in photos of d i v e r s e t e r r a i n typos are being described and
delineated. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n is in terms; of two-dimensional g e o m e t r y , degree of repetition,
and tonal varianc.o.
Collection of terrain data in the- rice fields in the vicinity of Stuttgart and Kelsp,
A r k a n s a s , and Crowley, Louisiana, to determine seasonal characteristics and the eff e c t s of c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s on ground mobility has been completed. Tabulation and analysis of data a r e iu progress.
Equipment for approximately 25 soil m o i s t u r e - s t r e n g t h study sites in Thailand has
been shipped, and a p l a n of l u s t s in the range of environment to bo found -n T h a i l a n d has
been prcp<-uvd.
.
A manual of instructions for collecting environmental data in Thailand for project
MERS has been d r a f t e d , and coordination eifected in the f i e l d on a vegetation datacollection program.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Starting late in Fy-64, t h i s task will be essentially completed in FY-65, with
aomc field data c.qllcctioii continuing to mid-FY-66,
Task E ~ Vehicle; Design and Analysis
Objective
•
•
'
I n t e g r a t i o n of all p e r t i n e n t environmental, as well as all mechanical and e n g i n e e r ing factors an design p a r a m e t e r s , to i m p r o v e and formalize the procedures and methodologies used in the design of vehicles.
Use will bo made of da.ta made available through the environmental rc.sea.rch prog r a m s , the testing p r o g r a m s , and the stvidy of existing design procedures to formalize a
series of general analytically derived statements defining parameters and the various
v e h i c l e - t e r r a i n relations.
Progress to Date
A c o n t r a c t with W i l s o n , Nuttall, Raimond, Engineers, Inc. , for a s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t
vehicle d e s i g n study was executed in November. A s e a r c h for new contractors is
continuing.
Arrangements have been made for modifying available; test vehicles and requisition-"
ing additional test vehicles.
58
�_ ••CONFIDENTIAL' -
: X1^^^^^^^^*^ * ^ *
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Plan and Schedule to Complete
•Since this task depends primarily upon data derived from other tasks, most of the
effort is scheduled for late FY 65 through FY 66.
59
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rrmL.
Te£hn_icaJ_Area i — Log i s t i c s A n a l y s e s : Investigation, Development, and
.Evaluation of Techniques and Devices
Background
-
A broad atudy of mobility requirements for a -spectrum of potential conflicts in
Southeast Asia is desired.
(/
A n a l y s e s are proposed to consider, in conjunction with the trafficability study
being made separately under Project AGIL.E in Thailand, weapons and weapon s y s t e m s ,
C'jrninandj c o n t r o l , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , communication, and supply problems peculiar to
Southeast Asia. This will supplement MERS.by defining mobility r e q u i r e m e n t s more
p r e c i s e l y from tin; operational standpoint, and 'will permit d e t e r m i n a t i o n of points of
w e a k n e s s in p r e s e n t systems so that techniques and/or equipment can be developed to
remedy d e f i c i e n c i e s .
Task A —. Thai Logistics Facilities
Objective
'
.
To d e t e r m i n e c a p a c i t y and potential of Thailand logistic facilities;
P r o g r e s s t o^ Da t c
The report "POL Distribution System in Thailand" RACSEA-FS-S has boon s t a f f e d ,
and the field edition is in print.
The conclusions of the r.eport are:
(1) About 90 per cent of the POL products distributed within Thailand enter
the country through the oil company terminals in the Port of Rangkok.
(2) The major bottleneck which severely limits the amount of POL that can
be brought in through the Port is the constricted means of egress from
the Port area; one single-track rail line, one road, and the Chao Phraya
R i v e r on which passage through the city ia prohibited to vessels carrying
aviation o.r motor gasoline.
(3) Some years hence, as the road and rail network develop, products of the
36,000 bbl/day TORC r e f i n e r y (now being built on the cast coast of the
G u l f of Thailand) could be distributed without passing t h r o u g h the Bangkok
bott-leneck.
(4) U n d e r the present distribution s y s t e m , it is believed t h a t s u f f i c i e n t POL
to support counteriiisurgency o p e r a t i o n s can be delivered as far as upc o u n t r y d i s t r i b u t i o n points. The crucial gap is between d i s t r i b u t i o n points
and small units in remote and inaccessible parts o-f the country. Delivery
v/ould have to be made in 55-gallon d r u m s or gome equivalent containers.
60
�III
The mode of delivery, land or air, to c o u n t e r i n s u r g e n c y forces in remote
areas requires analysis. 'Major reliance on air may bo necessary.
(5) This paper is part of a study based on countcrinsurgency operations, but
the data on the POL distribution in Thailand can be used to compare
present capacities with the requirements of larger and more complex
force s t r u c t u r e s .
Plan and Schedule to Complete
'
v
Additional studies are to be initiated as p e r s o n n e l become available.
plan will be submitted in the near future,
A formal
.T_ask_B —• .Logistic^ ImpUrntion.s of Thai Weapons and Weapon Systems
Objective
To d e t e r m i n e the logistic implications of Thailand weapons and weapon systems
considering organization for combat, operational plans, training methods and status,
and type:; of w a r f a r e anticipated.
Progress to Date
Work continues with-tho MR.DC weapon study teams in Thailand.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Pl«i:ining depends upon production of a countcrins.urge.hcy conflict concept, and is
not complete.
Task C —_I,gi.;i.stics Command and Control Pi-pb].;ems
Objective
To study logistics command and control problems peculiar to Southeast Asia.
Progress to Date
RAC SEA-FS-1 "Counterinsurgency Qrganizqtional S t r u c t u r e in Thailand" has been
put in final form for printing.
Plan .ariel Schedule to Corisplete
' ' ' -
—'
"
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:
1—*
Additional studies are to be initiated as personnel become available.
plnix will be submitted in the near future.
61
A formal
�Ill
Task D — -Transportation, Communications , and Supply^ Problems
Objective
'
.
•
To study tririispo.rlalioii, communications , and supply problems peculiar to
Southeast Asia.
'. ' "
to Date
A revised statement of the proposed t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e for a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n study
in V i e t n a m has been p r e p a r e d , and a r e p o r t hiis been published oh work done in
Thaibuid to develop a new route capacity f o r m u l a for Southeast Asia. The report includes a review of p r e s e n t road capacity m e t h o d s , a description of the field-test r e s u l t s ,
details of the now method, and road capacity tables calculated with the new method.
.Figur.cs 10 t h r o u g h l!i point up the transportation problems peculiar to Southeast Asia,
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Additional studies arc to be initiated as personnel become available,
plan will be s u b m i t t e d in the near future.
A formal
�CON n DENT!Ab
FIGURE 10. WASHOUT AT CONCRETE BRIDGE SOUTHEAST.OF KQRAT
'-'•'*m^
w • VC^^^-'^^' 4
•
v
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•-'-.•. -.: - v;va
j^ f. "'•'••'•.'$&./'':&«. 4,'3fi* :
FIGURK 1 1. ERECTING WOODEN BARRIERS AT WASHOUT
63
�FIGURE- 12. COMPLETED WOODEN DARRIER IN PLACE AND
BACKED-UP TRUCKS AT WASHOUT
64
�:v^-.-*,x,i..-*«j
v^&rasr.
13. VIEW NORTHEAST OF KllOK SAMRONG SHOWING MUD
AT ROADSIDE
i«L*aJK?
. -i -v;;r-".v
• •':H*.':I;"'¥:-:«S-.:-T"'~•***>'»."..
'-i,W-A,,..fi-',,^>. i **J</ '
i.<"»::'ASii.-'H*-..N.T>,.v-r<' '•••-.-'vvijW>
:>
..fe4>|^^^;*
FIGURE 14.
s».rSt^i;;i.
VIEW NORTH OF KHOK SAMRONG SHOWING PI1.ES OF
LATER1TE AT ROADSIDE
65
�JCONFinEMTIAI
FIGURE 15. SPEED-REDUCING WET-SEASON ROAD DETERIORATION
FIGURE 16. VIEW SHOWING LATERITE DUST HELD TO MODERATE
INTENSITY BY SEASONAL MOISTURE
�CONFIDENTIAL
,
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_
'' * *jjjj£i"i'-rfi"'" ' '!s*r;<.3i.- > •>-;'.'*'iS?»
":":> 1 ^':> '••^I'-"-^•^-^
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p ,^
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FIGURE 17. VIEW OF FLOODED BUT PASSABLE ROAD SOUTH OF LAMNARA1
*#&*•
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8
FIGURE 18. NEW PAVED HIGHWAY NORTHEAST OF KORAT
67
CONFIDENTIAL
�in
COMFIDEMTIAt
' Tccltnic.ai Area 3 — Air Mobility: Investigation, Development, and
Evaluation of Techniques and Devices
Backg round
The three tasks in this area stem from a general r e q u i r e m e n t for improver! means
of transporting people and equipment.
Tasks arc undertaken to a s s e s s the usefulness of c u r r e n t equipment and to inv d s t i g a t e , and win-re indicated, develop., and evaluate new devices and techniques.
'
T-a.sk A - STO.L, Troop/Cargo A i r c r a f t
Objective
•
.
To assess the usefulness of assault transport a i r c r a f t in the combat environment
of SVNj and to tesi. methods of improving their STOL characteristics.
Progress to Pate
• A Y-model DeHavilluiid Caribou.) gross weight 26,000 pounds, loaned to ARPA by
the Army, has been tested in Southeast Asia under m a n y diverse conditions of loading,
weather, and landing surface.
These tests included reversible, thrust prop-cllers, which were found to reduce
landing roll, particularly .on w e t , muddy surfaces, by- as much as 50 to 6fl per cent.
A now project which o f f e r s considerable improvement in STOL c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
minimising take-off and landiny-distance r e q u i r e m e n t s , while ht the 6 a mo time providing
positive control at minimum speeds in and near the ground plane, is an unusual j e t - p u m p
system of boundary-layer control. The s y s t e m is of a stored-cnergy type, using jet
pumps burning engine fuel to a u g m e n t airflow over a portion of the wing flaps and control
s u r f a c e s , while drawing air over other portions to reduce the boundary-layer thickness.
F a b r i c a t i o n and bench tost of a full-scale model of th,u j e t - p u m p boundary-layer
control system is proceeding; however, technical difficulties have been encountered ill
throe, areas:
(1) Reliable ignition
.
(£)• Sustained uniform burning
:
..
(3) A c c e p t a b l e t e m p e r a t u r e range.
The ignition problem was rcs.olvod during November, and work is progressing toward a solution for the other two problems. Sustained-burning and repeated instantaneous
Jighl-offs have been obtained with a new fuel-air injector. However, the fuel-air
68
CONFIDENTIAL'
�mixture is richer' than theoretically required for sustained uniform burning; h$nce the
temperature problem is aggravated.
The t e m p e r a t u r e problem has be-on, attacked by use of zirconium oxide coatings,
and a now motor design u s i n g zirconium inserts, which may be replaced if necessary by
other high-temperature m a t e r i a l i>uch as tungsten. If the heat problem cannot be met
p r a c t i c a l l y in this manner, an alternative design will.be used, consisting of a manifold
around the motor bore to cool the motor wall. It will also, t h r o u g h preheating entering
Air about 200"K, permit n lower c o m b u s t i b l e fuel-air ratio .of the mixture, thereby reducing flame t e m p e r a t u r e in the combustion chamber by about 400°F. This design,
however, would be more complex.
Desigji and fabrication of the test duel is complete, and further progress awaits
development of the motor.
Plan and gr.hedule to <3omplele
Tests of the Caribou are essentially complete, and test reports were distributed
in September, 1962.
The a i r c r a f t is also used as a f l y i n g test bed in support of cornmuni.calions research and navigational system tasks, as well as in indirect support of other test programs, and so will continue in service in Southeast Asia, where it supports tusks of the
MRDC in Thailand and the CDTC ia Vietnam.
Since the jet-pump boundary-layer control system is a high-risk, h.igh-pay-off
approach, the program is phased to provide decision points before each major element.
Technical problems mentioned above have resulted in schedule slippage, now
estimated as about I months for Phase I ; so that a completion date of 15 March 1964
for Phase I is now estimated.
As soon as the technical difficulties have been overcome, a firm echcdule will be
prepared..
Tasjc n — ReiiioU; Area A i r s t r i p s
Objective
To d e t e r m i n e the feasibility of preparing a liglit-aircrau and helicopter 'landing
s u r f a c e , under tactical conditions, on soils of very low bearing strength.
Because of the extremely low soil density in much of Southeast Asia, a landing
s u r f a c e must be developed which has sufficient buoyancy to keep it from sinking of its
own weight. Hijjh soil acidity also requires that the materials of construction be protected from serious corrosion effects. Such conditions make this area of the world one
of the most difficult in which to construct such facilities. Previous studies and prototype
69
�Ill
' . - : • . . •„
•
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• •
./
mv'.hods developed by the Services and industry have not resulted in suitable methods for
providing the requisite capability in Southeast Asia.
A subsidiary task involves verification of the existence., condition, and potential of
land-plane nnd -seaplane facilities in Thailand. .
to Date
Ah air-transportable landing mat suitable for use on soils 'of low density and
b e a r i n g strength has been designed for ARPA.
Preliminary designs have been built in sample quantities, and dynamic tests have
been made. Joint design has gone through at least three sets of changes. It is now felt that the rigidity of the a i r s t r i p is limited by the strength of the aluminum .Mint- itself.
The list of £97 Thailand airfields reported by MRDG in September, 1963, has been
reduced to 288. Additional strips reported could not be located by recent a e r i a l s u r v e y s .
The M.RDC list classifies a i r f i e l d runways according to length, usability status,
• s u r f a c e , and a i r c r a f t type or weight-bearing capacity. Approximately 33 per cent are
unknown with regard to length; 55 per cent arc between 400 and 4;999 f e e t , and the remaining 7 per cent arc between 5,000 and 9,800 feet.
Usability status is given for 75 per cent of the runways. The s u r f a c e is given for
53 per c e n t , and the a i r c r a f t type f i n d / o r weight bearing capacity is given for 51 per cent
of the runways. The a i r c r a f t type or weight ^bearing capacity is based upon known construction f a c t o r s and a i r c r a f t with single, dual, and dual tandem landing gears that have
been known or reported to have used these runways. (See Figures 19 through 2.i. for
aerial views of rvinways. )
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Prototype fabrication of a landing mat will begin as soon os a c o n t r a c t can be consummated. Tests will be conducted both in CONUS and in Vietnam d u r i n g FY 65. The
program will be completed by January 1965.
The survey of Thai airfields should be completed by the end of FY 6-1.
-La"H C ~ Improvement in Aerial Delivery lylcans
Objective
To develop a series of flex-wing devices (including huming and landing system) for
precision delivery of supplies, to include a 300 1 -pound-puyload drop glider, a 1,000pound-payload towed g l i d e r , . and a man,n<-d 1000-pound-payload cargo c a r r i e r called a
"flying Jeep"; and to develop and evaluate .an improved disposable parachute for a o r i a l
70
�FIGURE 19. DONG, AN OVEttGRGWN AND ABANDONED AIRSTRIP
71
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:
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:
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"f" V.. .",'/"'". "-•'.'«»" *• •••
/•- ' K.'3p^.j$$!- 2i': '?feJl'•'.i^H^x^f*-* - ''•• v"- -; '^-^_
FIGURE 20.
CHIANG RAI IN NORTHERN THAILAND
�£*Wr*^V
' --^'"^J^
tt?H========i=*. '*k-jihi
FIGURE 21. PRANDUIU, SOUTHWEST-OF RANflKftK NEAR
THE BURMA BORDER
73
—
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"
�•,^~*~?i&~'?i -:-»<^:-<$;;^^Xj|:' ' •****&
FIGURE 22.
CHIANG KHONG NEAR THE 1,AO BORDER IN
NORTHERN THAILAND
74
�Ill
re supply missions from which the load can be readily recovered even though the canopy
is hung up in trees 100 to 120 foot high, or adapt .Mie.h parachutes as arc under Service
development.
Development models of a Pr«><-igion Drop Glider and a towed Air Cargo Glider will
be e x t e n s i v e l y tested to nsre> rtni.n t h e i r utility f o r aerial delivery in remote areas, and
to determine the m o d i f i c a t i o n s necessary to adapt tnese devices to tho needs and capabili t i e s of the user prior to entering the production engineering phase.
The Flexible \Ving Aerial Utility Vehicle or the Flying Jeep will be flight tested
and e v a l u a t e d as a Iogistic.nl. carrier.
Tests will be conducted of p a r a c h u t e s and equipment a l r e a d y developed to determine utility for remote area situations. New equipment will he developed if the need
for such a program is established.
P r o g r e s s to D(ite_
Tests to dato have demonstrated the feasibility of the f l e x i b l e wing as a device for
p r e c i s e delivery of cargo and for offset delivery w h e r e t e r r a i j i , enemy action, or the
d e s i r e to avpid disclosure of the drop /.one by o r b i t i n g a i r c r a f t so dictates, and have
i n d i c a t e d the feasibility of using these devices to provide a- la'rger cargo-transport, capability for various helicopters, including light observation helicopters, and to provide a
flying truck in the 1000-p.ound~car.gp class.
The Thailand phase of the 300-pound p'ayload Precision Drop Glider test program
was successfully concluded in J u l y , 1V63. No problems w o r e involved in training
Thailand c r e w s to assemble, check, and operate the equipment. A simplified system
of controlling the glider was developed during radio-controlled tests .which c«lls for less
skill oa the p a r t of the operau/r and reduces controller training time.
Maintenance of the equipment, p a r t i c u l a r l y bonded areas, became -quite d i f f i c u l t as
the rainy season arrived. Bonding cement required refrigerated storage, and did not set
properly. A detailed report on t h i s phase of the test program is contained in the Combat
Dcvejopmr.-iit and Test C e n t e r (now M i l i t a r y Research and Development Center},. Thailand
Q u a r t e r l y Report, July - September 1963. TRF.COM has been conducting a series of
drops at Camp Pickett and Fort Eustis, f u r t h e r extending the p e r f o r m a n c e envelope delineated by the contractor. A successful drop has been made from 500 feet (see Figure 23), and one was made from ^500 feet in a 40-knot wind, far in excess of that at
which parachutes' are used, with delivery to a point 100 y a r d s from the target. During
this drop, using m a n u a l radio control,, the glider was d e m o n s t r a t e d as able to hold into
the wind, UK ing a series of right and left t u r n s , and full 360-dcgrcc turns were made
both clockwise and counter-clockwise. Further i n s t r u m e n t e d tests, are (.0 be made to
determine the distribution of opening shock load.s on r i s e r s , and to develop b e t t e r means
of stowing lines not used during the p a r a c h u t e mode.
75
CONFIDENTIAL-
�•FIGURE 23, PRECISION DRdP GLIDER IN "PARACHUTE" CONFIGURATION
DURING LOW-ALTITUDE (500-FOOT) DROP TEST
76
�Ill
The 1000-pound-payload Air Cargo Glider has been successfully airlifted, towed,
and landed by a CH 34 helicopter, and also has been successfully radio-controlled to
landing after being cut loose from the tow plane. Maximum- and minimum-gross-weight
flights have been made, tow and free flight. Instrumented flights and flights with varied
tow-cable lengths have also been made as well as tests of mo.dified configurations. The
final report is now at TRECOM fo-r review. The next phase of testing will concentrate '
on expanding the utility envelope and operational capabilities of the system.
The "flying Jcup" or "Flccp" as it. is often called, which is really a basic airplane
using the flexible wing for lift, is envisioned as a flying truck. It weighs 1000 pounds '
and will carry a 1000-pound payioad at speeds of about 75 mpK, taking off from and
landing on minimal f o r w a r d - a r e a air strips. Sbrr.e flight tests have been performed, and
numerous taxi runs and lift-offs to check the effects of various modifications to the
horizontal tail, addition of a trim tab, and addition of a spanwisc batten at e.ach outboard
end of the wing trailing edge. Twelve and one-quai'ter hours of taxi and flight time was
•accumulated, and for 40 minutes of this time the vehicle was airbprnc, the longest flight
being for 8 minutes.
Tests indicated that.a more desirable body angle during take-off co.\ild be obtained
by moving the wing forward i-.bout 12 inches, with respect to the body. This Change ha-1
been made.
'
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•
•
.
.
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Redesigned steel aileron hinges, auxiliary elevators, and wing battens h«j.ve been
installed on both vehicles.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
The final Precision Drop Glider .test rep6rt is being distributed by tby U.S. Army
Transportation Research Command as TRECOM Technical Report 63-64.
The Precision Drop Glider is also to be used as the vehicle for development by the
Contractor, Ryan Aeronautical Co. , of a reliable automatic horning system for flex-wing
vehicles, and a contract has recently been let to this effect. The .objectives of the pro- •
gram will be to establish existing and required parameters for glider control and elec- .
tro.mc link automatic-homing compatibility, and to develop a system which will permit
homing upon the signals generated by field radios of the PRC 10 type. A weekly drop will
continue to be made by TRECOM personnel as they proceed with an in-house program.
This phase of development will last about six months.
Plans are under consideration to scale up the Air Cargo Glider to 3500- and 5000pound-payload configurations, so that it may serve to increase the payioad capability of
such helicopters as the H 23 and UH 1. For example, present .data indicate that with this
device the H 23 should be able l.o air-deliver a fully 'loaded mechanical Mule, and the
UH 1, with a 5 per cent reduction in range and about 15 per cent reduction in speed, can
deliver 5200 pounds of cargo versus 1000 pounds without the glider.
77
CONFIDENTIAL
�The d r a f t ' o f the final report on the Fleep was submitted to TRECOM for staffing
on 5 November. A flight-test program had boon approved and funded by ARPA in
May, 19'63j but extended contract negotiations between the m a n u f a c t u r e r and TR^COM,
as ARPA's .agent, delayed c o n t r a c t .signing. Additional funds required to cover the maximum possible fee of an incentive-type contract were provided by ARPA in
December, 1963.
78
CONriDENTIAL-
�Technical A re;^ 4 -Surface Mobility? Investigation, Development, and
Evaluation of Techniques and Device's
Background
.
V a r i o u s preliminary or input studies are required before a comprehensive set of
requirements for surface transport can be determined. Those studies arc to be undertaken principally by RAC and RAND.
Concurrently with these studies, a program of r o n f r o l l e d testing of selected items
of ground equipment will be conducted over carefully defined and selected courses, to
di'.lcrminu the value for the intended user in a given remote area of :ipvel components,
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , and concepts; and 'a program consisting of tests of selected items by and
for local forces in their o\vn environment will be undertaken to determine the suitability
of £hc items to satisfy immediately a-prcss_ing military requirement.
In a large portion of Southeast Asia, such as the Mekong Delta A r e a (Figure 24),
the road network is meager, but there is an intricate complex of rivers, canals, and
creeks. Shallow-draft craft which can navigate the m a j o r i t y of these waterway's at high
speeds can make a significant contribution to mobility there.' Special hull designs and
propulsion systems may be necessary to traverse shallow, vegetation-choked waters.
A vast n u m b e r of sailing junks and motor-driven vessels comprise the fishing -fleet
and coastal t r a d e r s .of Southeast Asia. These vessels often arc used -by insurgent forces
to c a r r y contraband and infiltrators. Patrol craft must have a significant speed advantage over the commercial fleet, yet he economical to operate, be capable of long
endurance on station, and y.et be easy to maintain and fabricate locally.
The niilur-u of the terrain throughout Soulhc.ist A.sia during the rainy season, and
perennially in large areas such as the Mekong Delta, indicates a requirement for
amphibious vehicles of various types.
Task A — Development of Requirements for Land, W a t e r , and Amphibious Items
or Systems
To conduct studies and selective tests in ordor to develop quantitative requirements
and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ^ in engineering terms for the development, or acquisition for test, of
an item or s y s t e m s of material to perform a specific military function.
Progress to Date
This task is closely associated with the logistios. analyses of Technical Area 2.. At
present a study of Royal Thai Army vehicle requirements .is in process.
79
�FIGURE 24. VIEW OF MEKONG DELTA AREA
80
"CONFIDENTIAL
�111
Plan and Schedule to .Complete
Planning is not complete.
Task B - Mobility Research and'.Testing (MORT)
Objective
To conduct a p r o g r a m of controlled testing of selected items of equipment over
carefully defined and selected courses, to determine-the value for the intended user in
a given remote area of novel components* configurations, and concepts.
Progress to Date
•
.
Several t e s t s have been completed, o'thors are in process as noted below, and test
plans are being completed for te.3.t.ir«g most, of the rest of .the velxieles p r o g r a m m e d for
this task. Several standard vehicles, for which adequate stateside test data exist are
programmed for control and comparative purposes, and a« test vehicles for Project
MERS, which is closely coordinated with MORT.
Vehicles currently programmed for this task are:
Thiokol Trackmaster — tests completed
Nodwell 110 D Cargo Carrier
Chance Vought XM561 Test Rig
M274 Army Mule, Unmodified
M274 Army Mule,Modified
Dura-Kat Tracked Scooter
Dyna-Mitc Wheeled Trail Vehicle
Dodge W-300 Power Wagon - tests to start third quarter, FY-6'1
Thiokol Spryte
XM571 Articulated Tracked Cargo Vehicle
Ml 16 Cargo/Personnel Carrier Vehicle
JKRED ASP Platform Vehicle (see Figure 25)
JERED Viper Platform Vehicle — development suspended
Centipede Vehicle — testa suspended
Tote Gol.e Scooter with ai id without trailers '— tests under way
JIGER — tests under way
Vickers Hovertruck — uni lergoir-.j' tests by TRECOM at Fort Euatis
It should be noted that these ve' ucies were selected jointly by ARPA and the Army
as representative of various classes of vehicles, the design c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of v.'hich are
particularly suited to operation along jungle trails or through rice paddies and swampSi
All vehicles arc to be f i r s t tested end evaluated in CONUS and arc considered as engineering, test beds to e v a l u a t e power,-traction, steering, load-carrying c a p a b i l i t y , maneuverability, etc., of the various system concepts incorporated in thes.e vehicles. Additionally, certain of these vehicles are to be employed to validate the.data gathered during
81
�FIGURE Z5. AMPIUDiOUS SUPPLY PLATFORM (ASP)
�. Ill
the MERS Program to insure that the empirical analysis resulting therefrom is dcmonstrably sound. Thus this portion of the over-all mobility subprojcct is not intended to
bo an evaluation of each vehicle, per 'so.
The Centipede vehicle, which incorporates an unusual traction concept and manual
remote-control c:abl<?> was selected as an engineering test bed to determine the feasibility
of utilising these concepts in trail and mountain vehicles. While CONUS tests by the
Army Tank Automotive Command have d e m o n s t r a t e d the value o-f these concepts, and
vehicle performance in rough hilly ai'eas has boon exceptionnlly good, .engineering deficiencies are such that the overseas test program lias been suspended. The demonstrated f e a t u r e s , however, a r e incorporated in a new design being prepared by an
engineering organization in Detroit.
A new group of Thai engineers has been trained" to work on vehicle tost programs.
The Thiokol Trackmaster 4T2,, now designated M'j.del 105., proved quite susceptible
to damage. In particular, road wheels were easily damaged by tree trunks and concealed
slv.mpb. Track grousers were repeatedly damaged but did not immobilize the vehicle.
A complete report is'in preparation with d i s t r i b u t i o n expected shortly a f t e r the f i r s t of
the year. Following completion of t e s t s , the vehicle was overhauled and shipped to
Pakclvong, .Korat Province, Thailand, for use in support of SEA CORE operations. A
.log of operational use has been kept for use in preparing a supplementary report. (See
Figures 26 through 29 Cor the condition of the trail this vehicle operated over. ) The trail
became so severely rutted as to be passable only with extreme difficulty and at considerable risk of damage to the vehicle. The vehicle is now vised only for reconnaissance
of unrutted trails in the area.
. .
•
•
•' '
Tote Cole tests have been completed and the report is in preparation. Driver skill
was determined to be an important operational factor with these vehicles. (See Figures 30 through 32. )
Linear-traverse evaluations indicated that a small unit equipped with Tote Gotes
can traverse extremely difficult terrain at an average speed of 3 kph, with 50-pound
payloads, for an extended period of time. This compares w i t h an estimate that Thailand
soldiers, with combat pack only, can climb sucli trails at approximately 1. 5 kph.
Tests on the Canadian JIGER started late in the reporting period, having been delayed about four weeks to incorporate several ATAC-recOinmended changes. (See Figures 33 and 34. )
Plan and .Schedule to Complete
Most of the vehicles scheduled for testing under this task will be shipped during the
next 6 to 8 months. It is anticipated that this task, except for tests in support of MERS,
will be completed by mid-FY-65.
83
�FIGURE 26. TRAIL TO THE SEA CORE TRANSMITTER SITE PRIOR TO HEAVY USE
84
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FIGURE 27. TBAIL SHOWN IN FIGURE 2 AFTER HEAVY DAILY TRAFFIC
DIKING RAINY SEASON
85
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FIGURE 28. THE ONLY RELIABLE MEANS FOR ALL-WEATHER, CROSS-COUNTRY
MOBILITY IN THAILAND
86
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FIGURE 29.
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SCENES ALONG THE TRAIL TO THE SKA COKE TRANSMITTER SITE
No vehicle makes the passage without use of a winch, including the
Australian tractor shown.
87
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TYPICAL LOADS TRANSPORTED BY TOTE COTES DURING TRAVERSE OF A
54- KILOMETER TRAIL
Loads on the six machines varied from 30 to 163 pounds.
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FIGURE 32.
TRAIL WIDTHS AS.NARROW AS 1 METER OR LESS ARE
FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED
89
�CONFIDENTIAL
FIGURE 33.
JIGER EXITING FROM FLOODED PADDIES, iSAfcJG PU,
19 NOVEMBER 1963
FIGURE 54. JIGE-R EXITING FROM WATER OVER DIRT MOUND,
BANG PU, 19 NOVEMBER 1963
90
�CONFIDi-NTIA-tr
Task^C - Vehicle Test and Evaluation (VETS.)
Objective
To test selected items or systems of materiel, currently available from .military
or civilian sources, to dcturm'ine t h e i r suitability for adoption by. local armed forces to
£ 'i-?fy immediately pressing military requirement.
Progress to Date
To meet a requirement- for an armored convoy-escort vehicle to replace, in
Vietnam, the aging M-8 armored cars used' for that purpose, AR-PA underwrote development of an. armored car by the Cadillac Gage Division of Ex-Ci.-11-O Corp. (See
Figure 35. ) Two of these vehicles are rjow caroutc to Vietnam. One of the two cars
was tested by the A r m y ' s Tost and Evaluation Comm.-tivl at Aberdeen, and the; ATACdesign'ed t u r r e t with which they are equipped was given acceptance tests at Erie Depot.
Minor modifications found desirable as a result of thcs.c tests have been incorporated
into the two vehicles.
Plan ar.d Schedule to Coi nplcte
Upon receipt in Vietnam, the two Cadillac Q.ago "Commando" Armored Cars will
be incorporated into a convoy-escort unit for training and extensive testing under combat
conditions. The testing period will cover about six months; however, its actual duration
is dependent upon the whims of the Viet Coiig to a considerable extent.
Task D - Delta Mobility
Objective
Multiple objectives of this task are:
(!) To perform research leading to the development of a family of lightweight, high-speed., shallow-draft boats which substantially inc'rease
military mobility in the Delta region of South Vistnnrii
(2) To determine the applicability of unusual propulsion systems to problems
pf mobility in shallow, vegetation(3) To investigate the feasibility of developing high-speed ^ailin.:; craft for
patrol operations in c o a s t a l and broad inland waterways, such craft having
reduced fuel and -maintenance requirements and ait attendant improvement
in operational capability
(4) To improve m i l i t a r y mobility in the Mekong Delta. area by moans of
suitable amphibious vehicles and to study operations in th?t area for
the purpose oj" determining military concepts and requirements.
