1 15 15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 078 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1997 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries IV Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Witt, T. L. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Brazilian Stories Alleging Human and Animal Deaths Due to Herbicide Use are Unfounded Subject The topic of the resource herbicide poisoning Brazil herbicide white popular press ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 051 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1360 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Clement Associates, Inc., Arlington, Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 2 1983 Title A name given to the resource An Updated Review of the Literature on the Health Effects of the Phenoxy Herbicides, Volume 2, Annotated Bibliography, Final Draft Subject The topic of the resource dioxin herbicide blue herbicide white ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 051 Folder The folder containing the original item. 1359 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Clement Associates, Inc., Arlington, Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 2 1983 Title A name given to the resource An Updated Review of the Literature on the Health Effects of the Phenoxy Herbicides, Volume 1, Critical Analysis of the Literature, Final Draft Subject The topic of the resource dioxin herbicide blue herbicide white ao_seriesIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 031 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0558 Series The series number of the original item. Series III Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Journal of the American Medical Association Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of the American Medical Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 10 1982 Title A name given to the resource Corrections: Erroneous Statement Subject The topic of the resource herbicide white health effects ao_seriesIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/f12eadd0db1048b17990d195d7825dad.pdf bd159ce782817ab3c8790558781d5270 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 0027 ° Author The Dow Chemical Company, Midland Michigan ROpOrt/ArtiClO TitlB TORDON Herbicide for Defoliation Journal/Book Title Year 196 Month/Day August is Color Number of Images 5 n 38 Includes color photographs Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 270 of 341 �iV THE DOW C H E M I C A L COMPANY MIDLAND. MICHIGAN TORDON Herbicide For Defoliation August 18, 1965 �TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 OBJECTIVE 2 TECHNICAL SUMMARY 3 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 4 CONCLUSIONS Figures 1 thru 24 APPENDIX Dow Brochures "Down to Earth" "You Can Depend on Dow" 12 �-1INTRODUCTION At the Annual Defoliation Conference, August 10-11, 1965 at the U. S. Army Biological Laboratories, Ft. Detrick, Fredrick, Maryland, it was evident that the commercial Dow herbicide, TORDON, is one of the most successful defoliants and brush control herbicides presently available. A great many tests in commercial and military programs from laboratory-scale to large-area field operations have revealed the superior performance of TORDON in defoliation, brush control and deforestation. Following the Defoliation Conference, a technical presentation was made to the Department of Defense, Research and Engineering. At this meeting, it was suggested that a large-scale field test application of TORDON was in order. The operations in Viet Nam have shown that herbicidal spray applications are feasible and we feel that they are operationally sound. It seems reasonable to consider the massive use of defoliation and deforestation as an integral part of field operations. We feel that the necessary capabilities are at hand to satisfy these needs and that Dow is in an excellent position to assist in this effort. �-2- OBJECTIVE The purpose of this brochure is to present various experiences with the new Dow commercial herbicide, TORDON, emphasizing its superior performance in domestic and military test programs. Along with it, we offer the technical services of The Dow Chemical Company in support of the use of TORDON by the Department of Defense, and we seek any advice which will enable us to better plan to meet future needs for TORDON and any other associated herbicides. �-3TECHNICAL SUMMARY A new herbicide, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid, has been discovered and developed by The Dow Chemical Company. Formulations containing this herbicide are known by the Dow trade name TORDON. TORDON herbicide is safe to man and animals as determined by numerous experiments. The herbicidal activity of this new herbicide results from both leaf and root absorption. TORDON is rapidly translocated throughout plant parts, and the compound remains herbicidally active in soil for extended periods. TORDON herbicide is effective at low concentrations on broadleaved plants including most woody plants and vines and when combined with 2,4-D, it controls an extremely broad spectrum of woody plants. TORDON is more consistent in performance in the field under varying moisture and growth conditions than 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Aerial applications of sprays and pellet formulations of TORDON herbicide appear feasible for military use on broad areas. Hand applications of pellets on limited areas can provide control of brush in many areas. Combination with other Dow herbicides can provide control of most vegetation including grasses. We believe TORDON herbicide can be useful in several military situations and the technical information and commercial experience now available are sufficient to justify its use in Southeast Asia now. �-4TECHNICAL DISCUSSION TORDON herbicide represents a new class of herbicides which are more active than other presently known herbicides. This is Figure 1 the molecular structure of TORDON herbicide which chemically is known as 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid. TORDON herbicide was discovered, after extensive synthesis and analytical work, as a result of observations of growth malformations on plants. These experiments were being run by Dow to discover a chemical to conserve nitrogen in soil. TORDON can be made into water soluble formulations and can be mixed with other water soluble herbicides. Dow's formulation laboratories have developed excellent formulations of TORDON containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. TORDON is a relatively safe compound to use. For instance, in our toxicity studies, the LD 50 in white rats is 8200 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. In comparison, 2,4-D has an LD 50 in white rats of about 450 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Toxicological studies have also been conducted with TORDON herbicide to determine its effect from application to the skin, in the eye, and through vapor inhalation. No apparent problems were observed in these experiments at the dosage levels used. Sub-acute toxicity studies have been conducted on rats, sheep, beef cattle, Japanese quail, and chickens. The results of these studies show that TORDON is a relatively safe compound in the diet of these animals. Extensive studies have been conducted on aquatic animals such as snails, daphnia, gold fish, guppies, trout, sun fish, fat head minnow and bullheads. Most fish can tolerate concentrations of about 100 parts per million in water without fish-kill occurring. These studies have shown that sub-lethal concentrations of TORDON in aquatic systems caused no build-up in their tissue which would affect the aquatic organism itself or the animal consuming it in the food chain cycle. �-5Human subjects have been exposed to 5 and 10% water solutions of TORDON for extended periods of time and no skin irritation or skin sensitization has been found attributable to this exposure. Two-year feeding studies have been completed in albino rats and beagle dogs at concentrations of 15, 50 and 150 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. At the end of this study no adverse effects were observed in any of the test animals. Preliminary tissue analyses have been made on animals that have been fed high levels of TORDON. The results of these studies show that TORDON was rapidly excreted from the animal primarily in the feces and urine and does not appear to concentrate in animal fat, muscle and nerve tissue. It is concluded from these studies that TORDON herbicide will not create any hazard to livestock, wildlife including aquatic organisms, or man when used at rates necessary for vegetation control or manipulation. TORDON is not rapidly decomposed in soil and remains Figure 2 herbicidally active for extended periods of time in most soils. This picture shows a persistence study in one of our laboratories where the chemical was mixed in the soil and sensitive plants were planted periodically. This system eliminates the leaching factor in the determination of loss of a herbicide from soil. Nineteen months after the application of TORDON, plants were still being controlled at the rates used in this experiment. In field studies TORDON at the rate of 2 to 3 pounds per acre have killed sensitive plants in most soils one year after application and in some soils for as long as two years after application. Under most situations TORDON has disappeared from the soil three years after treatment using these rates. TORDON is adsorbed on some clays and on organic matter. The clay and organic matter content of soil directly influence the longevity of TORDON under field conditions. On a highly leachable sandy or gravely soil or on high rainfall sites TORDON herbicide may be removed from the soil �-6- in 6 to 9 months. In comparison, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are fairly rapidly decomposed in soil and normally do not remain active in soil for more than 2 or 3 weeks. TORDON herbicide is absorbed both through roots and leaves of plants and is an extremely active compound for the control of broad-leaved plants at concentrations much lower than other commercial herbicides. 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were among the most active organic herbicides prior to the discovery of TORDON. Direct comparisons between TORDON, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T have been made in many of our experiments. This next picture shows Figure 3 a comparison of TORDON herbicide and 2,4-D using field beans as the test plant. Applications were made to the soil thus root absorption was the primary route of entry into the plant. TORDON herbicide at 1/4 ounce per acre was considerably more effective than 8 times that rate of 2,4-D. Although 2,4-D can be absorbed by the plant roots it is much less active by this route than through applications to the leaf. TORDON appears to be at least as active by root absorption as from leaf absorption. The next picture shows the comparative effectiveness of TORDON, Figure 4 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T by leaf absorption. TORDON at 5 parts per million in a water solution resulted in more epinasty on the terminal portion of the plant on cucumbers than 2,4-D at 300 parts per million or 2,4,5-T at 5 parts per million. TORDON is very rapidly absorbed through leaves of plants and is translocated rapidly throughout the aerial and root portion of the plant within minutes after application. These factors are important in the field performance of TORDON. Since it can be absorbed by both leaves and roots to kill plants, environmental conditions do not effect the herbicidal activity to as great an extent as with most other herbicides. Thus, applications can be applied under less than ideal conditions and satisfactory results can be anticipated. This can be extremely �-7- helpful in scheduling applications and providing longer periods of time for spraying. As mentioned earlier, TORDON is most active on broad-leaved plants. The picture in Figure 5 shows the control of tomatoes, beans, cucumbers and soybeans with TORDON at 4 ounces per acre of TORDON while the grasses (wheat and corn) survived this application. Figure 5 The first TORDON sample outside of The Dow Chemical Company was provided to the Crops Division at Fort Detrick for their use in November 1962. Dr. Minarik was briefed on the results we had obtained to date on this compound and small samples were made available for laboratory evaluations. Experiments were conducted by Dow on the use of TORDON herbicide for anti-crop application for Fort Detrick on a research contract. We collaborated with Dr. Minarik and his associates by making available some of our plot areas for evaluation during 1962 and 1963. Some of these plots are shown in pictures taken near Chattanooga, Figure 6 Tennessee. These applications were made on July 17, 1962 and observations were made the fall of that year about three months following treatment. The first picture shows an application made with TORDON at 1 pound per 100 gallons of spray solution applied to wet the plant foliage. Note that there is no regrowth or stem resprouting on any of these species. The next picture shows Figure 7 an area treated with 2,4,5-T at 4 pounds per 100 gallons, the best commercial treatment, as a comparison. Note the regrowth from the stem and from the root area of these species. This work was conducted in co-operation with the Tennessee Valley Authority. Another experimental site was located in South Georgia. Figure 8 The picture in Figure 8 shows an area at time of treatment compared with the results from a treatment of TORDON at 1 pound per 100 gallons. The next picture was taken three growing seasons after application and shows the high degree of control Figure 9 �-8- that can be obtained with this herbicide, with no resprouting or reseeding back into the treated area. Similar experimental areas were established and evaluated in eight different locations in the United States and other tests were established in the Caribbean area and in England. One comparison in these experiments was the use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T as additives to TORDON. The data in Figure 10 shows the results obtained Figure 10 when TORDON plus 2,4-D was compared with TORDON plus 2,4,5-T in foliage sprays. These ratings were made two years after application and they show that 2,4-D was as effective as 2,4,5-T on almost all of the species in the experimental areas. 2,4-D was selected as the combination herbicide to formulate with TORDON for commercial woody plant control. The table in Figure 11 shows comparative data between the use of TORDON 101 Mixture (containing TORDON and 2,4-D) and a commercial 2,4,5-T ester formulation. TORDON 101 Mixture contains 1/2 pound of TORDON and 2 pounds of 2,4-D per gallon. Figure 11 The results two growing seasons following treatment indicate the higher degree of efficacy of the TORDON 101 Mixture in controlling most woody plants. 