1 15 47 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/9098f5da95da08100660fbf213683621.pdf b9cea019ad99fb8a7c6fba0d5ecc3b0b PDF Text Text Item D Number °1795 Author Young, Alvin L. Corporate Author Rmort/ArOdfl TlflB Typescript: Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1961nivui i/ni uuu MUD 1971 _ June 14 _ 1983 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color n Number of images 9 DeSCTlpton NOtBS Alvin L Youn 9filed tnis item under "Vietnam Veterans Twin Study." Typescript is a synopsis of information from Chapters I and III of The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin (see Item 1165). Wednesday, July 11, 2001 Page 1796 of 1870 �USE OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1961-1971* Alvin L. Young MAJOR, USAF, Ph.D. Herbicides used in support of tactical military operations in South Vietnam from 1961 to 1971 are today, twelve years after the last herbicide mission, the center of intense scientific debate involving not only medical but also legal, political and ecological issues. This paper reviews the historical and operational concepts and some potential human exposure considerations involving the military use of herbicides in the Southeast Asian Conflict. Synthesis technology, efficacy data, and field application techniques were developed for the two major phenoxy herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4--D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) during World War II at Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. Following World War II, the commercial use of these two "synthetic" organic herbicides revolutionized American agriculture. In 1950, more than 10 million pounds of these materials were used annually for weed and brush control in the United States. By 1960, in excess of 36 million pounds were used. In May 1961, the Office of the Secretary of Defense requested the Fort Detrick personnel to determine the technical feasibility of defoliating jungle vegetation in the Republic of Vietnam. By early fall, 1961, 18 different aerial spray tests (defoliation and anticrop) had been conducted with various formulations of commercially-available herbicides. The choice of these herbicides was based upon the chemicals that had had considerable research, proven performance, and practical background at that period in time. Also, such factors as availability in large quantity, costs, and known or accepted safety in regard to their toxicity to humans and animals was considered, The results of these tests were that significant defoliation and anticrop effects could be obtained with two different mixtures of herbicides. The first was a mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,^,5-T and the iso-butyl ester of 2,4, 5-T. This mixture was code-named "Purple". The second "military" herbicide was code-named "Blue" and consisted of the acid and sodium salt of cacodylic acid. The colored bands which were painted around the center of the 55~gailon drums served as aid to the identification by support personnel. . * The first shipment of Herbicides Purple and Blue was received at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, on 9 January 1962. These were the first military herbicides used in Operation RANCH HAND, the tactical military project for the aerial spraying of herbicides in South Vietnam. Two additional phenoxy herbicide formulations were received in limited quantities in South Vietnam and A synopsis of Information from Chapters I and III of The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, Air Force Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92, USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. (Authors: A. L. Young, 3. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and 3. W. Tremblay) 1978. 6-14-83 �evaluated during the first two years of Operation RANCH HAND. These were code-named Pink and Green. By January 1965, two additional military herbicides, code-named Orange and White, had been evaluated and brought into the spray program. Herbicide Orange replaced all uses of Purple, Pink, or Green, and eventually became the most widely used military herbicide in South Vietnam. The composition of the three major herbicides used in South Vietnam were as follows: 1. Herbicide Orange Orange was a reddish-brown to tan colored liquid soluble in diesel fuel and organic solvents, but insoluble in water. One gallon of Orange theoretically contained 4.21 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4--D and 4.41 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4,5-T. Orange was formulated to contain a 50:50 mixture of the ri-butyl esters of 2,4~D and 2,4,5-T. The percentages of the formulation typically were: n-butyl ester of 2,4-D .free acid of 2,4-D n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T free acid of 2,4,5-T inert ingredients (e.g., butyl alcohol and ester moieties) 2. 