91
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FIGURE 35. CADILLAC GAGE COMMANDO ARMORED CAR
CDTC-Vietnam is to tost two of these as
convoy-escort vehicles.
�Ill
Progress to Date
.
'
.
A modified swimmer support boat weighing about 350 pounds and Constructed of
. bonded Styrofoam planks coveved with fiber glass represents a promising approach to
the problem;.however, a.more rugged, lighter-weight c r a f t which can be more .readily
manhandled is desired. The present craft, locally named "Dong Nai", are 14 feet
1 inch long by 6 feet 10 inches wide. (Sue Figure 36, ) Powered by a 40-hp commercial
outboard, they make about 20 knots carrying eight or nine Vietnamese Marines. As. a
subsidiary to this program, silent, power sources arc also being investigated.
Tests of one Dong Mai-boat with plywood-reinforced bottom indicate a considerable
increase in durability can be expected. (See Figure 37.)
'
- '
Tests of the swimmer support boats in Thailand have led to the conclusion that
finer-lined hulls powered by long-shaft outboards would be necessary for practical opera*
tiou in that country. A 6- 1/2-meter-long-craft has been built tq meet m i l i t a r y requirements fo.r a light-weight, high-speed, shallow-draft boat, With a 45-hp outboard motor
it is expected to c a r r y eight armed mt;n at 40 .kilometers per hour. (Sec Figures 38, 39,
an/,1.40. )
'
In conjunction with B-uShips, AREA is currently eva-lu-ati.ng proposals for small
craft which may better meet the requirement.
Several unusual typ-os of propulsion systems have been examined to date, but at
present only two are of continuing interest: a sine-disc propulsion system under investigation by tho Army at TRECOM, and 3n unusual ^.ir-propclled boat, privately developed, which will be undergoing trials early in 1964.
The sail-driven .catamaran appears to be a proved design principle for a highspeed patrol c r a f t requiring reduced fuel and maintenance, in that it should have a pronounced speed advantage over the existing sailing junks and sampans c u r r e n t l y in use by
insurgents in Southeast Asia. Further, this design provides for a more stable weapon
platform, and can be locally constructed.
Reports of operations in which amphibious vehicles participated have been analysed;
where limitations are experienced by these vehicles, observations are made, and where
indicated, investigations are comlucted by both U.S. and Vietnamese personnel of the
t e r r a i n to include soil, and conditions of stream flow, bank, and bott'om.
Modifications may be recommended, where appropriate, to improve the crosscountry mobility of tlie vehicles.
Typical of such modifications successfully applied is a capstan device for the
M-l 13 Armored Personnel Carrier, .which permits a vehicle to haul itself out of a canal
or stream with banks too steep for normal egress. An augur-type of ground anchor is
used where conventional anchoring devices are lacking, and an adaptor bolted to the drive
sprocket of the .vehicle accommodates a removable capstan used to effect self-recovery.
(See P'igures 41, 42, and 43.)
93
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FIGURE 37. BOTTOM OF DONG NAI BOAT IS RSINFORCED WITH PLYWOOD TO PROVIDE
GREATER IMPACT RESISTANCE
�CONriDCNTIAU
FIGURE 38.
RIPPING THE LOG FOR THE THAILAND SHALLOW-DRAFT BOAT
The wood is Maitalci.en.
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Design is based on
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Maintenance records- are examined ind frequency of repairs studied in order to
analyze the reliability of tlie various components of the vehicles under local Operating
conditions,
.
Four developmental vehicles are being tested which have demonstrated" potential
usefulness under conditions similar to those existing in the Delta area. One of those,
the ARPA-fundcd Marsh Screw vehicle (Figure 44), ha;; completed ZOO hours of testing
in the Louisiana marshes and by lh,e Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg. The
test report is currently being printed. A second/ the Marine Corps-funded Airbll
Vehicle (Figure 45), has been undergoing tesU< by the USMC. A third, the Plenum Air
Tread Amphibian test bed (PATA) is being developed for the A r m y ' s TRfiCOM. The
f o u r t h is a GEM-lypc machine, tho Triicc.ll, company-funded by Bell Aerosyslems.
A Marsh Screw development program is being prepared which will be oriented
toward determination of the optimum .load and pilch angles and rotor diameter and length
for conditions such as exist in L'ri Delia ai»:a-of Southeast Asia. Improved hard-surface
capability is desired since at present the best mode of locomotion on hard ground is
sideways, and directional control is not possible. Films of the tost scries and a company
test report are available and have been distributed to the MRDC and CDTC. Overseas
test-s also may be conducted.
The ARVN 80th Ordnance Rebuild Depot is building a CDTC-V designed vehiclelaunched tactical bridge on a rebuilt M24 tank chassis to provide a. rapid means of
crossing canals and narrow streams. Twelve M-1T6 bridge balks are being used to .
form two scissors trcadway sections.
Installation of the bridge erection booms, power take-off assemblies, and
hydraulic cylinders is nearing completion. Thu c e n t e r treadway hinge, design is complete, and most of the problems associated with boom siting and location of the subassemblies inquired to activate the erection cylinders have beon rosolvod.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
A small-craft development program is presently being prepared.
will probably be completed during FY-65.
This program
The search for unusual and silent propulsion systems is a continuing task with
development funding indicated only as studies and/or model tests indicate feasibility.
The desirability of a special type of patrol c r a f t will be determined as a result ol"
analyses and investigations to be conducted under Technical Area 2.
Development of a suitable family of amphibians should be well along toward completion by the close of FY-65.
101
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THE AIROLL VEHICLE
�AGILE SUBPRQJECT OZ
COMA1UNICATIQN5 SYSTEMS
�IV
AGILE; SUDPROJECT iv
C OMMU NIC AT IQMS SY ST EMS
SUB PROJECT_ OOJECTIVE
To do velop; communications e.quipmunt, techniques, and systems which will provide
friendly local forces in remote area conflict situations an effective capability for:
(1)
Tactical communications; within and among units and for control of
•support a i r c r a f t
(?.)
Communication of alarm signals froni villages, strategic hamlets,
convoys, and outposts in the event of attack
(3)
Communications f o r . control and operation of naval u n i t s primarily
composed of river and coastal craft.
s aB.papjj:c. T
Friendly local f o r c e s in remote area, conflict situations are generally likely to be
confronted with the requirement for small unit operations against an elusive foe in
difficult terrain, i emote f r o m maintenance, ' supply, and vehicular transportation
facilities. This requirement places a premium on effective s u r f a c e - t o - s u r f a c e and airto-surface communications through the use «f ultra-l:.ghtwcigbt, rugged, and operationally simple radio equipment. Furthermore, the physical n a t u r e of typical remote are.a
conflict situations introduces severe communications problems in the form of high
levels of r a d i o - f r e q u e n c y noise, heavy vegetation o f f e r i n g extremely high attenuation of
radio waves, rugged t e r r a i n which i n t e r f e r e s with ground-wave radio propagation, and
variable conditions of soil conductivity. Physical, vocal, and educational qualities,
social characteristics, and command and control structures of the local 'population may
also introduce specialized communications requirements. Radio communica'td'ons equipment for regular U. S. forces generally is not designed to meet these specific types of
needs.
Conditions of t e r r a i n and vegetation will frequently preclude tha use of vehicular
communications equipment, below battalion or comparable level. Dispersal among units
and frequont employment of long-duration patrols at distanc.es of 20 to 100 kilometers
from ba.se or parent organization, coupled %vith the severe attenuation of gxoundTwavc
signals in tropical mountainous and jungle environments, f u r t h e r restrict the possibilities for using radio communications equipment standardi/.ed for U. S. field a r m y
purposes.
These f a c t o r s lead to the conclusion that communications techniques and equipment which in some cases a r e special- purpose or at least of limited applicability in conveBtio.'vl w a r f a r e are required by f r i e n d l y local f o r c e s in environmentally unique
situations.
105
�C ON DUG T iOF- tTHE _ _ _ * i
^
. , PROGRAM
'
. •
s;/
Technical Area 1 - Com miigi cat ions Research
Objective
To provide; a sound basis for selection and development of tactical communications techniques, procedures, and devices through a. comprehensive program of
m e a s u r e m e n t and analysis of this p a r a m e t e r s of eltictrtomagnetic propagation applicable
to selected, distinctive environments, initially Southeast Asia, and of those operational
f a c t o r s which dete rmine-communications requirements.
Da tat Rc.qu i v c d
It is intended t h a t the environmental research program develop the following
information for selected, distinctive environments, beginning with Southeast Asia:
(I)
• (2)
(3)
Data on path loss for all possible propagation modes from VLF
t h r o u g h UHF frequencies for t h e several typos of l e r r a i n a n d
vegetation peculiar to each selected environment.
Data on ionospheric conditions in each selected environment .as they
a f f e c t sky-wave -propagation.
Requirements for tactical communications traffic between and
among military units, bases, convoys, patrols, a i r c r a f t , naval
units, and civil agencies in each selected environment.
. Conduct
An agency has been Charg&d with prosecution of the environmental communications
research program and is responsible for managing and coordinating the efforts of cont r a c t o r s in the measurement program Jjiid in the operations analysis. Contractor
teams will operate with the support and under the supervision qf the MRDC and CDTC
iii the respective host countries. This program will be extended to selected areas
outside of Southeast Asia as rapidly as possible.
T e c h n i c a l Area i - Investigation, Development.' and
E v a l u a t i o n of Communications Techniques and Devices
Objective
To d e t e r m i n e the applicability of specific techniques and devices to the requirements d e t e r m i n e d in the Phase 1 study.
(1)
Definition of the extent to which requirements can be met with
existing military and/or commercial equipment and devices.
106
�. .J
IV
(2)
Specific configuration of the equipment desired with respect tp size
weight, form factor, and concept of employment.
X3)
Applicable detailed performance characteristics to provide a basis
for the development of equipment and measurement of improvod
performances.
Conduct
In o r d e r to acquire a timely improvement in the c a p a b i l i t i e s <jf existing equipment,
test arid evaluation of commercial and military communic-atvons equipment will be
conducted c o n c u r r e n t l y witli the environmental research program to provide an improved interim capability in those cases w h e r e requirements can be postulated -with some
assurance,. It is not intended that Phase II include extensive equipment development.
These tests will ordinarily be conducted f i r s t in the U. S. and then 'n Southeast Asia and
other selected areas in order to assure -evaluation appropriate to the requirements
imposed by the environment.
107
�IAL
IV
'S_UB PROJECT IV TECHNICAL AREAS, TASKS, AND .SUBT ASKS
Listed below are Hie major tcclmical arc-as, and the tasks and subtasks in each
area with which this subproject is .concerned. .Succeeding pages contain the summaries
o.l their objectives and status.
.
Technical- Area l._ j _C 031 iTiunicat ions Research
..
. .
Task A. ' Tactical Field Studies
Task B.
PhenonnMiological K c j e n r c h
Task C.
Dcvelopnient of Ho.st-Nation Kloc-tronic Rt:fsua.i ; ch Capabilities
Technical Area ?..
ionn Puyuloprncnl., and Evaluation, of
CohimuiuCcXtions TochuKjuos and Dcvicos
Task A.
Tropical Irilra- Patrol Radio Conimunications
Task B.
Tropical -Man- Pack Radio Communications
Task C,
'Rohiote Area Cojiflict Vehicular Radio G,ommumcati0ns
Task D.
Remote Area Conflict Ilivei' and Coastal Flotilla Comm-unications
Task E.
Hamlet and Outpo-st Alar'tn Communications
Task F.
Power Supplies for Couimunicatiens Equipment
Task G. Special Antennas
108
�NFID.ENTIAL
IV
Technical Area 1 - Gqmmimications Research
Df. c-kg round
As indicated in the C.ommvinications Subproject.description, communications
research will be carried out as follows:
Task A.
1
Analysis of the capacity, reliability, and limitations of existing local
communications and of those factors of the physical, political^ military,
and social enviroumont whifch posp special problems or constrain the
application of conventional communications equipment.
Task B.
Measurement and analysis of parameters of electromagnetic propagation such as path loss, atmospheric noise levels, ionospheric data,
effects o'f terrain and vegetation which affect the performance of communications equipment.
Task C.
Provision of laboratory facilities, mobile and portable measurement
and test equipment, and training of host-nation personnel to enhance
local capabilities for communications research.
Task A - Tactical Field Studies
To identify and quantify those f a c t o r s which arc pertinent to specification af the
communications requirements of friendly local forces in distinctive remote area
•conflict situations.
Progr-o ss. to Date
Activity under this task is being implemented as a major portion of the ARPA
Southeast Asia Communications Research Program {SEA CORE) with the U. S. Army
Electronic Research and Development Laborjitory (USAELRDL) as service agent.
The Thailand portion of the program is a part of a contract with Stanford Research
Institute (SRI) awarded in February, 1963.
Preliminary data collection in CONUS, observation of SEATQ maneuvers in June,
ami planning for full-scale data collection in Thailand have been the principal e f f o r t s
on this task.
A plan for Thailand data collection has been prepared and approved. Several SRI
professionals are now on site in Bangkok.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
The following subtasks have been approved for implfcmentatton in Thailand:
109
�-
IV
(1) Small unit and patrol communicatidna
(2) Survey of existing communications systems
(3)
Estimate of communications situation
(4) Thai police and military interface
(5) Communication system implications of major Thai dialects
(6) Human engineering — Thai aptitudes
(7) Special studjfi.s as agi'eed between MRDCj, resident CO.TR, and SRI.
This task effort in Thailand is funded for approximately 16 months. -Monthly and
semiannual technical repwts will be submitted, .Effort in other geographical areas
is being planned for implementation in FY 65.
Task 13. - Pheuomunolbgleal_Research
Objective^
To .obtain-riata on those f a c t o r s of t o r r r v n , vegetation, and ionospheric behavior
wJiich affect electromagnetic wave propagation in selected remote area conflict situations and therefore affect the utilir.anan of available radio equipment and the design and
development of new equipment.
Progress to Date
A contract has been placed with Jansky & Bailey (JfeB) through USAjSI.RDL as a
part of SEA CORE to carry out measurements as follows in Thailand:
Path-loss measurements will be made at distances up to 300 miles and throughout
the frequency range from 15 KG to 5 MC; major emphasis will be on various propagation modes which are effective at distances less than 30 miles and in the frequency
ranges 100 KG to 8 MC and 30 to 400 MC. Effects of atmospheric noi-so levels and
varieties of antenna types will be studied.
Statistical terrain studies will be made and directly correlated with path-loss
measurements in order to obtain data on the effects of terrain on radio propagation
modes.
JStB made a site survey in Thailand and selected an area of the Thai 'National
Forest in Central Thailand for the first series of path-loss measurements and associated terrain studies. Aerial photography of the area was carried out by the USAF and
used in CONUS by J&tB for detailed site and path selection and in part as a basis for
terrain studies. The Army MAP service assisted JStB in preparing photo mosaics and
has retained copies of the photo coverage for its use in updating maps. Jkii technical
110
�IV
personnel and equipment arc now on site in Thailand. Site preparation at tHc base camp
is .essentially complete although difficulties in transportation during the rainy season
delayed this work.
'
•
SRI as a part of its SEA CORE contract has initiated effort in Thailand on several
subtasks pertaining to phonomeiiological research. These.are:
(1)
Recording and analysis at six frequencies of levels and variations of
raflio noise.
'
(2)
Analysis and m e a s u r e m e n t pf the effects of the earth's .magnetic field
on the desired orientation of field ante.nnas.
The U. S. A r m y Radio Propagation Agency (USARPA) as a p a r t of SEA CORK has
procured, shipped to Thailand, and is .now operating a vertical ionospheric sounder
(C-2) in Bangkok. Data on the ionosphere are now being -recorded.
Plan and Schedule to .Complete
B path-loss measurements at the primary site in Thailand will begin early in
the next q u a r t e r and continue for a period of approximately ten months. J&B will be
given direction on -expansion of the program to other areas in early FY-65. Monthly
and semianrtual technical reports are being submitted.
SRI will conduet additional subtas-k investigations in Thailand as follows:
(1)
Measurement of ground conductivity and .dielectric constant
(2)
Measurement of earth potential
(3)
Study of equatorial flutter fading
(4)
Study of the-effects of noise and ionospheric behavior on radiofrequency prediction
{b)
Operation of an oblique ionospheric sounder to study selected effects
on point-to.-point communications
These investigations in Thailand will continue tor a period of approximately 16
months.
USARPA will operate the vertical ionospheric sounder in Bangkok for a period of
approximately one year. A determination will be ma-de in FY-65 -as to a -requirement
for continued data collection.
in
•CONriOCNTEfttr
�sk C - Development of Host-Nation .Electronic Research Capabilities
'1
Objecvive
To provide equipment, technical training, and assistance to host nations in the
development of local capabilities to conduct electronic research and experimentation in
support of dofensc-orie;itcd communications requirements.
Progress to 0,ate
':
^--. -E-n-~- -T—-.--~
This task is currently being implemented in Thailand as a part of SEA CORE.
Sylvahia (EDL) on subcontract to SRI fabricated .arid assembled shelters and equipment
for the base-- laboratory facility and for the moliilc-field-laboratory facilities to be
utilized by SKI and the MRDC.
The Thailand laboratory has been operational since June, 1963, and was formally
opened in October, 1963. (See Figure 4 6 . )
Thai and U. S. p e r s o n n e l of the MRDC will use the facilities together with contractor personnel in a joint p-rpgrani of field investigations of communication techniques
and devices. C u r r e n t l y there' a r e seven Thai commissioned officers, four warrant
officers, and several noncommissioned technicians assigned to the laboratory. These
Thiii personnel, many of whom have excellent academic backgrounds, are gaini-ng
valuable experience in electronic experimentation.
Plan jwU Schedule to Complete^
A participative, program of Thai-.U. S. experimentation in connection with the
SRI SEA CORE contract is now planned to extend until the end of FY- 65.
Efforts of this type in other areas are planned to begin in. FY-65.
MZ
�;
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FIGURE 46.
MHDC COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY
113
�IV
Technical Area 2 - Investigation. Development^ and Evaluation of
Communications Technique a and Devices
Background
..
Effort in this technical area encompasses field investigations of communications
techniques, lcst,and evaluation of equipment and devices in order to derive information
on the suitability of the; devices in the particular environment of inte-rest, and develop*ment of specialized tochn.iques,cquipmqnt,and devices to the point of-demonstrating
feasibility by a Hold '.'valuation.
Effort in Thailand in this technical area is a part of .the SRI SEA CORE.contract.
Task A - Tropical Intra-Patrol Rad.io .Cyranumlcatioas
Objective .
To provide a small radio set of extremely light weight and simplicity, for use
between squad-sized combat elements on patrol or in ambush locations in remote area
conflict. Modern solid-state circuit design o f f e r s promise of a capability to produce
very small and lightweight equipment which can be carried, and operated by an individual
in the tropics without interfering with his comb a.t capability. Ranges of up to 1,00,0
motors under most terrain and vegetation conditions, a capability of silent, ^emi,automatic transmission of simple coded alarm messages, and compatibility with
standard U.S. m i l i t a r y VHF-FM portable sets, are required.
Progress to Date
•
.
A number of available military and commercial radios have been developed or
purchased for evaluation in this area.
Ryan Rifle Putt Radio VHF--.FM - This FM transceiver is an experimental unit
designed to examine the feasibility of mounting a transceiver in the stcjck of a rifle
employing the barrel as an antenna. This set, encapsulated and transistorized, will
add I pound (plus 1 additional pound for batteries) to the weight of an AR-15 rifle in
which it is installed. The unit operates on a frequency of 70 MC, with a CW transmitter
and voice receiver and nets with standard military VHF FM sets. Ryan has completed
development of the equipment and le:Us in CONUS are being conducted by the U. S.
Marine Corps.
'
.
•
Motorola 112 I -DC N VTlF-FM r This set is one of a number of commercially
available hand-held VHF-FM voice-only transceivers using entirely transistorized
circuitry. The H21 weighs 33 ounces complete with batteries and radiates 1.4 watts at
frequencies between 25 and 54 MC. ARPA has ordered six sets for field evaluations in
Thailand.
A N / PRC - 3 5 VHF - F M. - T h i s sot was developed by RCA on contract to USAELRDL
as a replacement for the AN/PRC-6 and has not yet bcren standardized for issue. It is
114
�IV
transistorized, weighs approximately 5 pounds, and incorporates FM voice capability
between 47 and 55 MC at a radiated power of 0. 35 watt. Three sets have buen shipped
to Thailand for field evaluation. This sfit meets with .all standard U. S. military
VHF-FM equipment.
In addition, a power amplifier for the AN/PliC-25 has btJcn developed by RCA to
provide a capability to exerci-sc power levels of 0.3, 1, 1.4, 2, 15, and 30 watts in
field experiments in Thaijand.
AR.PA has funded development by RCA and ITT of pocket-sized jungle message entry devices (JM&D) which provide silent, semiautomatic, two-way communications
(using simple prearranged messages) compatible with .standard U.S. military radio
sets.
Plan and Schedule to Oonrglijte
Field ••experimentation, txjst, and evaluation of the available radios in Thailand
arc planned during the remainder of FY-65.
It is planned to continue development of the rifle-butt radio to explore feasibility
of multichannel communications with the device.
JMED devices will be evaluated in conjunction with small field radios.
Task B •• Tropical Man-Pa.ck RAdio Communications^
Objective
To provide adequate capability for communications among and between patrols,
platoon-and company-sized units, and from such units to outposts, operational bases,
and support aircraft in selected tropical remote area conflict environments. Presently available equipments require improvement or ultimate replacement.
Two essentially different capabilities are required of this class of communications
equipment:
(1)
Man-pack,'high-frequency, voice and CW, AM and/or SSB equipment
weighing 25 pounds or loss, low-drain, batt'cry-powerud and having
a range in sky-wave communication of 0 to 100 kilometers.
(2)
Man-pack, VHF-FM voice transceivers weighing 15 pounds or less,
low-drain, b a t t e r y powered, and having a range of 5 to 10 kilometers
u n d e r typical tropical 'terrain and vegetation conditions.
Each equipment discussed above is required to be compatible with support aircraft
radio equipment.
115
�•CONFIDENTIAL
IV
Progress |o Pate
In order to obtain necessary data on which to base action to procure an interim
high-frequency set as described in Itum (1), above, and to determine the range of
performance of HF and VHF sets in typical te.rrain and vegetatidn in Southeast Asia,
MRUC utilizing SRI field teams, undertook a series of comparative field tests of a
number of available man-pack radios. A report of the tests has been distributed as
SRI RM-3. These tests were conducted h o u r l y throughout the day and night using both
voice and CW modes where appropriate and using several different antennas. Paths 5,
10, and 25 miles in length wore selected in three different areas of Thailand (flat
heavily f o r e s t e d , flat open plain, mountains). The following sets were included:
(1)
Iligh-Frequcncy Man-Pack Radios
(a) Hughes HC- 162. This set is completely transistorized, weighs
approximately 25 pounds complete with batteries, radiates 15
watts PEP on SSB voice, and is tunable in 1-KC steps from
2 to 12 MC.
(b) A N / T R C - 7 7 (Modified). This s.et was dcvqloped by Sylvania
(EDL) for Army Special Forces uso. It is a 10^-watt AM CW
set weighing about 25 pounds and has available six preset
channels in the range 3 to 8 MC. The sets under test have
been modified by ED.L to a.dd a voice capability.
(c) A N / T R C - 8 8 . This is a fiii-ihfcr modification-of the A N / T R C - 7 7
to provide SSB capability. It is otherwise similar to the
AN/TRC-77.
< d ) OKI TRP-4. This is a partially transistorized HF SSB radio
manufactured in Japan which weighs about 30 pounds complete
with batteries. It radiates in excess of 2 watts voice or CW on
any of six preset channels between 2.5 and 8 MC.
(c) AN/GRC^9_. The.AN/GRC-9 is the standard U. S. A r m y highfrequency AM voice and CW set available in quantity both to (J. S.
and indigenous forces and has beon incorporated in the tests as
a control item. The GRC-9 weighs about 90 pounds and radiates
10 watts on CW.
(2)
VHF-FM Man-Pack Radios
(a) AN/PRC-25 . This is a transistorized FM-VHF transceiver which
weight; about 15 pounds complete with batteries and radiates about
2 watts voice over the range 30 to 76 MC. It is in production for
the U. S.. A r m y as a replacement for the A N / P R C - 1 0 .
116
�A 15- and 30-\vatt power amplifier tar this set, developed
and purchased- under an ARPA- funded pvogram is available
for evaluation with the AN/PRC-25.
(b) AN'/PRC- 10. This is the standard FM-VHF transceiver in use
in Southeast Asia. It weighs about 25 pounds and radiates about
1 watt over the range of 50 to 70 MC, It is included as a control item in the tests. Some of the tests were conducted with
the assistance of Army working observers from Fort Bragg,
N . C . In addition, an Air Force team participated in some of
the- tests with a communications package intended for use by
for.ward A.ir Controller parties. Results of this test will not be
reported by ARPA.
On the basis of this test series in flat jungle, rice paddy, and mountainous areas,
the following conclusions flppear to bo warranted:
(1)
VJIF sets, with ordinary whip antennas .provid-o ranges of loss than
one-tenth mile in the most dense f o r e s t and up .to 2 miles in less
dense f o r e s t . Extension of these ranges' was possible only by
elevating antennas.
(2)
At 5 miles hi forested terrain, appa,r,ently no g.round-wav« signals
were received from any of the sets.
(3)
Of the HF sets, the Hughes HC-162 was generally superior in
performance, based upon intelligibility 'of received signals, to any
of the others tested.
(4)
Nune of the HF sets can be recommended for immediate procurement. The Hugh's r. HC-162 requires extensive redesign to clear up
operating and maintenance deficiencies .which have been observed
during field a:id engineering tests.
(5)
Path-loss measurements to quantify effects of the ionosphere,
terrain, vegetation, frequency, and antenna design and polarization arc required to provide a better understanding of the variations
in propagation conditions noted in these experiments. Events
occurred which were unexplaiiiable with the instrumentation available
to SRI, (Note: These measurements will be made as p a r t of SEA
CORE by Jansky i: Bailey.)
(6)
The HF equipment experienced problems which should be thoroughly
investigated. These problems did not i n t e r f e r e with these controlled tests, but probably would interfere with operations. Fpr
example, when using the HF equipment at night, strong interference
was encountered from stations 800. to 4,5.00 miles distant. Improved
antenna design may alleviate this problem.
117
*' : '
';;
�IV
As a result of the tests ARPA has funded an effort by Hughes to produce five
models of an improved HC-16-2. These sets have'been shipped to C13TC-V for field •
evaluation.
ARPA has also funded a development program for the RS-100, a man-pack highfrequency set of significantly different .and advanced design. This set features a
miniaturized frequency synthesizer anU a capability for burst transmission.
Plan ami Schedule to Complete
(1) C&ntinucd evaluation of the Hughes HC-162 in Vietnam.
(<i)
Field experiments, with man-puck VHF sets in Thailand.
(3)
Evaluation ol-tho 115-100 when availaljlo.
of FY-65.
'
Cxpcciuii uiite f i r s t quarter
It is planned to fund development and evaluation of relay/retra,nsmission devices
to extend,the u-s-eful range of standard VliF FM voice radips during FY-64.
Task.C -. Rompto^Aroa Connie^, Vehicular Radio C ommimic at ions
Objective
T.o provide improved mobile communications equipment for use by local tactical
headquarters in selected remote area conflict situations. -Operational and environmental constraints require that the equipment be mounted in vehicles which have
- mobility compatible with tlift .tactical'situation and provide voice, CW, and radioteletype gapsbiliti.es., and be compatible with-available'equipment in related radiocommunieations nets.
Progress to Date
ARPA has procured six models of the Collins AN/MRC-95 radio set. This set
incorporates the 618-T transceiver which radiates 400 watts PEP SSB and 100 watts
AM in the range of 2 to 30 MC, It is compatible with existing high-frequency equipment
in both air and ground configurations and provides voice, CW, and radio-teletype capability for mobile tactical command posts. Three of the MRC-95s have been shipped to
CDTC-V for operational evaluation in Vietnam.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
It is planned to conduct field .evaluation of the A N / M R C - 9 5 on a comparative basis
with the AN/CRC-26 which is the current division-level high-frequency set in use in
RVN.
As an adjunct to these tests, ARPA has installed a 618-T transceiver in the
Caribou which is on loan to CDTC-V for tests of long-range air-surface communications.
118
�Task .D_- Remotq Area Conflict Riyor and Coastal Fl.&till.a
Objective
To provide effective communications capabilities for local river and coastal
flotillas, both among units of the flotilla and bet-ween the flotilla and its operations
base. Flotillas are required for operations in coastal w a t e r s and rivers. Each such
flotilla requires a command ship equipped with long-range radio -equipment to communicate with a base of operations, and short-range equipment for communications
iirnong units of the flotilla. Where local sliips or boats arc utilized, the communications equipment should not appreciably alter their external appearance.
Progress to Jpute^
-
'
CDTC-V conducted a t e a t of two single-; sideband HF transceivers manufactured
by RF Communications Associates aboard the prototype command junk. A report of
test has been received and distributed. It WJT.S concluded that these equipments were
not suitable for this application.
A d-ecision has b.een made to procure and install the AN/GRC-87 on the junk fleet
in Vietnam.
C'DTC-V in July conducted a test of several antenna, configurations on the junk and
is providing assistance to the Vietnamese Navy in the radio installation.
Plan and Schedule to Co.; nplgte
Work on this task will continue to a s s u r e that satisfactory communications are
available for river and coastal flotillas.
Task E - H:\rnlet and Ou tpog^Ala riri Communications
Objective
To provide an alarm system for hamlets and outposts to send warning of an
insurgent attack. Effective, reliable communications means arc required by hamlets
and outposts to enable them to flash immediate warning of an attack to a base of operations or to the headquarters of the security f o r c e s which are to come to their relief.
The equipment should' not require extensive training to operate and should require only
minimal maintenance and re supply of parts. -Radio t r a n s m i t t e r s .should be capable of
being concealed in a village hut.
Progress to Date
Radio Industries Hamlet Alarm; System - Radio Industries, under an ARPA-funded
contract, has deyelop-jd a hamlet alarm system. This system includes ton l / < J - w a t t
alarm transmitters, ten 10-watt alarm transmitters, two relay units, and a ternunal
station with automatic read-out which operates -with the Radio Industries TR-~0 village
U9
�w
r.v:!io wliich is beim; installed in large quantities by USOM in Vietnam. The system
t r a n s m i t s a narrow-band tone-modulated signal at frequencies between 30 and 40 MC.
A fijicil report of results of the evaluation of the alarm system was distributed
by CDTC-V 021 4 February 196'3. The results indicated that using properly elevated and
sited antennas, the system operates very well with low falae-ralarm rates and high
reliability. Recommendations include u«e of a suitable dry-cell b a t t e r y in place of the
rechargeable nickel-cadmium .batteries, which are expansive and difficult to recharge
under field conditions, and provision of an output power intermediate between the •1/2.'and 10-watt units.
Ryan Conce.alable A l a r m Transmitter - Coincidc:itally with the development of the
hamlet alarm system by Radio' Industries Inc. , Kansas City, Mo., another manufac.turer, Ryan Electronics of San Diego, California, was asked to engineer a system that
would feature v e r y small and easily concealahle alarm transmitters. 'This transmitter
was givozi an evaluation with the TR-^0 village radio in Vietnam, but did not prove to
o f f e r significant advantages.