2,4,5-T normally gives good top kill of most woody plants, but regrowth from the root collar or from the roots often becomes a problem the same season of treatment and certainly by the end of the second growing season. In these treatments, it was obvious that TORDON gave excellent control of regrowth from both the root collar sprouting and root suckering species as well as providing good top kill following application. Leaf kill normally occurs within 10 to 14 days after application, but this depends somewhat on conditions prevailing during and following application. TORDON 101 Mixture has been tested through the world for woody plant control. The picture in Figure 12 is the result of applications on a power line in Australia where 2 gallons per acre were applied a year prior to this picture. Figure 12 �-9- The next two pictures show before and after treatment results near Bogota, Colombia where aerial application of TORDON 101 Mixture at 1 gallon per acre was used. Figure 13 Figure 14 In Mexico, TORDON 101 Mixture has also performed satisfactorily for woody plant control, as evidenced in Figure 15. Figure 15 Samples of TORDON 101 Mixture and other TORDON formulations were given to Dr. Minarik at Fort Detrick during 1963 and 1964. We understand excellent control of several species has been obtained in experimental applications that have been made by the Crops Division at several locations in the United States and in Southeast Asia. An extensive amount of research has been conducted by Dow in developing TORDON 101 Mixture for brush control on utility lines in the United States using high volume ground sprayers, fixed nozzles, mistblowers, and aerial application equipment. The picture in Figure 16 shows an area being treated in a swamp area north of New Orleans, Louisiana. TORDON 101 Mixture at 3 gallons per acre was applied in this application and the control obtained 4 months after spraying the area is shown in Figure 17. Aerial applications have been used commercially for the past 2 years in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, Australia, and several other areas. Figure 16 Figure 17 A 160-acre block was treated at Johnson City, Texas using TORDON applied by fixed-wing aircraft. Figure 18 is a picture of Figure 18 this area when treated. White brush has been a problem species, and 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T have not given adequate control of this brush species which is a serious problem on several million acrea of Texas ranch land. The next picture shows the results Figure 19 about 2 months after application. �-10TORDON 101 Mixture has been rapidly accepted for the control of woody plants through the United States and Canada (and in several other countries) in preference to other materials available for this use such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. In this third year of sales of TORDON 101 Mixture approximately 15 to 20% of the woody plant control operations in the United States and Canada are using TORDON 101 Mixture. For instance, at Camp Gagetown, the largest military installation in Canada, 4,500 acres of brush has been sprayed by aerial equipment using TORDON 101 Mixture. From both the experimental work that has been conducted and the commercial acceptance of this product in practice, it is evident that TORDON 101 Mixture is a superior brush killing product. As mentioned earlier, TORDON is rapidly absorbed by roots of plants. Early in the development of this product granular and pelleted formulations were made to explore the possible use of this product for woody plant control with soil applications. This project has proved very successful and a pelleted product has been developed. Applications of this product at the rate of 6 to 8 pounds of TORDON per acre have given a high degree of control of most woody plants when applied during periods of active plant growth. TORDON pellets can easily be applied by hand by workmen with no special training. Applications are made over the root area of woody plants which are normally killed within a Figure 20 relatively short time after application if moisture is available. TORDON pellets have proved useful for spot applications to brush areas which are difficult to reach with equipment or where hand labor is readily available. TORDON pellets should be useful for controlling brush in areas around military installations or outposts to eliminate cover. Figure 21 shows the results of applications of TORDON pellets in the United States three months following treatment. Figure 22 shows the results in Mexico a year following Figure 21 Figure 22 �-11application. TORDON pellets have been applied by aerial equipment in several areas ol the world. Figure 23 shows an application in Oregon. Figure 24 is a picture of results in Oregon. Figure 23 Figure 24 TORDON herbicide has also been very effective for the control of vines which are common problems in jungles throughout the world. Because of the increased effectiveness in the control of both woody plants themselves and the woody vines in these areas, visibility is increased considerably with the use of TORDON formulations compared with other methods. To provide complete vegetation control, including grasses, TORDON can be used in combination with other Dow herbicides. Results obtained by Dr. Minarik and his associates in Southeast Asia, coupled with Dow experience in commercial research, development and commercial use of these products, should be very helpful in solving vegetation control problems which the Defense Department faces in its operation and maintenance of field activities and installations. Since TORDON is such an effective new tool for manipulation of vegetation, we believe that it has a real place to serve in Southeast Asia and can provide long-term control of vegetation without injuring animals or people. Formulations are available that can be applied in equipment which is operational now, and we feel that the application of TORDON 101 Mixture would be of military significance in Viet Nam now. It can be used to kill trees and brush around key installations thus materially assisting in their defense. It can be used to create barrier strips or to isolate zones of activity and would restrict the movement of the Viet Cong by increasing observational capabilities. We believe that the use of TORDON 101 Mixture in strategic areas would help reduce United States and Viet Nam casualties. �-12CONCLUSIONS 1. A new herbicide, TORDON 101 Mixture, is a superior defoliant and brush control chemical. 2. Six years of Dow research and three years of research by the U. S. Army Biological Laboratories at Fort Detrick have reported outstanding success for TORDON in comparison with all other available commercial herbicides. 3. TORDON has a very low toxicity and is much less toxic than any other defoliant now being used. 4. High analysis pelleted TORDON formulations are available for either air application or for ground applications to clear areas around military bases. 5. TORDON 101 Mixture is commercially available today, and can be applied in equipment which is operational now. 6. The application of TORDON 101 Mixture would be of military significance in Viet Nam now because it would a. Assist in the defense of key installations b. Restrict the movement of the Viet Cong c. Increase observational capabilities d. Help reduce United States and Viet Nam casualties �Figure 1 TORDOIT HERBICIDE NH 2 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid �Figure 2 i ^ ^ » is -hen c e f '" k /wxi^rA/j W^- V —^^ A persistence test with Tordon herbicide �Figure 3 Soil application of Tordon and 2,4-D on field beans �Figure 4 5 PPM 2,4,5-T 5 PPM TORDON 300 PPM 2,4-D Leaf absorption of Tordon herbicide compared with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, using cucumbers �Figure 5 Selectivity of Tordon herbicide �Figure 6 m % m. ipy; IIP?: ifeM - . -'iffe: Response of brush at Chattanooga, Tennessee to Tordon 101 Mixture �Figure 7 . ;' , ] 1 *i •; Response of brush at Chattanooga, Tennessee, to 2,4,5-T �Figure 8 a» An area near Thomasville, Georgia, at time of application �Figure 9 The Thomasville, Georgia, area 3 growing seasons after application of Tordon 101 Mixture �Figure 10 PER CENT TOP KILL WITH NO RESPROUTING OF SEVERAL BRUSH SPECIES TWO GROWING SEASONS AFTER APPLICATION Tordon + 2,4-D Tordon + 2,4,5-T Per Cent Per Cent WOODY PLANTS Maple (Acer spp. ) 91 86 Ash (Fraxinus spp . ) 41 25 Balsam -Fir (Abies balsamea) 83 80 Aspen (Populus spp . ) 100 100 Birch (Betula papyrifera) 100 100 Alder (Alnus rugosa) 100 100 Cherry (Prunus spp . ) 100 100 Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua) 76 93 Oak (Quercus spp . ) 66 40 Pine (Pinus spp.) 74 70 �Figure 11 PER CENT TOP KILL WITH NO RESPROUTING OF SEVERAL BRUSH SPECIES TWO GROWING SEASONS AFTER APPLICATION Tordon 101 Mixture 2,4,5-T Ester Per Cent Per Cent 99 14 Aspen (Populus spp.) 100 90 Maple (Acer spp.) 100 33 Oak (Quercus spp.) 84 34 Ash (Fraxinus spp.) 62 66 Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua) 80 59 Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) 91 42 100 42 Buttonbush (CephaIanthus pubescens) 100 80 Cherry (Prunus spp.) 100 80 Hickory (Carya spp.) 45 8 100 58 Black Locust (Robinia Psudo-Acacia) 99 49 Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica) 13 WOODY PLANTS Coniferous species Cypress (Taxodium spp.) Persimmon (Diospyros spp.) 100 �Figure 12 Results from application of Tordon 101 Mixture at 2 gallons per acre 1 year following treatment Sidney, Australia �Figure 13 An untreated area near Bogota, Colombia �Figure 14 An area near Bogota, Colombia, 1 year after treatment with tordon 101 Mixture �Figure 15 An area in Mexico 1 year after treatment with Tordon 101 Mixture �Figure 16 Aerial application of Tordon 101 Mixture at 3 gallons per acre in a swamp near New Orleans, Louisiana �Figure 17 The area near New Orleans 5 months after treatment �Figure 18 White brush near Johnson City, Texas, at time of treatment �Figure 19 White brush at Johnson City, Texas, 2 months after application of Tordon �Figure 20 Spreading Tordon pellets by hand over the root system of brush in Michigan �Figure 21 \ Brush in Michigan 3 months after application of Tordon pellets �Figure 22 V Brush control in Mexico with Tordon pellets 1 year after treatment �Figure 23 ;„ Aerial application of Tordon pellets in Oregon !f|lc Ee?f^ | ,, ^ J $ W «- , > �Figure 24 "^ ' «.. *•" •• • ' Brush control in Oregon 1 year after aerial application of Tordon pellets � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0270 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: The Dow Chemical Company, Midland Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 18 1965 Title A name given to the resource TORDON Herbicide for Defoliation Subject The topic of the resource herbicide white herbicide testing herbicide properties Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0266 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Seymour, K. G. B.C. Byrd Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: The Dow Chemical Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-01-01 Title A name given to the resource Particulate Sprays for Reducing Drift From Herbicide Applications Subject The topic of the resource herbicide testing herbicide white herbicide application Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0265 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Watson, A. J. M. G. Wiltse Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: The Dow Chemical Company Title A name given to the resource Tordon... For Brush Control on Utility Rights of Way in the Eastern United States Subject The topic of the resource herbicide testing defoliation trees herbicide white Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0264 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Watson, Andrew J. Keith C. Barrons Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: The Dow Chemical Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-08-01 Title A name given to the resource XX. Effects of Tordon on Crops Subject The topic of the resource herbicide white herbicide testing crops defoliation Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0263 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schwartzbeck, R. A. Mark G. Wiltse Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: The Dow Chemical Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-01-01 Title A name given to the resource A New Herbicide, 4-Amino-3,5,6-Trichloropicolinic Acid (Tordon) For Brush Control in the Northeastern United States Subject The topic of the resource herbicide testing trees herbicide white defoliation https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/001545f45a1cfed571a38d43192e8535.pdf 4769742d5dda8746a92e4ad8a2782ae2 PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00250 Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title [Typescript: technical Defoliant Problems Journal/Book Title [~_Z~L. ~ZZTZZZ1T3 Year Month/Day [ZT.J!°°°I Color Number of Images Descrlpton Notes Found in a file labeled: "Misc. Data and Information on Military Defoliants From an Old 2552 Project Folder"; Discusses technical problems with using agents orange, blue, and white in Southeast Asia Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 260 of 341 �TECHNICAL DEFOLIANT PROBLEMS The following technical problems primarily involve the defoliant agent itself, but if solved would greatly enhance the defoliation effort: 1. Bulk, Weight and Cost. Agents now in use in SEA weigh between 10 and 11 pounds per gallon and to be effective require, on the average, 3 gallons per acre deposition rate at a cost of $5-9/gal. 2. Lack of a "super" agent. Presently there are three agents in SEA, ORANGE (2,4-0/2,4,5-T), BLUE (Cacodylic Acid) and WHITE (Dow's Tordon and 2,4 Damine). All of these agents require deposition rates of 1 gallon to 5 gallons per acre depending on the target. Flow rates vary among agents due to differences in viscosity, further complicating delivery problems. To be effective against rice, 1/2 to 1 gallon per acre of BLUE is required but when used as a general defoliant, 3 gallons per acre is required. All of the above agents are not effective on the entire spectrum of plant species in SEA. The agents will defoliate and kill many of the plant species but some species will be defoliated but not killed; therefore, regrowth occurs 4-8 months after spraying. The present use of three different agents also present logistic and ground handling problems. 3. Lag time between spray application and effect. Presently with ORANGE AND BLUE 3 to 6 days is required before a "burn" is evident and can be seen from the air. With agent WHITE, several weeks is required for this stage of defoliation. After this has occurred, usually a month or more is required before leaf drop or actual "defoliation" is complete. As a result of this lag in time, �two problems are evident: a. Lack of ability with the present agents to ascertain swath coverage immediately after making a spray pass. Numerous marking techniques have been tried to accomplish this which include laying down white paint at the rate of 10 gal/A, marking with smoke bombs, balloons, etc., all with negative results. b. The other problem is a field commander cannot defoliate an enemy held area fast enough to expose the enemy. Defoliation presently acts to expose an area over a long period of time, thereby denying future use of the cover by the enemy. 4. Tendency of agents to drift away from target area to friendly areas. To obtain optimum swath width, area coverage, and efficient use of agent, droplets of 100 to 500 microns are desired. However, if one applies Stokes Law to a droplet this size in a 8-10 knot crosswind, it is evident that unwanted drift is a problem. To complicate matters, any method which has been presented to the Air Force as means of controlling drift has also increased the viscosity of the liquid thereby making the hardware and the agent incompatible, and decreased the swath width and concentration of the agent per gallon. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0260 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Technical Defoliant Problems Subject The topic of the resource herbicide application herbicide blue herbicide white Ranch Hand https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/a95564641a04663226b2a126d6bd092c.pdf ce38e96a169fe8ada3c67ce735d89d42 PDF Text Text 00255 Item ID Number Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Purchase Documents for Eglin AFB Purchase of Tordon 101 from Dow Chemical Company, 1966-1967 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images Descriptor! Notes Found in a file labeled: "Correspondence Concerning the Use of Defoliants in SEA and the Role of Air Force Personnel, Nov 1962 - Oct 1967"; includes two messages (9 Mar 1966, and 8 Mar 1966), purchase request (9 Mar 1966), U.S. Government Bill of Lading (10/4/67), and Military Interdepartmental Purchase Request (19 Sep 1967). Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 255 of 341 �PR SK 66-672, 9 Mar 1966, Project BPAC 6799-2525, Tordon 101 (4-Amino-3, 5, 6-Trichloropicolinic Acid and 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyaoetic Acid as the Trii»opropanolamine Salts) ATCB/Mr. Flynn/882-2457 COORDINATE rf WifH: A6v, ;x*^ �(Central Procurement "URCHASE REQUEST ' Research Development Test and Evah . PREPARED BY 2. tf&, florid* 4. DATE PREPARED 5. DT RECD BY CONTROL OFFICE OF P U R C H A S E REQUEST NUMBER I 3. 4<fy wO*"© / A <<jt_e»»» AMND PAGES NUMBER Si i%* 77PROG YRT87>ROGRA M"t'oENT IF IC AT 6. DT FWD TO PROC IOtT(BPAC/MPC/PE/Etc.) 9 9. ITEM I DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION (Federal Stock dumber. Nomenclature, Specification 101 &eid ««d it, OF SUPPLIES OR S E R V I C E end/or Drawing No., etc*) QUANTITY ESTIMATED UNIT PRICE ESTIMATED TOTAL PRICE S, Acid 2500 $10.90/641 i* «p«cifio«tton» *re not 10. D E L I V E R Y S K E D [ST] D E S I R E D | | REQUIRED 11. D E L I V E R TO AND M A R K E D FOR 1 2. T O T A L \ lrwn*port«tton Officer if S6 %lin AfF, 13. R E M A R K S CRe/erence subject by letter} a. P O T E N T I A L S O U R C E S d . G F P e . T O O L S , P A T T E R N S , E T C . , T O B E L O A N E D B Y THE G O V E R N M E N T b. SOLE S O U R C E c, SHOULD S E R I A L NUMBER BE A S S I G N E D f . AUTHORITY | g.JGENERAL R E M A R K S Th* ^ ^ A ^ J ^ 4. ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION ' ~ A P P R O V A L S (In each box st$te Name, Title, Organization Code, Telephone 1. PttW AFLC/AFSC Nixriber and Date) •9Z00M8 36 REPLACES A F L C FORM 3 7 9 A , J A N 5 9 A N D A F S C FORM 213, O C T 6 1 . W H I C H ARE OBSOLETE. �Stau'larJ Form I"o. 5 GAG 3DOC 1103-110-1? 