49.49 0.13 48.75 1.00 0.62 Herbicide White White was a dark brown viscous liquid that was soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of White contained 0.54 pounds of the active ingredient of 4-amino~3,5,6~trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2.00 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4-D. White was formulated to contain a 1:4 mixture of the triisopropanoamine salts of picloram and 2,4-D. The percentages of the formulation were: triisopropanolamine salt of picloram 10.2 triisopropanolarnine salt of 2,4~D 39.6 inert ingredient (primarily the 50.2 solvent triisopropanolamine) 3. Herbicide Blue . •* Blue was a clear yellowish-tan liquid that was soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of Blue contained 3.10 pounds of the active ingredient hydroxydimethyarsine oxide (cacodylic acid). Blue was formulated to contain cacodylic acid (as the free acid) and the sodium salt of cacodylic acid (sodium cacodylate). The percentages of the formulation were: cacodylic acid sodium cacodylate surfactant sodium chloride 6-14-83 4.7 26.4 3.4 5.5 �water antifoam agent 39.5 0.5 As previously noted, not all of the herbicides used in South Vietnam were used throughout the entire 10 years (1962-1971) encompassed by the Department of Defense defoliation program. In addition, 2,4»5-T formulations used early in the program are believed to have contained higher levels of the toxic contaminant TCDD (2,3,7,8~tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or "dioxin") than did the formulations used in later years. The three time periods shown in Table 1 can be differentiated on the basis of specific herbicides used and the mean dioxin content. TABLE 1 THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE TIME PERIODS DURING THE US MILITARY DEFOLIATION PROGRAM IN SOUTH VIETNAM AND MEAN DIOXIN CONTENT PERIOD HERBICIDES USED - (CODE NAMES) MEAN DIOXIN CONTENT (PARTS PER MILLION)* January 1962 June 1965 Purple, Pink, Green Blue July 1965June 1970 Orange White, Blue 2+ 0 July 1970 October 1971 White, Blue 0 * ** 32** 0 Found only in 2,4,5-T containing formulations. Value based on analyses of five samples. Orange based on the analyses of 488 samples. Herbicide Orange was the most extensively used herbicide in South Vietnam. Orange accounted for approximately 10.7 million gallons of the total 17.7 million gallons of herbicide used (Table 2). It was used from mid-1965 to i June 1970. However, as stated in Table 2, Orange was not the only 2,^5-T containing herbicide used in the defoliation program. Small quantities of Purple, Pink, and Green, all containing 2,4,5-T were used from 1962 through mid-1965. In subsequent sections of this document, the term "Herbicide Orange" will refer to all of the 2,4,5-T containing herbicides used in Vietnam (Purple, Pink, Green, and Orange). 6-14-83 �TABLE 2 NUMBER OF GALLONS OF MILITARY HERBICIDE PROCURED BY THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND DISSEMINATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM DURING JANUARY 1962 - OCTOBER 1971 Code Name Herbicide Orange 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 1965-1970* White 2,4-D; Picloram 1965-1971** Blue Cacodylic Acid 1962-1971** Purple 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 1962-1965 Pink 2,4,5-T 1962-1965 Green 2,4,5-T 1962-1965 Quantity Period of Use Total * First fixed-wing spray mission of Herbicide Orange April 16, 1970; last helicopter spray mission of Herbicide Orange June 6, 1970. ** Last fixed-wing mission January 9, 1971; all herbicides under US control stopped October 1971. Use Patterns of Individual Herbicides Each of the three major herbicides (Orange, White, and Blue) had specific uses. Ninety-nine percent of Herbicide White was applied in defoliation missions. It was not recommended for use on crops because of the persistence of Picloram in soils. Because the herbicidal action on woody plants was usually slow, full defoliation did not occur for several months after spray application, thus, it was an ideal herbicide for use in the inland forests in areas where defoliation was not immediately required, but where it did occur it would persist longer than if the area were sprayed with Orange or Blue. Herbicide Blue was the herbicide of choice for crop destruction missions involving cereal or grain crops. Approximately 50 percent of all Blue was used in crop destruction missions in remote or enemy controlled areas with the remainder being used as a contact herbicide for control of grasses around base perimeters. Ninety percent of all Herbicide Orange was used for forest defoliation and it was especially effective in defoliating mangrove forests. Eight percent of Herbicide Orange was used in the destruction of broadleaf crops (beans, peanuts, 6-14-83 �ramie, and root or tuber crops). The remaining 2 percent was used around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communication lines. Table 3 shows the number of acres sprayed with herbicides in South Vietnam within the three major vegetationai categories. TABLE 3 THE NUMBER OF ACRES TREATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971, WITH MILITARY HERBICIDES WITHIN THE THREE MA3OR VEGETATIONAL CATEGORIES Vegetationai Caafegory Areas Treated* Inland forest 2,670,000 Mangrove forests 318,000 Cultivated crops 260,000 Total 3,2*8,000 "Areas receiving single or