RCA Ham-let Alarm Svs tern - RCA, under an ARPA-funded contract, is developing
a self-contained narrow-band FM tone-coded a l a r m system utilising a very narrow
band width to extend the range available with low radiated power. It is intended for use
in reniotc area conflict situations where the USOM village radios used in Vietnam are
not installed. In addition, gome of its components can be utilized to adapt standard
field radios to alarm- system applications. Units: have been shipped to Thailand for
evaluation,
.
..
• Chaff Rockets - A report of t e s t has been prepared by CDTC-V and distributed.
Results of testing the chaff-racket concept arc not encouraging because of the low rate
of radar detection of rockets when f i r e d . The particular rackets tested, which were
of Japanese manufacture, bad the advantage of being inexpensive^ but did not achieve
sufficient altitude to permit a high probability of detection by radar.
Plan and Schedule to Coinplete
Field experimentation and requirement studies in Thailand will be continued to
determine optimum solutions to (he hamlet alarm problem.
No f u r t h e r effort in Vietnam is planned.
Task F -.Power Supplies, for Cemmujiications Equipment
Objective
To provide efficient power supplies and accessory equipment for a tactical field
radio. Remote area conflict situations require the highest pos.siblc life-to-weight ratio.
Included are primary power sources, battery-charging equipment, and testing
equipment.
120
CONriDCNTMctr
�IV
Progress to Date
ARPA has funded development with Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
of a thermoelectric generator which burns simple solid fuels such as charcoal, wood
chips,or dried animal dung; a nickel-cadmium storage battery; and a converter. The
unit will directly power ;i field radio supplying 60 watts at 12 volts. Total unit weight
is 15 pounds.
Funds .have.been provided to develop a Hankine-cycle engine as a primary power
source. This is a sealed engine using an organic fluid as the h e a t - t r a n s f e r medium,
fueled by solid dry materials such as charcoal. The unit is expected to deliver 100
watts and weigh 9 pounds.
Funds have also been provided for development of a magnesium-air fuel cell with
replaceable magnesium electrodes^ This unit is expected to deliver 60 watts and weigh
about 16 po'uhds.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Delivery of experimental models pf .ea.c.h of the ,above units is impeded in early
FY-65.
It is planne.d to initiate effort on battery-charging equipment during FY-64.
Task G - Special Antennas
Objective
To enhance the effectiveness of communications through the development of
special antennas which are designed to meet the unique requirements of local forces
operating in those environments'. The efforts to be performed un-doi- this task include
the design, development, test, and evaluation of special antennas which are operationally and economically practicable, and which will aid in overcoming the unique electromagnetic propagation conditions encountered in the selected environments.
Progress to Date.
CDTC-V has designed, fabricated, and demonstrated a number of field-expedient
antennas for tactical VHF voice radios such as the AN/PUC-10. These include a
simple three-clement VAGI a r r a y , whips and ground plane antennas elevated and fed by
coaxial cable or field wire, and a folded dipole of unique design. CDTC-V reports have
been prepared and distributed describing the performance of these antennas.
The CDTC-V MARK 111 Patrol Antenna, which is the most successful of the types
fabricated to date, is a folded dipole made f r o m 300-ohm tubular .transmission line, fed
by 35 f e e t of TV flat twin lead. This antenna can be fabricated locally for a cost of less
than $10 and weighs less than 3 pounds. Its performance has been at least equal to that
of tho standard KC-292 antenna, which weighs v e r y much more and is bulky to carry.
121
�IV
Plan and Schedule to Complete
-'
•
CDTC'-V will continue to experiment with field-expedient antennas and to assist
in their introduction in Vietnam.
SKI as a part of its SEA CORE effort in Thailand is scheduled to conduct investigations on the design and use of antennas with-field radios including optimum location and •
orientation, effects of terrain and vegetation, and use of new or novel types of-antennas.
122
�AGILE SUBPROJECT 2
C O M B A T SURVEILLANCE AND T A R G E T
ACQUISITION S Y S T E M S
�AGILE SUBPKOJECT V
COK-IBAT Syi<\netLLANCE AND TA.ROET_ACQUl.SrriON SYSTEMS
SUB PROJECT,. OBJECTIVE
'
'
•
To develop combat uur'vcHlnncc and t f i r g c t acquisition techniques, s y s t e m s , and
devices which will enable friendly local f o r c e s in remote area conflict situations to:
(1) Detect, locate, and m a i n t a i n surveillance, of hostile units, bases,
stores, and supply routes.
(I)
Detect infiltration of b o r d e r s and incipient Ambushes or attacks
on outposts and communities.
(3.) Effect rendezvous -of friendly elements with each other and with
supply drops or caches, And guide f r j c n d l y u n i u ' t o the location of
hostile elements.
(4) Improve the degree of mobility and the effectiveness of logistic
support through better navigation and point-location in remote areas.
(5) Exploit the. knowledge of communication techniques and equipment to
locate, neutralize, pr destroy hostile bases and headquarters.
SUBPllOJKC.T BACKGROUND
•
G e n e r a l Discussion
Friendly local forces in remote area -conflict s i t u a t i o n s are seriously hampered by
the inherent advantages of hostile elements which can attack, withdraw, ambush, and
effect logistic support through clandestine methods at times and places of their :.v.vn
choosing. These advantages are reflected in (he adverse ratios of friendly to hostile
f o r c e s that in the past have been necessary to a c h i e v e suppression of guerrillas and
insurgents. To offset this h a n d i c a p , f r i e n d l y local forces urgently require the enhancement of their combat effectiveness that can be achieved through the application of superior .scientific and technical efforts to the problems of combat surveillance and target
acquisition.
Limitations on Equipment
A i r b o r n e and vehicular s-ensa-rs and navigation equipment must be designed for
mountiifg in vehicles or a i r c r a f t which are p r e s e n t l y available to or to bo procured for
f r i e n d l y local forces. As general guidance, it i.s oxpoctcd that relatively limited numbers
of standard transport vehicles and vehicles specially designed for. remote area operations
will \>r available; f u r t h e r , that available a i r c r a f t w i l l include r o t a r y - w i n g and fixed-wing
tactical and t r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t in-the light and medium, classes.
123
-CQNriPCNTIAL.
�Man-pack equipment must be ruggpd and generally suited .to operation in tropical
marititrie climates and in difficult terrain. As general guidance, such equipment should
be capable of being broken down into individual loads of 10 pounds or less. Power supplies should provide for duty-cycle operation of the equipment for at least one wqe,k.
CONDUCT OF THE PROGRAM
The program is intended to bo carried on in two phases as follows:
Technical Area 1 - Surveillance Research
Objective
To dc-velop.auu a n a l y z e data on those physical and operational p a r a m e t e r s of selected distinctive environments, initially for -Southeast Asia, and of potential targets
which c o n s t r a i n the application of particular surveillance and target acquisition techniques and i n f l u e n c e equipment design. This study program will provide a basis for
determining the technical, physical, and operational r e q u i r e m e n t s of friendly local
forces in Southeast Asia and otlier selected areas for combat surveillance and "target
acquisition techniques and devices.
Data Required
,
It is intended that this study develop the following data initially by a search of the
available literature, which will be followed by a field measurement p r o g r a m to fill in
significant data gaps for each selected distinctive environment. The area.s of specific
interest and investigation are as follows:
(1) Acoustic and Seismic
(a) The level of acoustic and seismic iratensity produced by men walking singly or in groups in the various types of t e r r a i n and vegetation peculiar to each selected area.
(b) The level of acoustic intensity of men speaking to each other.
(c) The level of acoustic and seismic intensity produced by fi.ritig of
small arms, automatic rifles, and machine guns' and by grenades
and light mortars.
•
.
(d) The characteristics of seismic signals in the p r n s p n c e of manmade subsurface cavities in the soils of each selected area.
(c) Background rioi^e levels of acoustic and seismic intensity observable under varying weather conditions and in the several
types of tcrraizi, soil, and vegetation found in each selected area.
124
CONriDCNTrAfc
�(f)
Propagation attenuation and diffusipn data for acoustic disturbances under varying, weather, t e r r a i n , and vegetation conditions
applicable to each selected area.
(g) Propagation of seismic disturbances in soils common to the
.various characteristic regions of each selected area.
(2) Electromagnetic
(a) Radar echoing area as H function of radar frequency and viewing
aspect for individuals arrived with hand-held weapons, automatic
Pities, and machine guns or light mortars.
(b) -Magnitude of the magnetic field associated with individuals armed
as. in paragraph (2)(a), above, and with surface and subsurface
metals emplaccd by man.
(c) Kmission of electromagnetic energy (detected by a microwave
radiometer), as a function of frequency, by individuals armed
as in paragraph (2)(a), above, and by surface or subsur.face
metals such as nail-b.oards and caches of weapons.
(d) Relative magnitude and f r e q u e n c y distribution of the doppler
spectrum generated by movement of varying types of foliage and
for a range of wind velocities which may be encountered in each
selected area.
(e)
Propagation attenuation factors for electromagnetic emissions
in each selected area as a function of frequency, antnuna, ionospheric and atmospheric conditions, terrain profile, vegetation,
and ciimalo conditions (joint undertaking with Subproject IV).
(f)
Levels of background electromagnetic radiation and noiac typical
to the area of interest as a function of frequency.
(3) I n f r a r e d , Qptical.,and Visual
(a) Intensity of the flash produced by f i r i n g of small a r m s as a
function of wavelength.
(b) Variation of optical contrast between targets of interest and
typical t e r r a i n find vegetation background for a range of ambient
light levels from 10"^ candle power to unobstructed sunlight.
(c) Apparent temperature contt-ast for individuals armed as in
paragraph (')(a), above, when viewed against typical vegetation and t e r r a i n b a c k g r o u n d s and for typical ambient temperatures found in each selected area.
125
�(d) Propagation and attenuation factors for the near and far infrared
through various types of foliage found in each selected area both
along the s u r f a c e and from, a i r c r a f t to ground, for the expected
range of weather conditions.
,(4) Chemical
(a) Chemical emanations which arc.characteristic of individuals
armed as in paragraph { £ ) ( » ) , -above,and of cooking and heating
fires.
(b) Data on detectability of the above chemical emanations as a
i'unctioa .of ra.nge, weather conditions, -vegetation, and terrain
applicable to each .selected area.
(c) Delectability, rate of dispersion, a:id p e r s i s t e n c e of various
artificial chemical substances, which may be used to mark
hostile individuals, given the expected w e a t h e v , vegetation,
and terrain conditions of each selected area.
In addition to the foregoing technical d a t a , target and throat analysis will bo conducted to determine the p a r t i c u l a r surveillance and target acquisition techniques and
devices -that arc u s e f u l to friendly local forces in their own distinctive environments.
Technical Area_2 - Investigation, Development. and Evaluation of Techniques and Devices
Objective
To determine the applicability of specific techniques and devices to the requirements determined in Phase I.
Data R e q u i r e d
In each cas-e of a technique, equipment, or device investigated, this phase of the
program will determine whether a particular approach can solve or partly solve a requirement. Specifically, the investigation will determine by analysis.and supporting
field measurements the following da-ta:
(1) Definition of the extent to which requirements can be riiot with known or
.-existing -equipment and devices.
(2) Specific configuration of the equipment desired with respect to size,
weight, form f a c t o r , and concept of employment.
(3) Applicable detailed performance characteristics to provide a basis for
development of equipment.
�Cqn-duct
',.
•
It is intended that Service agencies be selected to investigate each promising technique, area ( r a d a r , infrared, acoustic, and seismic, e t c . ) . These agencies will conduct
the investigations of techniques and devices with .contractor assistance as required.
No a c t u a l development'of equipment or devices i.= planned during Phase II. Every
effort will bo made t-j olitain the required information through the use of existing milit a r y or commercial equipment.
. T e s t s w i l l be performed in each selected area abroad only to live extent demanded
by environmental.conditions which.cannot readily be duplicated in the U. S. Testing will
normally be performed by personnel of the agency designated'by ARPA as Sci-vicc Agent,
or by contractor personnel.
.
.
Investigation of particular technique areas will bo completed and reported upon
separately in o r d e r to permit development or purchase oC equipment as soon as the required i t i f o i ' m a t i o n can be obtained.
127
�FIDE
SUP. PROJECT V TECIINICAI^AREA.q, TASKS. AND SUBTASKS
Listed below arc. the major technicnl areas/ and the tasks and subt.asks in each
area, with which this subprojcct is concerned. Succeeding pages contain the summaries
of their 'objectives and status.
Technical Area \ •
S u vve i 1 la nc c Ro.se a re h
.
.
.
Task A.
Target and Threat Analysis
Task B.
Phcuomenological Research
Task' C.
Development of Ilo.fit 'Nation Su-i'vcillancc •Research Capabilities
Technical Area 2.__^ I n v e s t i g a t i o n , Developmcnt^a.n.d Evaluation of Techiiiquos
and Ocvices
'
'
Task A.
Airbol-ne Syutcms
(1)
Infrared
.
(2) Radar
(3) Illuminated Night Pho.to'graphy
(4) Visual Surveillance -and Low-Light-Level.Amplification
(5) Spectra-Zonal Photography
(6) Electromagnetic Detection
Task B. Surface Systems
( 1) Night Vision
(2) Dqpplcr Personnel-Surveillance Radar
(3) TIARA (Target Illumination and Rescue Aids)
(4) Persistent Identification Chemicals
(5) Hidden-Metal and Subsurface-Cavity Detectors
Task C. Navigation and Beacon Equipment
(1) Aerial Navigation System
(2) Terminal Guidance Beacon
128
.'
.
�CONflDCNTlAL(3) Identification and Location of Air-Dropped Equipment
(4) Tactical Maps
(5) Patrol Locating System
Task.D.
Security and Protection Systems
( i ) Railway, Pipeline, Power-line, and .Road Security
(-2) Airborne Ground-*Fire Detectors
(3) Patrol and Outpost Intrusion Detectors
129-
COPJriDCNTIAL
�Technical Area 1.- Surveillance Research
Backg round
.
Effort in this technical area consists of the following:
(1) Analysis of remote a r e a c o n f l i c t situations to derive information
on detectable indicators of hostile activity.
(2) M e a s u r e m e n t and analysis of the t a r g e t and background factors
outlined in '.lie preceding discussion and w h e r e .appropriatepropagation and attenuation data on radiation typical of the
physical environment.
(3) Derivation of requirement's for equipment and techniques
applicable to specific remote area conflict situations.
(4) Assistance to host nations in the development of an irnpr.uv.cd
capability for conduct of r e s e a r c h investigations of the type
described above.
Task A - Target and Thr.er.t Analysis
Objective
To derive from a n a l y s i s of military operations including'hostile insurgent activity
those patterns of behavior which provide a basis for d e t e c t i o n and identification of the
location, extent, and nature of a. hostile unit or f a c i l i t y . In addition, this task includes
analysis of the nature and degree of the threat of attack upon vital, friendly installations,
facilities, and lines of communication.
Progress to Date
A report has been received and d i s t r i b u t e d from a contract with.the Defense Research Corporation entitled "Guerrilla Activity Detection Study/' DRC 63 I.1.36. This
was a preliminary theoretical study covering broad aspects of detection phenomena
applicable to counterinsunjency.
A follow-on e f f o r t with the Defense Research Corporation lias been funded. This is
a one-year data collection and analysis e f f o r t intended to develop information on the
nature and degree of the: t h r o a t of insurgent attack upon vital lines pf communication
facilities and installations in a large number of c o u n t r i e s which arc now or may b'c faced
with an organized i n s u r g e n t movement.
funds have been committed to Stanford Research I n s t i t u t e as, a part of the South- '
east Asia Surveillance R e s e a r c h Program (SEA SURE) for a two-year program of target
and threat analysis based upon Thailand.
130
�Pl.-in and Schedule to Complete
It is pin lined to expand e f f o r t of this type to other geographical areas beginning in
FY-65.
Task 15 - Phfillon\e n p log ic a1 R e s ea rc h
Objective
To obtain and a n a l y z e data oh those parameters of the environment and. of potential
targets in s'oloctod 'remote area conflict situations which constrain the application of
pavt.ii.ular surveillance Ecclmiqii-es and influence equipment design.
.Environmental research will be conducted as appropriate to obtain the following
.data:
( 1 ) Radiation and reflection characteristics and chemical emanations of personnel, vehicles, equipment, and other possible
i n d i c a t o r s of hostile activity.
A
(2) Physic..;! characteristics of the environment including transmission, and attenuation p a r a m e t e r s - f o r electromagnetic and
acoustic waves and background levels'of noise and radiation.
(3) Other environmental parameters such as hostile operational
characteristics and the physical, technical, and social characteristics of friendly loc.al forces.
Progress to Date.
Part 1 of this program has been, carried out by means of a search of available technical literature and analysis of detection phenomenology leading to a rccornmciKled prog r a m of field measurements. This study was conducted by the I n s t i t u t e of Science and
Technology (1ST), U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan, with the USAE^RDL acting as A.RPA agent.
The '-.tud'y report has been received and distributed to interested Service agencies.
Implementing action on a program of target and background measurements is being
planner! in coordination with. MRDC. Funds have been committed as follows:
(1) Aco-ustic and seismic measurements will be made in Thailand
u n d e r contract to Jansky fc liailey. A subcontract to 1ST,
U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan, will provide for design of experiments,
p r o c u r e m e n t o f - n o c c s s a r y - i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , and supervision of
field m e a s u r e m e n t s by J & B technicians.
(Z)
Extension, of the J & B path-loss m e a s u r e m e n t s (net: Subprojcct I V )
to encompass shor't-ran.ge electromagnetic path-loss measurem e n t s at selected f r e q u e n c i e s up to 10'G.C. This extension also
131
l
�'
covers microwave point-to-point measurements and refractivcindcx measurements which are of principal interest in
communications.
(3) Radar reflectivity and doppicr spectra measurements will be
made in CONUS'on men with and without weapons, in isolation,
and viewed against clutter backgrounds, as a function of f r e '•
quenr.y polari/.atioh and elevation aspect angles. Doppler spectra
';
w i l l be obtained on moving targets and representative foliage
types moving in the wind.
As part of SKA SURE, MR.DC lias begun collecting information on typical geographical 'and vegetation conditions in Thailand to define data requirements and to assist
in 'site selection for the m e a s u r e m e n t s to be conducted in that country. Preliminary
measurements are being made by MKDC to determine foliage obscuration of the sky as a
function of viewing angle and length of optical horizontal'linc-of-sight in forests of various types. Sec Figure 47.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
.
In the near f u t u r e it is planned to commit funds for the following efforts:
(1) An extension of the Conductrcn Corporation radar foliage penetration measurements described in Technical Area 2, Task A, Subtask 2, below, to encompass measurements at selected frequencies
up to 10 GC on One-way foliage penetration in several different
kinds of forests in the U. S. and Puerto Rico.
(2) Thailand measurements of targets, background, .and where
appropriate of propagation factors in optical, infrared, magnetic,
chemical, and rvirth resistivity phenomena.
(3) Meteorological data collection both in direct support of other
environmental measurements and to collect historical data as a
basis for analysis of weather patterns in Southeast Asia.
Task C - Development of Host-Nation Survoi'lancc Research Capabilities •
Objective
To assist host nations in the: development of a capability to conduct research, test,
and evaluation in the area of surveillance techniques and devices.
This task will be accomplished by providing suitable i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n facilities and
training of local personnel through cooperative implementation of field measurements
and experimentation in the hosf-nation environment.
132
�Tio-pico! Semiaec'iduous
Evergreen' Forest
July 1963
l°23' North Latitude
99°33' East Longitude
20
30
'
40
SO
Zenith Angle,degrees
FIGURE 47.
EXAMPLES OF MRDC FOLIAGE-OBSCURATION DATA
133
•6ONFIDENT1AL
�'CONFIDENT! AIT
jProg re s s to Date
.
•
Thai personnel hnve participated in measurement programs and in test and evaluation of dcvice.s which are reported in Technical Area 2 below.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
It is planned to schedule the maximum possible participation by Thai personnel in
the conduct of phenomeaologieul measurement's and evaluation of surveillance-devices.
Instrumentation provided for this purpose under both SEA CORE (Subproject IV) and
SEA SURE (Subproject V) will be utilized for training Thai personnol and for provision
of the necessary instrumentation to enable the Royal Thai Armed Forces to continue with
this work following the eventual phase-out of U. S. contract personnel.
134
�Technical Area 3 - Investigation, Development, and Evaluation of Techniques and
r
Devices
'
Task A - Airborne. Systems
(Ij Infrared
Objective - To evaluate t.hc use of airborne infrared equipment for detection of
hostile activities.
State-of-the-art infrared scanners are available with high resolution and high sensitivity. Detectors are available in the short-wave-length region (4 to 6 microns) for
detection of f i r e s .and other active radiation sources and also in the .long -wave-length
region (8 to 12 microns) for mapping of terrain and vegetation. These te-chniques will be
evaluated separately and together 'for use by friendly indigenous forces in selected remote area conflict situations.
Prog re's s to Date - To enable the study of the detection of camp f i r e s , ARPA provided funds to the U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Development Laboratory to
enlarge a planned program of tropical vegetation and topographical studies in
Puerto Rico. The ARPA-funded portion of the THOP1CAN. program consisted of measurements with high-resolution airborne infrared scanners of the detectapility of charcoal
fires in a dense tropical rain forest. The final report of this experiment has been published and distributed. Results obtained were v e r y encouraging. Detection probability
'in a dense forest exceeds minimum requirements.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - ARPA is now planning and expects to commit
funds in the near future to a .comprehensive one-year evaluation program m" the use of
modern infrared .scanners employing both short- and long-wavo-length detectors against
a wide spectrum of targets in Thailand. Targets will include cooking and camp fires,
personnel,, huts, ambush positions, caves and tunnels-., activity on roa'ds and trails, and
such other potentially hostile phenomena as can be obtained or simulated.
(2) Rada_r
.
Objective - To determine the extent to which airborne radar is useful w detection
of hostile activities,
Most existing airborne surveillance radars have been designed for detection of
vehicles and for grass mapping of principal natural and man-made terrain features.
Effort under this task will initially be devoted to investigation of possibilities for detecting arrnod individuals under cover of various types of foliage at various radar frecjxiencics. In the event that airborne radar techniques appear to have promise of detection of
hostile activities, these techniques will be evaluated for use by friendly indigenous forces
in selected remote area conflict situations.
135
•CONFIDENTIAL
�' •""CeNnDCNT-tAtr
•
Progress to Pate - ARPA has a joint program with ihc'USAF Systems Command
Reconnaissance .Labor.-to ry to accelerate measurement efforts for-some specific aspects
of foliage penetration by radar.
•
.
'
.The effort encompasses one-way measurements of the amplitude and phase defect
oh transmission through selected foliage cover at a number of selected frequencies^
At those same frequencies measurements will be made of two-way propagation
using calibrated targets in forests. These measurements will provide a basis for determining the feasibility of obtaining a useful coherent synt.h'.'tic-aperturc side-looking radar
to detect the type's of targets described above under forest cover.
plan and Schedule to Complete - The c u r r e n t measurement program will bc-comjjlcted early in F:Y 65. AKPA plans to extend the frequency range of tire one-way measurements as discussed under Task B in Technical Area 1.
£3) Iliu:pinatcd Night Photography
Objective - To evaluate the use of laserr or strofcre-iight-i'llwminatcd night photography for detection of hostile activities.
.
•
.
Standard aerial photography equipment applicable to a variety of purposes is available for use in'daylight aerial reconnaissance. This task, vising lasers or strobe lights
for selective illumination, is aimed at providing an equivalent capability for night reconnaissance; it incorporates characteristics which minimize the hazards attendant -with
alerting hostile forces, thereby reducing the risk to low-level reconnaissance flights
from ground fire. In the event this technique is found to be effective for remote a-rca ..
conflict situations, it will bo evaluated for use by friendly forcos in such situations.
Progress to Date - ARPA funds have been provided to the USAF Systems Command
for implementation of a program of investigation of techniques of illuminated night
photography by the Reconnaissance Laboratory of the Aeronautical Systems Division.
Authorization has been granted for the following specific efforts:
( I ) leaser-Illuminated Airborne Scanner
A contract has boon .let to Pcrkin-EImer Corporation to fabricate
an. experimental airborne system using a- helium-neon CW laser to scan
the earth and'provide illumination f o r an imaging and film-recording
system. The f i r s t exjicrimcnuii model has been dcll.vored for'flight
test,
(i)
Ultraviolot'Systcm
This system will utilize a bank of m e r c u r y arc lamps for illumination with direct recording on film filtered for live ultra violet.
136
�Funds have also been provided to the USAF Systems Command
fof investigation of a technique of photographic integration proposed
in the Michigan study which may greatly enhance the usefulness of
airborne photography in forested areas. As a part of this p'rogram
sonic selected photography of Thailand has been taken and processed
to evaluate the technique.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - It is planned to continue -effort under each of the
categories, listed above sufficiently far to permit assessment of the promise of the technique before proceeding further.
Additional funds will probably be committed in thia area in FY-64.
( 4 ) V i s u a l Surveillance and.Low-Light-Level Amplification
^Objective - To imp-rove the capability of human observers i-n aircraft to d-etect
hostile surface activities.
A program of testing of the capability of human o b s e r v e r s to detect activities pf
insurgent force's is planned. The program will inciucJo controlled experiments with
known ground t r u t h and will also encompass evaluation £>f equipment and devices which
enhance the ability of airborne visual observation, including the use of low-light-level
amplification techniques and devices for observation during hours of darkness.
Progress to Date - MRDC has completed a-field test pf-detection and identification
of human being's from aircraft to provide definite information on the capabilities of an
observer in an a i r c r a f t , searching for human targets on the ground. This .effort was an
important contribution to .a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of
visual reconnaissance, and prerequisite to investigation of equipment techniques, or
tactics that might be used in counterinsurgency operations.
The RTAF implemented a test plan designed to accomplish these objectives. An
H-34 was used as test vehicle since it provides the necessary range of speeds for the
tests, can c a r r y a large number of observers on a single flight, and provides a relatively clear field of view; The testing has been done near the RTAF facilities at Ubon
because the desired visual backgrounds arc conveniently close. A report of the initial
test results was prepared and distributed; additional tests are planned.
DDR&E has directed that ARPA fund a program to evaluate Idw-light-lcvel television in counterinsurgency aircraft. An Air Force prog ham plan to accomplish this
effort has been received, reviewed, coordinated with Army and Navy, and forwarded to
DDK&E for approval.
Models of a binocular stabilizer manufactured by Kenyon have been purchased and
shipped to Vietnam, where they are being evaluated. These devices arc intended to
enhance the capability of visual observation from helicopters and vehicles in motion.
137
�Plan and Schedule to ^omplete - A u d i t i o n a l v i s u a l observation tests in Thailand
w i l l be conducted in FY-64.
Funds will be committed early in the next quarter for evaluation of low-light-lcvcl
television in c o u n t c r i n s u r g e r i c y aircraft.
(5) Spectra-Zonal Photography
'
•
Objective - To e v a l u a t e the us.o of sportra-?.onal photography in the -detection of
•hostile activities.
•
.
The techniques of using aerial photographs of the same scene taken in selected
n a r r o w spectral r e g i o n s , using film and filter combinations which are optimised for
these p a r t i c u l a r spectral regions, and of combining the r e s u l t a n t i m a g e r y in various
ways in order tu facilitate detection, of camouflaged ambush positions and caches of
weapons, -underground c.iyfis and tunnels, and the location .and extent of activity pn roads
and - t r a i l s will be studied.
•
_Progres_s_to_Date - ARPA has provided funds to the Amazonia Foundation for a
general experimental p r o g r a m in the use of spectra- /.ona.1 photog.raphy in tropical mountainous areas to determine the extent to which evidence of human a c t i v i t y can be detected
b
y these techniques.
.
.
.
Plan a_!|d_S£hodule to Complete - ARPA plans to conduct q. comprehensive evaluation of the technique of s p e c t r a - ^ o n a l p h o t o g r a p h y in Thailand against all of the targets
cited above. This e f f o r t will be coordinated with the IJ? w o r k discussed -under Technical
Area i, Task A, Subta.sk 1, above.
(6) Electro-magnetic Detection
Objective - To e v a l u a t e the use of airborne m a g n e t o m e t e r s , r a d i o m e t e r s , and
other electromagnetic detection techniques and devices in the detection (if hostile activities. The n y o of a i r b o r n e ele.otropaagitotic detection techniques and d e v i c e s , such as
magnetometers- and radiometer:;, for the purpose of locating hostile f o r c e s t h r o u g h
detection of active and passive electromagnetic emissions associated w i t h those forces
will be investigated and evaluated. In p a r t i c u l a r , this task w i l l a t t e m p t to determine
the effectiveness of those techniques and devices in l o c a t i n g hostile e l e m e n t s possessing
limited amounts of muter; el in rough t e r r a i n or under dense foliage.
P r o g r e s s to Date - None.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Consideration is being given to studies and materiel p r o g r a m s to test the effectiveness of oi ''borne; n V i ^ n o t o m e t e r s and I'adion.cters.
138
�CONFIDENTIAL
Task B - Surface Systems
(1) Night Vision
'
Objective - To provide friendly local forces with effective aids to vision to assist
in detection, surveillance, movement, and employment of weapons at night. Effort
under this task encompasses evaluation of active light sources, active and passive portable infrared devices, passive image intensifiers, and other aids- to night vision, to
determine their effectiveness in selected remote a r e a conflict situations and their utility
to friendly local forces in those situations.
Progress to Date ~ CDTC-V evaluation of the usefulness in'llVN of the standard
infrared metasoope and weapon sight is completed. A report of test will be distributed
in the near future.
_Plan a^^^£]}c<^jj_p_^0jC£mP15to - ARPA will continue to monitor the U. S. Army
program ii\ night-vision devices, particularly tin: development of passive irnage intensifiers, and will schedule evaluation of these devices in Southeast Asia as appropriate.
(Z) Doppler Personnel -Surveillance Radar
Objective - To evaluate available portable ground radar equipment for use by
friendly local forces in remote area conflict situations. Suitable standard portable doppler personnel-surveillance radars will be utiliy.ed to evaluate the effectiveness of this
technique for detection by friendly local forces of hostile elements in selected
.environments.
Progress to Date - The final report on evaluation of the AN/FPS-4 doppler
personnel- surveillance radar by MAAG- Vietnam has been distributed. This evaluation
was conducted with extensive technical assistance of CDTG-V.
The MAAG recommendation that this equipment not be procured for use in Vietnam
has received the concurrence of COM US MAC V arid CINCPAC.
This recommendation was baaed upon the limited usefulness of the radar and the
extensive requirements for technical training of operation and maintenance personnel.
Plan and Schedule lo Complete - The AGILE surveillance research program will
provide general data on expected defection range of targets of interest in different types
of ground cover.
No additional equipment -development or .evaluation is planned at this time.
(3) TIARA (Target Illumination and Rescue Aids)
Objective - To establish the most suitable formulations, packaging, and delivery
mechanisms for utilization of TIARA in remote area conflict situations, and to evaluate
its effectiveness as a target illumination and identification aid for use by friendly local
forces.
.
139
CONRDENTtfrCT
�TIARA is a fluid chcmihtniinesccnt material suitable for packaging in a variety
of forms. Upon exposure to ilr during periods of da-rkjiess, the m'aterial exhibits a
strong luminescence, which is capable of. illumination of an intensity much brighter than
moonlight. It will readily adhere to most s u r f a c e s and remain visible on dry surfaces
for periods of 30 to 45 minutes and on wet surfaces for periods of ten days. This task
includes investigations which sack formulations for the production of specified effects in,
t e r m s of d u r a t i o n , intensity, color, and wave length 1 . Also included are investigations
and e x p e r i m e n t s involving user and handler s a f e t y , and packaging and dissemination
me.chanisms and terh.'isqun-..