1103 :\- U.' GOVERNMENT BILL OF LADING r. ' ' . NO. ORIGINAL TRMINAL T R A N S P O R T co. INC. ;! jj Regulations perm"'- ': (o be 1: -atoly carrier or sen* "mmec ( DATE FURNISHED t 1C-06 f specific with \ * BURNISH THIS INFORMAT ON to the consignee, ^ h r ".hipping agency will .u r-VRh respect thereto. instructions j DATE B/L ISSUED 10/U/67 IN CASE OF CARLOAD OF TSUCKLOAD SHIP MF..TT C'-LY. !F EXTRA SERVICES ARE OF!DE"ED SE E A D M I N I 3TRAT1VE D I R E C T I O N S N O. 2 OX RE VERSE S • FROM J TRUCK NO. RECEIVED - . TRA ' SUBJECT TC "PORTATION COMPANY N A M E D A B O V E , ; "'•>. D I T ' C A\'7~ vs NAMED ON THE R E V E R S E E R E ' v •\^TER DESCRIBED. - : D IT: c* N (CONTENTS AND THE PROP"' ORDER M A R K E D CAPACITY * FURNISHED ORDERED surrendered to the - rtitial j : OSDERED FL'P^ I S H E O j original bill o£ laclmn ' i KIND C A R - T R U C K LGTH.. FT.. INS.* ' thin 1 ! ! NXX2U381F3 ! F ^^ OP ,» TAV - D-Q549101 TRAFr : CONTROL NO. C. HEREOF. MIDLAND, MICHIGAN (SHIPPING POINT) • I N A P P A R E N T GOOD VALUE UNKNOWN). FULL NAME OF SHIPPER 1 TO BE FOP' . •'" ~D TO DESTINATION BY THE S A I D COMPANY CONNECT X 3 LIN! ^S. THERE TO BE DELIVERED IN LIKE GOOD O R D E R A\ DITION TO S A I D CONSIGNEE. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY AND : CO N MARKS TRANSPORTATION OFFICER AFB 2823 JEGLIN' ,.73, FLA AFATL (ATCB LT K REYNARD 882-21*57) 325^2 EC-LIN ;,"""•. F L A , ' "-TN SOVr~ "L.:3'--'rANT!Al. rNTERES T OF THE GOVERNMENT IS SERVED THEREBY) VIA (RCUTH SHIPVEV " , CHARGES TO BE BILLED TO (DEPARTMENT OR ESTABLISHMENT. BUREAU OR SERVICE AND LOCATION) FINANCE CENTER TRANSPORTATION DIVISION U.S. A R M Y i INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46249 TERMINAL ~RAN C ?ORI CO. INC. c/o M.R.;-.. T?.-:KING COMPANY "^~ CA^RI-R'S US^ O\'! Y WAV3!LL Na I APPROPRIATION CHARGEABLE FRE!GHT B L Na " I 3 7 8 3 HOP 3 0 8 - 6 3 5 0 P ^ 3 6 . 0 3 1^63 S 5 0 3 0 0 0 | CONTRACTORS WILL RETURN UNUSED OR CANCELED BILLS OF LADING TO GOVERNMENT OFFICE FROM WHICH RECEIVED. DESCRIPTION OF ARTICLES D PACKAGES NO. KIND FSN 28 ON WEIGHTS* PACKAGES ACTUAL CHARGES RATE CLASS DOLLARS JCENTS FRT CLASS ^ -9093 ' DR WEED NMFC 50320 AS 2^000 LB KILLING This i* to certiTy that the above named articles are properly described and are packed and marked ! FOR USE OF DESTINATION CARRIER ONLY NUMBERS (USE CARRIERS' CLAS iSSIFICAT'ON OR TARIFF DESCRIPTION IF °i OTHERWISr. OTHERWIST A CL^A" NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION) I and are In proper condition for transportation according to the retaliations prescribed by the Interstate Commerce Commlssl i i Equal I Employment Opportunity: C o n d i t i o n 9 hereof is revised as follows: K.O. 10925 aj* amended, 13 incorporated herein by specific reference. I The Equal Opport nlty Clause It Sec. SOI of [ Estimated Frelebt Charees $ (Obtain from Carrier) TARIFF OR SPECIAL RATE AUTHORITIES (C/L - T/L OR VOL. ONLY) IF THIS SHIPMENT FULLY LOADS THE CAR OR TRUCK USED. CHECK CARRIER FURNISHED SERVICE AT ORIGIN. U PICK UP- D- C&F 100D AND 127V H TRAP CARI CERTIFICATE OF ISSUING OFFICER INITIALS OF SHIPPER'S AGENT H4T THIS SHIPjMENJ IS MADE PURSUANT TO THE TERMS OF CONTRACT "ORDER NO. . . : . .... S A M E OF T R A N S P O R T A T I O N TERMINAL TRANSPORT CO INC DATE OF RLC^:PT OF SHIPMENT OCT. 67 [ i DATED 6/5./.V.7. OR OTHER AUTHORITY FOR SHIPMENT. M4'.4?6%R:(?)AMEM4*S;^«"RACT D/AF AEROSPACE FUELS (_O_T) KELLY^B, J0O\S 78241 islNGERVTa INITIAL C A R R I E R ' S AGENT. BY SIGNATURE DELOW. CER- !R TIFIES HE RECEIVED THE ORIGINAL BILL OF LADING, j ~~"~/^~~~~^%sY/A~ior ' [H YES (INDICATE BY CHECK) SIGNATURE Or AGENT SIGNATURE OF ISSUING OFFICER . . DATE ' TITLE CONSIGNEE'S CERTIFICATE OF DELiVEHY—CONSIGNEE MUST NOT PAY ANY CHARGES ON THIS SHIPMENT I CERTIFY THAT i HAVE THIS DAY RECEIVED FROM (DATE OF DELIVERY) AT (NAME OF TRANSPORTATION COMPANY) (ACPJAL POINT OF OFTJVERY) THE PROPERTY DESCRIBED IN THIS BILL OF LADING IN APPARENT GOOD ORDER AND CONDITION. EXCEPT AS NOTED ON REVERSE HEREOF. SERVICE AT DESTINATION. _._ CARRIER FURNISHED Q DELIVERY— POUNDS* (GROSS WEIGHT IN DOTH WORDS AND FIGURES) •SHOW ALSO CUBIC MEASUREMENTS FOR SHIPMENTS VIA AIR. TRUCK OR WATER CARRIER. IN CASES WHERE REQUIRED. (SIGNATURE OF CONSIGNEE OR AUTHORIZED AGENT) T.O. �MILITARY ' *^RDEPARTMENTAL PURC SE REQUEST 2. FSC 3. CONTROL SYMBOL NO. 6840 7. TO: a. 4. 5. DATE P R E P A R E S MIPR NUMBER PAGES 1 6. A M E N D . NO. 8 [ • FROM: (.l<j,-«c}, X,im<; rsU-fhone *\ tmber of O'igwoivr) Defense General Supply Center Fabricated Materials Division Richmond, Virginia 23219 ARE CD ARE NOT INCLUDED H/MPR Code 7 PAGE 1 OF FD20 50-7-280 58 19 Sep 196^ «/A ITEMS CD Type H g^AMA (SAOR) J» Kelly AFB TX 78241 IB Phone: WA-5-6227/Mr. J. Burton IN THE I N T E R S E R V I C E SUPPLY SUPPORT PROGRAM AND R E Q U I R E D I N T E R S E R V I C E SCREENING CD HAS CD HAS NOT BEEN ACCOMPLISHED Uniform Materials Issue & Movement Pri QTY UNIT NO. DESCRIPTION (Federal Stock Number, Nomenclature, Specification and/or Draiving No., etc.) ESTIMATED UNIT PRICE a b e d e ITEM 02 ESTIMATED TOTAL PRICE f 6840 926 9093TORDON101 ^ This amendment is to provide amended shipping Lnstruc' ,ions for 1,540 gallons of Tordon 101 (28 Drums). Ship to, Marked for: E slivery as s ^on as poss Lble . Transportation Officer AFB2823 AFATL (ATCB/Lt K Seynard/882-2457) Eglin AFB FL 32542 ' /) X ) ' . f^ ; 0 APPROVAL -^Ouv^^ A. OLIVER R JOHNS ~ '• *'" w •' T ''' ' " ' • •'- 1 3 SEP ?95/ Deputy Director of AP Aer73pace T'ticl* COOi?0|NATEO P90C. DATA SfGT $'/*<?/? Tpe PR/I IIPR )ocument Co le F NOA^Lj/AU, JEclrfiurfdn SAORR/6119 10. IZ. S E E ATTACHED PAGES F O R D E L I V E R Y S C H E D U L E S . P R E S E R V A T I O N A N D P A C K A G I N G I N S T R U C T I O N S . S H I P P I N G INSTRUCTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR D I S T R I B U T I O N OF C O N T R A C T S AND R E L A T E D DOCUMENT!., TRANSPORTATION ALLOTMENT (Used if FOB Contractor's Plant) 13. M AIL IN V O . C E S TO N/A 14. il'aynent i.-<ll be 1 1 »..-.'Jf GRAND TOTAL f-v.i N/A *_ F U N D S F O R P R O C U R E M E N T A R E P R O P E R L Y C H A R G E A B L E T O T H E A L L O T M E N T S S E T FO&YH ; OF W H I C H ARE S U F F I C I E N T TO COVER THE E S T I M A T E D TOTAL P R I C E BELOW THE A V A I L A B L E BALANCES N/A 15. A U T H O R I Z I N G O F F I C E R (Type A'am* and T i t l e I DAIS R. KAILOR PR/MIPR Monitor DD i-a?1, 448 l«v^SiGNATU R£ ». fc)cjL^^43 PREVIOUS EDITION OF THIS FORM IS OBSOLETE. , . 4 17 Ka,>^Jit^ DATE -Sr? ] r ,0-7 if U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T F N O OFFICE: 1 »6O : O-56789 1 *- . . , *" �IF i.'L'OOC.DE MDA052 PB •'.IDLAND MICH MAR Z 1102A EST -4 _ . U R < F O R C E ARMAMENT LABORATORY, B I O L O G I C A L CHEMICAL' ¥ D I V I S I O N EGLIN AFE FLO 8 YT:..:/;IC;:: COL N K ccx If 3 RL: TCRDON 101 M I X T U R E Ci: ORDER FOR 100,000 GALLONS TCRDON 101 MIXTURE, WE ;VE BEEN REQUESTED TO SHIP IN 55 : GALON D R U M S H A V I N G A ' . • . . < • . : •• • . •', • ' t riJELVE INCH W I D E WHITE BAND. ' T H I S ' W I L L "POSSIBLY DELAYSHIPMENT SINCE WE HAVE ON HAND. DRUKS WITK-TliRrJE: INCH WIDE ..IIITE BAND. ALSO TWELVE INCH BAND WILL CAUS^ 1 ' PROBLEMS , « i . • 4 j : ' •'. \ - - v' FOCDRUM MANUFACTURER. THIS PROBLEM-'WAS DISCUSSED WITH IOLOGICAL BRANCH PERSONNEL DURING VISIT TO:'EGLIN * i ' "• . \ LAST WEEK. * * E REQUEST PERMISSION, THEREFORE, TO UTILIZE AVAILABLE" DRUM SUPPLY WITH THREE INCH WIDE BAND AND TO STANDARDIZE ON o , .' , : a4 THREE INCH BAND FOR FUTURE' SHIPMENTS J WALLACE U SEILER CONTRACT-RESEARCH AND DEILPMEMT £Q H • rUILDING 56S THE DOW CHEMICAL CO'MIDLAND MICHIGAN. 48640, < ItSSA ,r CLR «S i � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0255 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Purchase Documents for Eglin AFB Purchase of Tordon 101 from Dow Chemical Company, 1966-1967 Subject The topic of the resource herbicide white herbicide storage https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/58a7d9a18a2abe0dd4ae92d2e5b0789b.pdf c843cda6ed20c9de795623c8c12e1d65 PDF Text Text Item ID Number Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Memorandum: Requirement for Defoliant Agent White, |18 September 1967 Journal/Book Title 0000 Year Month/Day Color n Number of Images Found in a file labeled: "Correspondence Concerning the Use of Defoliants in SEA and the Role of Air Force Personnel, Nov 1962 - Oct 1967"; date stamped 19 Sep1967 Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 252 of 341 �SEP .TCB (Lt Reynard/882-2457) icquireiaont for Defoliant Agent White MMA (SAOQT/Mr. Vanderventer) APGC (PGOW) has stated a need for 1500 gallons of Tordon 101 Wiite). This agent will be used for spray tests with the C-123K lirci'aft. !. Reference Confidential TWX AFRDQ 78693, 13 Jul 67 has authorized .dequate allocation of defoliant for these tests. In view of the trgency of this testing, AFATL requests an expedited shipment of gent White to: Transportation Officer AFB 2823 AFATL (ATCB/Lt Reynard 882-2457) Eglin AFB, Fl 32542 'OR THE COMMANDER 1. COX, Colonel, USAF :hief, Bio-Chemical Division Name, Office^,Symbol of Originator AFATL Form . ^ COORDINATION SHEET 06 Nov 1%6 Date Phone Typist's Initials AFSC - EOL^N^&^T1<A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 019 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0252 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Reynard Title A name given to the resource Memorandum: Requirement for Defoliant Agent White, 18 September 1967 Subject The topic of the resource herbicide white Ranch Hand aircraft herbicide testing https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/d4561d74b5ee7a4024ca19182efa3d1c.pdf 4ed2dc3f41201507d57abb4a9481d4cd PDF Text Text Item ID Number 00207 Darrow, Robert A. Corporate Author Report/Article Title Typescript: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August - 2 September 1969 Journal/Book Title Year 1969 Month/Day September 23 Color ri Number of Images 22 Descriptor! Notes SMUFD-PSL-PH Monday, January 22, 2001 Page 219 of 341 �DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FORT DETRICK FREDERICK. MARYLAND 21701 IN REPLY REFER TO. 23 September 1969 |f SMUFD-PSL-PH SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 101743 SEE DISTRIBUTION 1. Purpose of Trip: a. To assist US and Republic of Vietnam (RVN) personnel in RVN in recognitiion of herbicide damage on vegetable crops, tree fruits and rubber as differentiated from insect and disease damage. b. To become familiar at firsthand with all operational phases of the defoliation and crop destruction programs in RVN. c. To provide technical assistance in the application and use of vegetation control agents to Chemical Operations Division personnel and other military and civilian personnel associated with the defoliation program. d. To assess the effects of the recent policy suspension on the use of agent WHITE for defoliation. 2. Personnel Contacted: COL LTC MAJ MAJ MAJ H. J. G. L. C. C. E. J. E. A. Kinne, Jr., Chief, MACV, Chemical Operations Division, J-3 Adams, Deputy Chief, MACV and III Corps Chemical Operations Altom, IV Corps Chemical Operations Salomon, I Corps Chemical Operations H. Waller, II Corps Chemical Operations 3. Itinerary of Inspections: a. 15 August 1969 - Arrival at Saigon, MACV J-3, Chemical Operations Division (1) In discussions of the current defoliant program with the personnel of MACV Chemical Operations Division, J-3 Group, COL Kinne briefed the This protective marking is cancelled on 30 Sep 70. �If •it 114 074 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 team concerning claim problems, the lack of qualified agricultureoriented personnel in-country, and the sites which would be visited during our visit. (2) Following the briefing the team met with Mr. George Anderson of the US Embassy staff. He suggested that many of the damage claims are Viet Cong (VC) inspired as evidenced by the fact that a VC-sponsored school for filling out claim forms has been discovered. He also mentioned that the increase in claims appears to be inspired by the knowledge that claimants are receiving money from the RVN government for claims whether they are valid or not. (3) Mr. Marvin D. Davis, Chief of the Agronomy and Research Branch of the United States Agency for Interriatfional Development (USAID), informed us that only a few personnel qualified to determine chemical damage are in RVN at this time. His major responsibility is in the area of rice production but he has been called in to assess damage claims on various crops and tree fruits throughout the country. The major claims he has heard about are damaged rubber and fruit trees. Some rice claims have been processed in the Delta region near Can Tho. b. 16 August 1969 - Trip made by staff car from Saigon to Bien Hoa, Long Binh and return with COL Kinne and LTC Adams. Primary purpose of the trip was to inspect facilities and operations of the 12th Special Operations Squadron in Operation RANCH HAND at Bien Hoa. (1) A briefing was held with the group leader, LTC Rex Stoner, and MAJ Buck Trott who reviewed preparation and application techniques. With MAJ Trott the team observed the chemical storage areas, loading areas and the UC-123K aircraft which are used in the spray program. (2) The team met briefly with LTC Del Payne, Chemical Corps Officer, at II Field Force Headquarters at Long Binh. We then visited LTG Julian Ewell, II Field Force Commander and discussed the defoliation program briefly. LTG Ewell stressed the need in III CTZ to reduce defoliation targets in heavily populated areas. c. 17 August 1969 - Trip by helicopter to Cu Chi, Headquarters 25th Division; Lai Khe, Headquarters 1st Division, and Phuoc Vinh, Headquarters 1st Cavalry Division, with COL Kinne and LTC Adams. (1) Cu Chi - Briefing of 25th Division defoliation activities by CPT Ray Bills. (a) We flew a UH-l/D reconnaissance across the Hobo Woods, Boi Loi Woods along the Saigon River near Tri Tarn, returning over Go Dau Ha and Trang Bang to Cu Chi. During this flight we observed results of For Offomf UM Oalj �114 07: SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 helicopter spraying (AGRINAUTICS system) with ORANGE on woody vegetation along river banks. Some additional areas were observed which had been sprayed from a Navy boat using a bilge pump and hose sprayer. Extensive areas were observed which had been sprayed by a UG-123. The results of these three types of applications appeared to give excellent defoliation results. (b) At Cu Chi we met with personnel from Tay Ninh Province including Mr. Robinson, Deputy Province Senior Advisor of Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS), CPT Kiernan and CPT Hansen from the 25th Division in Tay Ninh city. Mr. Robinson mentioned that a great deal of the area which had been Rome-plowed is regrowing and will require additional plowing or defoliation. Recovery of the plowed area is very rapid in most areas during the wet season. Mr. Robinson also mentioned that some damage has been reported on.IR-8 rice which was accidentally sprayed with ORANGE along the Oriental River. Some helicopter spraying of diesel fuel for grass control is being done in areas in Tay Ninh Province. (2) Lai Khe - Briefing on defoliation activities of 1st Infantry Division by LTC Herbert Jeo, Chemical Officer. (a) LTC Jeo said that additional information was needed for chemical officers concerning herbicides and their effects on various plant types than is available in the Chemical Corps orientation booklet available from Fort McClellan. (b) On a tour of the base perimeter several types of grass were found including: Napier grass or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum), and Guinea grass (Panicurn maximum). The base area is almost entirely within a rubber plantation. Some areas outside the base were sprayed with ORANGE during April 1969 with ground spray equipment. The treatments drifted toward the base causing the defoliation of a large number of rubber trees. These trees were recovering at the time of the visit. The team recommended that BLUE could be sprayed under rubber trees to control the grass without damage to the rubber. (3) Phuoc Vinh - Briefing on chemical activities of 1st Cavalry Division by LTC P.O. Bauer. (a) On a tour of the base perimeter at Phuoc Vinh, LTC Bauer stated that fuel oil has been used as a ground spray because JLUE was not available. " (b) With LTC Bauer we made an aerial reconnaissance over the northern part of Tay Ninh Province. We flew over the Michelin Rubber Plantation. Portions of this plantation appeared to be dead or dying from plant For Offitiil �101746 SMUFD-PSL-PH -•...... 