multiple coverage. Certain portions of South Vietnam were more likely to have been subjected to defoliation. Herbicide expenditures for the four Combat Tactical Zones of South Vietnam are shown in Table 4. These data were obtained from the HERBS tape (a computer listing of all herbicide missions in South Vietnam from 1965 through 1971). Total volume is in close agreement with the actual procurement data shown in Table 2. TABLE 4 US HERBICIDES EXPENDITURES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971: A BREAKDOWN BY COMBAT TACTICAL ZONE* ical Zones Orange Herbicide Expenditure fgalions) White Blue ''* CTZ I .2,250,000 363,000 298,000 CTZ II 2,519,000 729,000 473,000 5,309,000 3,719,000 294,000 1*227^000 11,305,000 *35jpOO 5,246,000 62*000 1,127,000 J7,678A000 CTZ III des Saigon) CTZ IV Subtotals Grand Total 6-14-83 �In addition to herbicides, numerous other chemicals were shipped to South Vietnam in 55-gallon drums. These included selected fuel additives, cleaning solvents, cooking oils, and a variety of pesticides. The insecticide Malathion was widely used for control of mosquitoes and at least 400,000 gallons of it were used from 1966 through 1970. In addition, much smaller quantities of Lindane and DDT were used in ground operations throughout the war in Southeast Asia. The distribution of the herbicides within Vietnam after their arrival did not occur randomly. About 65 percent was shipped to the 20th Ordnance Storage Depot, Saigon, and 3.5 percent was shipped to the 511th Ordnance Depot, Da Nang. Numerous aircraft were used in the air war in Vietnam, but only a few of these aircraft were used for aerial dissemination of herbicides. The "work horse" of operation RANCH HAND was the C-123, "Provider". This cargo aircraft was adapted to receive a modular spray system for internal carriage. The module (the A/A 45 Y-l) consisted of a 1,000-gallon tank pump, and engine which were all mounted on a frame pallet. An operator's console was an integral part of the unit, but was not mounted on the pallet. Wing booms (1.5 inches in diameter, 22 feet long) extended from the outboard engine nacelles toward the wing tips. A short tail boom (3 inches in diameter, 20 feet long) was positioned centrally near the aft cargo door. Each aircraft normally had a crew of three men: the pilot, co-pilot (nagivator), and flight engineer (console operator). During the peak activity of RANCH HAND operations (1968-1969), approximately 30 U C-123K aircraft were employed. However, many other squadrons of non-RANCH HAND C-123 aircraft were routinely used throughout South Vietnam in transport operations. The control of malaria and other rnosquito-borne diseases in South Vietnam necessitated an extensive aerial insecticide application program. From 1966 through 1972, three C-123 aircraft were used to spray Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide. These aircraft could be distinguished from the Herbicide-spraying aircraft because they were not camouflaged. These aircraft routinely sprayed insecticide adjacent to military and civilian installations, as well as in areas where military operations were in progress, or about to commence. Approximately 10 to 12 percent of all herbicides used in South Vietnam were disseminated by helicopter or ground application equipment. Generally, helicopter crews were not assigned to herbicide spray duties on a full-time basis and rotated the spraying duties with other mission requirements. The military UH-1 series of helicopters, deployed by the Air .Force, the Army, and Navy units, generally sprayed the herbicides. The most common spray system used was the AGRINAUTICS unit. This unit was installed in or removed from the aircraft in a matter of minutes because it was "tied down" to installed cargo shackles and aircraft modifications were not required for its use. The unit consisted of a 200gallon tank and a collapsible 32-foot spray boom. The unit was operated by manual controls to control the flow valve and a windmill brake. Generally, each helicopter had three crew members. A summary of the aircraft used in herbicide and insecticide operations is shown in Table 5. 6-14-83 .6 �TABLE 5 US MILITARY AIRCRAFT USED IN THE DISSEMINATION OF HERBICIDES AND INSECTICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM Aircraft Camouflaged Chemical Disseminated UC-123/UC-123K Yes All Herbicides UC-123K No Malathion Yes Orange, Blue Helicopter Air Force UH-1 Army UH-1B/UH-1D Navy UH/iE Various ground delivery systems were also used in South Vietnam for control of vegetation in limited areas. Most of these units were towed or mounted on vehicles. One unit that was routinely used was the Buffalo turbine. It developed a wind blast with a velocity up to 150 MPH at 10,000 ft^/minute volume. When the herbicide was injected into the air blast, it was essentially "shot" at the foliage. The buffalo turbine was useful for roadside spraying and applications of perimeter defenses. The herbicides of choice in these operations were Blue and Orange. Table 6 reviews the pertinent chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange. Table 7 reviews both the application parameters of the spray system used in the UC-123K aircraft and the characteristics of the spray itself. Generally, herbicides were sprayed in the early morning or late afternoon, so as to minimize the effects of air movement on particle dispersion. 