_P^tx)grep_sJp Date - Under the ARPA-funded TIARA.Program at NOTS, China Lake,
hand g r e n a d e s , rifle grenades, marking sticks, 81-mm mortar shells and land mines
have been packaged and tested; quantities of gi'cnades and marking sticks w e r e shipped
to Vietnam for field evaluation.
.
. •
'
No usofu-1 test results have been obtained because of-difficulties with TIARA munitions occasioned-by chemical deterioration of explosive boosters by the TIARA material
and restrictions imposed on use of the items by classification and unresolved questions
of toxicity. Tests :n Vietnam have be.on indefinitely suspended.
The U. S. Navy Medical Center at Bcthcsda has performed tests of toxicity of the
TIARA material with lab-oratory animals in an enclosed space and has issued a report
that TIARA is toxic when inhaled in confined space.
Toxicity under normal conditions of storage and use has not been folly established,
Tests are continuing.
NOTS has b.eeh provided with additional funds for research on the mechanism of
lihomiluminoscencc to establish means for control of luminosity, color, and persistence
with the compounds PR 155 and PR 156.
•Additional research funds hove been provided to American Cya'iiamid Company to
study other chcmilwniincacont compounds.
NOTS has also been funded to package TIARA in the form of drop-zone panel markers, and parachute signal flares for use as marking devices. Such now devices are expected to be tested under the auspices of MRDC when they become available.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - ARPA has terminated its support for additional
weaponizalioh efforts in view of unresolved problem areas such as toxicity, explosive
compatibility, and the lack of suitable plastic container materials.
Research in chomiluFnincsccncc will cpntinue throughout FY-64.
( 4 ) P e r s i s t e n t Identification Chemicals
Qbj_cctiv_e - To obtain and provide field evaluation of suitable chemical materials
which may be dispensed in areas of hostile activity to mark the person or clothing of
140
CONflDENT-fAt
�personnel passing through such areas and thereby facilitate subsequent detection, tracking, and identification. Several potentially promising chemicals are known which have
characteristics suitable for investigation as detection and tracking aids. These are:
(1) Chemicals which flnarcscc under ultraviolet source.
I
•
•
(2) Chemicals which produce a lasting discoloration of the skin which
is readily detected visually.
' (3) Chemicals whic-h produce distinctive odors which are detectable by
human beings.
(4) Chemicals which produce odors which are delectable by dogs or by
chemical sensors, but that are not readily detectable by the human
nose.
(5) Radioactive isotopes of suitably long half-life which can be detected by existing radiation detectors.
Included in this task are investigations of means for dispensing the materials and
detection mechanisms and devices.
Progress to Date - ARPA has a funded program with the U< S. Army Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command to investigate the use of squaline to mark •
individuals for subsequent tracking and identification by trained dogs.
Training of selected dogs and field trials conducted with the assistance of the scoutdog unit at Fort Banning have established that dogs can be trained to alert on the scent
of individuals marked with a v«.:ry small quantity of squaline.
Experimentation on means of disseminating squaline in dust and liquid formulations and determining the quantity required to contaminate a selected area has been done
~n CONUS.
A final report will be distributed in the..near future.
ing for the vise of this technique in selected situations.
Results appear very promis-
The Army Chemical Center also has a program to investigate the use of disseminated chemicals for tracking, detection, and identification of intruders. ARPA expanded
the study to include the use of various types of encapsulated cliemical marking agents.
One possible means for post-Combat detection of insurgents is the use of the paraffin test to isolate persons who have been using weapons. .WKile it is recognized that the
paraffin test cannot provide an absolutely reliable indication that a person giving a positive reaction is an insurgent, tha t o u t could conceivably be used to screen large numbers
of persons to eliminate those who give a negative reaction. The much smaller niimbcr
remaining can then be subjected to other investigative means. However, it is necessary
to determine the rate at which suspects can be screened by the test. To this end, a group
141
�CON FIDEf
1
of five enlisted men and one officer from .T RTA Security Battalion in Thailand underwent a four^-week training course in the paraffin test at the Scientific Crime Detection
. Division of the Bangkok Police Department. Preliminary trials at the RTA Infantry
Center were encouraging. A report of these trials has been distributed.
ARPA has funded an investigation of the detection mechanism employed by the
housefly for specific chemicals. This effort is directed toward the eventual synthesis of
detectors which have a very high sensitivity;
Plan and Schedule^ tu Complete - ARPA is considering a field evaluation of the usu
of dogs and squalimi in Southeast Asia.
Research on chemical emanations in Thailand is planned uoder Technical Area 1,
Task B.
(5) lilddcn-Met'al and Subsurfacc.-Cavi-ty Detectors
Objective - To provide tactical, man-pack equipment for detection of nail b o a r d s ,
buried caches of weapons, other metallic equipment, and small subsurface cavities used
by hostile forces.
Hostile forces in remote area conflict situations utilize various types of metallic
devices, such as nail boards, to retard or disrupt pursuit. They also hide weapons nnd
other material, and utilize -subsurface cavities, both natural and inan-made, for caches
of .material, the hiding of personnel, and for escape routes from hamlets or villages
which have been under their control. Friendly IOCM! lorces require a capability to dx^tcct
hidden-metal and subsurface cavities, in the courst of sweep and s-eetrch operations and in
the screening of personnel oh Ja-nd and those involved in river and canal traffic.
Sensitive magnetometers and mine detectors have the capability of detecting v e r y
small'perturbations in the earth's magnetic field caused by the presence of magnetic
materials and subsurface anomalies. Most available types of sensitive magnetometers
are largo a n d complex i n s t r u m e n t s , or require highly trained personnel and tedious
search operations. This task is aimed at obtaining simple, lightweight devices for the
detection of hidden, metal and small subsurface anomalies.
Progress to Date - ARPA has funded the Naval Oi'dnance Laboratory at C o r o n a ,
California,to investigate the use of the Hall effect in thin semiconductor films, and their
incorporation into magnetometers for detection of b u r i e d metals.' This program is a
one-year effort and includes delivery of ten lightweight, portable magnetometers suitable
for field evaluation.
An additional program of technique -investigation has b-eeii funded by ARPA and is
being undertaken by the U. S. Army Engineer R e s e a r c h and Development Laboratory,
Ft. Dclvbir.
142
�It includes:
•
•
(1) Magnetic -loop-detection of personnel carrying weapons.
(2) Detection of metal.in small boats with a buried magnetic loop.
(3) Detection of buried metal objects by m^ans of a modified
metallic mine detector.
. (4) Detection of tunnels and caves with a modified nonmetallic
mine detector.
The devices described above are intended for field evaluation in Thailand.
ODTC-V has completed an evaluation of the AN/PRS-4 mine detector. Their report of this evaluation concludes that this equipment does not o f f e r - s u f f i c i e n t performance improvement over the standard AN/PRS-3 to warrant its replacement in Vietnam.
CDTC-T (now MRDC) has tested a form of earth auger, the Oakfiold punch, for
detection of subterranean tunnels. Tests indicated that the method is too .slow, and it is
t h e r e f o r e being abandoned. A test report has been distributed.
MRDC has conducted experiments on detection of metal in sampans using a wire
loop erected over a canal. Results of these experiments were not encouraging because
of the high noise level of the galvanometer used as the detector. Better results are expected from the buried loop and sensitive low-noise amplifiers being dcv-eloped under
the Ft. Belvoir program. A report of tost has been distributed.
Plan^nd Schedule to Complete - Delivery of an experimental magnetic-loop detection system for test in Thailand is expected in early 1964.
Additional experimental work is planned on the Hall-effect magnetometer in an
attempt to find a suitable solution to the problem of cancelling the effect of the earth's
magnetic field.
Task C - Navigation.and Beacon. Equipment
(1) Aerial Navigation System
Objc-J-'vc - Friendly local forces require an adequate capability to insure that their
a i r c r a f t engaged in aerial delivery, firepower support, and resupply of thoir surface
units can reach their objective area and return to base under all conditicns of visibility.
In several remote area conflict situations, the environment and ll>u nature of the
operation place a premium on the capability of friendly local forces to utilize aircraft
under all conditions of visibility in o r d e r to effect surprise attacks, conduct effective
airborne surveillance at times when hostile forces can otherwise move undetected, and
143
�provide fire support and resupply of mobile units-, outposts, and hamlets. To 'perform
those missions with a reasonably high probability of success, the aircraft must be
equipped with effective navigation systems. The a i r c r a f t involved a r e predominantly
rotary-wing and subsonic fixed wing, and reduction in the volume and weight of navigation equipment to be placed aboard is generally of c r i t i c a l importance. Furthermore!,
the problems associated with providing for the security of any system which must rely
on a number of widely dispersed fixed ground stations place a premium on a system
which is self-contained aboard the aircraft. Operation, maintenance, and logistics
problems impose a need for a system which is usable aboard all typoK of a i r c r a f t likely
to be involved: i. e. , a universally mountablo system rather than one specially tailored '
to each separate type of aircraft.
This task involves the selection and evaluation of suitable, universally mount-able,
self-contained aerial navigation systems for use by friendly local f o r c e s aboard the
rotary-wing and subsonic fixed-wing a i r c r a f t they typically utilise in their distinctive
environments. A l s o , for COIN fixed-wing a i r c r a f t , a companion effort will include the
selection and evaluation of a ground"chain system to operate svith a i r b o r n e and mobile
ground receivers.
Progress to Date - The U. S. Navy has been funded to procure three models -of the
RYANAV IV sclf«-coiitained dapplcr navigation system and one model of the LFJ2 dopplcr
navigator.
The KYANAV IV systems are to be mounted in CII-2!, CH-34, and YAC-1 Caribou
a i r c r a f t in RVN for field evaluation in Southeast Asia, following lengthy CONUS testing.
The LFE system has been evaluated by the U. S. Army Aviation Board at Fort R u c k e r ,
Alabama, in comparison with the RYANAV IV. A report of this test confirmed the superiority of the RYANAV IV.
The evaluation of the R-YANAV IV.in KVN has been hampered by equipment malfunctions not encountered in prior CONUS tests. The latest model is now in-stalled in the
Caribou, and the evaluation is continuing.
ARPA has funded a program to evaluate the airborne, vehicular, and man-pack
receivers of the Army-developed position fixing and navigation system (PFNS) in Vietnam
against a DECCA ground system installed by the USAF. This system depends upon reception, of low-frequency signals from a master and two or more slave stations on the
g round.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - ARPA will continue! the evaluation of the
KYANAV IV and the PFNS systems in Vietnam, -both of which should be completed in
FY-64.
ARPA will monitor the devclo-prr.er.t and evaluation: of other navigation systems by
the Services.
144
�CONFIDENTIAL
(2)
Terminal Guidance Beacon
.
Objective - To provide a suitable radiu beacori to permit accurate parachute and
helicopter delivery of troops and supplies by f r i e n d l y local forces into small unprepared
di'op /.ones with a Single pass of the transporting a i r c r a f t .
A beacon is required which is compatible -with stanciard ADF equipment c u r r e n t l y
installed in a i r c r a f t available to f r i e n d l y local f o r c e s , rugged and light enough to bo
landed with a p a r a c h u t i s t or c a r r i e d by a member on an extended patrol, and capable of
emitting a coded signal for drop-zone or g r o u n d - u n i t identification. This ta-sk involves
the selection and evaluation of .suitable b e a c o n , equipment for use by friendly local forces
in their own distinctive e n v i r o n m e n t a l and o p e r a t i o n a l situation, .-and. any n e c e s s a r y development programs.
P r o g r e s s to Date - CDTC-V has conducted preliminary evaluation of the Westmonl T c r m i n r l Guidance Beacon; 50 of those beacons have boon distributed for operational evaluation by U. S. Special Forces dad A K V N units. This beacon operates by
radiating a coded signal whic.h gives a z i m u t h bearing information to an aircraft equipped
with standard low-frequency AJJ.iT equipment.
ARPA has obtained models of the H U T - 2 an.fl I I K T - 6 beacons and associated equipment for evaluation in Vietnam. These beacons, like the Westmont, operate with the
standard ADF equipment, but have proved superior in CONUS tests. Tests of the HRT-2
a n d . l I R T - 6 arc under way. Preliminary results on the H R T - 2 indicate that good bearing
a c c u r a c y and adequate range arc obtained, but that a suitable drop-release signal is not
provided.
Plan and Schedule lo_Comjjlcte •* Testing of the H R T - 2 and 1IRT-6 should be completed in e a r l y 1934.
(3) Identification and Location of A i r - D r o p p e d Equipment
Objective - To provide a device which w i l l enable friendly local forces to locate
a n d identify air-dropped equipment o r supplies.
.
.
.
A i r - d r o p p e d equipment it; d i f f i c u l t (,o locate in the t e r r a i n and vegetation conditions
typically encountered in remote area conflict situations. This problem can be partially
a l l e v i a t e d by improving the precision of the air drop through effective identification of
the drop zone by means such as those d e s c r i b e d , u n d e r the TIARA and Terminal Guidance
Beacon tasks. Improvement is possible also b.y increasing the visibility of the airdropped equipment, such as by m a r k i n g w i t h TIARA or other chemilumincscent materials. While the foregoing techniques are helpful under some circumstances, a more
positive means by which surface u n i t s can locate their air-drooped supplies is also
needed. Ullr.i-miniature, b a t t e r y - o p e r a t e d r a d i o t r a n s m i t t e r . ; which are compatible in
f r e q u e n c y and modulation with s t a n d a r d portable field radio.': o f f e r promise of providing
a positive means for locating air-dropped e q u i p m e n t . Tn operation, the devices will be
attached to bundles prior to air d r o p , and will provide a homing-signal for use by ground
units in locating the bundle ( s t a n d a r d FM VI1F t r a n s c e i v e r s used by ground units can
be equipped for this purpose with dircction-firi<3mj4 a n t e n n a s which are c u r r e n t l y available
t h r o u g h MAP supply channels).
145
�Progress to Date - A development program has been completed with Ryan Electronics Corporation to obtain interim test models of t r a n s m i t t e r and receiver units sxiitable for field testing. This program-was not successful because of a technical problem
oacountered in the design of an antenna, which must bo part of or affixed to drop bundles
and radiate effectively regardless of the aspect of the- bundle on the ground.
/
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Additional development efforts to obtain a satisfactory solution to this problem will be funded in FY-64,
('!) Tactical Maps
Objective - To determine a suitable material on which to print tactical maps for
use in tropical remote area conflict situations. Map-paper normally available does not
retain its usefulness in combat whon exposed to the tropical climatic conditions. A high•wet-strength paper or similar material is required to withstand t'he long exposure to
dampness and high temperatures involved in trqpical remote area conflict operations.
Progress to Date - Re-evaluation of-samples of J a p a n e s e 'high-wet-strcngth paper
by the U. S. Army Map Service has establitihqd that this paper docs meet U. S. military
specifications.
•
Maps printed by the National Geographic Service of Vietnam f r o m U. S. Army Map
Service plates have proved to be of excellent quality.
Feasibility of printing photornaps in a range of colors lias been investigated by
CDTC-V with the ARVN Engineer Topographic Company.
A report of this task lias been distributed and the task is complete.
(5) Patrol Locating System
Objective -• To provide an effective capability for patrols and others mobile elements of friendly local forces operating at extended distances (10 to 100 miles) from
their parent unit or base to locate themselves on the ground accurately and reliably.
Penetration patrols and other ground parties operating at extended distances from parent
units or bases require a capability to locate themselves precisely on the ground and on
maps in order to arrive at preselected locations, or to report their location to their base
or support aircraft. This equipmG.it should be designed to be transported and operated
by a patrol member operating for extended periods in-difficult terrain.
Progress to Date - Arrangements are being made to provide man-pack and vehicular units of i.he Bendix-Pacific Position Fixing and Navigation System (PFNS), together
with operation and maintenance personnel, for field evaluation with the low-frequency
navigation ground system installed there by the USAF in RVN. The PFNS equipment
will be tested and evaluated as a joint U. S. Army and CDTC-V program.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - Delivery of PFNS receivers to Vietnam is cxpeefcd in FY-64. Scheduled test duration is six months.
146
CONFIDENTiM
�Task O - Security and Protection Systems
( 1 ) Ra i Iway. Pipeline, Powe rline^ and Rf
Objective - To provide a capability to detect activity associated .with sabotage or
preparation for ambush on railroads, pipelines, p o w c r l i n c s , and roads. The problem is
one of detecting an act of sabot.lge such as detonation of an explosive charge, or detection of activity involved in emplacement of demolitions, placement of barricades across
roads or rails, removal of sections of railroad t r a c k , or preparation of ambush f i f i n g
positions. The capability must include romote detection of the activity and means to
provide warning in advance of an ambush.
Progress to Dat<: - ARPA funded a feasibility investigation by Picatuihy Arsenal of
remote detonation of mines by electromagnetic radiiition. Picatinny Arsenal reported
that this technique is quite uncertain of success and therefore not recommended for
implementation.
ARPA also funded a study of feasibility of the use of "Y guide" to detect disturbance on a railroad bed. IDA made the investigation and concluded that the system is
expensive and easily disabled or spoofed.
Other studies of rail and powerline security arc discussed under Subprojoct VI.
P l a n - a n d S c h e d u l e t o Complete - ARPA plans to fund in FY-64 a nine-mqnth feasibility study of the use of acoustic, seismic, and magnetic-loop sensors as -a rail security
detection and alarm system.
Other detection and alarm systems for railroad, pipeline, and powcr.lino security
will be investigated.
Defection nf road ambush positions is included in the IR a.nd photographic surveillance investigations reported elsewhere in this section.
(2) Airborne Ground-Fire Detectors
Objective .- To provide devices which will detect the fact that an a i r c r a f t lias been
fired upon by small arms.
Rotary and subsonic fixed-wing aircraft employed in remote area conflict support
operations arc subjected to the hazard of small-arms fire. The ambient noise level
frequently precludes detection of this ground fire by the pilot or crow unless the aircraft
is hit; even then crews have sometimes been unaware that the aircraft has been attacked.
However, if the pilot could be alerted to the fact that bullets arc passing nearby, evasive
action may fee possible before the aircraft is hit in a vital spot. This capability would
also facilitate the identification of areas containing hostile elements. The effort under
this task will be to develop and evaluate devices to provide this capability for use by
friendly local forces.
147
CONFIDENTIAL'
�• J?£2iiLLcss 1? Pal'^ ~ ARPA has fi'mdedBissett-Bcrman through the Army to develop
an acoustic system to be mounted on aircraft to detect the passage of small arms projectiles rloso to the a i r c r a f t and to i d e n t i f y the quadrant of closest passage.
The A r m y -tself has funded development of a dif.orent type acoustic system from
Thiokol which is intended to detect passage of a b u l l e t and to doU-Ti'nine the a n g u l a r direction from which it was fired.
Evaluation by the Limited War Laboratory indicated lus-s.than satisfactory performance of the Bisselt-Bormaa and Thiokol systems.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - It is planned to continue e f f o r t s to develop a s u i t - ,
ably simple and reliable bullet detector and to provide models for evaluation in Vietnam.
^3)_ P;Ui-ol aj2d_pu)j3O£t Intrusion Detector3
Objective - To obtain and evaluate devices which will facilitate detection of the
i n t r u s i o n of p a t r o l or outpost p e r i m e t e r s by hostile elements.
Lightweight, portable intrusion-detection devices a r o required to permit an outpost
or p a t r o l to obtain warning of enomy passage or breach of a defensive perimeter. This
task e n c o m p a s s e s the selection or development, and evaluation of various detection devices which have promise in this application.
Progress to Date - The AN/GSS-9 br«ak->wire intrusion detection device has been
obtainedi" froin~USAER"f)L f o r evaluation by MRDC and CDTC-V. This device is operated
by stringing a very fino twisted pair wire along the earth and through bushes; when the
wire is broken, a light or b u z z e r is actuated.
ARPA has also obtained models of ct break-wire device from Scope, Inc, This
device d i f f e r s from the AN/GSS-9 in the circuitry employed and in the use of a singlestrand nylon-clad wire; they will be given comparative evaluation in Southeast Asia. In
addition,, models have been furnished to the U. S. A v m y Special Forces at Fort Bragg,
the USMC Ijamiing Force Development Center at Quantico, and various other agencies of
the U. S. Government for evaluation.
Test reports have boon distributed. R e s u l t s indicated that the device is potentially
v e r y u s e f u l but that some redesign was required; ARPA has funded development of improved models by Scope, Inc. .
JPlan^and Schedule to Complete - Improved models will be shipped to CDTC-V,
M R D C , and interested Service agencies for evaluation e a r l y in 196'1.
143
�CONriDOJTtftt.
AGUE SUBPROJECT HI
INDIVIDUAL AND SPECIAL PROJECTS
�VI
AGIl.E SU.DPROJECT VI
INDIVIDUAL AND SPECIAL PROJECTS
SUJVPROJECT OBJECTIVE
This subprojcct provides fpr centralized management and control of those AGILE
efforts which because <;f sensitivity, diversity, or uniqueness of application arc not included in o l h o r segments of the AGIJj,E program. As a consequence, this subprojcct
covers a wide range of technical areas and involves v a r y i n g applications of r e s e a r c h
and e n g i n e e r i n g ' r e s o u r c e s in a broad spec:trum of disparate fields. While tho technical
areas and tasks c u r r e n t l y being pursued under this subproject arc t>!iown on the imn i e d i u t e l y following page, it should be emphasized that its composition is, by design,
flexible and subject to change.
149
CONflDCffflAli
�SURPROJECT VI
T E C H N I C A L . AREAS, TASKS, AND SUR TASKS
Listed below are the major technical areas and the tasks and subtasks in each
area, with which this subproject is concerned. Succeeding pages contain the s u m m a r i e s
of their objectives .^nd status.
Technical A r e a I.
/
'
Military Chemistry
Task A. Defoliation
(1)
IIIDAL Herbicide Spray System
(2)
FIDAL IIerbici.de Spf«y System
(3)
Modified MC-l/G-123 ili:rbi»:.ide t>pr;.iy System
(4)
KS-AMD/C-UO Herbicide Spray System
(5) Herbicidal Chemical Research and Tvst Program
Task B.
Crop Destruction
(1)
Techiiicai Ar.oa 2.
Ilcrbiciditl itoiiiblet Cluster System
Psychological W a r f a r e
Task A. Mobile Audio-Visual Unit
Task B.
High-Power Voice-Amplifier vtysUjm
Task C.
Man-PbrtnblQ, Self-Contained PA System
T^echnic^al Area 3^
Medical Research and ^Aj
Task A.
Individual Aid Kits
Task B.
Leech Repellents
Task C.
Jungle Litter
150
�Technical Area 1 - Military Chemistry
r? a ch
Historical experience in remote area conflict, am' more especially in countcrj n s u r g o n c y , has revealed a number of special 'problems. T y p i c a l l y , insurgent f o r c e s
employ concealment and surprise in their conduct of operations, especially ambush
operations along lines of communication. Moreover, for establishment of insurgent
operations bases relatively large, secure, and n a t u r a l l y sequestered aryas arc necessary. Especially in humid tropical locations w h e r e f l o r a l and vegetative covering is
d e n s e , insurgents may have a significant advantage. Conversely, provision of food has
generally been one of the most difficult problems for insurgent groups to solve. Freq u e n t l y cut off f r o m normal economic channels of distribution, and withbut a dependable
supply system of their own, insurgents must often resort to raising crops as a collateral
m i l i t a r y function or foraging for wild edible items.
These conditions existed and continue to e?:ist in Vietnam. At the request of the
RVN, Project AGILE has u n d e r t a k e n tho development of chemical systems designed on
Vhe one hand to dcfoliiite indigenous vegetation and on the other hand to destroy edible
plants on which the Viet Cong depend. The primary emphasis has been on the development and aerial dissemination of these chemicals. Since the inception of these tasks,
. the focus of geographical interest has been extended beyond Vietnam..
Task A - Defoliation
Objective
To identify new hcrbicidal chemicals more effective than p r e s e n t l y available
commercial compounds and to develop advanced dissemination systems for defoliating
vegetation in order to improve visibility around installations and a l o n g lines of communicatiofij t h e r e b y improving the air and ground surveillance capability of the friendly
f o r c e s and reducing the insurgent's freedom of movement and ability to set up ambushes
undetected.
ill -i'lPA!-1 Herbicide Spray System
Objective '- To develop an herbicide spray system for employment from
helicopters.
;
Progress to Date - The acronym I II DAL is derived f r o m Helicopter Insecticide
Dispersal Apparatus - Liquid. This herbicidal s p r a y system was conceptualized as a
m o d i f i e d version of a U. S. Navy stock item o r i g i n a l l y designed for insect control. Its
components arc n 200-g.illon g l a d s - f i b e r t a n k , a positive-displacement e l e c t r i c a l l y
driven pump, two stainless steel booms, each 25 feet long and equipped with spray
nof.KloH, and a n c i l l a r y plumbing. The system can be mounted in -II- 34, II- 19, and similar r o l J i r y - w i n g a i r c r a f t . As modified for defoliation use, the e l e c t r i c m o t o r / p u m p has
been c h a n g e d to allow a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e times the original flow rate and continuous
r a t h e r t h a n i n t e r m i t t e n t operation. Doom hangers on the a i r c r a f t have also been
151
�VI
strengthened. The loaded weight ot this system is approximately 2, 500 pounds, Hcpcndiijg upon the density of the agent fill. (See Figure 48).
.*
In November, 19&2, the U. 5. A r m y GBR Agency, on AGILE'S behalf, undertook
the modification task outlined above. Modifications were made and ground tests were
completed by F e b r u a r y , 1963. During the period May-July, 1963, aerial tests were
p e r f o r m e d at Eglin -AFB to .determine deposition pattern, droplet size, and agent rec o v e r y at two altitudes and at two airspeeds. Flight s t a b i l i t y and operational functioni n g / r e l i a b i l i t y were also confirmed. No d i f f i c u l t i e s w o r e encountered. New pump
motors, electrical components, and spvay noz'ales have been sent to V i e t n a m to be used
in modifying the five RVNAF operational HIDAL s y s t e m s , A special report entitled
."The ICmployment of Helicopters in Defoliation Operations in the Republic of Vietnam"
(C; has been published and is available f r o m the Del'e-nsc Documentation Center under
AD 346489.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - A final report is in p r e p a r a t i o n by Edgewood
Arsenal and Ft. Detrick and Should- be available i n - « - a r l y 1964. No f u r t h e r effort beyond
this final report is planned.
'
(;g:) JFIDAL Her.bicidc Spray System
.
.
.
.
Objective - To develop an herbicide s p r a y system for employment on fixed-wing
aircraft of the AD-6 class.
.
Progress to Date - The acronym FIDAL i.s derived f r o m Fixed-Wing Insecticidal
Dispersal Apparatus - Liquid. This system was conceptualised as a modified 300Tgallon
auxiliary f u e l tank (Aero IB) fitted at the front with an electrically controlled variablepitch fan. Upon activation, the fan positions itself to a preselected pitch, rotates in the
a i r s t r e a m , and drives a centrifugal pump. The pump, which is self-priming, picks) up
the agent f r o m the bottom of the tank, and when sufficient pressure is built xip (15 psi),
f o r c e s the agent through a boom at the rear that is fitted with 14 spray nozzles. The
loaded weight of the tank is approximately 3,300 pounds, depending upon the specific
gravity of the agent f i l l . An AD-6 aircraft can carry three of these tanks. (See Figui-e 49).
' In November, 1962, the U. S. Army CI3R Agency, on AGJ.LE''S behalf, undertook
the development of the U. S. Navy concept outlined above. By February, 1963, a commercial organization had fabricated six prototype systems and subjected thorn to ground
and preliminary company flight testing. The six units were delivered to Eglin AFB in
March, 1963, for f u l l - s c a l e calibration testing and system e v a l u a t i o n . D u r i n g the period
May- July, 1963, calibration tests and flight evaluations revealed a n u m b e r of engineering deficiencies. Analysis of data collected din-ing t h i s t h r e e - m o n t h test cycle was c a r ried out d u r i n g August, 1963. On the b? sis of 'this analysis a list of f u r t h e r modificat i o n s was prepared and the. prototypes will be r e t u r n e d to the contractor for rework.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - The contractor is expected to have completed the
r e w o r k of- the six units and to have conducted in-house r e l i a b i l i t y ground and f l i g h t tests
early in 1964. The u n i t s will then u n d e r g o full-scale s y s t e m evaluation and c a l i b r a t i o n
at a U. S. Government f a c i l i t y . It is c u r r e n t l y expected that a final report will be
available by mid- 1964.
IS?.
�NFlBENTfftT-
i
FIGURE 48.
HIDAL HER11ICIDE SPRAY SYSTEM
153
�'•• •
FIGURE 49.
-• T " '~'';.v;^Vv~*;V Vl^'^S-''""""'' -5
FIDAL HERBICIDE SPRAY SYSTEM
154
�VI
(3) Modified MC-1/C-!J23 Herbicide Spray System
Objective - To develop an improved herbicide spray system for employment with
longer range, high-^ load-capacity a.i re fait of the C.-123 type.
Progress tq^ ip.atc - This .system was conceptualised as a modified MC-1, 1000gallon tank a n d . two 20-hp gasoline engines driving centrifv.gal pumps plumbed to two
wing-mounted spray booms and one- tail boom. The pumps and booms are manually
valvcd to p e r m i t any combination of single or multiple boom-pump operation. The loaded
weight of this equipment will be about 7 tons. The modified system is to produce a droplet size of approximately 300-micron d i a m e t e r , homogeneity of deposition in a 500-foot
spray swath and a homogeneous deposition rate oi 3 gallons per acre when used with
herbicide's with physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s comparable to agent "PURPLE." (See Figure 50.)
In May, 196Z, the U. S. A r m y CUR Agency undertook, on AGILE'S behalf, the
task of r e - e n g i n e e r i n g the MC-1 s y s t e m to meet lac above concept. This work was to
be carrit-d out in two c o n c u r r e n t phases; one to re-engineer the spray no'.'.zl-js to achieve
300-micron droplet size and a homogeneous 500-foot spray swath, the other to reengineer plumbing and m o t o r / p u m p assembly to achieve a deposition rate of 3 gallons
per acre. The r e ^ c n g i n e e r c d prototype was installed in a C-123 a i r c r a f t during
February, 1963, and spray trials wore begun at Kglin AFB in May, 1963. Minor design
deficiencies w e r e noted and corrected during this period and spray trials continued intermittently during June as w e a t h e r and grid-area avail-ability permitted. In July, 1963,
t e r m i n a l spray t e s t ? were run using the finalised version of the system. In August,
1963, the aircraft was returned Lo Olmsteacl AFB for recording and production drawings
of the modifications. This r e c o r d i n g was completed in December, 1963, and the modified system is being offered tp USAF for their retention and use.
Plau fUid S>". he dulcet •-, Complete - The data collector! during the spray trials run
between May and July, 1963, are being reduced and analyzed. A.final report is in
preparation by Edgewooil A r s e n a l / F t . Detrick and is expected to be available early in
1964. This report will complete this subtask.
(4) FS-AMD/C-I3Q Herbicide Spray System
Objective - To develop a modular, high-capacity hcrbiciclal spray system for use
on aircraft of the C-130 type.
Progress to_natc - Thi-s system \vas conceptualised to consist of SCO-gallon
modules which can be installed and removed r e a d i l y from an aircraft (under one hour),
will not require a i r c r a f t modification, and will be powered by p r e s s u r e bottles rather
the!!! pumps.