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 pathogens and lack of care. We landed at LZ Grant, a forward artillery position of the 1st Cavalry Division, and toured the perimeter. Grasses noted in the perimeter area included: Pangola grass (Digitaria sp.), windmill grass (Chloris sp.). and Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) . This landing zone had an urgent need for an effective method of grass control. Because of its isolated location in a forested area, the control of perennial grasses in the perimeter area could be effectively achieved for periods of 6 to 12 months by use of a soil-applied herbicide such as bromacil. Within an hour after the departure of our team from LZ Grant, the CO was shot from ambush. d. 18 August 1969 - The team made a courtesy call to COL Tho of the Joint General Staff (JGS), RVN and MAJ Bom, the J-3 Chemical Officer at Tan Son Nhut. In the afternoon a visit was made -to the Ministry of Agriculture in Saigon. Discussions were held with Mr. Thai Cong Tung, the Director of Agricultural Research, and Mr. Pham Hieu Anh, Chief Soil Scientist. These provided the team with specialized vegetation and soils maps of RVN. They were very cooperative and offered help in identification of plant specimens and in providing other information concerning agriculture. e. 19 August 1969 - Trip by U-21 to Can Tho and Binh Thuy AFB, IV CTZ, and return with COL Kinne. Met by MAJ Gil Altom and MAJ Paul Gardner, IV Corps Chemical Advisor. (1) During the flight to Can Tho, areas of defoliation were observed in the Delta area along canals and rivers. The observed areas showed good defoliation and yet crops in the area appeared to be undamaged. (a) Inspection was made of the Can Tho market to review the wide variety of tree fruits, vegetables and root crops grown in the Delta area. Due to the great importance of rice and other agricultural crops in the IV CTZ as a source of food for other parts of the country, no crop destruction activity is undertaken in this Corps Zone. Defoliation targets are principally of mangrove and other woody vegetation along rivers and canals with ORANGE as the basic agent used. (b) In a briefing by Mr. G. D. Rohlfs, Chief Regional Agricultural Advisor, CORDS, progress in the agricultural assistance programs was reviewed. The new variety of rice IR-8 is being established on 109,000 hectares with a projected yield of over 5 metric tons per hectare in contrast to local variety yields of less than 2 metric tons per hectare. Seventy-five percent of the nation's rice is produced on 1.5 million hectares of rice land in the Delta region. Livestock production in Region IV dominates the local market with 75% of the chickens and hogs, 80% of the ducks, and 707, of the cattle and buffalo. These livestock Qff».'fl n ***«-im U v �101747 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 •-•-.-.industries are dependent on rice mill waste as the primary source of feed. Introduction of purebred swine and chickens is an Important phase of the agricultural development program for the region. Prices for local poultry and hogs are high by US standards. (2) At Binh Thuy AFB we were met by Mr. Fred Gross of PACAF and CPT Powell, USAF, who are involved with the control of vegetation on air base perimeters. (a) Observations were made along the perimeter road on the west side of the Binh Thuy AFB of areas aerially treated with Kenapon (Dalapon ester) and BLUE. Treated areas consisted of principally perennial grasses and reeds growing in flooded or partially flooded soils. The area east of the road in the strip between the road and the airport runway had been sprayed with 5 gal/A of Kenapon on 13 March 1969 and a subsequent treatment with 3 gal/A of Kenapon made on 13 August 1969. On the perimeter strip west of the road, it was reported that four applications of BLUE at 3 gal/A had been made in 1969, followed by a final application of Kenapon at 3 gal/A on 13 August 1969. (b) It was reported that the initial March 1969 treatment with .Kejciapon had given a longer period of grass control than corresponding treatments with BLUE. At the time of our observations, both areas showed the effect of the 6-day-old Kenapon retreatment and no significant differences were noted in the areas treated with BLUE and with Kenapon. f. 20 August 1969 - Trip by helicopter with COL Kinne and LTC Adams to Tay Ninh City, Tay Ninh Province, III CTZ for coordination meeting with District Chief and ARVN personnel on proposed defoliation targets. (1) Personnel present at the meeting included MAJ Bom and CPT Thao of JGS, MAJ H. J. Thomas, the III Corps Chemical Advisor, and CPT McAdams, Intelligence Officer from the 12th SOS group at Bein Hoa. (2) Discussions of the proposed target pointed up the restrictions in UC-123 defoliation missions due to the proximity of cultivated crops. A portion of the proposed target could be sprayed by UC-123's and remaining localized areas would be completed by helicopter spraying. g. 21 August 1969 - Tour of perimeter of Tan Son Nhut Air Base with Mr. Fred Gross of PACAF and CPT Palmer of the civil engineering group. (1) BLUE has been used to control grass along the perimeter but rice crops have been planted up to the fence. A small test which had been conducted with BLUE and Kenapon in 1968 was observed. This test area was not clearly defined because of the spillage of fuel oil or other contaminants in the area. E.v- f\ ££'..- jt Oriy �SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of.Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 . (2) Extensive damage to shade trees and fruit trees was observed outside the perimeter caused by an ARVN ground spray application of ORANGE on 29 July 1969. Application of 17 drums of undiluted ORANGE was made by Buffalo turbine during a high wind and thus the chemical drifted outside the fence. h. 22 August 1969 - Trip by staff car to Bien Hoa with COL Kinne and LTC Adams, and by jeep from Bien Hoa to Xuan Loc and Headquarters, 199th Brigade and return trip to Bein Hoa was to attend coordination meeting at Xuan Loc on proposed defoliation targets in Long Khanh Province. Personnel at the coordination meeting in Xuan Loc included MAJ H. J. Thomas, III CTZ Chemical Officer, CPT Thao of JGS and MAJ J. Calvert, 199th Brigade Chemical Officer. (1) At 199th Brigade Headquarters no inspection of base camp perimeter or other chemical activities was possible because of heavy rains. (2) Observations were made enroute from Bien Hoa to Xuan Loc of low stature crops including rice, beans, melons and peanuts which had been planted by local farmers in the 200- to 300-meter wide Rome-plowed strips on both sides of Highway 1. This practice of maintaining a low stature cover along roadsides is compatible with current military requirements and can be expected to play an Important role in agricultural development in the projected pacification program. i. 23 August 1969 - RANCH HAND defoliation mission flights in Phuoc Long Province III CTZ. Return to Saigon by Staff car with COL Kinne and LTC Adams. j. 24-26 August 1969 - Trip to I and II CTZ with COL Kinne and MAJ Salomon; by U-21 from Saigon to Chu Lai, Headquarters Americal Division; by helicopter to Tarn Ky and LZ Bronco and return to Chu Lai; 25 August - by UC-123 RANCH HAND plane in reconnaissance in I CTZ including Sa Due District, Hue, DMZ, Khe Sanh, A Shau Valley and Da Nang; then to Qui Nhon; 26 August - by helicopter from Qui Nhon to An Khe, Headquarters, 1st Brigade, 4th Division; return to Saigon by U-21. (1) Chu Lai - Americal Division Headquarters (a) Personnel contacted included: MG James Ramsey; BG Powell; COL Donaldson, Chief of Staff; LTC W. C. Gibbons, Chemical Officer, Americal Division. (b) Following an orientation on chemical activities by LTC Gibbons we were briefed by COL Donaldson on general division actions. jt 0% �101740 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 (c) BG Powell stressed the urgency of securing replacement parts for the three AGRINAUTIGS spray systems of the Anerical Division. Only one unit was functional due to delays in securing replacement parts for the windmill pumps. An active program of helicopter defoliation had been carried on by the Americal Division and a continued high level of defoliation and crop destruction effort was projected in planned programs. (d) MG Ramsey spoke highly of the defoliation program, indicating its advantages in the divisional operations. (2) Tarn Ky - Brief meeting with MAJ Rothrock and MAJ John W. Kelly, the leader and Chemical Corps Advisor of the Province Advisory Group. MAJ Kelly had earlier experience in Thailand with defoliation tests conducted there by Fort Detrick. (3) LZ Bronco - We then flew south to LZ Bronco where we picked up CPT Grady, Chemical Corps Officer, with whom an aerial reconnaissance was made of 1969 defoliation on San Juan Hill, west of Due Pho, Quang Ngai Province. Evidence indicated that the VC were putting in small rice fields in deep valleys and on hillsides. We then flew over Due Pho and down "Ambush Alley" along Highway 1 in extreme south Quang Ngai Province and observed the results of helicopter spraying. Areas which had been- sprayed by helicopter 2 and 4 weeks previous showed excellent defoliation. The rugged topography of this localized site pointed up the necessity of spraying by helicopter in such critical areas. We flew over LZ Charlie Brown and returned north to LZ Bronco and after a short stop returned to Chu Lai. (4) Reconnaissance flight from Chu Lai to Da Nang and Qhi Nhon The team left Chu Lai on 25 August and flew with MAJ Vergene Ford of the RANCH HAND group at Da Nang. We flew the UC-123 over an area in the Hau Due district near Nong Son in which claims had been received for damaged crops and dead animals. The chemical damage from agent ORANGE all fell within the target area. Sensitive plants such as banana adjacent to the target area were not damaged. Small areas located northeast of the target area had been burned by fire. Additional crop targets were observed in the Tien Phuoc District and on Go Noi Island west of Hoi An. Both areas showed effective control. (a) The UC-123 reconnaissance flight was continued north of Da Nang to Hue, Quang Tri and the Demilitarized Zone. Overflights were made of Khe Sanh, A Shau Valley and other defoliation targets in Thua Thien Province. Effective defoliation had been secured by UC-123 flights over rugged topography on lower valley slopes and in clearing ridge tops peripheral to fire support bases and observation posts. Offidnl Urn Only �115 070 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 Although defoliation targets were widely scattered in this mountainous part of I Corps, their military value in protection of landing zones and fire support bases in advanced positions of friendly troops was readily apparent. Extensive areas of new road construction in the A Shau Valley were provided security by defoliation on both sides of the new right-of-way. (b) After lunch at Da Nang the UC-123 flight was continued with termination at Qui Nhon. (5) Qui Nhon, Binh Dinh Province, II CTZ (a) Personnel Contacted: MAJ C. A. H. Waller, II Corps, MACV, Chemical Operations Division and W. B. McCully, Agricultural Advisor, CORDS. (b) Trip was made by staff car to the village of An Nhon, north of Qui Nhon and to a demonstration planting of improved agricultural crops several kilometers west of Qui Nhon on Highway 19 to An Khe. (c) In discussions of the agriculture of the area, Mr. McCully stated that 12,000 hectares of the new IR-8 rice were to be planted in 1969. (d) Improved crops seen at the demonstration farm included IR-8 rice, sweet corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, squash and peanuts. (e) Observations were made along Highway 19 of extensive damage of rice due to leakage of diesel fuel from the surface pipeline between Qui Nhon and Pleiku. (6) An Khe - Headquarters, 1st Brigade, 4th Division (a) Personnel Contacted: MAJ Charles Roberts, Chemical Officer, 4th Division, Pleiku and CPT Bailey, Chemical Advisor, An Khe. (b) At the An Tuc District office, the District Chief and CPT Bailey reviewed recent claims of crop damage alleged to be due to herbicides or defoliants. A brief visit by jeep was made to one farm in which damage was reported on peanuts. The peanuts had been harvested but a few residual plants remained in the field. Extensive insect damage was noted on these plants but no chemical damage was observed. Sweet potatoes growing in an adjacent field did not have any chemical injury even though they were closer to the target area. Other sensitive plants in the area were completely healthy. �115 071 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 k. 27 August 1969 - Reviewed the following reports available in the files of Industry Division, USAID at Building B, 45 Nguyen Khac Nhu, Saigon. (1) Vakili, N. G. Response of cultivated plants to herbicide incidence. Report to Victor I Prasisto, Agriculture Branch Director, III CTZ. SECRET. Report dated 18 July 1968. 10 pp, plus 32 photographs, A general report with detailed photographs of herbicide effect on crops and tree fruits based on observations at Bien Hoa and in Binh Long and Phuoc Tuy provinces. (2) Flamm, Barry R. A partial evaluation of herbicidal effects to natural forest stands principally in Tay Ninh Province. Unclassified Report, USAID, dated 15 April 1968. Detailed vegetational composition studies of defoliated and nondefoliated forest areas based on on-site reconnaissance of areas in the vicinity of Special Forces camps at Thien Ngon, Katum, Tong Le Chon, and Bu Dop. It was pointed out that single defoliation treatments, as at Tong Le Chon was not detrimental to timber tree reproduction and that a high percentage of trees showed regrowth. Repeat application of herbicides in 1966 and 1967 as at Katum had severely damaged sawtimber size trees and timber reproduction with an accompanying increase in grasses. 1. 28 August 1969 - Review was made of the damage claims which have been reported to the MACV office during 1968 and 1969. The team flew by UC-123 to Bien Hoa for an awards ceremony for personnel of the 12th SOS group. LTC Stoner, Commanding Officer of the RANCH HAND group was presented the Army Commendation Medal by COL Kinne. Following return to Saigon in early afternoon, a second visit was made to the Ministry of Agriculture to obtain vegetation type maps and literature on the vegetation of Vietnam. m. 29-30 August 1969 - Trip by U-21 from Saigon to Da Nang and return with COL Kinne and MAJ Solomon to inspect herbicide damage on trees and vegetable crops. (1) Personnel contacted: Mr. John Woodward, Agricultural Advisor for Quang Nam Province; Mr. E. M. Stickney, Agricultural Advisor for Region I (CORDS); Mr. Alvin Adams, District Senior Advisor (CORDS), District 3 (South of Da Nang City); Mr. David Chen, Leader of a Chinese vegetable team sponsored by USAID, and MAJ Vergene Ford, USAF group leader of RANCH HAND based at Da Nang. (2) The entire group visited areas which had reported damage from herbicides. The first site was east of the city in Hoa Chong Hamlet, 9 Fjr..0ffiiial ILt 0% �101752 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 a rice growing area. Extensive damage was observed caused by plant pathogens and stem borer insects. No herbicide damage was observed. (3) The group then visited a Catholic church in the hamlet Cam He. The priest claimed that their crops were killed by herbicide spray planes. His description of the planes as silver indicated that he had seen the insecticide spray planes used for mosquito control. Careful inspection showed that slight herbicide damage was in evidence on papaya and mango trees. This damage was probably caused by fumes from empty drums of agent ORANGE which were kept less than 20 feet from the damaged plants. Sensitive weeds in close proximity also had herbicide symptoms. No evidence of damage caused by aerial application of herbicides was noted. (4) The group then visited a village west of Da Nang. At this site there was evidence of herbicide damage on mango and other fruit trees. This damage was scattered and thus appeared to be caused by a leaky valve on a herbicide spray plane. The plants were recovering. (5) The group then visited a village south of Da Nang City which claimed that herbicides had damaged their trees. The trees and crops in the area were suffering from severe drought symptoms. Two jackfruit trees had died during the year but other sensitive species such as Casuarina or Australian pine showed no herbicide damage. No definite implication of herbicide damage could be established. (6) The group then returned to Da Nang City to meet with LTC James Corey of CORDS. During the briefing session, LTC Corey stated that he has taken steps to have the tops and bottoms of all empty herbicide drums punctured, so they will not be suitable for any other use. Empty herbicide drums were noted in all parts of the city; more than a dozen drums were seen within a block of the CORDS office. -> (7) On 30 August the group visited a vegetable growing area at An Hai, east of Da Nang City. The growers were washing off all of the vegetable plants to prevent herbicide damage. This procedure was instituted after the people had seen a silver spray plane fly over, supposedly spraying herbicide. The plane was the mosquito control spray plane which was spraying the insecticide malathion. Several small beds of seedling lettuce were damaged by a damping off plant pathogen but no herbicide damage was observed on any of the vegetable crops in the area. Outside of the area some fruit trees were slightly damaged by herbicide which may have been caused by defective valves on the UC-123 herbicide spray planes. 