6-14-83 �TABLE 6 PERTINENT CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HERBICIDE ORANGE Formulation Concentrated (8.6 Ib ai/gai)* Water Insoluble Density = 1.28 Vapor Pressure 3.6 x 10~* mm Hg at 30°C NBE** 2,4-D : 1.2 x 1Q~4 NBE 2,4,5-T : 0.* x 10-* TCDD : Viscous 1 x 10-* . 40 centipoises at 20°C Noncorrosive to rnetal Deleterious to paints, rubber, neoprene Long Shelf life * ** Pounds active ingredient (2,4™D and 2,4,5-T) per gallon. NBE - Normal Butyl ester. TABLE 7 APPLICATION PARAMETERS AND SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE C-123 MODULAR INTERNAL SPRAY SYSTEM Aircraft speed Aircraft altitude Tank volume Spray time Particle size: 100 microns: 1.9% 100-500 microns: 76.2% -. 500 microns: 21.9% 87% impacted within 1 min 13% drifted or volatilized Mean particle volume Spray swath Mean deposition Total area/tank Knots indicated air speed 6-14-83 130 K1AS* 150 feet 1,000 gallons 3.5-4 minutes 0.61 microliters 260 + 20 feet 3 gallons/acre 340 acres �SUMMARY The choice of herbicides used in South Vietnam in Operation RANCH HAND, 1962-1971, was based upon those herbicides that had been widely used in world agriculture, shown to be effective in controlling a broad spectrum of vegetation, and thought to be safe to humans and animals. The major herbicides used in South Vietnam were the phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These two herbicides were formulated as the water insoluble esters and code-named by the military as Purple, Orange, Pink and Green. A water soluble amine formulation of 2,4~D was used in Herbicide White. Two other herbicides were extensively used by the military, picloram (in White) and cacodylic acid (in Blue). An estimated 107 million pounds of herbicides were aerially disseminated on 3 million acres in South Vietnam from January 1962 through October 1971. Approximately 94 percent of all herbicides sprayed in Vietnam were 2,4-D (56 million pounds or 53 percent of total) or 2,4,5-T (44 million pounds or 41 percent of total). The 44 million pounds of 2,4,5-T contained an estimated 368 pounds of the toxic contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin). Ninetysix percent of all 2,4,5-T was contained in Herbicide Orange; the remaining 4 percent in Herbicides Green, Pink and Purple. However, Herbicides Green, Pink and Purple contained approximately 40 percent of the estimated amount of TCDD disseminated in South Vietnam. Green, Pink and Purple were sprayed as defoliants on Jess than 90,000 acres from 1962 through 1964, a period when only a small force of US military personnel were in South Vietnam. Ninety percent of all the Herbicide Orange (containing 38.3 million pounds of 2,4,5-T and 203 pounds of TCDD) were used in defoliation operations on 2.9 million acres of inland forests and mangrove forests of South Vietnam. 6-14-83 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 066 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1795 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1961-1971, June 14, 1983 Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand herbicide application Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide properties ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 086 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2156 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived St. Louis Post-Dispatch Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 14 1983 Title A name given to the resource Newspaper Special Section: Dioxin: Quandary for the '80s Subject The topic of the resource herbicide properties herbicide regulation herbicide toxicology popular press Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 085 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2147 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource True, Bill Margaret Gillerman Charles Bosworth, Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7 1983 Title A name given to the resource Memorandum and Clipping: Two articles with transmittal memorandum Subject The topic of the resource human exposure herbicide properties litigation popular press Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 085 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2143 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lambe, Joe Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Columbia Missourian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 17 1983 Title A name given to the resource Clippings: Dioxin's threat pervades life and Scientist's early dioxin warning unheeded by Missouri officials Subject The topic of the resource human exposure popular press herbicide testing herbicide properties Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 085 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2133 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Coalition for the