In May, 1963, USAF-SC, acting on AGILE'S behalf, began work to develop a
system to meet the above concept. In June, 1963, a contract was let with the A i r c r a f t Missiles Division, Fairchild—Stratos Corporation, foi' the design, development, and
production of six complete systems for a i r c r a f t t e s t i n g and one tank unit for specimen
testing. Work under this contract is continuing. A detailed evaluation of performance to
date is expected in J a n u a r y , 1964.
155
�CONFIDENTIAL
FIGURE 50. MC-I/O 123 HERBICIDE SPRAY SYSTEM
156
�VI
1*1 irtn and Schedule to. Complete - Pending the receipt of the above-mentioned
evaluation it is projected that delivery to Dot 4, ASD, A3QW, Eglin Ai'B, will be effected in the f i r s t quarter of 1964 and that flight tests and system evaluation will he accomplished during the second quarter of 1964.
( 5 ) , Herbicid:il Chemical Roscarch and Test Program
Objective - To acquire smd screen a v a r i e t y of newly developed herbicidal chemi.cal .compounds with a view to identifying better agents for use in military defoliation and
crop destruction.
Progres,s to. Date - This subtask is being c a r r i e d out in four.phases under a joint
arrangement with the U. S. Army Biological Laboratory,. Ft. Detrick, M a r y l a n d , and
the A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,. Jieltsville,
Maryland.
.
Pha.se I. In January, 1963, the USABIOLABS was assigned the task of locating
sources for and procuring test quantities of new candidate phytntoxic chemical compounds. A number of synthesis contracts were let with-leading companies in the herbicidal chemical field, fn addition solicitatioiis were made to the general i n d u s t r y for the
submission of new compounds show!ng promise. As new compounds are received they
are subjected to primary -screening tests for phytotoxic activity. Compounds which pass
t h i s primary screening are advanced to Phase U.
Phase It. In January, 1963, the Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, \yas given the responsibility for uslablishing two CONUS field-plot lest
sites at which secondary screening and research in p r i n c i p l e of kill, evaluation systems,
time-rate of kill, and environmental e f f e c t s could be investigated. For time-phase
reasons the program initiation \vas delayed until April, 1963. College Station, Texas,
and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, were chosen as site locations and normal personnel and
facilities buildups were carried out d u r i n g the period May-December, 1963. Several
subprograms, including field spray testing, were initiated during the fourth quarter of
lVf"'J. Examples include: screening spray tests on plots of white'brush, smilax, hui^ache,
gum, sumac) and sweet bay (Texas); movement aiid persistency of soil-applied herbicides in three discrete environmental areas and seasonal susceptibility of guaVa to
selected foliar-applied herbicides (Puerto Rico).
Phase III. In January, 1963, the USABIOLABS was requested to establish a
Thailand test site and a program for on-aite t e r t i a r y evaluation of various phytotoxic
chemicals. It was expected that definitive testing of already established phytotoxic compounds would be carried out d u r i n g the f i r s t year w i t h n«w compounds added as they
became available from Phase II. Nojrm.il facilities and personnel buildup w e r e c a r r i e d
out between April and December, 1963. Although agreements had been reached w i t h the
Thai Government on tost sites some difficulties were encountered during the Summer awl
Fall of 1963.. Resolution of the m a j o r i t y of these problems had been accomplished by
December, 1963. Tost quantities of several chemicals were sent to Thailand, negotiations for a C-45 spray configured a i r c r a f t were- concluded in November, 1963, with
delivery of the a i r c r a f t in Thailand e f f e c t e d in Decprnbe.r, 1963. Substantive progress
157
�VJ
IMS been made on several subprograms and is continuing. EJxamples include hand spraying of special lest plots, surveying find lane clearing in larger test plots, with the major
effort to date devoted to a botanical collection and identification program in collaboration with members of several Royal Thai Government facilities.
• Phase IV. . In January, 1963, the Agricultural Rcs.ea'rch Service, U. S. Depart'
merit of A g r i c u l t u r e , was asked to acquire, categorize, and- evaluate botanical information needed far the interpretation of reaction selectivity of various phytotoxic chemicals.
C o r r e l a t i o n s between vegetation in CONUS, Puerto Rico arid Southeast Asia will also be
derived. Time-phasing cc.jsitU-ralio"s dictated an initiation date of A p r i l , 19&3. An indepth literature w u r v c y of the botany of'Southeast Asia and special surveys on pteridophytes and spcrmatophytcs of .the Caribbean area w e r e launched in April, 1963. Ny
October, 1963, a complete, plant genera list for (lie Caribbean area wits complete ami
many data had been obtained for the in-depth survey of the f l o r a of Southeast Asia. In
November, 1963, one senior botanist began a 2 - 1 / 2 - r f i o n t h field t r i p in Southeast Asia
which is expected to provide much additional information.
Plan and Schedule to Complete - All phases arc expected to continue their missions
at anticipated rates during the ne.xt reporting period. Current schedules- call for completion of Phases I and III by January, 1965, and Phases II and IV by March, 1965.
Periodic program reviews will determine whether additional work will be c a r r i e d out.
Task' B - Crop Destruction
Objective
To develop systems for the accurate delivery of crop-destroying c h e m i c a l s to
small plots of edible crops as a means of supporting, through technical a s s i s t a n c e ,
local f r i e n d l y forces in their denial of the insurgents' capability to use this method of
logistically supporting their operations against the local government.
Progress to Date
The majority of the sublasks described under Task A - Defoliation also have Some
application to this task. U n d e r Task B one major effort is specifically dcvo*ed to crop
destruction:
.
•
(1) Hcrbicid.il Bomblut Cluster System - The concupttiaUza'.ier. cf this cystrm was:
"The herbicide bomblet is a one-quart wide-mouth tiiv-c.an c o n t a i n e r
fitted with a booster and impact-detonated fuze. These bomblets are
clustered in two designs. The designated X7 is composed of seven
bomblets clustered in a c y l i n d r i c a l shape approximately 11 inches in
diameter by 11 inches high. This cluster is dropped from an a i r c r a f t
in a manner sucr. that a lanyard is unrolled (yo-yo f a s h i o n ) and snaps
the cluster open, allowing the bomblets fo scatter and b u r n t upon impact. The loaded cluster weight is 37 pounds. The X28 design c l u s t e r
contains 28 bomblels in a cylindrical configuration approximately
158
�VI
11 inches in diameter. Fitted with a ballistic nose cone and boat
t n i l , the cluster is 62 inches long and weighs, filled, 162 pounds.
The cluster cnn be hung f r o m standard 14-inch-centered bomb
shackles and functions in the same manner as the X7. "
In November, 1962, the U. S. A r m y C13R Agency undertook, oh AGILE'S behalf,
the development and testing of systems to meet the above concept. During FebruaryMarch, 1963, testing was c a r r i e d out-to d e t e r m i n e bomblol source s t r e n g t h , particlesize distribution, d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s , deposition r a t e s , c l u s t e r dispersion p a t t e r n s
and cluster t r a j e c t o r i e s . D u r i n g May, 1963, tests of functioning and dispersion on
marsh-land v c g e l r t i o u w e r e c a r r i e d out. During Jvie, 1963, static f i r i n g tests to
determine dose rates v e r s u s a r e a coverage for marsh-laAd vegetation w e r e ' c a r r i e d out.
During July, 1963, flight compatibility, stability and fit cests on AD-5 a i r c r a f t (see
Figure 5 1 ) w e r e c a r r i e d out ;it speeds of 120 to ?.20 knots and under stresses up to 2 - 1 / 2
G. During August, 1963, an Edgowood Arsenal committee evalj.tn.tecl the accumulated
test data and in September, 1963, submitted .their report which stated that:
" l\vo c l u s t e r s have been developed and tested to fulfill -referenced requirement:.
"(1). The E-lb*'>, 150-pound cluster contains 28 one-qjart u>13H
bomblets that b u r s t on impact. The cluster is desijjn-eci for lovjlf l i g h t bornb-relonse delivery f r o m - l i g h t aircr-aft that A r e equipped
with 14-inch mounting b r a c k e t s . Tests have been successfully
conducted r e l e a s i n g the cluster from L-19, I-.-20, and U. S. Navy
AD-5 aircraft. It is compatible with AD-6 and Mohawk aircraft.
If desired, it may be manuall-y jettisoned f r o m 11-34, [1-19,
UH-1, and O U 3 a i r c r a f t .
"(2). The E - l f i 5 , -10-pound c t u s . o r contains seven one-quart
E-138 bomblets. This cluster is designed for manual jettison
only f r o m H-34, It-19, UT-I-1, 1.-20, I>19, and C- 123 aircraft. "
The evaluating committee estimated, based on accumulated test data, that:
(1) The E-138 bomblet could be filled in the field by semiskilled
personnel without special equipment other than a funnel, a hos'e,or
a spigot
(2) The clusters could be assembled, in the field with hand tools
and a simple jig
(3) .Mission prapJUMtJon could be c a r r i e d out by a normally trained
aircrew.
Receipt in October, 19'63, of the r e p o r t of the Task Forco Saigon Herbicide
Evaluation Team led AGILE to q u e r y CDTC-V on t h e i r i n t e r e s t in receiving test quantities of the E-13.S bomblet and both the E-155 and E-.156 clusters. An affirmative reply
was received and action is under way to i-mpl-ement this field testing.
159
CONFIDCNTI*
�T-7
r^Bjj^aSS??* *•''•*•• y
.*>
*V
C3
n
FIGURE 51. FIT TEST OF E- 156 CLUSTER OK AD-5 AIRCRAFT
�F I M W I M I |/*L.-^
V!
Plan and Schedule to Complete
It is anticipated that test quantities of the E-138 bomblet and the E-155 arid E^-156
clusters will bo made available IP CDTC-V by April, 1964. No estimate of the date for
completion of field testing can be made at this time.
161
^-eONFl DENTTAt
�VI
Technical Area 2 — Psychological Warfare
Background
The general consensus of expert thought on the problems of counterinsurgency has
a l m o s t universally: emphasized the need to obtain the cooperation of the masses. One of
the methods of obtaining this mass'cooperation is-the' application of a v a r i e t y ' o f s t a n d a r d
psychological-warfare techniques. It is, however, necessary to modify these s t n m l n r d
techniques, and any associated equipments, to adequately cope .with the constraints imposed ,by the unusual and highly variant n a t u r e of the environment, the conflict and, in
fact, tho masses themselves. This technical area a d d r e s s e s i t s e l f to tiic d e f i n i t i o n of
t h e s e new c o n s t r a i n t s , their evolution into R f e D r e q u i r e m e n t s , and the genera-lion of new.
techniques and equipments to satisfy such requivemeiits.
Task A - Mobile Audio-Visual Unit
Objective
...
•
TO produce a mobile audio-visual unit capable of operating in remote tropical
areas w i t h the following capabilities: public-address''system for voice and music;
motion-picture projection system; and a. self-contained power supply.
Progrcfls^ to Datg
In the hope thnt a l r e a d y available equipment might fulfill this requirement, two
Willys Audio-Visual Mobile Units were sent to Thailand in October, 1962. Five field
operational tests were conducted in different environmental areas of Thailand during the
period October, 1962 - March, 1963. These testa covered hot, cool, wet, and dry
seasons and utilized four crews of drivers and operators. A1 final test report was issued
in April, 196?., by the Joint Thai-U. S. Combat Development and Test Center under the
title "Evaluation of the Willys Audio Visual Mobile Unit for Potential Indigenous Use by
Thai Forces" and is available f r o m the Defense Documentation Center u n d e r AD -1130-1-1.
In summary the report concludes that the W i l l y s unit does not meet the establislicrd' requirement p r i m a r i l y because the vehicle and audio-visual equipment do not.withstand the
rigors of tho environment in which they must operate.
PJ?in_nml Schedule to Complete
The field tests already completed indicate the need to revise the performance
r e q u i r e m e n t s for the modular audio-visual system to insure that the resulting system is
ru
Sfi et ' enough to survive in the environment, is packaged for m a n - p o r t a b i l i t y , and is
capable of being operated f r o m a self-contained power source. Such a system could then
be adapted lo available local transportation w h e t h e r it be man, animal, or vehicle.
Pending an evaluation of v a r i o u s alternative' solutions, no f u r t h e r h a r d w a r e R&D or fiold
tests have been planned.
162
�.'CONFIDENTIAL
Task B - High-Power Voice-Amplifier System
I
i"
• *-^
• •
[
t -,
r. Pi
^
i
i
' • i
J
- •
V
,i
• Objective
To define a suitable high-pc-Hver voice-amplifier system for use' fitorn aircraft.
Progress to Date.
Two commercial systems were sent to C.DTC-V in October, 1962. One 500-watt
u n i t was loaned to ACT1V by CDTC-V for installation on a UH-1B helicopter. Preliminary test results indicated ranges of over one mjlc'with good intelligibility and highly
directional q-ialities.
.. ,
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Tlie requirement has been satisfied through joint effort by the U, S. groups in
Vietnam. It is not presently planned that a final test report will be issued and no f u r t h e r
reporting will be made.
Task C - Man-Portable, •Self-Cont.-uno.d PA System
Objective
A very lightweight, completely self-contained medium-power PA system is needed
for psychological-warfare operations in remote areas.
Progress to Date
Utilising ARPA funds the Naval Ordnance Test Station has designed a PA system
tailored to the requirement. This system (self-contained weight less than 80 pounds,
l?,0-watt powfer output, range in excess of 1000 meters) was sent to the MRDC in
Thailand where field tests were run in open country, hilly country, and jungle environments. The results of these tests were published in May, 1963, by the Joint U. S.Thai Combat Development and Test Center under the title "Test of Naval Ordnance Test
Station Portable Public Address System". This report is" available from the Defense
Documentation Center under AD -127?.00. (See Figure 52. )
In summary the test report concludes that the unit is compact, powerful, easy to
operate, and reliable. NOTS has now designed a second generation model which \veighs
55 poundfi and r e t a i n s the other technical-performance characteristics of the model
tested. ARPA considers, however, that the test of the f i r s t model demonstrated the
satisfaction of the original requirement.
Plan and Schedule, to .Complete
This task is complete.
163
�r, t^-fcLa^^-/ftsdiiLlJ ,-/' : > ; ,"
..-• 1
^
_
^
.; .
. . . . ' • • '•*;'."•-
^ KJji-^iUllsJ&il^
FIGURE 52. MARK I AND El PA SYSTEM UNITS, REAR VIEW
�I . .
ical Area. 3 - Medical Research and Equipment
Hackgi'oundTypically, in -those geographic locations of the world where remote area conflict
is likely to develop, there is a very m e a g e r national medical capability. This lack of
capability expresses itself not only in a lack of trained profession;) Is and facilities, but
also in a d e a r t h of individual .knowledge of basic f i r s t aid and hygienics in t h e military
e s t a b l i s h m e n t . Complicntii 1 .;: t h i s s i t u a t i o n is the g'.. no ••:'.' .-jMitr-ry r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t
combat echelons have .a l o n g - r a n g e , self-sustaining capability, w h e n involved in conflict.
To aid in a solution of this p r o b l e m , this technical a r e a is a t t e m p t i n g to devise techniques a n d items of medical equipment which can b-e effectively used by unskilled milita r y p e r s o n n e l , which arc light and durable, and which are specially tailored to meet
e n d e m i c m i l i t a r y medical problem?.
Task A - Individual Aid Kits
Objective
To develop a more suitable individual aid kit for u s e by c o u n t e r g v i c r r i l l a forces
who f r e q u e n t l y operate without medical support u n i t s and who must therefore depend on
self-administered treatment.
'
•
Progress to Date
In September, 1961, ten individual aid kits and four augmentation packets were
shipped to C O T C - V for preliminary evaluation by selected ARVN troops. These kits
were developmental items being investigated for U. S. Special Forces use. In April,
1962, the Commanding Officer, 77th Inter-Battalion, A R V N , reported that troop testing
'showed the. kits to be very useful but that some modification for A R V N use on isolated
missions and separate operations would be required. The report requested expeditious
attention to these problems and the establishment of a f u l l - s c a l e test program.
In August, 1962, 130 individual aid kits w e r e shipped to CDTC-V for use in this
f u l l evaluation. These kits w e r e the c u r r e n t model of the U. S. Special Forces Individual M e d i c a l Aid Kit. which had a l r e a d y incorporated s e v e r a l of the modifications suggested as a result of the e a r l i e r tests. Field t e s t i n g WaS conducted by both R.VN and
U. S. personnel over z period of several months. R V N pursc.nr-.ol comprised 73 per cent
ol the i n d i v i d u a l s testing the kit with U. S." personnel rna'krng up the other 27 per cent.
RVN troops included members of the 10th Special IJattalion, 77th Special Forces, and .the
ARVN Surgeon G e n e r a l ' s office. U. S. personnel included the MAAG Surgeon's Office
and the Surgeon, U. S. Special Forces as well as U. S. Advisors .assigned to the ARVN
troop u n i t s . Results of testing were obtained t h r o u g h questionnaires and personal field
interviews with the troops involved. The kit was rated valuable by 97. '> per cent of the
testing personnel, t^he balance of .2. 5 per cent f a i l e d to fill in that question. Over
80 per cent f e l t the kit was usable in its present configuration. Those recommending
changes were r e m a r k a b l y consistent in their desires for change. These suggested
165
�VI
modifications ar« detailed in a Report of Test published in August, 1963, by the Combat
Development and Test Center, Vietnam, under the title "Evaluation of Individual Medical
Aid Kit for Special Forces". This report is available from Defense Documentation
under AD 424769. The report concludes thfct the kit has a vRty high utility for Special
Forces, R a n g e r s , and other special units who must operate on extended patrol without
medical support. The report has been c i r c u l a t e d to the U. S. military medical community for consideration of the several modifications recommended for inclusion in f u t u r e
kits.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Ponding reaction from the medical community no further action is planned.
Task JB r Leech Repellents
Object;, ye
To provide rno.Pe effective leech repellents for aquatic and t e r r e s t r i a l spocies.
Progress to Date
•
Acting on Project AGILE'S behalf,the Battcllc Memorial Institute has c a r r i e d out a
state-of-the-art study on-leech repellents. The report includes sections on historical
review, contemporary studies and research .programs, a review of repellent testing
t e c h n i q u e s , world geographic distribution of leeches, sensitivity of leeches to stimuli
and suggested gaps in repellent research. This study is available f r o m the Defense
Documentation Center under AD 413979.
Arrangements have been made to procure several different aerosol packaging in
quantities s u f f i c i e n t to enable evaluation-by RVNAF and Royal Thai Army personnel to
d e t e r m i n e the utility of tlie aerosol method of application, the optimum size and conf i g u r a t i o n of the cans, and the efficacy of the local language instructions printed on the
items. The first shipment was made to Vietnam and Thailand in October, 1962. The
balance of the aerosol c o n f i g u r a t i o n s should be ready for shipment in early 1964. No
test data are presently available.
Plan and.Schedule to Complete
Several new research efforts arc under consideration but have not yet b«en
accepted. Pending field reports on the aerosol configuration and decisions on new prog r a m s t h i s task w i l l continue as medium priority.
Task C - Jungle Litter
Objective
To develop or identify a suitable jungle litter for medical evacuation use.
166
�VI
Progress, to Date
'
I-n accorda-nce with the philosophy of examining available items before engaging in
R&B, information relating to existing Service, commercial, and developmental litters
with jungle potential was collected and forwarded to CDTC-V for discussion with MACV
and RVNAF medical personnel. Based on the results, of the above discussions, three
items we're shipped to Vietnam for testing in parallel with litters already in country.
A test plan was drawn up and coordinated with MAAG rncdical advisors and test items
were issued to RVNAF medical units for evaluation. These evaluations have been completed and a final test report is in preparation.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
No f u r t h e r action will be taken prior to receipt of the field test report. If the
report is favorable the -task will be terminated.
.
167 and 168
�CONTIDCMTlAtr
A G I L E S U B P R Q J E C T 3Z3I
TECHNICAL PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING
�—CONfiDCNTIAL •
AGILE SUDPROJECT VII
A
PLANNING AND PR.OGRAW4N.G
S U B PR O J EC T OB J F. C TI VK
This subproject i n c o r p o r a t e s operations r e s e a r c h tasks directed toward tin;
identification of requirements for new' or improved counterinsurgency weapons and
equipment. Through data acquisition and analysis and the application of interdisciplinary
scientific techniques to UK analysis oi military mid r e l a t e d civil p r o b l e m s , this subproject points the way to new ideas and requirements, helps e s t a b l i s h priorities, and
aids in i n t e g r a t i n g A-RPA/ AGILE" s cauntcrinsurgency RD'l'&E effort.
SUBPROJEC TJ^\gI<G ROy N D
The development and validation of RDT&E r e q u i r e m e n t s in the counterinsurgoncy
area requires a number of broad inputs. There is general agreement that remote' area
conflict, as e n c o u n t e r e d today, is composed of a number of interdependent and inseparable activities: to name a few, intelligence, psychological w a r f a r e , economic w a r f a r e ,
military operations, and politir.nl activity. It is incum-bent upon those agencies of local
governments involved in c o u n t e r i n s u r g e n c y to consider the effects of their actions in all
of these areas, and to effect appropriate coordination. In the case of Project AG1LK,
RDT&E requirements must be thoroughly r e s e a r c h e d to avoid duplication and to assure
that "counterproductive side effects do not occur. Moreover, since AGILE itself is
organized into functional technical areas, a similar requirement exists to provide an
information and. evaluative interface within AGILE and tu consider new requirements
from an over-all point, of view. The mission of effecting this function for ARPA/AGILE
has been assigned to the Technical Planning and Programming Subproject.
Another prerequisite for the identification of RDT&E requirements is the collection and analysis of sufficient valid data. Although, many data already exist from
current and past experiences in counterinsurf'c-ncy operations, data collection and
analysis is a continuing task. Offensive and defensive doctrine and tactics are not fixo.d;
an improvement or variation in one generally affects the other, often with n significant
effect on weapon and .equipment requirements. The ingredient;; of success also vary
from one tactical situation to another, and, thus, data mii'.;t continually be sought and
analy/.cd to provide butler understanding of Ihese variables and to identify valid requirements for RDT&E activity.
Ancillary but extremely important in this connection is the maintenance of a data
storage facility, which c.an serve as the "collective memory"- on counteriusurgency.
As data collection activities progress, there will be nn i n c r e a s i n g need for a mcchnnisrn
to store like elements of i n f o r m a t i o n in. a suitable retrievable iorm fur purposes oi comparison, contrast, e s t a b l i s h m e n t of project and sitbprojocl parameters, maintenance of
informational continuity, -and the identification of data ;;aps. Such a sys-tem should be
susceptible to expansion and should incorporate a quick- response capability.
Technical Planning :xnd Programming is charged with these facets of requirement
development for Project AGILE.
169
�VII
SUBPROJCCT V I I
TECHNICAL AREAS. TASKS. AND SUB TASKS
Listed below are those major t e c h n i c a l . a r e a s , and the tasks .and subtasks in each
area, with which t h i s subproject is concerned. Succeeding pages contain the summaries
o/ the objectives and status of each.
Technical Area 1.
h'nvironrnc'ntal Pata Collection and Analysis
Tafclt A.
P h y s i c a l E n v i r o n m e n t Methodology (Project DUTY)
Task B.
Vegetation Study
Toc_hiiical_Area 2. ^Milita ry^ Data .Collection and Analysis
Task A.
Morbidity and Casualty Study
Task B.
srcATO Modital Analysis
Task C.
R V N A F A f t e r - A c t i o n Report Study
Ta,sk D.
Border Surveillance and Control
Task K.
Ambus!: P a t t e r n s and Countertechniques
Task F.
Field Communication Systems Perforniance
Task G.
Analysis of Large-Scale Viet Cong Operations
Techni.caJ Area 3.
Soci-ological Data Collcc turned IK! Aijttlysi.s
Task A.
Studies of Northeast Thailand
Task B.
Analysis of Mobile Development Unit (MDU) Ojjoratioiis
Technical Area 4.
Historical Studies
Task A.
Algerian Study
Task IJ.
Historical Sufv.oy of Patterns find Tpchniques of I n s u r g e n c y
Conflicts in Po.st- 1900 Latin America
Technical Area 5.
Special Studies
Task A.
Adviswr- Counterpart Communication
Task 13.
Operations Research Lectures
170
�COMF1
Task C.
Effects of the Strategic Hamlet Program in Vietnam
Tcclinical Area 6.
Tnsk A.
Data Storage' and Retrieval
Remote Area. Conflict Information Center
171
VII
�VII
Technical Area 1 -. Knvironmental Data Collection and Analysis'
Background
V i r t u a l l y every aspect of remote area conflict is influenced to a significant degree
by the physical environment, particularly in the fields of geomorphology, climatology,
and p l n n l ecology. The orderly planning of R & D e f f o r t in several hardware fields is
being hindered by the lack of certain basic physical environmental dat.i and the lack of
order in such data already available. While the collection and processing of certain
specialized environmenta; data for Southeast Asia. (M£RS, SKA CORK, SKA SU-RK, and
defoliation) arc already under way, thcru exists a wealth of more general physical
environmental data which are neithc r systematized, related, nor in many cases readily
retrievable. It is with these general problems that this technical area is concerned.
'Task Aj- Physical Knviromnent Methodology (Project.DUTY)
Objective
-
The objective of this task is to. develop a methodology which will permit i n t e g r a t i o n
of the various factors of the physical environment into a total picture usable in .specific
R & D e f f o r t s and to develop a descriptive system which will permit adequate d i f f e r e n t i a tion, for example, between the various typos of f o r e s t and jungle, their incidence,
f e a t u r e s , and location.
. •
'
Progress to Date
•
.
The c o n t r a c t o r lias carried out the following:
(1) Climate ~ A bibliographic search has beer. c
state of the art and user needs have been carried on.
t^U; oilousivo studies on the
(2) To r rain - In this area intensive effort has been placed on evaluation of c u r r e n t
taxonomic systems for t e r r a i n analysis with a view to developing an optimized system
for Project AGIJLK's needs.
(3) Vegetation - An extensive l i t e r a t u r e search has been launched and is still
under way as a f i r s t step in defining exhaustively those elements of vegetation which arc
germane to AOILK's problems and which will require quantification. A p r e l i m i n a r y list
of those dements has been developed.
(•1) Military use of parameters - A survey has been completed of various organizations and agencies to determine what e n v i r o n m e n t a l factors are generally considered
to have relevance or significance to m i l i t a r y R f c D by competent professionals. These.
factors will be synthesized with other aspects of Project DUTY.
To assist Project DUTY and the Army R e s e a r c h Office - Durham, an advisory
committee consisting ol ciiviro-runenta.l exports from the Services, i n d u s t r y , and the:
172
•CONFIDENTtAtT
�VII
a c a d e m i c community has been f o r m e d . The f i r s t meeting of this advisory committee
•A-as held in September. 1963. and proved to be a valuable asset to the Project. The
original concept of Project DUTY had envisioned the actual collection of all available
environmental data as \vell as the design of a methodology to provide for their s t o r a g e
and manipulation. Shortly a f t e r the inception of the project it became apparent that the
actual collection of total available data would require f a r ' m o re e f f o r t than \vas-avail.ible
in Project D U T Y . - The advisory committee confirmed this belief and \vas instrumental •
in s h a r p e n i n g the focus of the program. The project r.ow has as it.s single purpose the
development of a physical environmental methodology whose application will bo to the
needs of Project AGILE. While such & methodology will have much utility .to othe'r
ft&D o r g a n i z a t i o n s the inclusion of total information is not possible under the. prvsc.ni
program.
'
•
•'
Plan and Schedule to Complete
During the next' six months it is anticipated that t e n t a t i v e models for discrete portions of the methodology will be formulated and subjected to test and v e r i f i c a t i o n using
sample data. Depending on the success of these tests, limited field verification may be
c a r r i e d out.
•a-
No completion'date' can be sta'ted because of the theoretical nature of the program.
Task B - Vegetation Study^
Objective
The objective of this task is to provide for systematic acquisition and analysis of
the location, distribution, and characteristics of the botanical species in Thailand and
South Vietnam. These data will provide essential input to tne on-going e f f o r t s in
mobility, communications, surveillance, defoliation, and munitions r e s e a r c h programs.
Progress to Date
Contract negotiations with the Thai .Department of F o r e s t r y (DOF) have been
completed. DOF scientific teams will p e r f o r m technical investigations .and studies of
vc'gctation and associated environmental f a c t o r s found in Thailand in accordance with
the general work outline published in the Project AGILE Q u a r t e r l y Report (QR- 10),
pp 162-163.
Thus far the teams have made two field t r i p s to the Chieng Mai area in the N o r t h ,
the Loei area In the N o r t h e a s t , the. Kra Peninsula area in Snrat Thani Province in
September, and the Korat area in central Thailand in October. T h i r t y - t w o sample plots
or f o r e s t profiles have been made by the team to date. Sample plots made by other
botanists a n d . f o r e s t e r s in Thailand and by v i s i t i n g scientists from other c o u n t r i e s w i l l
also !>i- included in the over-all data collection effort. Two soil e n g i n e e r s arc accomp a n y i n g the vegetation teams and collecting soil s.amplcs. to provide t r a f f i c a b i l i t y data
useful to t h e ' M E R S program. Canopy m e a s u r e m e n t s and f o r w a r d - v i s i b i l i t y
173
�VII
measurements are being accomplished at the same time in the same forest areas.
The existence of types of vegetation such as thorny rattan, lawyer vines, or other
plj.:Hs which caueo excruciating pain, skin irritation, or other hazards to troops is
also being recorded.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Open-end projoc.t.
'
174
�VII
Technical Area 2 - Military Data Collection and Analysis
Background
The purpose of this technical area is to define the n a t u r e of• the conflict in as
precise terras as. possible and to relate this definition to RDT&E requirements and
quantitative? parametric data for hardware. The emphasis is on system studies and
includes data collection and analysis on b o r d e r control; logistic systems.; night operat i o n s ; boat', lake, and river warfare; casualty statistics; amb.us.h patterns; food control;
and internal security jystcms,
Task A - Morbidity and Casualty Study
Objective
The. objective is to determine the specific weapons and "techniques of the enemy
which are causing RVNAF casualties and the relative rate of occurrence of each type
of wound. This analysis is intended to-give better definitions of UDT&E requirements
for improved weapons and armor.
Progress to Date
The primary source of information is the RVNAF hospital .admission records.
All of the l%2 admission records from all military hospitals arc Vicing examined.
Pertinent data are being extracted and transferred to IBM cards so that machine techniques may be applied in the statistical phase of the analysis. A w i n d y "n tbi R machine
processing is being prepared, and a study "Spike Wounds in th« •Vietnamese Guerrilla
War" (KACSEA-FS-1, 3 Sept 1963, Confidential) .will be distributed shortly. Major
findings were that spikes account for about 4. 5 per cent of all tattle casualties admitted
to hospitals and that different devices are found in different p<xrts of the country. Leg
wounds are more often i n c u r r e d in the uplands, whereas wounds of the -buttock and
thigh a r c more common in the Delta. E'inally, spike wounds tended to be less severe
than other battle wounds.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
The
personnel
the data.
15 Marr.h
schedule for this task is dependent upon the prompt reporting of RVN
from the. Surgc'on General's office to aid in translation and transcription of
If this condition is met, it is expected that Uie analysis will bu completed by
1964.
Task.B - SEATO Medi,cal Analysis
Objective
The objective of this task is to a-sscss the significance of medical factors in
Southeast Asian military exercises performed under SEATO.