10 E». Official Uju Duly �101753 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 4. Discussion: a. RANCH HAND Defoliation Program (1) Selection of Targets (a) Requests for defoliation targets originated from a Province Chief, US Field Commander or an ARVN Commander and are staffed from the Province or District level to the ARVN Joint-General Staff (JGS), COMUSMACV and the US Ambassador under procedures outlined in MACV Directive 525-1, Herbicide Operations, dated 12 August 1969. Approved defoliation projects are given a final review at a coordination meeting convened at the province capital by the JGS and attended by the MACV J-3, Chemical Operations Division action officer. (b) The two coordination meetings attended in III CTZ (Tay Ninh and Xuan Loc) were good illustrations of the completeness of review and discussion of selected targets by the Province or District Chief and by the US and ARVN representatives concerned with the defoliation program. The targets considered appeared to be of high priority from a military standpoint. (2) Spray Mission Operation (a) In the two defoliation spray missions in which the team participated as observers, the 12th Special Operations Squadron members showed effective coordination and performance. Some delay was experienced in achieving coordination on target with the fighter plane support furnished by another USAF group. General orbiting in formation was carried out in waiting for fighter support. (b) Execution of a defoliation spray mission requires simultaneous positioning of the Forward Air Controller (FAC), two fighter planes and the UC-123 spray planes at the target coordinates. After the three groups have assembled, the FAC marks with a smoke grenade the target position or initial point at which the spray is to be released. If ground fire is received by any of the UC-123"s while spraying, a smoke signal is dropped by the crew chief to position air strikes by the fighter aircraft. Close coordination of the three aircraft units is thus essential in the accomplishment of the missions. (c) On the return trip from the second mission, leaking spray nozzles were observed on the tail booms of two spray planes, following pull-out at the end of the spray run. In spite of a rigorous program of maintenance of the spray systems including frequent replacement of the nozzle diaphragms, leaking nozzles may occur due to trapped sediment or rapid Tui Olfimi 1A(! �101754 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 deterioration of nozzle diaphragms from the action of the chemical. Following the drop in pressure at spray cutoff, the residual herbicide in the spray boom may be disseminated at high altitudes, causing widespread injury to sensitive plants. A system of reverse valves creating suction at the nozzles has been suggested as a method of elimination of this "leaker" problem. It is our understanding that the Hayes Company, engineers for the original spray system, have included such engineering in the latest modification of the A/A45-Y/1 system. b. Defoliation by Helicopter Spraying (1) Under MACV Directive 525-1, corps and divisional commanders are delegated authority to carry out defoliation operations with US helicopter and the AGRINAUTICS spraying systems which have been issued to each corps and to the field force divisions. These defoliation operations are carried out by divisional chemical officers to reduce ambush possibilities and maintain defensive fields of fire around base camps, fire support bases, landing zones, observation posts, and for localized strip spraying along highways, Rome-plowed areas, river and canal banks and other lines of communication. The divisional chemical officers may also utilize ground-based equipment such as PDDA's, Buffalo turbines and other power or hand-operated sprayers for perimeter spray applications. (2) No observations were made by the team of actual spray operations by divisional chemical officers in any of the four corps zones. Aerial reconnaissance of areas sprayed in 1969 made in I, II and III Corps Zones, showed effective results with this highly maneuverable equipment. (3) All divisional chemical officers contacted were strongly in favor of the use of helicopter spray systems and had heavy demands for the use of the AGRINAUTICS equipment on hand. Some of the deficiencies in the equipment were pointed out such as the inability to use a full tank of chemical, reduction of pressure from the wind-driven pump at low speeds, inadequate spray coverage on turns, leaking booms and pipe connections due to vibration and rapid decline in efficiency of the windmill pumps. Lack of replacement parts in some divisions was seriously hampering the effective operation of the spray systems. (4) In general there appeared to be a need for improved engineering of a spray system of more rugged structure and designed to better conform to available space in the UH-1B/D aircraft in relation to center of gravity and weight-and-balance relations. (5) Observations of the defoliation effects of helicopter spraying in the rugged mountain topography of I CTZ strongly emphasized the military advantage of this type of chemical application in providing �115 075 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 protection to friendly troops. Helicopters were invaluable in conducting spray applications in critical highway areas such as "Ambush Alley" in southern Quang Gnai Province and at innumerable landing zones and fire support bases in the advanced positions of friendly troops. c. Availability and Use of Agents ORANGE and WHITE (1) At the time of the team inspection, herbicides available in-country were ORANGE and WHITE for defoliation and BLUE for use in crop destruction and grass control. Prior to April 1969 agent WHITE had been used exclusively on defoliation targets near active rubber plantations. Following suspension of this practice in April 1969, ORANGE has been used for all defoliation targets and supplies of WHITE conserved until further notice. At the time of this change, ample supplies of ORANGE were available and no additional procurement of WHITE was anticipated. (2) Review of the rubber and crop damage claim files at MACV J-3 for the years 1968 and 1969 showed that there was no appreciable difference in the number or nature of damage claims which could be related to the exclusive use of ORANGE near active rubber plantations. From the j&~ evidence at hand, either ORANGE or WHITE can be safely used near rubber plantations under procedures outlined in MACV Directive 525-1. Alternative use of WHITE to utilize in-country stocks would thus appear to be justified. d. Need for Effective Agent(s) for Perennial Grass Control (1) One of the major problems encountered in visits to various division areas was the need for an effective agent for control of large perennial grasses. Tall grasses, commonly called elephant grass because of their height (6 to 12 or more feet), often form dense stands following tree clearing around base camps, installation perimeters, minefields, etc. Weedy grasses grow rapidly under monsoon conditions and create excellent ambush sites and protective cover for enemy infiltration of base camps and other installations. (2) During the inspection tour, three types of area were observed in which control of perennial grasses presented a major problem. (a) Tall reeds and marshy grasses growing under more or less permanently flooded conditions. Example: Binh Thuy Air Base perimeter near Can Tho, IV CTZ. This situation involving perimeter areas of low marshy or poorly drained land occurs in the Delta region and to some extent in coastal lowland areas or along major drainages. Collection and identification of the 13 �115 076 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 ~ ••-• major grasses was not possible at Binh Thuy Air Base because of the flooded condition in the wide perimeter strip. At least three species attained heights of 10 to 12 feet or more including: Common reed (Phragmites karka ) , wild cane (Saccharum spontaneum) , and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) . Intermediate height grasses (4 to 8 ft) included: Sorghum (Sorghum sp.)» Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and cup grass (Eripchloa sp.). (b) Upland or well drained sites in perimeters of landing zones, fire support bases, Special Forces camps, etc. in nonagricultural areas or cleared forest. Example: LZ Grant, 1st Cavalry Division, Tay Ninh Province. Areas of this type would include most of the forward positions, artillery and fire support bases in upland or mountainous areas in I, II, and III CTZ in which there are no rubber plantations, tree fruits or cultivated crops in close priximity to military installations. Portions of the Demilitarized Zone would be considered in this category. Grasses observed in these locations included: Guinea grass Sorghum, Johnson grass Sorghum ' Napier grass, elephant grass Goosegrass Crowfoot grass Paragrass Bermuda grass Jungle-rice Panicum maximum Sorghum halepense Sorghum aff ine Pennisetum purpureum E leus ine indica Dactyloctenium aegyptium Brachiaria mut ica Cynodon dactylon Echinochloa colonum (c) Upland or well-drained sites in base perimeters or installations in close proximity to rubber, tree fruits, crops and other desirable 'vegetation. Examples: Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Long Binh, Headquarters of 1st Division at Lai Khe in Binh Duong Province. This category would include the permanent type installations in which crop or agricultural land adjoins the perimeter area and in which shade trees, rubber trees, tree fruits and other cultivated plants are maintained within the base. This type would occur in all four Corps Tactical Zones. Grasses and other vegetation in the base or camp perimeter areas are similar to those in the previous category. Additional species identified at specific locations include: Tan Son Nhut Crabgrass Lovegrass Plumegrass Digitaria sp. Eragrr stis gangetica Erianthus fastigiata �101757 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 Lai Khe Vetiver Bristlegrass Vetiyeria, sp. Setaria sp. (3) Currently agent BLUE is the only chemical available in-country which may be used for control of grasses in the three situations outlined. Experience has shown most perennial grasses (including all of the larger forms called elephant grass) show rapid regrowth following helicopter or ground spray application of BLUE. Under conditions in which BLUE has been unavailable and in base camp perimeters with crops or desirable vegetation in close proximity, diesel fuel has been effectively applied for short-term kill back of grasses. (4) Two additional types of chemicals, available commercially but not designated as military vegetation control agents, are effective in the control of perennial grasses. These are grass herbicides and soilapplied herbicides for total vegetation control. (a) Grass herbicides, such as dalapon, are systemic herbicides selectively more effective on grasses than on broadleaf vegetation. Kenapon a liquid ester formulation of dalapon containing 5 pounds active ingredient per gallon, has been experimentally applied at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in \ \;AV 1968 and at Binh Thuy Air Base in 1968 and 1969, in comparative tests y with agent BLUE. Kenapon was reported to have given some systemic root ^••' kill of grasses in contrast to the "burn" or topkill by BLUE, with a ,i '•'"' s$ delay in regrowth for 2 months or more. From the limited tests in i \ Vietnam, Kenapon offers some promise as a chemical for grass control and ?V-. !.,.*—further trials and research and development are warranted. Aii initial •*' treatment at 20 to 25 Ib/A (4 to 5 gal/A) with follow-up or maintenance applications at 15 Ib/A (3 gal/A) at 4- to 6-month intervals appear to be needed. Under the flooded conditions at Binh Thuy Air Base, the larger reeds and grasses growing in deeper water were not as effectively controlled by either Kenapon or BLUE as the intermediate grasses on better drained sites. (b) Soil-applied herbicides are residual herbicides that are absorbed through the root system and may give control for periods of 4 to 12 months. Bromacil, Tandex, and monuron are representative chemicals in this group. Bromacil or Hyvar and Tandex, commercially available as 80% wettable powders, are broad spectrum soil-applied herbicides effective in the control of grasses and broadleaf herbaceous and woody plants. Under temperate zone conditions applications of 12 to 25 Ib/A give effective control of most grasses. On the basis of limited tests in Hawaii and Puerto Rico under tropical conditions, 30 Ib/A or more of bromacil or Tandex may be required for control of the larger grasses 15 �58 1UFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 JBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of -Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 - ueh as Guinea grass, Napier grass, etc. There is an urgent need for valuation of these two chemicals under Vietnam conditions. Bromacil .s also available in liquid formulation and as a 10% pellet for hand •r aerial broadcast. Tandex may be made available in granular formu.ations. Monuron or Telvar has been used extensively in temperate ireas. It is effective for control of grasses at rates of 50 Ib/A or nore. For tropical situations bromacil or Tandex are preferred over nonuron on the basis of lower cost and rates of application. e. Areas Suggested Improvements in Methods of Grass Control in Perimeter (1) In perimeter areas subject to flooding under monsoon conditions, the taller reed-type grasses are often so dense that the vegetation may remain standing after topkill by aerial application of BLUE. The dead vegetation may remain erect for some time and is resistant to removal by burning under the high moisture conditions. On such areas or portions of perimeters without fences or mine installations, the excess top growth should be removed by bulldozing and/or burning during the dry season. Subsequent repeated applications of BLUE or Kenapon may be made to keep down regrowth. At permanent military installations, landfill to eliminate the flooded areas might be feasible so that periodic bulldozing or Rome-plowing could be used'for vegetation control. (2) In perimeters of temporary bases and landing zones in nonagricultural areas, soil-applied or residual herbicides such as bromacil and Tandex are strongly recommended to provide longer periods of grass control without repeat applications as required with agent BLUE or diesel fuel. These materials can be applied in liquid sprays or dry granular or pellet formulations. The residual action of these herbicides is dependent upon soil type, rate of application, and the amount and distribution of rainfall influencing leaching. Effective control can be obtained for periods of one year under tropical conditions. A limited use program under approval authority of MAGV J-3 Chemical Operations Division would ensure proper use and restriction of the suggested agents to nonagricultural areas. (3) R&D tests in both CONUS and tropical OCONUS locations have shown that various kinds of grass such as Napier or elephant grass, Guinea grass and wild cane show selectivity in control with agents such as Kenapon, bromacil and Tandex. Rates of application of bromacil, for example, effective for control of wild cane may not be sufficient to control Guinea grass. Experience has shown that BLUE may be effective in control of some short-lived grasses but repeat applications are needed for most perennials under tropical conditions. It is suggested 16 �SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 - that divisional chemical officers make comparative tests of several rates of application of BLUE and of Kenapon or the soil-applied herbicides on an experimental basis to determine suitable control measures for the specific mixture of grasses present at their respective locations. f. Herbicide Damage on Crops, Fruit Trees and Shade Trees (1) Inspections were made of several cases of alleged herbicide damage in the Da Nang and An Khe areas in company with CORDS agricultural advisors, US chemical officers and RVN district or village chiefs or their representatives. In addition aerial reconnaissance was made of the Sa Due area in which alleged herbicide damage occurred in cropland from direct spray application beyond the river marking the terminus of the UC-123 defoliation target. Herbicide damage on shade trees was also observed in the general vicinity of Bien Hoa. (2) A review of possible causes of herbicide damage on crops and other desirable vegetation on nontarget areas shows the following assessment for the conditions observed: (a) Direct spray application due to navigational errors or incorrect mapping coordinates. The chances of herbicide damage from direct RANCH HAND or helicopter spray application are extremely small. The position of RANCH HAND targets is marked by the FAG who is thoroughly knowledgeable of the area and the location of crops and other nontarget vegetation. In most RANCH HAND missions the two lead planes have navigators who check accurately on the position of the target coordinates. In the case of helicopter applications by divisional chemical officers, preliminary ground and aerial reconnaissance made of proposed target areas prior to spraying insures lack of error in placement of spray. One