Environment Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived r Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-02-01 Title A name given to the resource Alert Newsletter Subject The topic of the resource dioxin herbicide properties herbicide poisoning herbicide disposal Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 085 Folder The folder containing the original item. 2119 Series The series number of the original item. Series IV Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Biddle, Wayne Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The New York Times Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 23 1983 Title A name given to the resource Clipping: Dioxin's Peril to humans: Proof is Elusive Subject The topic of the resource herbicide testing herbicide properties cancer risk assessment popular press Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 077 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1991 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 9 1984 Title A name given to the resource Transcript of Proceedings: Royal Commission on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam, 9 February 1984 Subject The topic of the resource Australian Royal Commission Hearings ecological fate pesticide properties herbicide properties ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 070 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1894 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981-07-01 Title A name given to the resource Comment on the Use of Bipyridylium Herbicides in Vietnam Subject The topic of the resource herbicide properties herbicide toxicology health effects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 056 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1517 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Discovery Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 15 1979 Title A name given to the resource SAM Begins Herbicide Study Subject The topic of the resource Air Force Health Study herbicide properties Ranch Hand crew popular press ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 046 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1166 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Alvin L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-05-01 Title A name given to the resource Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam, 1961-1971, Presentation/Proceedings Subject The topic of the resource herbicide properties Ranch Hand human exposure ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 043 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1022 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rogers, Paul Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Health and Environment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Title A name given to the resource Veterans and Pesticides Subject The topic of the resource Australia herbicide properties veteran health and hygiene human exposure ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 041 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0971 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Poland, Alan Edward Glover Andrew S. Kende Mark DeCamp Christen M. Giandomenico Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 5 1976 Title A name given to the resource 3, 4, 3' , 4' - Tetrachloro Azoxybenzene and Azobenzene: Potent Inducers of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Subject The topic of the resource herbicide toxicology herbicide properties industrial exposure ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 041 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0970 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Poland, Alan Andrew Kende Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Federation Proceedings Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-10-01 Title A name given to the resource 2, 3, 7, 8 - Tetrachlorodibenzo -p- dioxin: Environmental Contaminant and Molecular Probe Subject The topic of the resource herbicide toxicology herbicide properties health effects ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 041 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0948 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Park, Colin N. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The American Statistician Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08-01 Title A name given to the resource Risk Assessment for 2, 4, 5 -T Subject The topic of the resource health studies herbicide properties ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 040 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0930 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nilsson, Carl-Axel Ake Norstrom Kurt Andersson Christopher Rappe Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) University of West Florida Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Pentachlorophenol : Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 Title A name given to the resource Impurities in Commercial Products Related to Pentachlorophenol Subject The topic of the resource herbicide properties chemical properties ao_seriesIII