175
�VII
Progress to Pate
Consjtlerablo data from the U. S. , Thai, and U. K. elements participating in
Exercise Dhanarajata have been gathered and a p r e l i m i n a r y memorandum has been
prepared. Work on the iirial m e m o r a n d u m , h o w e v e r , lias had lo be suspended because
of higher priority tasks. In early 1963 a Similar study-was done on JTF 116 (Statistical
An-alysis of Medical Records of Joint Task Force 116 in Thail.'uul in Spring and Summer
of 196^; RAC-SP-2 (SEA), April, 1963 QUO). Major/findings wore thai heal d i s o r d e r s
were lower than anticipated p r i m a r i l y because the tro'ops were preconditioned and
physically fit and because work rates wore .lower tb;m would bo experienced in combat.
The report recommended th.it problems ofae.cliniati2-.aUon would require continuing
analysis. The need for v e r y close attention to preventive-medicine techniques was
also pointed up^
.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
It is hoped that a. final memorandum can be completed by tin: su-cond. quarter of
1964.
•
Task C - R V N A F After-.Action Report Study
Objective
The objective of this task is to obtain on a s y s t e m a t i c basis more complete and
definitive RVNAF reporting of actions between elements of the KVNAF and the
Viet Cong. The specific i n t e n t is to collect data of the type that will permit systematic
analysis to determine RDT&E requirements.
Progress to Date
Questionnaires have hcun designed, translated, and introduced into several civil
guard units. A v e r y small amount of return has been realised to date. Wh.cn s u f f i c i e n t
data, have been collected to permit an evaluation of the questionnaires, an analysis of
this system will be undertaken.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
The system a n a l y s i s .may bx; possible by early 1964.
will be formed from that analysis.
Further plans and schedules
Task D - B o r d e r Siirvei.llaiiCtt and Control
Objective
The obj-ective of this task is to a s c e r t a i n the feasibility of d o t o c t i n ^ and e v e n t u a l l y
diminishing illicit t r a f f i c in men and m n l c r i n ' . s into and out of Smith Vietnam.
176
�VII
Progress- to Date
A report has been .completed and is being-edited prior to publication and d i s t r i b u tion. The most salient conclusion ol this study is that the resources of Vietnam,
together with the likely assistance to l;c provided by the U. S. arid other foreign governments, are insufficient at the present time to. e f f e c t a high degree of conventional border
control. The study suggests that the most practicable and expeditious manner for
achieving control ^of the border areas is through the rapid implementation of the Strategic
Hamlet Program. Nevertheless, the study bcilieves that, meanwhile, methods of
making border crossings less secure and loss attractive would have utility.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
It is expected tlvit the aforementioned study will b.c distributed in the first quarter
of CY-1964.
Task E - Aanbysh Patterns and Counter-techniques
The objective of this .task is to analyze the ambush in all its forms, identify
typical ambush patterns, and develop parametric data from which ftDTM'". requirements
for counterwcapons, devices, and equipment can be developed.
Progress to Date
First emphasis was placed on river and canal ainuushes and vehicular convoy
ambushes. Two reports have so far been published: "Counter-Ambush Techniques to
Protect Military Vehicular Traffic on Major Highways in Scuth Vietnam" RAC-SP-3
(SKA), May 1963, Confidential, and "River and Canal Ambush Problems, Republic of
V i e t n a m , 1962" RAC-SP-4 (SEA), April, 1963, Secret. Some conclusions of the former were: that protection and firepower are c u r r e n t l y in-adequate against large.-scale
ambushes, that escort procedures for escorting armored vehicles require considerable
improvement, that air escort has a useful psychological effect, and that new types of
barrage, weapons systems, should be investigated. The rivers and canals study pointed
up the fact that during 1962 r i v e r and canal ambushes have had little d e s t r u c t i v e e f f e c t
on the RVN armed forces. The study notes, however, that threat of such ambushes
impedes traffic on these routes and that in the event of major pacification o-pcrations in
the Delta, a problem of large proportions would exist. Specific R&D tasks to alleviate
the potential .problem in this form of ambush are given.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
It :» expected th,\t the r.tilway ambush -study will be published i n - F e b r u a r y , 1964.
•No f i r m schedule has been established for the footrpatrol ambush analysis.
177
�Task -F - Field Communication Syatoms Performance
Objective
•
.
'
The objective of t h i s task is to analyze the operational usage and performance of
base and tactical communication systems in use in South Vietnam to provide part of tiie
basis for the identification of JIDT&.E requirements in the communication equipment
area.
.
Progress to Date
Data have been g a t h e r e d on such factors as t r a f f i c d i s t r i b u t i o n by precede rice and
time, m e s s a g e volume, delay time, t r a f f i c volume by station and net and station downtime, for each type of unit and associated communication equipment. Four separate
r e p o r t s are i n t c n r l o d . Initial dibits art; still undergoing extensive reviews.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Indeterminate.
.
Task G_- A n a l y s i s of Larficj-Scale Vk,-t Cong Operations
Objective
The objective of t h i s task is to obtain sonnc i n s i g h t into Viet Cong attack p a t t e r n s
and tactics as they correlate with time of day and with the lunar cycle.
Progress to Pate
A n a l y s i s of largo-scaic Viet Cong operations between mid-September 1962 and
mjd-April 1963 has been completed, and an RDFU report has been published. The .
significant finding of this r e p o r t was to d e m o n s t r a t e the high .probability Of Viet Cong
attacks at-night and in the middle of Liic lunar month, when th-e moon is new.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
Completed.
178
�VII
Technical Area 3 - Sociological Data Collection and Analysis
13 a c It g r o u n d
This technical area is concerned with the provision of sociological information
r e J a t u d to r e q u i r e m e n t s .and specifications for equipment in remote areas. It includes
analyses in such subject areas as religious s y s t e m s , value s y s t e m s , group dynamics,
c i v i l - m i l i t a r y relationships, and elements of p r e d i c t i v e behavior.
Task A - Studies of N o r t h e a s t Thailand
Objective
.
The objective of this task is to determine the most likely sources of social conflict
in N o r t h e a s t T h a i l a n d , .c.on'ceiitr.iliiig on those luca] problems -2>.--.d a t t i t u d e s .whieli cou-ld
be exploited by the Communists.
Pr i•>;; re s s 1 o Date
A KAND study, "Certain. Effects of Culture and Social Organization on Internal
Security in Thailand" is ready for distribution. The study d i s c u s s e s village views of
its problems, government authority at the local level, c o n t r a s t i n g viewri of locaj
authorities, and l e a d e r s h i p patterns.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
As noted in "Progress to Date".
Task B - A n a l y s i s of Mobile JD«veloprM'.:iit Uni t (Mpn) Ope ration •»
Objective
The IviDLJ 1 s in Thailand are basically civic-action toains, put into the field by the
National Security Organization, which seek to combine and apply the talents of all
civilian and m i l i t a r y departments under a single commander. Primary missions .ire to
persuade v i J i a g c r s to have faith and confidence in the i\TG, to s t u d y ioca] coiidilions
as a basis for development planning, and to collect useful information. An analyst
was assigned to spend soven weeks in N o r t h e a s t "fhailajid with one of the M D U ' s and
evaluate its performance.
P r o g r e s s to Date
A r e p o r t , t i t l e d "Observations on National S e c u r i t y Organisation Mobile Dtvel-.
opmcnl U n i t • i Operations" lias been p u b l i s h e d . The findings* generally were that the
MJJU cn!!C'.ipt shows great promise. Success depends primarily upon leadership and
team a t t i t u d e t o w a r d villagers. The need for f o l l o w - u p v i s i t s and attention to p r i m a r y
village needs - such as potable w a t e r , m c t i i c i n c , and hygiene - and educational m a t e rials was s t r e s s e d .
179
�VII
Considerable interest in the report has been evinced by several departments and
agencies of the U. S, Covi-rn.nent, as well as by the Thai Government, it is probably
the most definitive study of MpU Operations to date.
Plan and Schedule t
uurplulvd.
180
�VLI
Technical Area 4 - Historical Studies •
Background
This technical area attempts to ck-velop R&cD requirement inputs from case
studies and analyses of previous remote area conflicts. Especially emphasized arc
t r e n d j-nal.yscs, comparative studies in insurgency patterns, unique techniques which
have lia;l success in countering insurgency, a n d evaluation of the performance of
h a r d w a r e in these conflicts,
Tajik A - Algerian Study
Objective
The objective of this task i.s to analyze the French campaign in Algeria at the
level of company-size units.
P r o g r e s s to Pate
:
A draft study titled "Pacification in Algeria, 1956-1958" has been completed;
publication and distribution are expected shortly. The study is in three primary sections, including an appreciation of the situation in the Summer of 1056, the struggle
for control of the population, and conclusions. Particvilar -attention has been given to
the methodology employed for bridging the civilian militai'y interface and the cross
cultural interface, as well as to methods of population control and area denial.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
The task will be cotnplcted with the distribution of the report in the near future.
Task n - H i s t o r i c a l Survey of Patterns and Techniques of Insurgency
Conflicts in Post-_19'00 Latin America '
"~~'
'
'""
Objective
The objective of .this task is to identify p a t t e r n s of significant national and l o w e r scale i n s u r g e n c y activity, s t r a t e g y , and tactics in Latin America since 1900 in order
to determine whether and to what extent such insurgency:
(1)
Conformed to coinmuni'st doctrines of "protrac.tcd war" as defined
by Mao Tse Tung, Vo Nguyen Giap, and Che Guevara
(2)
Gave evidence of -commonality in. a distinctively Ij-atin American
style of insurgency
(3)
Followed IK» discernible pattern.
181
-
�vu
Progress to Date
I
Tlie index of all i n s u r g e n c y i.icidents in Latin A m e r i c a for the r e c e n t past as
reported in The New York Times has been completed. E x t r a c t i o n of detailed dala on
i n s u r g e n c y i n c i d e n t s as Contained in The New Y o r k Times has been completed for ninec o u n t r i e s . S u p p l e m e n t a r y data on 19 ( >0-63 i n s u r g e n c y have been extracted from
B r a z i l i a n . Colombian, Peruvian, a n d Venezuelan n e w s p a p e r s a n d p e r i o d i c a l s .
PI an andjjchodule to Complete
A final technical report is due ;st the end of January, 1964.
•
�vu
CONFIDENT! At
Technical Area 5 - Special Studies
Backgroun<l
•
This technical area includes dnts collection and analysis on subjects not inuncdlately relatable to a n y of th<" technical areas described previously and on subjects
w h i c h encompass two or more elements of thosi: technical areas.
Task A - Advibt r-' Counterpart Communication '
Objective
.•
The objective of this task is to survey t h e problem in human communication
Ix.'t-.voeri'U. S. a d v i s o r s and t h e i r V i e t n a m e s e c o u n t e r p a r t s and to determine which of
t h o s e p r o b l e m s are s u s c e p t i b l e to i m p r o v e m e n t through r e s e a r c h 'and development.
E f f o r t s u n d e r way in CONUS on this problem liave been p r e l i m i n a r i l y surveyed.
A r e s e a r c h e r has been sent to V i e t n a m to s u r v e y m e a s u r e s and t e c h n i q u e s currently
being u s e d there. In the course of conducting this r e s e a r c h , only U. S. personnel in
V i e t n a m will be contacted.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
It is expected t h a t the Vietnam phase of this task will be completed in April and
that a final report will be completed in the Summer of 1964.
Task D - Ope ra .t iqns^ Rosoa r ch I.jecture a
Objective
The objective of this task. is to p r o v i d e basic training in operations r e s e a r c h
techniques to h o s t - c o u n t r y personnel, t h o r o b y increasing local analytic capability in
the R & D process.
P r o g r e s s to Date^
A six- l e c t u r e course h,a.s been prepared i n t r o d u c i n g the R&iD process and
emphasizing s c i e n t i f i c methods of an.ilysifi; The l e c t u r e s give an appreciation of the
bonc.fits and limitations of. modern techniques of operations research, w.ar gaming,
systems .analysis, etc. The lectures wore given to a p r e d o m i n a n t l y Thai audience in
Bangkok on September 3 to 10, 1963, and w o r e e x t r e m e l y well received.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
The p o s s i b i l i t y of expanding these l e c t u r e s and giving them to audiences in o t h o r
c o u n t r i e s is being explored.
183
CONFIDCNTIAIs-
�Vli
Task C - Effects of the Strategic H a m l e t Program in V,ic.tnajri
*
Objective
The -objective of this task if. to evaluate: the economic, m i l i t a r y , ;md general
e f f e c t s of the S t r a t e g i c Ilumlct P.i-'og.ram in Vietnam and its role in the long-term
s e c u r i t y of the country.
.
Progress to Date
This analysis IKU; boon divided into four general a r c n s - m i l i t a r y i-ffects,
economic effects, political and social effects, r'.nd. problems and <lifiiculti.es iu
implementation. To' date v/ork has been gone rally c o m p l e t e d on the m i i U ^ i i ' y - e f f e c t s
sc-ction, strcssiiug the lonj;- range role of t h o Program in the conflict.
Schedule, ito C.onipl<3t£
T!ie sections on eco-nonvic and politico-social e f f e c t s arc due i.n the f i j s t q u a r t e r
of CV-64. The section on i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ia due in the sec'>n-d fj-uartei-, and the final
report is due June, .1964.
181
�FI
Vll
Technical Area 6 - Data Storage a n d , R e t r i e v a l
.Background
The curront ARPA program in Remote Area Conflict requires the analysis of.a
number of discrete and interrelated problems i n v o l v i n g , in v a r y i n g degrees, a vast
number of technical, s c i e n t i f i c , and sociological d i s c i p l i n e s . Experience and informaticii on this type of subject are extremely d i v e r g e in substance and ge.ographic location.
In order to monitor an e f f o r t of this scope aud complexity, a system of collection,
screening, a b s t r a c t i n g , cvoss-fndo::ing, and c o n t i n u o u s analysis is 'needed to keep
r e s e a r c h e r s aware o£ the stats of tho art and to unable them to b e t t e r identify RDT&E
requirements. The u y s t c m should s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e the, inherent risks and associated expenses of heedless repetition of r e s e a r c h projects as well as enhance the
capability of AGJLli) .to respond to new r e q u i r e m e n t s .
Task A - Ueinqto A r e a Conflict I n f o r m a t i o n Center (KACICJ
Objective
The objective of this task is 'to establish an i n f o r m a t i o n system encompassing a
broad area of m i l i t a r y and sociological information from which s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t
surveys, i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y a n a l y s e s and s t u d i e s , and specific technical information
requirements can bo derived.
•Progress to Date
Essentially all of the i n f o r m a t i o n procured from AGILE'S backlog has been
completely processed.into R A C I C - C o l u m b u s . The extract c a r d s arc now being
integrated into the RACIC-Washington files. A t t e n t i o n is being given to the acquisition
of pertinent material from iron-AGILE sources. Stato-of- the- art studies on leech
repellents and analogs for human performance at high a l t i t u d e s have been completed.
Plan and Schedule to Complete
•
• .
This will be a continuing task which will bo continuously employed in the AGILE
programs.
185 and 1S6
�i--
. /
A G I L E SUBPROJECT
Tasks f-Wriierly carried under Sutproject Vfll havjo been included
under Sufaprojcct I - Weapons, Individual Equipment, ond Rations.
�APPENDIXES
�•APPENDIX A
T E R M I N A T E D TASKS
COMPUSTKp
(1)
(?)
(3)
('])
(5)
. (6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(IE)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
.(i'.O)
(21)
(??.)
(?.3)
(?.'!)
(25)
(?.6)
(?.7)
(/'.8)
(?.9)
(30)
(31)
(3<?)
(33)
(34)
(35)
S u m m a r y Report on A s s i s t e d Takc-.Off From Unprepared Fields
Micro-Missiles' Study
Location Studies
V i l l a g e Protection Systems
T-28 Nojuad A i r c r a f t
J u n k Blue Book. South Vietnam
Medical Da.ta or. J T F - 1 1 6
Symposium on G u e r r i l l a ' W a r f a r e
Anemometers'
C o u n t e r - A m U u J i h Techniques to Protect Military Vehicular Traffic on
M a j o r Highways in South Vietnam
DoppJei- Personnel Surveillance Radar
Yo-Yo
Parabolic. Microphone '
Comparative Analysis of Small Unit Weapons and Firepower
Boat Slod - Pram Sled
E n g i n e Generator
I l a n d - C r a n k 'Phonograph
N a i l - F i H d Clearing Device
M i l i t a r y Dogs
Special Sholgu-ns
Quad M a c h i n e Guns
Dclayvfl P r o x i m i t y Fux.es
Micvorockct PJ5.tol and Projectiles
Strip 'Uullets
Vill;»jii! and .Outpost Security
Weapon Systems Studies and R-e'search
Power-Sources Study
T-hcrmocloctric Generators
H y d r o e l e c t r i c Generators
Materials Research
Tactical Maps
High-Power Voico-Amplifcr System
M a t . - - P o r t a b l e , Self-Containcd PA System
A n a l y s i s of kargc-Scale Viet Cong Operations
A n a l y s i s of Mobile Development Unit (MDU) Operations
A-l
�TRANg_FEjlKEP
(!) M79 Grenade Launcher r- ACTIV
{?.)
(3)
{•!)
(5)
Helicopter Armament - Army
M a x i m u m A c r h i l Surveillance r- A C T I V
A n a l y s e s of Italian Operation ~ OCRO
M-113 Armored Personnel C a r r i e r Evaluation - ACTIV
CANCELLED
(1) W i r e Gun Cannister
(2} U l t r a - P o r t a b l e R e c o r d e r / R c > p r o d u c i j r
(3) High-'Spocd Pre.ss
(4) T a p e R e c o r d e r , Fic-ld Use
•
(fi) High-Speed LeafJot R o l l i n g Machine .
(6) Lightweight Leaflet R o l l i n g Machine
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Portable Mimeograph Machine
Improved Ammunition C a p a c i t y for the T-28 . 50 Caliber MG Pod.
.Lessons From the Anti-Huk Campaign .
':
Assisted Take-Off
'
.
.
.
(1.1) Antipersonnel Bombs
A-Z
�APPENDIX D
COMPLETED REPORTS •AND ». STUDIES
*
1
'
n r
' ,
'.'. '' ' . _ - "
'
•
(1) "A JTifjh Gain VHF Antenna for tlic AN PRC-1'0 Radio Set at Base Installations",
CDTC-V, n-o d a t e . Unclassified.
(2) "Special R e p o r t - Patrol A n t e n n a for tlje A N / P K C - 1 0 Radio Set", CDTC-V, no
date, U n c l a s s i f i e d .
(3) "Summ;iry Heport .on Assisted Tnkc-Off From Unprepared Fields", Institute for
D e f e n s e A n a l y s i s , March 1962, Unclassified, IDA Tech. Kept. .62-1.
(4) "Limited W a r f a r e Communications .Study" (U), Institute for Defjjn.se A n a l y s i s ,
A p r i l 1962, Secret, IDA Tech. Note 62-2,0.
(5) " R e p o r t on Micromissiles, Subtask of IDA/RESD Project AGILE" (U), Institute for
Defense A n a l y s i s , April 1962, Secret, IDA Report 62-6.
(6) "Report of Test - G e n e r a l p:lectric Power Pacer Two-Way FM Radio 27-50 MCS/15
W a t t LB 1-2332 12 VOL Mobile Combination" OS-D./ARPA R&D Field Team, V,
April 1962, Kin-Confidential,
(7)
"Villigo Protection Systems Study" (U), Institute for Defense Analysis, June 1962,
Secret, IDA Tech. Kept. 62-12.
(8) "Study of Flame Installation in LCM Type Boats", U. S. Army Chemjcal Research
and Development Laboratory, June 1962, Unclassified.
(9) "Report of Ta.sk No. 1 3 A , Test of A r m a l i t e Rifle, A K - J 5 " (U), OSD/ARPA K&D
F i e l d U n i t , V, 31 July 1962, Confidential, AD 343778.
(10) "The Vietnamese- 'Strategic Hamlets': A Preliminary Report" (U), RAND Corp.,
July 1962, Secret, RM-3208.
(11) "The Junk Blue Book", A R P A R&D .Field Unit, CDTC-V, 6 August 1962, K i n Confidontial.
(12) " R e p o r t of T a s k No. 4, E v a l u a t i o n of Performance of YAC-1 Caribou A i r c r a f t W i t h
R e v e r e Pitch Propellers Installed" (U), ARPA R&D Field Unit, 27 August 1962,
Secret.
(13) "Stability and Effectiveness of Weapon* and E q u i p m e n t - U s e d in US-Supported Operations W i t h the Royal Laos Army" (U), R e s e a r c h A n a l y s i s Corp. , September 1962,
S e c r e t , RAC-SP-1 (SEA).
B-l
�CONriDCNTIAL'(14) "A P!an for Perimeter Defense of >i Village" (U), Diamond Ordnance Fu/.e Laborat o r i e s , 9 November 1962, C o n f i d e n t i a l , TR-1092.
( 1 5 ) "The X M 9 1 4 Fuze" ( U ) , Diamond O r d n a n c e Fuze Laboratories, 15 November I°6?.,
C o n f i d e n t i a l , TR 1096.
(id)
"Design C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for a F a m i l y of Micromissiles" (U), HAND Corp. ,
N o v e m b e r 1962, Secret, RM-3240.
( I V ) "Kese.'Jireh and- Development E f f o r t in Support of the V i e t n a m e s e R u r a l S e c u r i t y
P r o g r a m " ( U ) , R u r n I Security Study T e a m , V i e t n a m , 19 December 1962.
Confidential.
(IB)
" G u e r r i l l a A c t i v i t y D e t e c t i o n S t u d y " , - D e f e n s e R e s e a r c h Corp. , J a n u a r y 1963,
Soc.ret, DUG 63 1236.
(19)
"Statistical Analysis of Medic.il R e c o r d s of J o i n t Task Force 116 Troops in
T h a i l a n d in Spring a n r l Summer of 1962", R e s e a r c h Analysis C o r p . , J a n u a r y 1963,
Official Use Only, RAC SP-2 (SEA).
(20)
" C o u n t e r i n r t u r g e n c y : A Syrnposiufn", RAND C o r p , , J a n u a r y 1963, Official Use
O n l y , K-412 A R P A .
(2'1) "Test of the D w y c r W i n d Meter", F e b r u a r y 1963. Kin-Confitleulial.
(22). ".Evaluation of A i r s t r i p at B i n h H a n g , South Vietnam" (U), W. S. A r m y E n g i n e e r
W a t e r w a y s E x p e r i m e n t Station, Corps of Engineers, February 1963, For Govt.
Agencies Use Only, WES 4-549.
(23)
" R e p o r t uf T e s t , USOM-ARPA Hamlet A l a r m System" ARPA R & D Field U n i t , V,
February 1963, Kin-Confidential.
(£4) "Test of Sequencing Switch for the J . A U - 3 / A Rocket Launcher - A R e p o r t of
Approved Task Number 70", C D T C - V , 25 April 1963, -Kin-Confidentia!, AD 346339.
(25)
"River and C a n a l Ambush Problems, Republic of V i e t n a m , 1962" (U), R e s e a r c h
A n a l y s i s Corp. , March 1963, Secret, RAC SP-4 (SEA).
(26)
"Tost of the Gama Go.il in T h a i l a n d " , CDTC-T [ M R D C ] , March 1963,
U n c l a K s i f i t - d , AD 40T r i89.
(27)
" F i r e p o w e r R e q u i r e m e n t s for Remote Area Combat" (U), .Applied Science Coi-p. .
M a r c h J963, Secret.
(28)
" E v a l u a t i o n of the Wijlys A u d i o - V i s u a l Mobile U n i t for P o t e n t i a l Indi}>.-:»miK Use by
Thai Forces", CDTC-T [ M R D C ] , April J963, Unclassified, AD-11 .'04-1.
(29)
"Test of the Swimmer Support Boat A r m o r Kit", OSD/ARPA Fiirld Unit, V ,
1 A p r i l 1963, Kin-Confidential.
(30)
"Operational Test of the M 10-8 Flarr.e Unit", C D T C - V , 25 A p r i l 1963,
K i n - C o n f i c l o n t i a l , AD 346394.
�(31) " R e p o r t of T o s t of F e a s i b i l i t y Model, Portable Mine Detector", OSD/ARPA R fc D
Field U n i t and J O K G - V , .17 May 1963, Kia-CorifidcntiaJ.
(3<>)
"Couhtoramtiush Techniques to P r o t e c t ' M i l i t a r y V e h i c u l a r T r a f f i c on Major H i g h ways in.South Vietnam" (U), Research A n a l y s i s C o r p . , May 1963, Confidential,
RAG SP-3 (Si:A).
(33)
"Test of N a v a l Ordnance T e a t Station Portable Publrc Address S y s t e m " ,
C D l ' C - T [ M R D C ] , May 1963, Unclas.sifir;], AD 4277.00.
(34)
" E n v i r o n m e n t a l F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g Ground Mobility in Thailand P r e l i m i n a r y Survey",
U. S. A r m y Engineer - W a t e r w a y s Experiment Station (for CDTC-T [ M R D C ] )
May 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e d , WES Tech. Kept.. 5-6Z.5.. .
Appendix A: " R e s u l t s of Surv-ey of Existing Data and L i t e r a t u r e "
'Appendix T3: ".Soil Classification"
Appendix C: "Soil T r a f f i c - a b i l i t y P r e l i m i n a r y Survey"
A p p e n d i x D: "Vegetation .Preliminary Survey"
Appendix F.: "Surface Geometry"
Appendix F: "Hydrologic Geometry"
A p p e n d i x G: "Weather and Climate"
A p p e n d i x H: " E v a l u a t i o n of Road Observation P r e l i m i n a r y Survey"
(35)
" T e s t H of-the R a n d C o m p r e s s i o n Amplifier", CDTC-T [ M R D C ] , May 1963,
Unclassified.
(36)
" T e s t s of Sampan Inspection Device", CDTC-T [ M R D C ] , May 1963,
Unclassified.
(37)
"An A n a l y s i s of Large Scale VC Operations", (U), CDTC-V Special Report,
May 1963, .Secret, AD 3-13776.
(38)
" E v a l u a t i o n of Two Portable Flame T h r o w e r s ; A Report of CDTC-V Task 70";
CDTC-V,30 June 1963, Kin-Confidential, AD 343992.
(39)
"A?i A n a l y t i c Study of Shotgun Effectiveness" (U), U. S. Naval Ordnance Testing
Station, June 1963, Secret, MOTS TP 3?.80, NAVWKPS 8378.
(40)
" S t a t i s t i c a l Notes R e p u b l i c of V i e t n a m - 1962" (U), R e s e a r c h A n a l y s i s Corp. ,
June 1963, Secret, R A C - T P - 9 5 (SEA).
(41)
" O b s e r v a t i o n s or. N a t i o n a l Security O r g a n i z a t i o n Mobile Development Unit-2
Operations", CDTC-T [ M R D C ] , J u n e 1963, Confirlential, AD 34129-1.
(42)
" R e s e a r c h M e m o r a n d u m 't - Scale-Model M e a s u r e m e n t s on a S l o p i n g - W i r e
A n t e n n a " ( U ) , S t a n f o r d R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , J u n e 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e d .
(43)
"Final T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t - Squad T r a n s c e i v e r (Engineering Model) R y a n Model 5?.°"
(U), R y . i n A e r o n a u t i c a l Co. , 3 J'uly 1963, C o n f i d e n t i a l , R y a n Rept. No. 5 2 ^ 6 7 - 1 .
(44)
"Operational Test R. !•". C o m i n u n i c a t i o n s A s s o c i a t e s , I n c . , Single Sideband
T r a n H c e i v e i - L , SB-6F and S B - 6 M " , C D T C - V , 10 J u l y 1963," U n c l a s s i f i e d .
B-3
�(••15)
"Statc-of-the-Art Study on Leech Repellents", Battelle Memorial Institute,
10 J u l y 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e d , AD 413979;
(•16)
"I-: valuation of Tactical Maps.- A F i n a l Report of CDTC-rV Task No. 35"y
C D T C - V , 15 July 1063, U n c l a s s i f i e d .
('17)
"[^.valuation of .the P a r a f f i n Test for Use by Counterinsui'g'f nc.y Forces",
CDTC-T f M R D C ] , July 1963, Unclassified, AD -117923.
(48)
"revaluation of Two T J r c i i k w i r c I n t r u s i o n D e t e c t i o n D e v i c e s " , C D T C - T [ M R D C j ,
J u l y 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e d , AD 4 1 7 9 2 1 .
(49)
"Final R e p o r t of Advanced R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t s Agency Shotgun Development
. P r o g r a m , P a r t II, Pha&o I ' V i l l a g e : D e f e n s e ' Shotgun // m m u n i t i o n System" (U),
U. S. A r m y Weapcfiis Command, J u l y 1963, Confidential.
<50)
"Evaluation of Tunnel Detection Frobc", COTC-T [MRDC] , J u l y 1963,
Unclassified.
(51)
"Visual S e a r c h -From the Air for I n d i v i d u a l Men: An E x p l o r a t o r y Field Test in
Southeast Asia", C D T C - T [ M R D C ] , J u l y 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e d .
( 5 2 ) ' " R e s e a r c h Memorandum No. 3 — Field Tests, on Man-Pack Rntiius in a Tropical
E n v i r o n m e n t " , S t a n f o r d R e s e a r c h Institute, July 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e d .
(53)
"Evaluation of the Chaff R o c k e t for Outpost Communications", CDTC-V,
27 A u g u s t 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e d , AD 424669.
(54) "Operational Test, and Kvaluation of Individual Medical Aid Kit for Special Forces",
C D T C - V , 27 A u g u s t 1963, Unclas-sified, AD 424769.
(55) "Counterinsurgcncy Organizational Structure in Thailand", Research Analysis
C o r p . , 30 August 1963, Secret, RACSEA-FS-1.
(56) "Test and Evaluation of Caliber . 50/. 30 Salvo Squceznljovc System ( A m m u n i t i o n
and M a c h i n e Gun B a r r e l A iapter)" (U), U. S. A r m y L i m i t e d War L a b o r a t o r y ,
A u g u s t 1963, C o n f i d e n t i a l , Technical Report 63-1.
(57) ''Tactical Test of a Breakwire Inti'usior, -Detector: Addendum to an revaluation of
T w o B r e a k w i r e I n t r u s i o n Detection De-vices", CDTC-T [ M R D C | , A u g u s t 1963,
U n c l a s s i f i e d , AD 417688.
(58) " R i - s e a v c h M e m o r a n d u m 5 - O r i e n t a t i o n of Linearly Polari/.ed I I F A n t e n n a s for
S h o r l - P n l h C o m m u n i c a t i o n Via the lonospliere Near the G e f t n a g n e t i c E q u a t o r " ,
Stanford Research I n s t i t u t e , August 1963, U n c l a s s i f i e t l , AD 41-8-197.
(59) "Spike W o u n d s i i i the V i e t n a m e s e G u e r r i l l a W.ir" ( U ) , ' R e s e a r c h A n a l y b i s C o r p . ,
:
3 September 1963, C o n f i d e n t i a l , RACSEA-FS-2.
n-4
�(60) "Certain Effects of C u l t u r e and Social Organisation on I n t e r n a l Security in
Thailand" (U), RAND C o r p . , September 1963, Confidential, R M - 3 Y 8 6 - A R P A .
(61) "Research Guidance for Development of flame Weapons" (U), Institute for Defense
Analysis, September 19t>3, Confidential, Study S-1Z2.
(6?.) "Lethal Area Comparison, of Pearlitic Malleable I r o n and Standard Steel 60 rnrn
M49A2 Mortar Shell" (U), U. S. A r m y Picalinny Arsenal, September 1963,
Confidential, TM1274.