instance was reported to the team of crop damage from helicopter spray application by an ARVN group in IV CTZ due to navigational error. In this particular case the US advisor did not accompany the spray mission. (b) Direct application of herbicide caused by emergency dumps of chemical from UC-123 while in flight. Under extreme situations such as engine failure due to enemy fire or other malfunctioning, emergency dumping of the entire 1000-gallon tankload may be required for the safety of the plane and crew. Examination of Chemical Operations Division files at MACV showed that five such emergency dumps from RANCH HAND planes had occurred in the period since 1 December 1968. One of these dumps had been made at a location 10 kilometers offshore over the South China Sea, south of Bac Lieu Province. The remaining four were within a general radius of 20 to 25 kilometers from Bien Hoa and had been made from elevations of 2000 to 3500 feet. Inspection of one dump location 20 Oll.uml UJL Oulj �101760 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 kilometers up the Song Guai by Marvin Davis, USAID, showed damage to broadleaf fruit trees, palms, and ornamentals and considerable crop loss over an area 1 kilometer long; and 1 kilometer wide. At another location near My Quoi village in Bien Hoa Province on which OMNGE was dumped fromjZSOO feet altitude^ the area of damage was 1 kilometer wide and 2 , to 3 'kilometers long as reported by Marvin Davis, USAID. Citrus, mango llcUiauay, coconut and betelnut were most severely damaged. However, annual crops planted within six weeks after the incident showed no herbicide effect. Severe herbicide damage caused by emergency dumps thus appears to be limited in area affected although lesser damage occurs over a wider area under conditions conducive to drift of spray released at these altitudes. Undoubtedly spray from the emergency dumps that have occurred in the immediate vicinity of Bien Hoa may account for some of the damage to shade trees observed east of that city. (c) Direct application of herbicide from leaking nozzles during overflight of UC-123 or helicopter spray aircraft to or from target area. As stated in the earlier discussion of RANCH HAND operations, leaking nozzles may occur despite a rigorous maintenance and inspection schedule on the UC-123 spray systems. Leaking nozzles are most likely to occur in the return flight following the spray mission due to clogging of the diaphragms and gravity release of the small amount of residual chemical in the booms after pump pressure has been cut back. The extent of herbicide damage by the UC-123 systems on crops and other nontarget vegetation from this cause is not known but it is believed to be of a low order of magnitude, due to the small quantities of herbicide involved and its further dilution with the great altitude of release. Helicopter spray systems are subject to close surveillance before and after spray operations and the incidence of crop damage from this source should be negligible. (d) Spray drift during application to designated defoliation targets. If aerial or ground-based spray operations are conducted in conformance with the procedures outlined in MACV Directive 525-1, the possibilities of damage to crops and desirable vegetation in proximity to targets by drift are negative or extremely negligible. The restrictions in distance to crops, wind velocity and air temperature at the time of spray application and recommended height of spray release from aircraft are all designed with safety factors that should eliminate damage attributable to drift. Spraying under high wind, high temperatures, and/or lapse conditions probably accounts for most of the cases in which damage to crops occurs due to spray drift. (e) Volatility of herbicide vapor from sprayed areas. A detailed discussion of the possible effects of volatility from ORANGE and WHITE is available in Appendix D of the US Embassy-MACV Policy Review of �101761 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 -•- • ......... August 1968. As discussed under the previous section (d) on spray drift, adherence to the procedures outlined in MACV Directive 525-1 should preclude any incidence of damage to crop plants or desirable vegetation in proximity to sprayed areas. The incidents of damage to shade plants on the Tan Son Nhut Air Base perimeters and to rubber trees at Lai Khe caused by perimeter spraying with ORANGE were attributable to direct drift of chemical applied under wind and temperature conditions other than those delineated under the MACV directive and not to volatility from sprayed areas subsequent to application. Thus, under proper application procedures, volatility of herbicides is a negligible factor in causing crop damage. (f) Indiscriminate distribution and use of empty defoliant barrels. Widespread distribution of empty herbicide drums containing residues of as much as 2 to 3 gallons of chemicals has taken place from the two principal RANCH HAND loading sites at Bien Hoa and Da Nang. The transport of these empty drums throughout the cities and adjoining areas and the consequent leakage and volatilization of the residual herbicide has undoubtedly caused considerable damage to shade trees', fruit trees, and other desirable vegetation in the area of dispersal of these drums. Recognition of this problem in Da Nang was given in a report dated 25 March 1969 "Defoliant Damage in Da Nang City" from LTC Jim Corey, Deputy Chief, CORDS/NLD/I CTZ to R. M. Urguhart, Chief, CORDS /NLD/I CTZ, from files of Chemical Operations Division, MACV J3-09. As cited in this report and observed by the team members in the Da Nang area, empty defoliant barrels are widely and abundantly scattered throughout the city and environs . Drums are used as containers for gasoline, diesel fueland water without complete removal of residual chemical. The widespread use of herbicide -contaminated gasoline in motorcycles and other vehicles has undoubtedly contributed substantially to the herbicide damage caused •by volatilization from promiscuous storage of empty drums. The magnitude of the damage problem in the city of Da Nang has led to restrictive measures in the distribution of the drums. A procedure for burial or safe disposal of the contaminated empty drums is needed to prevent continuation of this problem. (3) There is an evident need for well trained agricultural advisors in the CORDS program with backgrounds in entomology, horticulture and pathology qualified to differentiate between herbicide damage and the effects of insects, plant diseases and improper crop culture and management. Such qualified personnel could provide technical assistance in handling claims from Vietnamese residents for alleged herbicide damage and in differentiating between valid herbicide damage and the effects of insects, plant diseases and other conditions causing abnormal growth of crops or desirable vegetation. During the brief inspection tour in the An Khe and Da Nang areas, the team found the following cases of insect or disease damage which the local Vietnamese farmers were 19 .» *»L.QjBllB �101762 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August - 2 September 1969 attributing to herbicide damage: (a) Leaf roller insect damage on peanuts near An Khe. (b) Stem borer damage causing sterile grain in paddy rice in Hoa Chong near Da Nang. (c) Oriental sheath and leaf spot (Corticium) in paddy and broadcast rice in Hoa Chong near Da Nang. (d) Leaf curl and damage caused by mites on manioc near Catholic church in Cam He, near Da Nang. (e) Damping-off disease of seedling lettuce in vegetable crop area at An Hai near Da Nang. (4) The mistaken identity of the "silver" plane which sprayed malathion for malaria control with the defoliation spray program encountered among the Vietnamese farmers in the Da Nang area pointed up the far-reaching effects of VC propaganda and the need for an intensive public information program explaining the nature and purposes of the two spray programs. (5) On the basis of the limited field observations of the team, it was evident that several species of plants susceptible to the defoliants ORANGE and WHITE could be used as indicators of herbicide damage. Among the tree fruits, jackfruit, papaya, and star apple, showed marked damage by defoliation, topkill and loss of fruit yield. Other trees sensitive to herbicides included kapok, Australian pine or Casuarina and rain tree or monkeypod tree. No vegetable crop damage was observed by the team. Annual crops grown in RVN which are known to be highly susceptible to herbicide damage include tomatoes, soybeans, beans, and sweet potatoes. In general rice and grain crops are more resistant to the systemic herbicides used as defoliants. An information manual for recognition of herbicide responses of the major crops and tree fruits and shade trees would be of considerable value to agricultural advisors and other CORDS personnel. 7. Recommendations: a. Regular semiannual meetings should be held in Saigon and at Fort Detrick to keep all personnel directly involved in the defoliation program informed of operational problems and procedures and the general state-ofthe-art. The desirability of these meetings has also been expressed by MACV J-3 and CINCPAC personnel. 20 �SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 b. All US Army chemical officers and USAF pilots assigned to the defoliation program should visit Fort Detrick for an orientation program of at least one week duration concerning the handling of herbicides and their effects on plants. c. A continuing effort should be made to have at least one qualified botanist or plant scientist familiar with herbicides on the staff of MACV J-3 Chemical Operations Division at all times. d. More effective measures are needed for the disposition of empty herbicide drums to avoid the hazards of volatilization and spillage of residual herbicides and the indiscriminate use of contaminated drums as storage containers for gasoline, diesel fuel and water. Widespread herbicide damage to shade trees and other desirable vegetation has been causied~in~§Xigon^*TCJa"Nang and"TJ ierf Hoa "by yolat ile""fumes °"f rom empty" drums and from contaminated gasoline "oV TueT'used in private motorcycles and . °.,«- --•.,,. •. *1-1 .1. 1%. other vehicles." A disposal program is needed to eliminate this continuing" source of vegetation damage. Personnel involved in this program should be thoroughly briefed in the hazards of improper use of herbicides. e. A public information program should be initiated to stress the reason for the antimalarial insecticide spray program. Emphasis could be given to inform vegetable producers that the malathion would give them an added benefit by killing the insects on plants. ^*I~"" f. In certain base perimeter situations the team recognized a definite need for a soil-applied herbicide to control grass for periods of 3 to 6 months or more. This type of compound is used routinely by the US Army and US Air Force for control of vegetation at military installations throughout the United States and other areas of the world. In situations where inadequate grass control leads to the enemy infiltration of bases with the resultant loss of personnel and materials, the use of soil-applied herbicides to provide these "installations with the most desirable agent is amply justified. g. Based on the recent operational experience with ORANGE on defoliation targets in proximity to active rubber plantations, the alternative use of ORANGE or WHITE for such targets is recommended under the limitations set forth in MACV Directive 525-1. h. The need for a positive valve shut off or other system for the spray systems of the UC-123 spray planes is desirable to eliminate leaking nozzles. A reverse pump which would draw the herbicide out of the spray booms and into the spray tank following a spray mission might be a satisfactory answer. It appears that damage caused by these leaky booms could be totally eliminated. �116 074 SMUFD-PSL-PH 23 September 1969 SUBJECT: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September 1969 i. The AGRINAUTICS spray systems currently used in helicopter spray operations need engineering modification for improvement in efficiency of operation under field conditions. Major problems have been experienced with the fan windmill system used for driving the pump in maintaining adequate pressure. Redesigning the tank in a contoured form to provide proper weight and balance in relation to center of gravity would permit loads of 200 gallons instead of the present 150 gallon capacity. A more effective method of providing replacement parts is needed. 8. Significant Attitudes: a. All of the military personnel contacted in the field consider defoliation a major contribution to the war effort. This was emphasized at the division level by the increase in number and area of proposed targets suggested for the divisional areas of operation. With the increase in defoliated area the enemy is being denied a place he can hide his men and materials. Another major advantage is that the US personnel can operate in zones of relative safety because areas along roads and waterways have been defoliated to prevent ambush. b. The team was impressed by the excellent morale of the men involved in the chemical program. The men of the MACV J-3 Chemical Operations Division, the chemical personnel in the field and the members of the USAF 12th Special Operations Squadron are doing an outstanding job to carry out all of the many facets of an extremely difficult program. It should be noted that this has been accomplished despite extensive opposition to military use of defoliation from various groups in the United States and other parts of the world. ROBERT A. DARROW Senior Team Member REED C. BUNKER Team Member J. RAY FRANK Team Member 22 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 018 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0207 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Darrow, Robert A. Reed C. Bunker J. Ray Frank Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 23 1969 Title A name given to the resource Typescript: Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August - 2 September 1969 Subject The topic of the resource Ranch Hand herbicide white herbicide damage assessment herbicide storage https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/b29b54a15edda14ac6493b0c79bcf958.pdf 7aeb403cf849e31e37aa9c0d15379e01 PDF Text Text Item ID Number: AllthOT Corporate Author 00103 Harrison, Don D. Environics Office, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida Report/Article Tltlfl Residual Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tctrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Near Herbicide Storage and Loading Areas at Eglin AFB, Florida Journal/Book Title Year wn Month/Day February Color Number of Images 33 DeSCrlptOD NOtOS Report No. AFATL-TR-79-20; PE: 62602F; JON: 06CD0101; 3 partial duplicateserrata for document. Full document has already had errata pages replaced. Friday, December 08. 2000 Page 103 of 106 �AF ATL-TR- 79-2O Residual Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD)Near Herbicide Storage and Loading Areas at Eglin AFB, Florida MMJ. HARRISON RICHARD C. CREWS FEBRUARY 1979 FINAL REPORT FOR PERIOD JANUARY 1976-DECEMBER 1978 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited Air Force Armament Laboratory AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND*UNITED STATES AIR FORCE+EGLIN AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA �UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NUMBER 7. OOVT ACCESSION NO 3. RECIPIENT'S C A T A L O G NUMBER AFATL-TR-79-20 4. TITLE (md Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT ft PERIOD COVERED RESIDUAL LEVELS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-pDIOXIN (TCDD) NEAR HERBICIDE STORAGE AND LOADING AREAS AT EGLIN AFB. FLORIDA Final Report: December 1978 January 1976 6. PERFORMING 0=»O. REPORT NUMBER e.~"C*GNTRACT OR <3RANT"NUMBER(«J 7. AUTHORS Don D. Harrison Charles I. Miller Richard C. Crews 9. PERFORMING O R G A N I Z A T I O N NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. T A S K AREA ft WORK UNIT NUMBERS Environics Office Air Force Armament Laboratory Eglin Air Force Base, Florida 32542 PE: 62602F JON: 06CD0101 12. REPORT DATE II. C O N T R O L L I N G OFFICE N A M E AND ADDRESS Air Force Armament Laboratory Armament Development and Test Center Eglin Air Force Base, Florida 32542 February 1979 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 32 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME fi ADDRESSfl/ dlllerent from Contr<-l!tng Ottice) 15. SECURITY CLASS, (ol this report) UNCLASSIFIED I5«. DECLASSIFI CATION''DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT fof ffif* Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol lha abstract entered In Block 30, II different from Report) IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (Continue an reverse aide It necessary and Identity by black number) Hards band 7 2,4-dlchlorophenoxyacet1c add (2,4-D) 2,4,5-tr1chlorophenoxyacet1c add (2.4,5-T) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-d1ox1n (TCDD) Herbicide Orange »0 (Agent Orange) Herbicide Blue Herbicide White Herbicide Purple D1ox1n A B S T R A C T fC'onllriuv nr- reverse side II necessary mud Identify by blorh number) A study was made of the residual levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) in the areas surrounding three hardstands on Eglin AFB, Florida, that had been previously used for storing end loading military herbicides. The study deals only with areas in the immediate vicinity of these hardstands and their associated drainage systems. Massive quantities of herbicides, including Herbicide Orange, were loaded at these hardstands between 1962 and 1970. Only one of the three storage and loading areas was found to be contarninatec wich TCDD. Hardstand 8 and the East End of Taxiway 9 were relatively free of FORM I JAN 73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) �UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGErH'hsrt Data Entered) 19. CONCLUDED Chlorinated phenols Environmental Monitoring Phenoxy Herbicides Defoliant Environment Contamination 20. CONCLUDED TCDD residues in the soil. Soil from around Hardstand 7, the most intensively used hardstand, still has concentrations of TCDD as high as 275 parts per b i l l i o n (ppb), however. Concentrations of one-third that amount were present to a depth of one meter at two sampling sites. Soil contamination around Hardstand 7 is confined to a small area immediately surrounding the concrete pad. A map of TCDD soil concentrations is presented. "•"CDD was found to be present in biological organisms in the immediate vicinity of Hardstand 7 and the Hardstand Pond. However, no TCDD was found in any of the environmental samples collected in a bayou immediately downstream from the Hardstand 7 area. UNCLASSIFIED ',t< . i K i r y Ci • ','iiFH.ArioN O' '• "• r>>"'-' " ' " ' ' " »'" " " �PREPACK This report is the result of research conducted by the Air Force Armament Laboratory, ADTC from January "1976 to December 1978 under Air Force Exploratory Development Project 06CD0101. The Brehm Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Wright State University (WSU), Dayton, Ohio, performed all tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) analyses in this study except where noted. Most soil samples analyzed under this study employed Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spcctrometry (GC-QMS) at the 100 - 1000 picogram/gram (parts per trillion) detection limit. Some soil samples and all biological sajnples analyzed by WSU were analyzed employing Gas Chroma tography - High Resolution Mass Spcctrometry (GC-HRMS) at the 30 picograrns/gram detection limit. The primary reason for the predominant use of the low resolution method was the lower cost of analysis. The reduced cost per sample permitted more samples to be taken. For the purposes of this study, a more intensive sampling effort was considered more important than a low detection limit. This report has been reviewed by the Information Officer (01) and is re leasable to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTTS it will be available to the general public, including foreign nations. This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication, FOR THE COMMANDER A. FARMER Thief, Environics Office (The reverse of this page is blank) ��TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page I INTRODUCTION 1 II BACKGROUND 2 1. Description of Monitoring Areas 2 a. East End of Taxi way Number 9 2 b. Hardstand 8 4 c. Hardstand 7 5 2. Herbicides Used on Eglin 9 a. Herbicide Orange 9 b. Herbicide White 10 c. Herbicide Blue 10 d. Herbicide Orange II 11 e. Herbicide Purple 11 3. Chemical Properties and Effects of TCDD. . 12 III TCDD Analysis 14 1. East End of Taxiway Number 9 14 2. Hardstand 8 14 3. Hardstand 7 17 a. Sediment Samples b. Soil Samples 17 c. Biological Samples IV 17 21 CONCLUSIONS 25 REFERENCES 26 �LIST OF FIGURES Figure ' Title Page 1 East End of Taxiway Number 9, Eqlin AFB, Florida 2 2 Eglin AFB Herbicide Storage and Loading Sites with Associated Aquatic Drainage Areas 3 3 Hardstand 8, Eglin AFB, Florida 4 4 Aerial View of Hardstand 7, Eglin AFB, Florida 5 5 Hardstand Pond Located Behind Hardstand 7 6 6 Beaver Pond Located Downstream From Hardstand 7 6 7 Typical Storage of Herbicide on Hardstand 7 7 8 Locations of Known Herbicide Storage Sites and Disposal ?it on Hardstand 7 8 Total Herbicide Application on Test. Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida, 1962 Through 1970 9 9 10 Soil Sampling Sites at East End of Taxiway Number 9, Eglin AFB, Florida 15 11 Soil Sampling Sites at Hardstand 8.. Eglin AFB, Florida . . . 16 12 Sampling Sites at Hardstand 7, Eglin AFB, Florida 19 13 Tom's Pond, Eglin AFB, Florida 22 14 Snapping Turtle (Male) Collected 1978 from Hardstand Pond, Eglin AFB, Florida 24 IV �LIST OF TAULES Table Title Page 1 Approximate Total Volume of Herbicides Applied to Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida, 1962 Through 1970 11 Total Pounds of Active Ingredients of Herbicides Disseminated on Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida, 1962 Through 1970 12 Results of TCDD Determinations in Soil Samples Collected January 1976, from East End of Taxi way Number 9, Eglin AFB, Florida 14 Results of TCDD Determinations in Soil Samples Collected January 1976, from Hardstand 8, Eglin AFB, Florida 17 Results of TCDD Determinations in Sediment and Soil Samples Collected for TCDD Analysis in 1977 18 Results of TCDD Determinations in Soil Samples Collected January 1978 from Hardstand 7, Eglin AFB, Florida 20 TCDD Analysis of Organisms Collected on Eg'lin AFB, Florida 23 2 3 4 5 6 7 (The reverse of this page is blank) ��SECTION I INTRODUCTION Reported here are the results of a study made of the residual levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the areas surrounding three hardstands that had been previously used for storing and loading military herbicides at Eglin Air Force 3ase, Florida. TCDD is an extremely toxic material that has been reported to be mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic in some organisms, although those effects are unconfirmed in man (References 1, 2, and 3). It was shown to be a contaminant in several herbicide formulations which were used extensively on Cglin test ranges from 1962 through 1970 (Reference 4). The objective of this effort was to determine concentrations and distribution of contamination detected during work reported in AFATL-TR75-49 (Reference 5). The study was designed so that data obtained from it could be used to map TCDD soil concentrations in the immediate vicinity of three hardstands and to determine range boundaries of the contamination emanating frorr the hardstands. The hardstand areas were subjected to massive amounts of herbicides due to spills, leaking drums, purging of aircraft spray systems, and malfunctions of aircraft spray nozzles. For lack of exact information on the time, amount, and type of herbicide released to the environment at each specific site, precise degradation rates for the TCDD could not be calculated at the completion of this study. As more samples are analyzed in the future, using data in this report as a baseline, valuable conclusions on degradation rates may be established. Because of the dynamic nature of the areas studied for this report and the many factors that can influence movement and degradation of any contaminant, caution should be used in applying these data to other situations. �SECTION II BACKGROUND 1. DESCRIPTION OF MONITORING AREAS a. East End of Taxiway Number 9 This area is the end of a taxiway that was used briefly during the beginning of the defoliation test program at Eglin (Figure 1). The quantity of herbicide previously stored or loaded at this location is unknown but is suspected to be small. However, at the time that this location was used, the herbicides involved were predominantly Purple and Orange, both of which contained TCDD as a contaminant.' The concrete runway area is bordered by an asphalt strip and is approximately 55 feet (17 meters) above sea level. The soil surrounding the area is sandy with excellent drainage potential. Excess water is drained by a storm sewer into a bayhead to the east of the runway. This bayhead forms a stream which empties into Tom's Bayou approximately 1000 meters downstream {Figure 2). Figure 1. East End of Taxiway Number 9, Eglin AFB, Florida �Figure 2. Eglin AFB Herbicide Storage and Loading Sites with Associated Aquatic Drainage Areas �b. Hardstand 8 Hardstand 8 (Figure 3) is an asphalt and concrete aircraft parking area located west of the north-south runway on the main Eglin airdrome (Figure 2), approximately 65 feet (20 meters) above sea level. The hardstand is connected to the airdrome by an asphalt taxiway. This hardstand was used for limited herbicide storage and loading during the latter portion of the spray program. The area surrounding Hardstand 8 is level with very little runoff occurring. The soil of this area is sandy with excellent drainage potential. Figure 3. Hardstand 8, Eglin AFB, Florida �c. Hardstand 7 Hardstand 7 (Figure 4) is -ar asphalt and concrete aircraft parking area located west of the north-south runway on the main Eglin airdrome, approximately 65 feet (20 meters) above sea level. The hardstand is connected to the airdrome by an asphalt taxiway. This hardstand was the most extensively used site for herbicide storage and loading during the 1962 through 1970 spray test program. The soil of this area is sandy with good drainage properties. Directly behind the hardstand is a ravine that drops off approximately 15 meters to a small pond (Figure 5). Because of the packing caused by vehicular traffic and the water-repellent nature of the oil-based herbicide contamination, runoff of excess water caused an erosion problem in some spcts which led to the frequent use of fill dirt. Eventually, a dike covered with asphalt was constructed on the rim of the ravine for soil stabilization. A storm drain was alse installed to help control erosion. The pond behind Hardstand 7 drains into a small stream which flows north until it enters a man-made reservoir named Beaver Pond (Figure 6). The drainage system eventually flows into Tom's Bayou and Choctawhatchee Bav. " *'*•* , •''• '*''•."?«. " Figure 4. Aerial View of Hardstand 7, Eglin AFB, Florida 5 i *', ;b * �.1' Figure 5. Hardstand Pond Located Behind Hardstand 7 Figure 6. Beaver Pond Located Downstream From Hardstand 7 �Several hundred 55-gallon drums of various types of herbicide were stored around Hardstand 7 for later transfer of their contents into tanks aboard spray aircraft (Figure 7). Known storage locations are shown in Figure 8. Much of the area immediately surrounding this hardstand was contaminated with herbicide due to accidental spills during loading operations and transfer procedures, leaking drums, and purging of spray systems before and after missions. A pit was dug in 1969 (according to the best available information) to the southwest of the hardstand as a temporary means of preventing the excess herbicides from entering the stream back of the hardstand (Figure 8). After several months of use, the pit was filled with soil. —r . ™—™: - "•" •* •.' ' ' Figure 7. Typical Storage of Herbicide on Hardstand 7 �' FIVE FOOT A S P H A L T COVERED DIRT MOUND W \ ASPHALT N \ Pit DIRT MOUND HERBICIDE DRUMS igure R. Locations of Known Herbicide Storage Sites and Disposal Pit on Hardstand 7 �2. HERBICIDES USED ON. EGLIN Several herbicides and/or mixtures of herbicides were tested at Eg!in during the period 1962 through 1970. These herbicides were loaded into aircraft spray tanks at the previously described storage areas. Spray equipment and planes were also washed down at bhese sites after the spray missions. Characteristics of these herbicides are listed below (Reference 6), Although other formulations of 2,4,5-T were also used (e.g., Pink, Green), the formulations listed below were the predominant ones used in Eglin test programs. As seen in Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 9, massive quantities of these herbicides were stored and disseminated on Eglin test ranges during the period 1962 through 1970 (Reference 7). 5 ^ PURPLE 55 C ORANGE ^ H WHITE a z > I } BLUF z 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 f VEAR OF APPLICATION 70 Figure 9. Total Herbicide Application on Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida, ]962 Through 1970 The names Orange, White, Blue, and Purple used below were code names and unrelated to the color of the materials. a. Herbicide Orange Orange was a reddish-brown to tan colored liquid soluble in diesel fuel and organic solvents but insoluble in water. One gallon of Orange contained about 4.21 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and about 4.41 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Orange was formulated to contain a 50:50 mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The percentages of the formulation typically were: �n-butyl ester of 2,4-D 49.49 free acid of 2,4-D 0.13 n-but;yl ester of 2,4,5-T free acid of 2,4,5-T 48.75 1.00 inert ingredients (e.g., butyl alcohol and ester moieties) 0.63 b. Herbicide White White was a dark brown, viscous liquid that was soluble in water bit insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of White contained 0.54 pound of the active ingredient of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2.00 pounds of the active ingredient of 2,4-D. White was formulated to contain a "!:4 mixture of the triisopropanolamine salts of picloram and 2,4-D. The percentages of the formulation were: triisopropanolamine salt of picloram 10.2 triisopropanolamine salt of 2,4-D inert ingredient (primarily the solvent triisopropanolamine) c. 39.6 50.2 Herbicide Blue Blue was a clear yellowish-tan liquid that was soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents and diesel fuel. One gallon of Blue contained 3.10 pounds of the active ingredient hydroxydimethlarsine oxide (cacodylic acid). Blue was formulated to contain both cacodylic acid (as the free acid) and the sodium salt of cadodylic acid (sodium cacodylate). The percentages cf the formulation were: cacodylic acid 4.7 sodium cacodylate 26.4 surfactant 3.4 sodium chloride / water 5.5 59.5 antifoam agent 0.5 10 �It should be noted that cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate contained arsenic in the form of the pentavalent, organic arsenical. This form of arsenic has a low mammaliam toxicity. Of the total formulation, 15.4 percent was arsenic in the organic form, and only trace quantities were present in the inorganic form. The term Herbicide Blue was applied to powdered cacodylic acid in 1961 through 1964. This herbicide contained 65 percent active ingredient cacodylic acid and 30 percent sodium chloride and was mixed in the field with water. d. Herbicide Orange II Orange II was the military designation of a formulation similar to Orange with the difference being ths substitution of the isooctyl ester of 2,4,5-T for the n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T. The physical, chemical, ana toxicological properties of Orange II were similar to those of Orange. e. Herbicide Purple The first record of the use of Purple in large quantities was in the Camp Drum, New York defoliation test in 1959. The formulation was a brown liquid, soluble in diesel fuel aid organic solvents but insoluble in water. One gallon of Purple contained 8.6 pounds of the active ingredients 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The percentages of the formulation were: r-butyl 2,4-D 50 n-butyl 2,4,5-T 30 iso-butyl 2,4,5-T 20 The physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of Purple were similar to those described for Orange. TABLE 1. APPROXIMATE TOTAL VOLUME OF HERBICIDES APPLIED TO TEST AREA C-52A, EGLIN AFB RESERVATION, FLORIDA, 1962 THROUGH 1970 Herbicide Gallons Disseminated Orange 19,807 Purple 16,164 White 4,172 Blue 4,395 11 �TABLE 2. TOTAL POUNDS OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF HERBICIDES DISSEMINATED ON TEST AREA C-52A, EGLIN AFB RESERVATION, FLORIDA, 1962 THROUGH 1970 Pounds Active Ingredient Chemical 2,4-D 169,292 • 2,4,5-T 160,948 Piclorain 2,253 - Cacodylic Acid and Sodium Cacodylate 3. 13,624 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is molecule that has received a great deal of public since 1970 because of its highly toxic properties its being a contaminant in the environment by the from trichlorophenols. a heterocyclic organic and scientific attention and the possibility of use of products made TCDC is a synthetic, chlorinated hydrocarbon produced from trichlorophenol at high reaction temperatures. Trichlorophenols are used in the production of several chemicals. Since trichlorophenol is a precursor of 2,4,5-T, TCDC was present in varying quantities as an impurity in herbicides that contained 2,4,5-T (e.g., Orange and Purple). TCDD is a solid which is very insoluble in water (0.2 parts per billion (ppb) at 25° C); very slightly soluble in fats (44 parts per million (ppm) in lard oil); slightly soluble in hydrocarbons (570 ppm in benzene); and somewhat more soluble, but still not very highly so, in chlorinated organic solvents (1400 ppm in ortho-dichlorobenzene)., Its solubility in Orange is 580 ppm. Like other chlorodioxins, TCDD is relatively stable when subjected to heat, acid, and alkali. For thermal decomposition, a temperature of about 800° C is required (Reference 3). 