(63) "Final Report of Advanced Research P r o j e c t s Agency, Shotgun Development
Program" (U), U. S. A r m y Weapons Command, November 1963, Confidential.
(64) "A Method for Estimating Road Capacity and Truck R e q u i r e m e n t s " , RAND Corp. ,
November 1963, Unclassified, RM B-331 ARPA..
(65) "Description and Instructions for Use of the High Explosive Bomb EX 115 Mori O
Helicoptor Trap Weapon" (U), U. S, Naval Ordnance Test Station, November f'963,
Confidential, Tech. Publication 3416.
(66) "TRECOM Tuchnj..cal Report 63-64, Flexible-Wing Precision Drop Glider, Final
Report", Ryan A e r o n a u t i c a l Co. , Deccmbqr 1963, Unclassified.
(67) "A Parametric Evaluation of Hand-Held Mijcrojct Wc'ipons" ( U ) , U. "S. Naval
Weapons Laboratory, December 1963, Secret Tech. Mcmoi-amlum No. K-95/63.
(68) " The Employment of Helicopters in Defoliation Operations in the Republic of
Vietnam", CDTC-V Special Report,, Kin-Confidential, no d a t e , AD 346489.
B-.5 and B-6
^-CONFIDENTIAL
�DISTRIBUTION
�UISTRJMUTIQN LIST
OH THE SECRETARY OF
Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense
International Security Affairs
Department of C.cfcr'isc
Washington 25, 1). C.
Aim: Capt. R^-iJy. FE Region
M i l i t a r y Assistant to .tin1- Deputy
Secretary of Defense
Washington 25, D. C.
Office of Defense Rese.ari-.life Engineering
Dc.p'arliiK-iit of Defense
Wcsliington ?.&.- D. C.
Ann: Dr. Chalmers Shcrwin
Office, of Defense. Re.sf.arch ft. Engineering
Department of Defense
\v:iil:i!igtor. ;•:&. D. C.
Attu: Huie.r.il W. II. Be.vcily
(5)
Office of D:-fc.nsc Research & Engineering
Department of Defense
!
Washington 2S. D. C.
A tin: BrHish Campieineimirity Group
(3)
Advanceil Researcli Projects Agency
Office, of the Secretary of Defense
Washington i:5, D. C.
Ann; Project AGILE
(30)
OSD/ARI'A l : kUI Unit
APO 1-13 .
• San Fr;iucis< o, C-ilifornia
(15)
OSD/ARi'A I:ie.ld Unit
APO 140
San FranciscOj California
(15)
Office of Assistant Secretary
Comptroller
Department of Defense ' ,
Deputy ASD Systems -Analysis
Washington £5, D. C.
Ann: [)!. A l a i n Ivnilioven
Office, of Assisuu,: Secretary of Defense
ItUerjiatioiKil Security Affairs
peparunent of Defe:«e
Washington "{i, D. C.
Ann: J. D. StocKlart
Office of Assistant. Secretary of
Intfriiatien.il Security Affairs
Department of Defense
;
Wasliinjuon 26, 1). C.
(2)
(2)
Office of Assistant St-cr«tt»ry of Defense
International- Security Affairs
Department of Defense
Washington 'Jo. J). C.
PP1.SOD
Ann: Mr. Gtoige Cairbll
(2)
F. A. Koether
Advanced Research Projects Agericy
Room 2B2CO
The Pentagon
Washington 25, D. C.
Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense
International Security Affairs
Dup-nruncut of Defense
\Vasiiington 2S. D. C.
A tut: THAI Desk (1)
Vietnam Desk (1)
Dr. Willxir B. Payne
OASD (COMI'P) Systems Analysis
Room 3C-882
The Pentagon
.Washington 25, D. C.
(2)
�MST.fffljIONI.IST
(Continued)
OF STA FF
Joint Chiefs of St.iff
Washington 25, D. C.
Attn: SACSA
Joint Chiefs'of Staff {1-5 Washington 25, D. C.
A tin: Research & Development Division
U. S. ARMY
Commandant
Industdar.Collcgi-. of me Armed Torres
Tort McNair
Washington 25, D. C.
Commanding General
U. S. Army Combit Devi-lopmcnts Command
Fort Ci-'lvoir, Virginii
A tin: Speci.il Warfare
Headquarters. Department of f
Office of the Deputy Chief of Stall ft/,'
Operations •
Washington 25, P. C.
Altn: Special Warfare Dircc.tWitV.
Pentagon
Commanding General
U. S, Army Quaftern-^iWrj Research &
Engineering Center
N.ujck, Massachusetts
(2)
Headquarters, ncpartinc.nt of llw A r m y
Office, Chief of Research .& .O'cvcloptnvnt
Room 3E-J25. The Pentagon
Washington 25, D. C.
Atmr Special Warfare Office
(?.)
Headquarters
Department of the Army
Office of Assistant Chief of StaffIntelligence
Washington 25, D. C.
Attiw
Cpnuna.ndiug General
U. S. Cofltiniintal Army Connn.'tiii)
Forl M.or,roc, Virginia
Attn: UTRSW/CA
i; General
U. 5. Army Materiel Command
Wfcsliir.gtoii 28. D. C.
Attn: Project Manager, Special
Warfare
(2)
AlUi: RD-DE-K-C
(.1)
Coiiunanding General
U. S. Army Medical RA.D CtvilinflilJ
Washington 25, D. C.
Commanding Officer
U. S.. A r m y Q M R2c£
Field Evaluation Ageccy
Fort Lee, Virginia
Altai Library. T-110CC
Commanding Officer
U. S. Army Infantry Gonhat Developments
Agency
Fort Denning. Georg-A
Commanding Officer
Spccl.11 Warfare Comfi=c Developments
Agency
Fort Br-agg, Nonii CaroJiir.s
Coimiiaiiding General
U. S. A r m y •Enginccrir-g Research &
Development Labocisxy
Fort Belvoir, Virginia
Coiiimandmg Officer
0. S. Army Limited Wsi Laboratory
AUorJeeu Proving Groucd, Maryland
President
U, S. Army Airborne. Electronic &
Special Warfare Boarf
Fort Bra.gg, North Carolj-a
President
Commanding General
U. S. Army Tcst& Evaluation
ASe.deen Proving Ground.
U. :>. Army Armijr
Fort Knox, Kentucky
(2)
�PISTtUBUTION .LIST
(Continued)
V. S. ARMY
Assistant Secretary of tlie Army (R&L>)
The Penwgon, Room 3E331
Washington, D. C.
Attn: Col. K. C. Emerson
President
U. S. Army Infantry Board
Hen Denning, Georgia
Commandant
U. S. Army Command & General
Staff College
I:cct Lcav.enwoith, Kansas
AtfH: Library .Division
Hq. U. S. Army
Electronics Proving Grounds
Ft. Hiiac'iuca, Arizona
Attn: USA F.lectronics R&D Activity
I!. S. Army Libiaty
Army War College
Carlisle Ban.a.cks, Pennsylvania
Arrny Research Office
30-15 Columbia Pike
Arlington, Virginia
Headquarters
U. S. Army Infantry School
Fort Denning, Georgia
Army Research Office
Durham, North Carolina
(3)
Commanding 'General
U. S. Army Tank and Automotive Command
Cemeriine., Michigan
Attn: SMOTA:RftD
Headquarters
U'. S, A i i n y Sesiwiroh and Development
Office, Panama
Port Claytoq, Canal Zone.
Commander in Chief
U, S. Southern Command
APO SSS. N. Y.. N. Y.
Commanding General
U. S. Army Mobility Cuiinn?.nd
Centerline, Michigan
(6)
.U. S. Army Engineering
Research & Development Laboratory
Fort Monmoiith, New Jersey
Attn: Lt. Scott
U. S. MARINK CORPS
Headquarters
U. S. Marine Corps
Washington 25, IX C.
Attn: Code AX
Director
Marine Corps Landing Force
Development Center
Quantico, Virginia
Commanding General
Landing Force Training Unit
Amphibious Training Command. Pacific
U. S. Naval Amphibious Base, CORONADO
San Diego 55, California
Marine Corps Operations Analysis Group
Marine Corps Landing Force
Development Center
M.irinc Corps Schools
Qnantko, Virginia
Ann: H. C. Carle, MCOAP, Dirtuloi
•eONFIDENOQAt:
�PJSTRIBUTION LIST
(Continued)
U,1US. M'MUNK CORPS: (Continued)
Custodian, Classified File
Marine Corps School
Quailiico, Virginia
U. Col. James E. Vicior, Jr.
USMC
CMC, HQMC(A04)
Washington 25. D. C.
Headquarters
L.-iriHug Force Training Unit
PMIBTR.M.ANT. NAVHJIBBa'e
Little Creek - Norfolk, Virginia
0. S. NA.V.Y
• Office of ihe Chief of Naval Ope
Department of the Havy
Washington' 25, D. C.
Ann: OP 344
^OMPHIBTRA PAC
Naval Amphibious Base, -CORONAfX)
San Di«jjo. 55, California
COMPHIBTRACPAC
Naval Arnpniliions Base, CORONAfX)
San Diego 55, California
A ttn: -Chairman, A WEB
Office of the Chief of Naval Opersilioii!
Department of the Navy
Washington 25. P. C.
A ttn: OP 343E
(2)
Commanding Officer
NAV PH1B SCOL, CORONADO
San Diego 55, California
Office of the Chief of Naval Operiiiions
Department of the Navy
Wasliini;'(.Vn 25. D, C.
Ann: OP 07T3
Naval Boach titonp One
Navy 3923
San Francisco. California
BUS I UPS
Washington 25. D. C.
Ann; Code 40'!
(2)
'Underwater Demolition Unit One
Fleet Post Office
San Francisco, California
Office of the Chief 6f Naval
i3ep.irtme.rit of the,Navy
Washington 25. D. C.
A ttn: OP 721
(2)
Seal Team One
Fleet Post Office
Sari Francisco, California
BUWEPS
Washington 25, D. C.
A I tu: R'MMO-3
Com Phih Lant
Naval Amphibious Base
Little Creek, Virginia
U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Staticre
China Lake, California
Ann: Code 4605
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Agency for International Development
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UNCLASSIFIED
�UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED
PLEASE DO NOT RETURN
THIS DOCUMENT TO DTIC
EACH ACTIVITY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DESTRUCTION OF THIS
DOCUMENT ACCORDING TO APPLICABLE REGULATIONS.
UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
021
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0340
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>Advanced Research Projects Agency, Project AGILE, Remote Area Conflict Research and Engineering, Remote Area Conflict Information Center (RACIC), Battelle Memorial Institute
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
February 1 1964
Title
A name given to the resource
Semiannual Report, 1 July - 31 December 1963
Subject
The topic of the resource
spray equipment
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/4a2009c4a325b6af9ad7f5f38dc42227.pdf
8c8688362b97b05d8700dc30151b01ba
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
00345
Author
Boyer, Lester W.
Corporate Author
u s Arrnv
- -
Biological Laboratories, Director of Biological
RODOPt/ArtlClO TltlO Supplement II to Technical Report 46: Basic Data From
H-34/Hidal Calibration Trials, 1963
Journal/Book Title
Year
Month/Day
June
Color
ra
Number of Imapes
'
DOSCrlptOH NotOS
Alvin L- Young had this item filed under the category
"Equipment - How Developed, How Used"; Project
Agile under ARPA Order 256; This item was filed by
Alvin L. Young under the category Military Use of
Herbicides (item no. 62) and under the category
Equipment, How Developed (item no. 345).
Monday, January 29, 2001
Page 345 of 382
�Item No.: 345
Author(s): Boyer, Lester W. and J.W. Brown
Editor/Translator:
Corporate Author:
Article/Report Title: Supplement II to Technical Report 46:
Basic Data From H-34/Hidal Calibration Trials, 1963
Journal/Book Title:
Date: June 1964
Publisher:
This item was filed by Alvin L.Young under the category
Military Use of Herbicides (item no. 62) and under the
category Equipment, How Developed (item no. 345).
Item no. 345 is a duplicate of item no. 62
Please see item no. 62 for the complete
document.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
022
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0345
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Boyer, Lester W.
J.W. Brown
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Director of Biological Research, Crops Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964-06-01
Title
A name given to the resource
Supplement II to Technical Report 46: Basic Data From H-34/Hidal Calibration Trials, 1963
Subject
The topic of the resource
spray equipment
Eglin AFB
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/1315041a21c910eaaa5eb001942c60a0.pdf
dd86b9720e49a795f08aaf172cf6baa3
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
ou354
Author
Corporate Author
U
-S- Army Test and Evaluation Command, U.S. Army Av
Report/Article Title Report of Test USATECOM Project Numbers 5-4-3001 01 and -02, Integrated Engineering/Service Test of an
Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by the U.S.
Army and U.S. Air Force, Part I - Service Test
Journal/Book Title
Year
1965
Month/Day
Ma
Color
Number of Images
y 25
D
52
^'vin ^- Young had this item filed under the category
"Equipment - How Developed, How Used"; DA Project
No. 1C543603D432; USATECOM Project No. 5-43001-02
Monday, January 29, 2001
Page 354 of 382
�6
UNCLASSIFIED
Project w». t 5-q- jooc owd - ox
Terf"
Defense Documentation Center
Defense Logistics Agency
Cameron Station • Alexandria, Virginia
UNCLASSIFIED
�-•••.• • , . . . . - • . • .
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REPORT OV TEST
PROJECT NUMBERS 5-4-3001-01 «nd -02
INTEGRATED ENGINEERINC/SERVICE TEST
OF AN
INTERIM DEFOLIANT SYSTEM
CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY THE US ARMY AND US A» FORCE
PART I - SERVICE TEST. USATECOM PROJECT NO. «-4-30<H-0?
PA PROJECT NO. !CS43(>0-iD432
28MAY1S55
Jli
U S ARMY
AVIATION TEST
BOARD
FORT RUCKER, ALABAMA
TIS A
'
�NOTICE: Hher government or other drawings, specifications or other data are used for any purpose
other than in connection with a definitely related
government procurement operation, the U. S.
Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor any
obligation •whatsoever; and the fact that the Government nay have formulated, furnished, or in any way
supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other
data is not to be regarded by implication or othervise as In any manner licensing the bolder or any
other person or corporation, or conveying any rights
or permission to manufacture, use or sell any
patented Invention that may in any way be related
thereto.
�COPY
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
HEADQUARTERS, US ARMY TEST AND EVALUATION COMMAND
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005
AMSTE-NB
17 Jun 1965
SUBJECT: Final Report of ES Test of an Interim Defoliant System
Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force,
USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01/02, DA Project
1B543603D432
TO:
Commanding General, U. S. Army Materiel Command,
ATTN: AMCPM-AI, Washington, D. C. 20315
Commanding General, U. S. Army Combat Developments
Command, ATTN: USACDC LnO. USATECOM,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. 21005
1. References:
a. Report of Test Project 5-4-3001-01/02, ES Test of Interim
Defoliant System, Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force
Parti, Service Test, USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-02, 28 May 1965,
U. S. Army Aviation Test Board. (Incl 1).
b. Appendix n to above, classified CONFIDENTIAL. (Incl 2)
c. Final Report of ES Test of Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force, Part n, Physical
and Climatic Tests, USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01, May 1965,
Dugway Proving Ground. (Incl 3)
d. Final Report of ES Test of Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force, Part IH, Dissemination Tests, May 1965, Dugway Proving Ground, classified CONFIDENTIAL. (Incl 4)
COPY
�£OP Y '
AMSTE-NB
17 Jun 1965
SUBJECT; Final Report of ES Test of an Interim Defoliant System
'
Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force,
I
USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01/02, DA Project
1B543603D432
2. The final report consisting of three parts, reference 1, has
been reviewed by this Headquarters and the USA TECOM evaluation of
the Interim Defoliant System is as stated in the following paragraphs.
3. Tanks were filled using gravity flow from 55 gallon drums in .
the absence of standard filling equipment. It is not expected that the
use of hand pump (FSN 4930-255-9132) wil1 create any problems.
4. Standardized ground equipment of the type necessary for
handling and mounting the spray tank did not exist in the Army inventory at the time of this ES test.
5. The maintenance package, which consisted of Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and -20P, was evaluated and considered
unsuitable. The system was not operated long enough to give adequate
data for determination of the spare parts list requirements.
6. Two (2) deficiencies were found during engineering and service
tests, as follows:
a. Rupture of forward coupling hose during a high internal
pressure condition.
b. Rupture of rear coupling hose during a high internal
pressure condition.
Corrective modifications were incorporated into the systems prior to
their delivery to U. S. Air Force for the service test.
7. The system, as tested, complied with the operational characteristics of the approved SDR, except for reliability.
8. The modifications incorporated in the Defoliant Systems delivered to the U. S. Air Force for their service test should correct the
2
COPY
�CO£Y_
AMSTE-NB
17 Jun 1965
SUBJECT: Final Report of ES Teat of.an Interim Defoliant System
Conducted Jointly by U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force,
USATECOM Project 5-4-3001-01/C2, DA Project
1B543603D432
deficiencies and shortcomings found in this test. The U. S. Air Force
testing should be monitored closely to determine the suitability of
these corrections and to compile data to complete the maintenance
package, to evaluate agent transfer equipment and system reliability.
The requirement for a confirmatory or check test should be determined
after results of U.S. Air Force testing has been evaluated.
9. Conclusions:
a. The interim defeliant system should be suitable for Army
use on the armed OV-1C Airplane after the deficiencies and shortcomings
have been corrected.
b. The interim defeliant system was found to be compatible
with the armed OV-1C Airplane..
c. The flight time alloted for the service and dissemination
tests was insufficient to determine adequately the reliability and life
of the system and to compile an adequate spare parts list.
10. It is recommended that:
a. Provided that the reliability requirement is achieved,
the interim defeliant system, modified to correct the deficiencies
and shortcomings, be considered suitable for Army use on the armed
OV-1C Airplane.
COPY
�COPY_
b. The results of the U. S. Air Force serivce test of the
modified system be reviewed to determine any requirement for further
Army testing.
c. The Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and-20P
should be revised prior to production procurement of the interim
defoliant system.
i . , , . •_:
:,
,.-.. .: ,
FOR THE COMMANDER:
r
4 Incls
as
USANC - 5 cys of each Incl
USA CDC - 10 cys of each Incl
.;..:•.
i
Copies furnished:
OLIVER H. ASPINWALL, JR.
Capt, AGC
Asst Admin Officer
CO, USAMC, ATTN: AMCRD-DB (w/1 cy of each Incl)
CO, USAMUCOM (w/1 cy of each Incl)
CO, USA Edgewood Arsenal (w/5 cy of each Incl)
CO, DPG (w/o Incls)
Pres, USAAVNNTED (w/0 Incls)
4
COPY
�DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
UNITED STATES ARMY AVIATION TEST BOARD
"Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362
REPORT OF TEST
USATECOM PROJECT NUMBERS S-4-3001-01 and -02
INTEGRATED ENGINEERING/SERVICE TEST
V 'OF AN
INTERIM DEFOLIANT SYSTEM
CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY THE "US ARMY AND US AIR FORCE
PART I - SERVICE TEST. USATECOM PROJECT NO. 5-4-3001-02
DA PROJECT NO. 1C543603D432
DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICE
US Government agencies may obtain copies of this
report directly from DDC. Other qualified DDG
users shall request through Commanding General,
US Army Materiel Command, ATTN: AMCPM-MO,
Washington D.C. 20315.
l Bf niff.nwi
QtJABTEBS PENDING
Colonel, Artillery
President
�I Previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. I
�I Previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. [
ABSTRACT
This report on the Integrated Engineering /Service Test of the
Interim Defoliant System consists of three parts. Dugway Proving
Ground is responsible for the Physical Test and the Dissemination
Test, and reports of these tests will be submitted later. The Service
Test of the Interim Defoliant System on the armed OV-1C was conducted
by the USAAVNTBD at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, during the period
14 September through 6 October 1964. Two deficiencies and three
shortcomings were found during this test. It was concluded that the
interim defoliant system should be suitable for Army use after correction
of the deficiencies and shortcomings, that the system was compatible
with the armed OV-1C Airplane, that the Review Manuscripts MP 31040-240-12 and -20P should be revised prior to production procurement
of the system, and that the time allotted for test was insufficient to
compile an adequate spare parts list. It was recommended that the
interim defoliant system be considered suitable for Army use on the
armed OV-1C when the deficiencies and shortcomings are corrected
and that the results of the US Air Force service test be reviewed to
determine any requirement for further Army testing.
�previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. I
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
UNITED STATES ARMY AVIATION TEST BOARD
Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362
REPORT OF TEST
PART I - SERVICE TEST
OF AN
INTERIM DEFOLIANT SYSTEM
Table of Contents
Page No.
SECTION 1 - GENERAL
1. 1,
1.2.
1. 3.
1.4.
1.5.
1. 6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1. 10.
.
References
Authority
Test Objectives
Responsibilities
Description of Materiel
Background
Findings
Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
,
SECTION 2 - DETAILS AND RESULTS OF SUBTESTS . . .
2.0.
2.1.
2. 2.
2.3.
2.4.
Introduction. .
.
Installation Requirements
Flight Safety Aspects and Dimension Data . . .
Operational Data. ; . . . . .
Rocket and Machine-Gun Firing During Spray
Operation
2.5. Servicing Requirements
.
2. 6. Evaluation of Safety Aspects.
•
vii
1
1
2
2
3
3
8
9
16
16
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
25
26
�Table of Contents (Continued)
Page No.
SECTION 3 - APPENDICES
27
I. Test Data
IL Comparison with the SDR
(Classified CONFIDENTIAL: presented under
separate cover)
m. Deficiencies and Shortcomings
IV. Detailed Description of Materiel
V. Coordination
VI. Distribution List
viii
l-l
II>1
III-l
IV-1
V-l
VI-1
�SECTION 1 - GENERAL
1.1. REFERENCES.
a. Letter, STEDP-CB, Headquarters, Dugway Proving Ground,
20 February 1964, subject: "Dugway Proving Ground Test Plan
. ...
(OPGTP) C 432, Integrated Engineering/Service Test of an Interim
Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by the US Army and US Air Force,
USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-01 and -02, " with one inclosure.
b. Letter, AM3TE-NBC, Headquarters, US Army Test and
Evaluation Command, 30 March 1964, subject: "Test Directive,
USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-03, ED Test of Interim Defoliant
System for OV-1 Mohawk, " with two inclosures.
c. Letter, CDCMR-U, Headquarters, US Army Comb&t Developments Command, 4 May 1964, subject: "Department of the Army (DA)
Approved Small Development Requirement (SDR) for an Interim
Defoliant System, " with o n e inclosure.
••• "
d. Letter, AMCRD-SR, Headquarters, US Army Materiel
Command, 25 May 1964, subject: "Department of the Army (DA)
Approved Small Development Requirement (SDR) for an Interim Defoliant
System."
e. Letter, AMSTE-NBC, Headquarters, US Army Test and
Evaluation Command, 19 June 1964, subject: "Engineering/Service
Test of Interim Defoliant System, USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-00. "
f. Review Manuscript, MP 3-1040-240-12, "Operator and
Organizational Maintenance Manual, Spray Tank, Biological, Airplane,
E44 (End Item Code 958)," Department of the Army, June 1964, as
corrected 8 September 1964.
g. Summary Report 64-10, "Automatic Spot Counter and Sixer, "
Dugway Proving Ground, July 1964.
h. Letter, BUWEPS RAAD-131/14: CMM, 31 August 1964,
subject: "Model OV-1 Aircraft - Recommended Flight Operating
Limitations (Armament Aircraft); Revision to. "
�i. Review Manuscript, MP 3-1040-240-20P, "Organizational
Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools Lasts for Spray Tank,
Biological, Airplane, E44, (FSN
), (End Item Code 958), "
Department of the Army.
1.2.
1.2. 1. Directive.
. ,
Letter, AMSTE-BG, Headquarters, US Army Test and Evaluation Command, 10 December 1963, subject: "Directive for Conducting an Integrated Engineering /Service Test of an Interim Defoliant
System for the OV-1 (Mohawk) Aircraft Jointly with the US Air Force,
USATECOM Project No. 5-4-3001-00," as amended 30 January 1964.
1. 2. 2. Purpose.
To determine the suitability of the interim defoliant system on
the OV-1 (Mohawk) for the purpose of recommending type classification.
1. 3. TEST OBJECTIVES.
1.3.1. Primary.
To determine whether the performance, reliability, maintenance
requirements, and suitability of the Army Interim Defoliant System for
the OV-1 (Mohawk) Aircraft meet the SDR.
1.3.2. Secondary.
1. 3. 2.1. To determine whether the interim defoliant system will
interfere with the defensive capability of the OV-1 armed with machine
guns and rocket subsystems and whether the use of such systems will
adversely affect the spray tanks.
1.3. 2. 2. To obtain data for prediction of contamination densities and
area coverages for a variety of release heights and wind velocities.
�1.4. : RESPONSIBILITIES.
.
1.4. 1. Dugway Proving Ground.
, . -L •"
• . \ ' ' ^' I—•
:
.Dugway Proving Ground was responsible for:
1.4.1.1. Consolidating and coordinating the plan of teat.
',<••,
•
''
1.4.1.2. Providing support for the Service Test accomplished at
Dugway Proving Ground.
, ; :
1.4. 1. 3.
Conducting the Physical and Dissemination Testa.
1.4,1.4. Providing a representative to monitor the Climatic Test
conducted by the US Air Force for the US Army.
*
-, : .v
1.4. i.5. Providing USATECOM with part IE, Physical Te«t (to include
US Air Force Climatic Test) and part m, Dissemination Test, of the
report of test.
;
• .
_ ' • • " * • • .
1
*4'2'
"
US Arm
•
' • . - • • . - ' - - • - ' -
y Aviation Test Board (USA.AVNTBD).
The USAAVNTBD was responsible for:
1.4.2. 1. Providing support for, and participating in, the Dissemination
Test accomplished at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah.
1. 4. 2. 2.
Conducting the Service Test.
1.4. 2. 3. Providing USATECOM with part I, Service Test, of the
report of test.
1.4.3.
US Army Biological Laboratories.
The US Army Biological L/aboratorieB were responuible for
providing the defoliant system for all tests.
1.5.
DESCRIPTION OF MATERjEL.
The defoliant system consists of two E-44 biological onvay tanko
designed to epray chemical agents from an rirplane fitted for external
wing stores. The system was installed on an armed OV-1C Airplane.
A detailed description is contained in appendix IV.
�Figure 1. Nose-cone section with four-bladed ram-air drive turbine.
1. 5.1. Tank.
,
The tacks are modified Aero 1C 150-gallon auxiliary fuel
tanks. The npse-cone section contains a variable pitch, four-bladed,
ram-air drive turbine which is coupled directly to a centrifugal pump
(figures 1 and 2). The pump provides the pressure necessary to
disseminate the agent at a rate up to 350 gallons per minute. The
nose-cone section was protected by an aluminum bulkhead which
reduced the tank capacity to 134 gallons. On the armed OV-1C Airplane,
�Figure 2. Nose-cone section with upper cowling removed.
the tank was further limited to a capacity of 80 gallons of agent by the
store - station weight limitations. The tail section houses a motoroperated gate valve which controls the fluid flow from the chemical
transfer line (pump output) to a spray boom horizontally mounted on the
rear of the tank. (See figure 3.) The spray boom has 32 tapped outlets
which accommodate the number of nozzles for the desired dissemination
rate (figures 4 and 5).
�Figure 3. .Tail section with inspection plate removed showing motoroperated gate valve.
1.5.2. Agent,
The defoliant agent used during testing consisted of a 50/50
mixture of LNA and LNB called "Orange" (Chemical Corps purchase
description: 198-2-47EA, Herbicide Mixtuve, Orange). The agent
was dyed with six grams of Dupont Oil Rerl (C. I. 258) per liter of
agent for test purposes.
6 ,
�Figure 4. Rear view of the interim defoliant system installed on wing
station No. 4, showing the Spray boom with 32 nozzles installed. An
LAU 32/A 2. 75-inch FFAR pod is mounted on wing station 6 with the
XM-14 50-caliber machine-gun pod on wing station 5.
1.5.3.
Controls.
The gate valve and turbine brake are electrically controlled
from the armu.ment panel in the cockpit, utilizing the 28-volt d. c.
electrical system.
"" "
�Figure 5.
1.6.
Close-up view of spray boom nozzles.
BACKGROUND.
1. 6.1. The requirement for the defoliant system is contained in subparagraph 129d(4), appendix E, of the Combat Developments Objectives
Guide.
1.6.2. The US Army Biological Laboratories were the prime contractor
for developing the defoliant system for use by both the US Army and
US Air Force.
�1. 6. 3. The defoliant system was given a safety- of -flight release on
31 August 1964 (reference h).
, <• - * j.
\
' - \* '
. *
t '•
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f
1.6.4. A coordination' meeting of all participating agencies was held
at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, on 23 March 1965. The following
resulted:
.
' . - . .^
•*"-
, . - - >
>
1.6.4.1. The USATECOM representative authorized: v
*-*vC*'
1
"". .
'
'
,
"' "'• "W*--1
a. Submission of a three -part report of test instead of one
integrated report. Part I, the Service Test report, contains a complete "Section I - General" (including findings, conclusions, and
recommendations of all the parts of test), and is the responsibility of
the USAAVNTBD. Part II, the Physical Test, includes the Climatic
Test conducted by the US Air Force. Part ffl is the Dissemination
Test. Dugway Proving Ground is responsible for parts n and in and
will submit these parts directly to USATECOM.
'- *** j
•-
-
' ' : ' ' :
. b. Use of pertinent data from the US Air Force test with
the modified tanks to evaluate the maintenance package and refilling
procedures. If possible, previous Dissemination Test data based on
prediction will be confirmed.
>
•
'
.
'
•
.•
•
1. 6. 4. 2. Suitability of the maintenance and refilling data obtained
from the US Air Force service test on the modified tanks will determine
the requirement for a check test. Two tanks will be modified and made
available for a check test if required.
1.7.
FINDINGS.
1.7.1. General.
...,<
l
.
v
1. 7. 1. 1. The system was installed on the armed CV-1C Airplane with
adequate clearances and without exceeding center -of-gravity (e.g.) limits
in any configuration. Initial installation and system check-out including
filling time required 7. 72 man-hours. (Tanks were filled after being
mounted on the aircraft. ) The only reconfiguration of the airplane was
disconnecting the electrical cannon plugs for the Aero 65 racks on wing
stations 3 and 4. The spray tank wiring was connected directly into
the wing outlet located in the pylon; therefore, only manual jettison was
possible.
�-
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^^5*^- vJ^4f:^^.v-v;-r^^r?4i^V .-. - '
llfe'iS
Figure '6. Gravity-f?o\v filling of
installed spray tank usi:ig a 55gallon drum and an MJ-3 loading
trailer.
10
�Figure 7. The MJ-3 loading trailer with load spreader supporting a
spray tank in position.
1. 7.1. 2. Gravity-flow filling of the system (used to fill tanks mounted
on the airplane) required 1.5 man-hours. No special transfer equipment was provided. Equipment uscr' \vaa a 55-gallon drum with attached
nozzle (figure,6). A simpler and faster method of filling the tank is
needed. No difficulty was encountered in filling the tank when external
stores were carried on wing stations I, 2, 5, and 6.
1.7.1.3. The use of MJ-3 loading trailers which incorporate a lift
platform expedited mounting and filling operations (figure 7). The
only other ground-handling equipment utilized was a utility transport
11
�Figure 8. Utility transport trailer with two spray tanks installed.
trailer (figure 8) capable of carrying two full tanks. This equipment
is not Army standard. Mounting empty tanks on the wing stations and
then filling them with agent was faster and safer than mounting full
tanks.
1. 7.1. 4. The tank and packaging were not damaged and had not deteriorated, and the tank was functional after exposure to the following tests
(details are contained in part U, Physical Test):
a.
High temperature
b.
Low temperature
12
�c. Temperature chock
d. Rain "'
e.
" '
•'
- '• •
Humidity
f.
'
'"'
" ' • " """• '• ;
-:
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Salt spray
g. Sand and dust
.. ...
„ .1
h.
Incline impact (except for splitting of cleats in shipping
,
i.
Corner-wise drop
j.
Rough road haul
crate)
. ,
.
_
k . Slosh
.
,
.-..'.".'•;
1. Ground transportation vibration
m. Air transportation vibration (packaging was damaged but
tr>^ tank was operable)
1, 7.1. 5. Safety features of the system were considered adequate;
however, there was nc de-vice to prevent spillage through the overflow
tube during ground handling and accelerations. The agent was a. mild
skin irritant and harmful to macadam surfaces. Spills on a sod field
would cause discoloration which could be an undesirable tactical feature
as it would invite attention to the area by cir craft.
1.7. 1.6. The maintenance package, which consisted of Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and -20P, was evaluated and considered
unsuitable. The system was not operated long enough to give adequate
data to determine a spare parts list required. No special skills or
tools were required for maintenance performed during »hi? tsst.
1.7.2. Effects of the System on the Airplane Performance.
1.7,2.1. Degradation of airplane performance was minimal. No agent
impinged on the airplane surfaces during spraying runs utilizing either
maximum or lesser flow rates. All electrical controls in the system
ops-rated satisfactorily (see appendix I).
13
�.1.7.2.2. Armament firing during spraying was satisfactory. There
was no significant effect on the system operation from the firing of
machine guns and rockets. When rockets were fired from stations 2 and
5, a thin layer of rocket waste materiel was deposited on one side of
the *pray boom. Also, a fin-retainer button released when the rockets
fired made a small dent in the spray boom. Neither of these impingements affected the operation of the system.
1.7.3. Dissemination Performance.
fordetaUsT)
(See part TIT, Dissemination Test,
1.7.3.1. The maximum flow rate of the system was approximately 700
gallons per minute. Lower flow rates were obtained by decreasing the
number of spray nozzles prior to takeoff.
1. 7. 3.2. During 200-Vnot spraying runs utilizing the maximum flow
rate, the system produced a particle-size distribution having a mas«
medium diameter of 250 to 300 microns.
1.7.3.3. A deposit rate of three gallons per acre over an area greater
than or equal to 20 acres can be attained under most operational conditions.
1. 7.4. Deficiencies.
Two deficiencies were found during the Service and Dissemination Tests:
a. Rupture of the forward coupling hose during a high internal
pressure condition (figure 9).
b. Rupture of the rear coupling hose during a high internal
pressure condition (figure 9).
These deficiencies have been corrected and the modifications incorporated
in the systems delivered to the US Air Force for their service test. A
complete list of deficiencies and shortcomings is contained in appendix
1«7.5. Compliance with tlvs Sm«J? Development Requirement (SDR).
*
The system as tested complied with the operational characteristice of the approved SDR.
14
�firm
Figure 9. Ruptured forward coupling hose with torn teflon line (above)
and ruptured rear coupling hose prior to removal (below).
15
�1. 8.
DISCUSSION.
The modifications incorporated in the defoliant systems delivered
to the US Air Force for their service test should correct the deficiencies
and shortcomings found in this test. The US Air Force testing should
be monitored closely to determine the suitability of these corrections
and to compile data to complete the maintenance package and evaluate
agent transfer equipment. The requirement for a confirmatory or check
test could be determined after the results of the US Air Force test are
evaluated.
,
'
'
1.9.
CONCLUSIONS.
1. 9.1. The interim defoliant system should be suitable for Army use
on the armed OV-1C Airplane after the deficiencies and shortcomings
have been corrected.
.
'•
1. 9.2. The interim defoliant system was found to be compatible with
the armed OV-1C Airplane.
•
- ,
1. 9. 3. The Review Manuscripts MP 3-1040-240-12 and -20P should
be revised prior to production procurement of the interim defoliant
system.
1. 9.4. The flight, time allotted for the Service and Dissemination Tests
was insufficient to determine adequately the life of the system and to
compile an adequate spare parts list.
1.10.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
It is recommended that;
1. 10.1. The interim defoliant system, modified to correct the deficiencies
and shortcomings, be considered suitable for Army use on the armed
OV-1C Airplane.
1.10. 2. The results of the US Air Force service test of the modified
system b* reviewed to determine any requirement for farther Army
testing.
•
16
�SECTION 2
DETAILS AND RESULTS OF SUBTESTS
17
�I Previous page was blank, therefore not filmed. I
SECTION 2 - DETAILS AND RESULTS OF SUBTESTS
2.0. INTRODUCTION.
The service teat was conducted at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah,
uuring the period 14 September through 6 October 1964. A total of 13
spraying missions were attempted with the interim defoliant system
installed on the armed OV-1C Airplane; ten missions were successfully
accomplished. '
.
.
<„.-,i
2.1. INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS.
2.1.1. Objective.
• '•:•••
. - . . • . . - . • • • : - • ::; ,-..-.-»( y V.T.;-.
Y
To determine installation requirements.
2.1.2. Method.
,
t
.
-• .
The defoliant system was installed using both empty and full
tanks. The time and equipment required to uncrate the system and
install it were determined. The tanks were installed using the MJ-3
loading trailers. After a full spray tank was mounted on the Aero 65A
rack on one wing, the MJ-3 loading trailer platform was lowered slightly
to insure that the rack-mounting lugs had locked. The trailer platform
left in this position precluded a high wing condition on the opposite
wing' and assisted in mounting the second full spray tank.
2. 1. 3. Results.
2, 1. 3.1. A total of 6. 22 man-hours was required for initial installation
and checkout. Time and equipment required for uncrating and initial
installation is as follows:
a. Uncrating Time: 6 men @ 25 minutes = 2. 5 man-hours
Equipment used: MJ-3 loading trailer
b. Installation on aircraft (1) First spray tank empty, minus spray boom:
...
Time: 4 men @ 20 minutes = 1. 33 man-hours
Equipment used: MJ-3 loading trailer
19
�...... (2) Second spray tank empty, minus spray boom:"
Time: 4 men @ 16 minutes = 1. 06 man-hours"
.,.,..,-.;•; ^Equipment used: MJ-3 loading trailer ; ., ,
.
.
.
c. -v Electrical check, -
J
J
Time: 2 men @ 10 minutes = 0. 33 man-hour
Equipment used: Airplane electrical system and
armament stores controls .--'..V ••_'-.';•
d.
Spray boom installation - (two tanks)
.• ,
•
,
Time: 4 men @ 15 minutes = 1.0 man-hour '
2. 1. 3. 2. Average time to install defoliant system empty:
Time: 4 men @ 36 minutes = 2. 4 man-hours
•;..: - , Equipment used: Two MJ-3 loading trailers
<
3
2.1.3.3. Average time to install defoliant system full:
•;;
t-
;
(•,:-•<.
.
, Time: 4 men @ 40 minutes = 2. 67 man-hours
Equipment used: Two MJ-3 loading trailers
;
.
•
• - :
',;
...
2. 1. 3.4. Initial installation and system checkout including filling time
required 7. 72 man-hours. The only reconfiguration of the airplane
was disconnecting the electrical cannon plugs for the Aero 65 racks on
wing stations 3 and 4. . • -. .
.••
2. 1. 4. Analysis.
Not applicable.
2.2.
FLIGHT SAFETY ASPECTS AND DIMENSION DATA.
2. 2. 1. Objective.
Determine flight safety aspects and dimension data.
2. 2. 2. Method.
2. 2. 2. 1. Weight and balance were computed for takeoff weight with
full internal fuel, a two-man crew, and each spray tank filled to 80
20
�gallons. Landing weight was computed-for a 30-minute fuel reserve,
two-man crew, and empty spray tanks.
.£..';..
2. 2. 2. 2. Weight and balance were computed for takeoff weight full
internal fuel, a two-man crew, the spray tank full (80 gallons each),
and two XM-14 machine gun pods and two LAU 32/A rocket pods all
with full complements of ammunition. Landing weight was computed
for a 30-minute fuel reserve, a two-man crew, empty spray tanks,
empty machine gun pods, and empty LAU 32/A pods.
2. 2. 2. 3. The installation was measured to determine applicable
dimensions.
2. 2. 2. 4. The system was weighed empty and filled (80 gallons of
agent per tank).
- - . ; . . - . ; . \- : •:-.••;-.-..-,. \-_ •;
2. 2. 3. Results.
2. 2. 3.1. Both configurations were within takeoff and landing e.g.
and gross-weight limitations. DD Forms 365F are contained in
.
appendix I.
...... .
,
.....-,.- / .,/-.
2. 2. 3. 2. Ground clearances were adequate. Clearance from spray
tank to ground was 21. 75 inches.
2. 2. 3. 3. Clearance from the spray boom and the closest point on the
aircraft, the inboard end of the ailerons was 36. 0 inches and was
adequate.
2. 2. 3. 4. Weight of the defoliant system empty was 443. 52 pounds,
and weight with 80 gallons of agent per tank was 2149. 12 pounds.
2.2.4. Analysis.
Not applicable.
2.3. OPERATIONAL DATA.
2. 3. 1. Objective.
To determine operational data on the defoliant system with
specified flow rates of 700 (normal) and 350 gallons per minute.
21
�2. 3. 2.
Method.
2. 3. 2. 1. : The flow rate was set on the ground at 700 gallons per minute.
The airplane proceeded along flight path and altitude designated by DPG.
test officer at a true airspeed of 200 knots. The spray operation was
initiated and discontinued over designated points. The test was performed twice.
-.A-'-;"'.". .' ' - : . .".--. -..-v,' -. ,> V 'i-.-^..r :*;,:; •.,-!•2. 3. 2. 2. This test was repeated using a flow rate setting of 350 gallons
per minute.::;;,;,;.^ ,*,-., - r - ,., i: -,.• :.•-.-:.• = <:,<,•>:; -.: ;/.v ••:ci*z.U»r;;*i: y-fil
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2. 3. 3. Results.
(For dissemination data, see part III, Dissemination Test. )
2. 3. 3. 1. No agent impinged on the aircraft.
2. 3. 3. 2. ON-OFF control was effective; however, after closure of the
gate valve, agent remaining in the spray boom was emitted as a fine : :
!
mist for approximately eight seconds.
•
:
2. 3. 3. 3. Degradation of airplane performance was minimal.
2. 3.4., Analysis.
Not applicable.
2.4.
ROCKET AND MACHINE-GUN FIRING DURING SPRAY OPERATION.
2.4.1.
Objective.
To determine the effect that firing of rockets and machine guns
has on the defoliant system and its operation.
.
2.4.2.
Method.
2.4.2.1.
Test Configuration 1.
.. With defoliant system tanks mounted on wing stations 3 and 4,
LAU 32/A 2. 75-inch FFAR pods mounted on wing stations 1 and 6,
and XM-14 50-caliber machine-gun pods mounted on wing stations 2
22
�Figure 10. Front view of interim defoliant spray tank
mounted on wing station 3, LAU 32/A FFAR
pod on wing station 2, and XM-14 50-caliber
machine-gun pod on wing station 1.
and 5 (figure 4), delivery of the spray was initiated in the firing range
area. Rockets and machine guns were fired during spray delivery.
2. 4. 2. 2.
Test Configuration 2.
With defoliant system tanks mounted on wing stations 3 and 4,
LAU 32/A 2. 75-inch Folding Fin Aerial Rocket (FFAR) pods mounted
on wing stations 2 and 5, and XM-14 50-caliber machine-gun pods mounted
on wing stations 1 and 6 (figure 10), delivery of the spray was initiated
in the firing range area. Rockets and machine guns were fired during
spray delivery.
23
�2. 4. 3.
Results.
2.4.3.1. Test Configuration I.
",
2. 4. 3. 1. 1. Rocket and gun blast had no apparent effect on defoliant
system operation.
1;
••,
> 2.4. 3. 1.2. Rocket and machine-gun blast had no effect on spray system '
components. Spent rounds and links ejected downward from the machinegun pods were well clear of the spray boom. V
,
'.
2.4. 3. 1.3l No difficulties were encountered in using firing controls
while disseminating spray. As the ON-OFF controls for the spray
tanks a->-e on the BOMB fuze circuit, the rocket and gun-firing circuits
are not affected.
..
,
(,
•::.
""'-.' - ; V'
,'.
•
'
•":
:
' '., • V
'
'
'
'
. 2.4. 3. 1. 4. The spray tanks can be installed and filled with the weapon
' systems mounted in this configuration.
2.4.3.2. Test Configuration 2.
• '"
'
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.
,
.
.
:
•
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~
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2. 4. 3. 2. 1. Rocket and gun blast had no apparent effect on defoliant
system operation,
,.
,
2. 4. 3. 2. 2. Gun blast had no effect on spray system components. Rocket
blast, deposited a thin layer of waste material on one side of the spray
boom. One rocket fin-retainer button dented the forward edge of one
side of the spray boom.
2. 4. 3. 2.'3. No difficulties were encountered in using firing controls
while disseminating spray. As the ON-OFF controls for the spray
tanks were on the BOMB fuzing circuit, the rocket and gun-firing
circxtits were not affected.
2. 4. 3. 2. 4. The spray tanks can be installed and filled with the w pon
systems mounted in this configuration.
2. 4. 4. Analysis.
,
Because of impingement on the spray boom of burned material
and the fin-retainer button, continued use of test configuration 2 could
have a damaging effect on the spray boom.
'
24
^
�2.5. SERVICING REQUIREMENTS.
2. 5.1. Objective.
To determine time, equipment, and personnel requirements
to fill the spray tanks.
_ ,
„,_ i - r ; . v ,_:
2.5.2. Method.
.
i;
'
^ ^ '
- The tanks were installed full 11 times. Twice the tanks were
installed empty and filled on the airplane. The time, equipment, and
personnel required for each filling operation were observed and recorded. Ease of filling was evaluated. Scales were used for test
purposes and would not be required for tactical employment.
- i i:
- . . _ : * •
.
•
•
'
-
2.5.3. Results.
-
.
•• -
..•*•.
.
'
2. 5. 3. 1. Standard filling equipment was not available with the defoliant
system during the period of the Service Teat. The filling equipment
consists of a hand-driven, dispensing pump (FSN 4930-255-9132).
Gravity-flow filling using one MJ-3 loading trailer to elevate the supply
drum required three men an average of 30 minutes (1. 5 man-hours)
to fill two spray tanks mounted on the airplane.
2. 5. 3. 2. A comparison between loading filled tanks (80 gallons) using
the MJ-3 loading trailer and filling the tanks when installed on the airplans was made. Time required to load filled tanks averaged 2. 67
man-hours. Time required to fill the tanks installed on the airplane
averaged 1. 5 man-hours.
2. 5. 3. 3. The filled spray tank, loaded on the MJ-3 loading trailer,
could be moved around without difficulty on smooth terrain by three
men. A minimum of two men was required to move the fully-loaded
spray tank on the MJ-3. Three men accomplished this task with more
ease and efficiency. The lack of baffles within the tank permitted
sloshing during movement; therefore, one man stabilised the filled
tank while two pulled the trailer.
2. 5. 3. 4. Using two MJ-3 loading trailers to remove the two spray
tanks from the airplane, place on scales for measured filling, pick up,
reinstall, and hook up on the airplane required an average e'«.psed
time of 47 minute*. This action was accomplished by four men.
25
�2.5.4. Analysis.
Not applicable.
2.6. EVALUATION OF SAFETY ASPECTS.
2.6.1.
;
Objective.
;,
;
.;,,,.
.
To determine data for compliance with USATECOM Regulation
385-7, "Safety Confirmation."
2. 6. 2.
Method.
Safety aspects were evaluated during system operation. Effects
of the system on aircraft operation were qualitatively evaluated.
2.6.3. Results.
.
.:
. . .'.. ., .:
2.6.3.1. Safety features were adequate.
2. 6. 3. 2. The spray tanks were jettisoned safely at Patuxent River,
Maryland (reference g, section 1).
• ?••'.
2. 6.4. Analysis.
Not applicable.
26
�SECTION 3 - APPENDICES
27
�APPENDIX I
TEST DATA
�WEIGHT AND IAUNCE CLEARANCE FORM F
r. o. JW»
Air •»»
TACTICU.
17 S«Dt»nbtr 19*4
MOT
10
62-58S1
C*j*. Ktach
KBehMlAAP
MMHT
ZDtfoIiutSpny
9 4. 5
M«C MWUIK ( A*B CWM O
Tufa oa Wlnf
5.
$Utfa»185 (3«ad4)
DOTDMtmOH Or UMD
i 00
400
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OWVTU HAW MI
1
fWt/MM taMraxUM«. «*. »tfto< f«t •*#><•* toMf <uirf
CIOTT rfwA* tmlfftH* JM««« •
4I
9 7.1
comtEcriom <«* in
•on/
160 K»Uoai uci*
B.T n (
297
0,
HttWHL (
»>nii MJ. run (
MTO c« mro
TOTM. WDCHT KMOVia
10
TiiuoorT cmaincii (fknmcM)
TOTAL KIOKT WOCO
TAODIT C-«.»I%M. o.c.b«m.
•CT wnmcs (*/. in
i_i
159
2 4 .2 Q. i
76
UTOOCl MTO
UMITATICNS
1AWMT <»0
tsiso
(ttJ
11994
• PtXMISSIKE
C.G.TAK10TT
3.
Sprty 160 *»lloni
crniuTio Lioona amcmo*
> Bmntf r«/M«* /real owrMnt >ypHffl>»>» T. O.
< ApplivM* 1* *«a* v«4At (*•*. Ml.
• AffUoOti* lofmt <**tl<t («•/. /».
DD
1 ,{'
2.1.
nniuno UMOM c «. p flaeaMtMxw. 154.60
<arwr>r>)
/ a / F. J. Kir sen
WCtf KT AMO »ILAMCt AUTMOKTT
L
7 k. t
�WEIGHT AND BALANCE CLEARANCE FORM F
DATE
17 September 1964
Masnvnup/rueMT'iia
Teat
r o. i-if-tt *
TACTICAL
<vst KtveKse FOK THAHSTORT missions}
WVLAWTYPI
moM
JOV-1C
Michael AAF
SCRHU.NO.
10
62-5851
Michael AAF
REMARKS
REF
2 Defoliant Stray Tankt
on Wing Station 185(3
and 4)
Ft. Rocker, Ala.
PHOT
Cape. -Kindt
ITEM
1
OIL (
1
MOM/
I 0 S 3 2
3 S
CM.)
$
• INDEX OR
WEKHT
•ASK AMPLANC (FV«« Ov( C)
2
2 XM-14 Caliber .50
Machine Gun Podi on
Wing Station 21 3 (2
and 5)
2 IAU 32/A 2.75H
FFAR Rocket Launcber
Pods on Wing Station
237 (1 and 6)
fMOI-tf-tf
HOME STATION
r
9 1. S
S. 3
OKTRIOIiriON OF LOAD
fRIW
a
CAMS mo
not
«««
i^P*.
.*»; '*>*/W's5
185
2 Tanks
k,i»..i: '^in>. f*1. **-jw3
4 0 0
t 4 4
213
2 M.C.
Podl
4 > fl
if J , ft
237
2 LAU
32/A
8 1
1 p. 5
NO
2
•tlGHI
400
2 t. 0
7 3. 4
COMPUTER PLATE NO. (tfMtf)
fmrtl n*nt i furructfMU to tho pilot lor •hitting tomd antf
<h».'K4 Imktot .~/ ImiuliKt «*ouM kt «<,(«/. 60..
4
S
1 2 D 8 3 1 9 9 2. 6
O^IUTING WEIGHT
COMPT.
CALIBER
ROUNDS
wsm^iMi&s
CORRECTIOKS (Kif. II)
CHAN6CS (-f IT -)
rim
COMrT.
1 INDEX OH
MOM/
WEIGHT
1
5
e
«
Is
S
7
FORWARD
t 7 0 6
4 4 2
2 5 2
160 gtllota acent
me 1500 rdi. immo.
14 2.75" rockets
2 1 2. 5
7 9. 9
t 2. 1
1 9 3 0
3 1 0. 6
EXTERNAL
KOCXCTI
297
BUILT IN (
«*0
BOM* RAT (
<M->
EXTERNAL (
(M.)
I
WATER MJ. FUND (
0*U
9
10
JATO OR RATO
11
12
13
14
CORRECTIONS
d
'
TOTAL WEIGHT REMOVED
-
TOTAL WEIGHT ADDED
+
+
*CT DIFFERENCE (Rtf. Ill
LIMITATIONS
tCROS* WT. TAUOFF (»..
1S413
I PERMISSIBLE
C. O. TAKEOFF
• PERMISSIBLE
C. C. LANC1NS
P
t
12S63
>£nt.r cottmtmnt ui» J.
App lembt* to trot* weight (A*/. JJ).
*App Ue«ftA» to tfrow weight (/?•/. /J).
™^r»
1
• dinf vafiM* /rom current mpplic*t>l» T. O.
9
TAKEOFF C O. IN SI 14.
A.
c. OR m.
1 6 4 1 3 2 |6 3 7.
160.71
7
JATO OR RATO
AMMUNITION ttrayIrocketx,50caL,
FUEL
2 4 0 3
1 4 5 0
3 3 4. S
2 3 3. 7
?<£$****
156.36
156.36
ttfff^vlrtf}
TAKEOFF CONDITION (GprrRftrf)
BOMBS
1 GROSS WT. LAKCMhG (M.)
rww
TAKEOFF CONDITION (CAmmcM)
15
16
ESTIMATED LANOING CONOTTION
CSTIMATtD LANDING C. G.
COMPUTED BY (-SifnarBrt)
Bgtff&IStom
/s/ F. J. Kirsch
WEIGHT AND ftALAHCC AUTHDRITy <<tfful«r<)
PILOT (Slf.1«f«r«)
1 Z S 6 3 2 0 6 9, 5
*.
164.73
�APPENDIX n
COMPARISON WITH THE SDR
(Classified CONFIDENTIAL,; Presented Under Separate Cover)
�APPENDIX in
DEFICIENCIES AND"SHORTCOMINGS
- -.'•.•/'.•'" 'Tif-ftTi-'
'I' •'
A. Deficienciea. The following deficiencies were found during the
Service and Dissemination Tests:
•,,* - • ; ; . ; , ; ../•- •-,>'.
Deficiency
Suggested
Corrective Action
1. The forward
coupling hose
(centrifugal pump
to transfer line)
ruptured during s. 700gallon-per-minute dissemination and
rocket firing run at
approximately 200
knots true airspeed.
Replace with hose
which can withstand
high pressures generated during spraying.
2. The rear coupling
hose (gate valve to
spr.ay boom) ruptured
during 350-gallon-perminute -dis s eminatica
flight at approximately
200 knots true airspeed.
Replace with hose
which can withstand
maximum pressures
generated during
spraying.
Remarks
x
This suggested
modification
has been in- ,.
eluded in the
tanks sent to
the USAF.
;
This suggested
modification
has been included in the
tanks sent to
the USAF. ...
B. Shortcomings. The following shortcomings were found during
the Service and Dissemination Tests:
Shortcoming
1. Removal of the
nose cone upper cowling (a structural
member of the nose
cone) for inspection
and/or msiwouuii-' 2.
caused the lower
,
Suggested
Corrective Action
Weld the lower half of
the cowling to the tank
section.
in-i
Remarks
This suggested
modification
has been included in the
tanks sent to
the USAF.
�U: Suggested .
Corrective Action
Shortcoming
hall of the cowling
to displace downward. The resulting misalignment
caused difficulty
in reinstalling the
upper cowling.
Remarks
;
2. 'There was no
method of preventing agent over-flow
after filling the tank
to 80 gallons in a
level attitude, when
the tank was tilted,
raised, accelerated,
transported or during
normal ground handling.
Change to a different
method of limiting the
tank capacity to 80
gallons.
'
3. Wire to the ram air
turbine solenoid control
separated in flight.
Exercise better quality
control in wiring the turbine controls.
4. The cleats split in
the bottom of the shipping crate.
Provide shock-resistant
cleats and fastenings for
Level-A packaging of the
item.
Ill-2
' This suggested
" modification
has been included in the
tanks sent to
the USAF.
The wire was
too short and
was under
tension.
�APPENDIX IV
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MATERIEL
1. General.
defoliant system consists of two F— 44 biological spray
tanks. The spray tank is a modified Aero 1 .50-gallon auxiliary "- '
fuel tank'.' The capacity was. limited to 80 gallons of agent by an over- ;
flow stand pipe. ' The system is operated by the 28 -volt d. c. electrical
system controlled from the armament panel in the cockpit. The spray
unit develops pressure for spraying by means of a centrifugal pump, "
directly coupled to a variable pitch, four-bladed, ram-air driv turbine. The centrifugal pump transfers fluids from the main tank section
through a suction line, and forces the fluids at high pressure through
the transfer line to a gate valve control, to the spray boom.
'
I'-i'HY;- •-•':-.- ',:'-.•••-• .l;-i.r •; > :•*»•;'•:<:-'.••" o.';r: , • • • - ; • . ' • ; . • . 4 •••.-; ;?b 7,-^ »:•••..••;••£ \-iV't
2. Major Components. .... , . ., .. % . .,, K... ...,,„.,.,,...; :v/,i* ,,<*} hi - ' • • . ( , : ; - . •:.•'••;
:•:--••
:.-',-". _-<->r, •••
> .-. -•' ! .-.-. -.-
. :,.,,.
. . - ; , • ( - . , . .... , ^ r • ,.,f. ~ - . . , v ; . v . . :
.. ,: The spray tank consists of three major components; the nose-,
cone section, tank section, and tail section.
,
,
t
: ,,....., a.
Nose-Cone Section.
........
>..,'•-,..
The nose -cone section contains the variable pitch, fourbladed, ram-air drive turbine which is mounted on a support plate.
The rain-air drive turbine is directly coupled to the centrifugal pump.
The centrifugal pump is connected to the suction line transfer lines by
two teflon-lined rubber hoses. Electrical wiring is introduced into the
nose -cone section through a conduit line. Access to the nose -cone
section is accomplished by removal of the upper cowl.
, b. Tank Section.
This section contains the suction line and a check valve
to keep the pump primed during intermittent operation. This section
also contains the transfer line and an electrical conduit through the
tank body. Drainage is provided by a drain plug on the bottom of the
tank. Two access plates are provided on the left mid-section of the
tank to accomplish maintenance and inspection of the fluid storage area.
Suspension lugs with 14-inch spacing are provided. A cable with a
quick-disconnect fitting on the tank end provides for electrical control
IV-1
�from the airplane. An attached lanyard on the quick-disconnect fitting
allows emergency separation if the spray tank is jettisoned.
c.
Tail Section.
•MMWV^^MMMBMBMH^W
•
.,
., I ,'„!
.Ll
f
?c j
••*>•••
. *"i.
,
*
t
I
....... The tail section houses an electric-motor-operated gate
valve which controls the fluid flow from the transfer line to the spray
boom. The spray boom is connected to the gate valve by a teflon-lined
hose. The spray boom is attached to the horizontal fins with six
mounting clamps. An access door is provided for maintenance and ' '
inspection of the aft section. A modified Aero 1C tail cone fairing fits
over the spray boom. - , . , . . . v . - . , . , . . - , . . . ' • . . . — ..r..,,..,, . ,.., :,..,; .*,. ,,,-*.,.. ', ( .
'"'3. •' Details of Operating Components and Operation.
;;
•'"*•'
The ram-air drive turbine incorporates a solenoid-operated
brake. In the de-energized state, the ram-air drive turbine is in a
braked condition with the propellers feathered. When the solenoid is
energized, the propellers unfeather and rotate in a counter-clockwise
direction until the ram-air drive is in the governed range of 3600 to
4000 r. p. m. at 200 knots. The ram-air drive is directly coupled to
the centrifugal pump and at a drive speed of 3800 r. p. m., the pump is
capable of delivering 300 gallons per minute, depending on the number
of nozzles selected for the spray boom. The slide-terminating motoroperated gate valve io controlled by a stepping solenoid. Controls for
operation are on the BC MB fuze circuit on the armament panel in the
cockpit. The TAIL position of the BOMB fuze circuit energizes the
ram-air drive brake solenoid only, and the NOSE and TAIL, position
energize the ram-air drive brake solenoid, the gate valve stepping
solenoid, and the gate valve motor. After the desired airspeed is
attained, the armament circuit breakers are pushed in, armament
power is switched on, and the BOMB fuze switch is placed in TAIL,
position. To begin spraying, the BOMB fuze switch is moved through
the SAFE position to the NOSE and TAIL, position, which opens the
gate valve. The switch is then returned to the TAIL, position. To
terminate the spraying operation, the switch is again moved to the
NOSE and TAIL position, which permits the gate valve to close. The
switch is then placed in the SAFE position.
4. Weights and Measurements of the Defoliant Tank.
a.
Capacity:
80 gallons
IV-2
�b. Weight: Empty
Full
221.76 pounds
1074.56 pounds
c. Overall Length:
166.10 inches
d. Diameter:
21.16 inches (maximum)
e. Center of Gravity: Empty
Full
77. 50 inches
79.18 inches
f. Spray Boom: Length
73.0 inches
Number of orifices: 32
IV-3
�APPENDIX V
COORDINATION
The following ageacie* participated in the review of the final
report:
US Army Aviation School
US Army Combat Developments Command Aviation Agency
�AP
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Hit I - Wnta TM. << UMTICOM IW^A
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" •• tr'1'*
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�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
024
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0354
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, U.S. Army Aviation Test Board, Fort Rucker, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
May 25 1965
Title
A name given to the resource
Report of Test USATECOM Project Numbers 5-4-3001-01 and -02, Integrated Engineering/Service Test of an Interim Defoliant System Conducted Jointly by the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, Part I - Service Test
Subject
The topic of the resource
spray equipment
Ranch Hand aircraft
herbicide application
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/015a729b1af5623d424441746a06bc4d.pdf
0d438b62c4671f25db3c1b731cdd1b84
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
00355
Author
Scheidecker, Robert N.
Corporate Author
u.s. Air Force
Minutes: A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System
Support Conference, 25 and 26 August 1966
Journal/Book Title
Year
1966
Month/Day
Au ust
Color
M
Number of Images
1
DBSCrlptOU Notes
pages 32-34 missing; figures 4 and 17 incomplete. This
item was filed by Alvin L. Young under the category
Military Use of Herbicides (item no. 65) and under the
category Equipment, How Developed (item no. 356)
9
Monday, January 29, 2001
Page 356 of 382
�Item No.: 356
Author(s): Scheidecker, Robert N.
Editor/Translator:
Corporate Author:
Article/Report Title: Minutes: A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant
Dispenser System Support Conference, 25 and 26 August
1966
Journal/Book Title:
Date: August 1966
Publisher:
This item was filed by Alvin L.Young under the category
Military Use of Herbicides (item no. 65) and under the
category Equipment, How Developed (item no. 356).
Item no. 356 is a duplicate of item no. 65
Please see item no. 65 for the complete
document.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
024
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
0356
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series II
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Scheidecker, Robert N.
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>U.S. Air Force
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1966-08-01
Title
A name given to the resource
Minutes: A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System Support Conference, 25 and 26 August 1966
Subject
The topic of the resource
spray equipment
Ranch Hand aircraft
herbicide application