12 �iCDD is an extremely toxic material that is aloo reported to cause hirth defects and embryo mortality (Reference 2). It is an extremely stable compound which has a relatively long half-life (References 8 and 9). U(!(,dir;r! of it.1, insolubility in water, TCDD is considered to be relatively immobile in the environment. It is impossible to state the exact concentrations of TCDD in herbicides Orange and Purple that were used on Eglin, but analyses of samples from herbicide Orange left over from ~;he Vietnam conflict can be used to estimate the probable concentrations. The mean TCDD concentration range in Herbicide Orange was <0.02 to 15 ppm with an overall mean of 1.98 ppm. The mean TCDD concentration range in Herbicide Purple was 17 to 47 ppm with an overall mean of 32.8 ppm (Reference 6). Herbicides used at Eglin from 1962 throuph 1970 probably contained concentrations of TCDD similar to those analyzed from Johnston Island and Gulfport, Mississippi. 13 �SECTION III TCDD ANALYSIS 1. EAST END OF TAX IWAY NUMBER 9 In January 1976, five soil samples were taken from the east end of Taxiway Number 9 and one sediment sample from the exit of the storm sewer drain (Figure 10). The soil samples were taken from the top 10 cm at sites considered to be likely areas for herbicide contamination. No TCDD was found in any of the samples (Table 3). TABLE 3. RESULTS OF TCDD DETERMINATIONS IN SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED JANUARY 1976, FROM EAST END OF TAXIWAY NUMBER 9, EGLIN AFB, FLORIDA TCDD Concentration Sample TCDD (ppb) Detection Limit (ppb) 6 0.045 7 NDa 0.030 8 NDa 0.030 9 NDa 0.030 10 NDa 0.032 11 a NDa NDa 0.040 Not Detected 2. HARDSTAND-8 Five soil samples from the top 10 cm were also collected in January 1976, from Hardstand 8 (Figure 11). Site Number 5, with 0.034 ppb, was the only sampling point around this hardstand that contained a detectable quantity of TCDD (Table 4). 14 �Stream 6 concrete 10 5Om Figure 10. Soil Sampling Sites at East End of Taxiway Number 9, Eglin AFB, Florida 15 �Concrete N i 15m I igure 11. Soil Sampling Sites at, Hardstand 8, Eglin AFB, Florida 15 �TABLE 4. RESULTS OF TCDD DETERMINATIONS IN SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED JANUARY 1976, FROM HARDSTAND 8, EGLIN AFB, FLORIDA TCDD Concentration Sample TCDD (ppb) Detection Limit (ppb) 1 0.030 2 NDa 0.030 3 NDa 0.030 4 NDa 5 a NDa 0.034 0.030 _b Not Detected Not Applicable 3. MAROSTAND 7 Because of the potential for TCDD contamination of the aquatic system draining Hardstand 7 and the previous data obtained from that area (Reference 5), sediment and soil samples, as well as biological organisms, were collected from several locations at this area in February 1977. a. Sediment Samples. Two sediment samples were collected from the hardstand pond directly behind Hardstand 7. Silt sample 1 consisted of organic dctritis, and silt sample 2 was taken from below that layer and was predominantly sand. Silt sample 3 was from Tom's Pond taken downstream from the man-made Beaver Pond dam (Figjre 2), which in turn was approximately 15 meters below a natural beaver dam. Silt sample 4 was taken from the head of Tom's Bayou at the creek entrance. This sample was taken from the surface to a depth of 15 cm and consisted almost entirely of detritis. Results from these samples are listed in Table 5. b. Soil Samples. In addition to bhe sediment samples, soil samples were taken ir February 1977from two locations at Hardstand 7 where herbicide con Lamination was known to exist (Figure 12). These samples were designated sample 5 and sample 6 and were taken from 0 through 10 cm and 40 throuch 50 cm, rcspecLively, ?. meters northeast of the concrete edge of the hardstand. Samples 7 and 8 were taken from 0 through 10 cm arid 40 throuch 50 cm, respectively, 2 meters southwest of the concrete edge of the hardstand. Results from these soil samples are given in Table 5. 17 �TABLE 5. RESULTS OF TCDD DETERMINATIONS IN SEDIMENT AND SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED FOR TCDD ANALYSIS IN 1977 TCDD Concentration TCDD Date Collected (ppb) Sample Location Collected Detection Limit (ppb) 1 Hardstand 7 Pond (Detritis) Feb 77 NDa 0.370 2 Hardstand 7 Pond (Sand) Feb 77 NDa 0.037 3 Tom's Pond May 77 4 Tom's Bayou Mar 77 5 2 Meters N of Concrete (0-10cm) Feb 77 6 2 Meters N of Concrete (40-50 cm) Feb 77 7 2 Meters S of Concrete (0-10 cm) Feb 77 8 2 Meters S of Concrete (40-50 cm) Feb 77 a 0.65 NDa 37.8 0.69 275 37.1 -b 0.031 -_b _b _b _b Not Detected Not Applicable Since relatively high levels of TCDD were found in soils around Hardstand 7, it was decided to conduct a more thorough monitoring effort at this hardstend. A grid system was established around Hardstand 7 (Figure 12) in order to facilitate the monitoring effort. Beginning at the center of the hardstand pad, 14 radians were established at 22.5 degree intervals, designated A through N, with A being the south southeast radian and proceeding clockwise. Sampling points on each radian were established at 20, 25, 30, am1 40 meters from the center point. These sampling points were designated by the numbers 1, 2, 3, or 4, respectively, following the letter designating the radian. The third designation for each sample identification indicates the depth at which the sample was taken: 1 = 0 through 10 cm, 2 = 20 through 30 cm, 3 = 55 through 70 cm, and 4 = 95 through 110 cm. Soil samples were collected using this grid system during January 1978. All designated sairpling sites were not actually sampled since asphalt covered some areas, and other areas had been covered with overfill to the extent that the sanple would have been meaningless. Those sites used and the TCDD concentrations found at those sites are presented in Table 6 and Figure 12. 18 �FIVE FOOT A S P H A L T COVERED DIRT MOUND N D4 DIRT MOUND C4. 20m Note: Soil concentrations of TCDD in ppb are given at each site by depth from top to bottom. Depths sampled were 0-10 cm, 20-30 cm, 55-70 cm, and 95-110 cm. £11 depths were not sampled at each site, however. Figure 12. Sampling Sites at Handstand 7, Eglin AFB, Florida 19 �TABLE 6. RESULTS OF TCDD DETERMINATIONS IN SOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED JANUARY 1978 FROM HARDSTAND 7, EGLIN AFB, FLORIDA TCDD Concentration Sample TCDD (ppb) TCDD Concentration Detection Limit {ppb) Sample b A21 1.5 A22 NDa NDS A31 4.2 NDa A41 NDa Bll 198.9* B12 53.6 B13 20.4 ND d 1 .0 F41 1.0 b A32 Detection Limit (ppb) F33 1.0 A23 TCDD (ppb) NDa 1 .0 G31 NDa 1.0 632 NDa 1.0 1 .0 G33 NDa 1.0 b H31 0.2 1.0 b H32 ND3 1.0 H33 NDa 131 0.5 1.0 b b _b B21 NDd 1.0 132 NDa 1.0 B22 NDa 1.0 133 ND3 823 NDa 1.0 021 0.8 1.0 b B31 NDa 1.0 J22 NDa 1.0 B41 NDa ND3 cn 3.0 1.0 _b 023 J31 0.5 1.0 b C12 1.0* J32 NDa i.n 03 5.9* 041 NDa C14 0.7* 1.0 b b b b Kll 70.2* C21 NO 3 1 .0 K12 20.2* C22 NDS 1.0 K13 16.6* C23 NDd 1.0 K14 19.0 C31 a ND 1.0 K21 3.9 C32 N0a 1.0 K22 0.8 C33 a ND 1.0 K23 0.030** C41 NO3 1.0 b K31 0.4 Dll D12 D13 D14 77.7* K32 127.4 97.1* 4.5 L12 0.133** LI 3 b _b NDa 111 b 0.5* K41 _b 121.4 HDa b b b b b b b b 1.0 b b D21 0.079** L21 0.4 023 NDa 1.0 L22 NDd 1.0 D31 NDa 1.0 L23 NDa 1.0 032 N0a 1.0 L31 ND8 1.0 033 NDS 1.0 L41 ND3 D41 NO3 Mil 0.8 1.5* 1.0 b 1.0 b Ell Ml 2 NO3 1.0 E12 NO3 1.0 M21 NDa 1 .0 E13 NDa ND3 1 .0 Q.I 1.0 b M22 E14 H31 NDa 1.0 E21 0.5 M41 NDa E22 NDa 1.0 Nil 1.0 b E23 NDa 1.0 N12 N0a 1.0 E31 NO 3 1.0 N13 NDa 1 .0 E32 NDa 1.0 N21 NDa 1.0 E33 a ND 1.0 N22 NDa 1.0 E41 NDa 1 .0 N23 NDa F31 NDa 1.0 N31 3.0 1.0 t> F32 a 0.7 D22 NDa 1.0 N41 NDa b _b 18.9 1.0 _b 1.0 Not Detected riot Appl icable 'samples contained varyi ig quantities of red dye. Red dye was used as an indicator for test purposes during the 1962 through 1970 spray m i s s i o n s . A slightly different extraction technique was used for these samples. "samples were subjected to high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). 20 �The highest concentration of TCDD found in the soil surrounding Hardstand 7 from this set of samples was 198.9 ppb. This was found in the surface sample at site 81. Several other sampling sites nearest the concrete pad were also heavily contamirated. This was expected, however, since drainage of spills from the concrete pad woulc migrate to those areas and also because of leakage from drums that had been stored at those areas. The presence of TCDD at depths down to 100 cm at site Dl was also expected because of the pit which had been dug in that area to restrain herbicide runoff. The high concentrations in the deeper samples at sites Bl and Kl, however, are not as easily explained. Probably several factors are involved. The most obvious explanation is the probable saturation of the soil with herbicide to a considerable depth when the hardstand was being used for loading operations. TCDD could have been transported to those depths via the herbicide solvent. After the degradation of the herbicide, the TCDD remained at the lower depths. The vertical movement of TCDD in the soil probably decreased greatly at that time, however. Although it is recognized that TCDD has little vertical mobility in soil, some vertical movement probably has occurred around Hardstand 7 because of the high concentrations. It should be pointed out that the detection limit for the samples from Hardstand 7 was 1 ppb except where noted in Table 6, Therefore, TCDD in concentrations less than 1 ppb could have been present in samples reported as "not detected" in this study. An important finding in this study was that soils containing high levels of TCDD contamination around Hardstand 7 were in a very confined area. TCDD contamination above 1 ppb was found predominantly in an area 3 to 4 meters wide surrounding the perimeter of the concrete pad. Soils outside this area were largely below the detection limit of 1 ppb. Although soil levels of TCDD below 1 ppb cannot be dismissed as insignificant, the magnitude of concern is obviously different from soils with much higher levels. c. Biological Samples. Biological organisms were collected from Hardstand 7, the Hardstand Pond, Beaver Pond, Tom's Pond (Figure 13) and Tom's Bayou (Table 7). No TCDD was detected in any of the samples collected from Tom's Bayou., Tom's Pond, or Beaver Pond. However a large snapping turtle (Figure 14) collected from the Hardstand Pond contained 1.5 ppb TCDD in fat tissue. TCDD was not detected in muscle, liver, or testes of the turtle, although it should be remembered that the detection limit in the liver tissue was high (0.260 ppb) due to high levels of interfering compounds. The turtle was not subjected to pathological examination, but no gross abnormal pathological findings were noted during visual observations. It is interesting and perhaps of some significance to note that the turtle was collected immediately after having been observed in the act of copulation. The fact that TCDD was found in fat tissue yet absent 21 �(at the admittedly high detection limit) in the liver might point toward species dependence not only for biological effects, but also for sites of bioaccumulation. Snapping turtles are near the top of the food chain in the aquatic system draining the contaminated hardstand. Therefore, the potential for TCDD accumulation from both the environment and contaminated food existed. Because of this, the TCDD concentration found in this specimen may be high compared to other organisms existing at this area. This specimen was old enough to have been living during the 1962 through 1970 spray orogram, although it cannot be determined if he actually lived in the Hardstand Pond/Beaver Pond area all that time. Figure 13. Tom's Pond, Eglin AFB, Florida 22 �TABLE 7. TCDD ANALYSIS OF ORGANISMS COLLECTED ON EGLIN AFB, FLORIDA TCDD Concentration Location Collected Date Collected Snails (NerUina _recl_avala) Tom's Bayou Mar 77 Alcwlfc (Ppnnlohus pseudoharongus) livor Tom' 1 ) Bayou Mar 77 TCDD (ppb) Detection Limit (ppb) NDa (l.(!ll NDa ND Sample 0.015 0.109 ND3 0.0l r i NDd 0.026 0.030 d muscle Cldins (4) (Pnlymp.soda carol irn ana and Rangia cuneata) Tom's Bayou Mar 77 Crab (4) ( C a l l incctus sapidus) muscle Tom's Bayou Mar 77 viscera ND° Bass (Micrpptprus salinoirles! 1 1 ve'i Tom1'. Pond May 77 ND3 NDfl *Turtle (Cnelydr.) serpent ina) fat llardstcind Pond 0.017 0.010 1.5 IIIUSClL' _b Mar 78 3 livor ND iiusi.le NDa 0.009 lestes NDa 0.011 *Beach Mice ('!) (Poromyscus polionotus) 1 i vcr lldrdstand 7 Mar 70 0.5SO 0.053 skin 0 f) *Sunfish (Lc'.P ."!J:'. l ' - ) muscle Beaver Pond _b o.oon NDa 0.007 Nof Delected b _b Nl)° viscera a Mar 78 0.2f>() Not A|)pliu)blc Samples were analyzed by !.ne Dcparlmcnt of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, under contract from the Department of Chc-ir.isr.ry and Biological Sciences, 1,'SAFA, Colorado (Contract *F056117RC0063). Funds provided by ACLC.'LO in support of studies on the Environmental rate of Herbicide Orange. 23 �Figure 14. Snapping Turtle (Male) Collected 1978 from Hardstand Pond, Eglin AFB, Florida A pooled sample of one female arid two male beach mice collected from Hardstand 7 contained 0.550 and 0.053 ppb TCDD in liver and skin samples, respectively. Weights of the mice were 6.96, 12.24, and 13.18 grams with liver weights of 0.44, 0.77, and 0.76 grams, respectively. Total weight of the three skins was 4.25 grams. Liver tissue was examined grossly and histologically for congenital and teratogenic defects by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Washington, DC. Microscopic examination of tissue showed no abnormal characteristics. 24 �SECTION IV CONCLUSIONS Analyses from this study revealed that only one of the three storage and loading areas included in the monitoring effort was appreciably contaminated with TCDD. Samples from near the surface around Hardstand 7 had concentrations of TCDD as high as 275 ppb with one-third that amount to a depth of 1 meter. However, this contamination was largely confined to an area approximately 3 meters wide around the perimeter of the concrete pad (a total area of about 350 square meters). At Hardstand 8, only one sample was found to be contaminated, and it contained only 0.034 ppb TCDD. No TCDD was found at the east end of Taxiway 9. The minimal contamination at Hardstand 8 and its absence at the east end of Taxiway. 9 was not surprising since these two hardstands were not used nearly as much as was Hardstand 7. TCDD has apparently migrated from Hardstand 7 as far downstream as Tom's Pond. The presence of TCDD downstream, however, does not necessarily mean that the material is spreading at this time. Much of the downstream TCDD contamination probably occurred during the actual loading operations and before the dike was built in back of the hardstand. Soil erosion and water runoff were obvious during that time but are well controlled currently. TCDD has been picked up by biological organisms in some contaminated areas, but the paucity of analyses makes it impossible to draw any conclusions concerning the extent of bioaccumulation at this time. The absence of TCDD in the fish collected from Beaver Pond during this sampling program could indicate that TCDD is degrading in that ecosystem. Whole body samples of sunfish from Beaver Pond in 1974 contained 0.014 ppb TCDD although muscle and liver tissue were free of contamination. Additional sampling of biological organisms is required in Beaver Pond and Tom's Pond to further define the extent of contamination in the biota. The final conclusion from this monitoring effort is drawn from the fact that no TCDD could be detected in either the silt or a wide range of biological organisms collected from Tom's Bayou. That no contamination occurs in Tom's Bayou is significant because it is the first place contamination would occur off the Eglin AFB Reservation. Therefore, data obtained from this study indicate that TCDD migration from Hardstand 7 is minimal and currently limited to a small area on Eglin AFB. 25 �REFERENCES 1. Courtney, K. D., D. W. Gaylor, M. D. Hogan, J. L. Falk, R. R. Bates, and I. Mitchell". Teratogenic evaluation of 2,4,5,T. Science 168: 864866, 1970. 2. Schwetz, B. A., J. M. Norris, G. L. Sparschu, V. K. Rowe, P. J. Gehring, J. L. Emerson, and C. G. Gerbig. Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Environ. Health Perspectives Experimental Issue No. 5: 87-100, September 1973. 3. Lang, Anton, et. al. The Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1974. 4. Biever, Helen. Defoliant History of Test Area C-52A, Working Papers, Vitro Corporation of America and Armament Development and Test Center, Eglin AFB, Florida, December 1969. 5. Bartleson, Fred D., Jr., Don D. Harrison and John D. Morgan. Field Studies of Wildlife Exposed to TCDD Contaminated Soils. AFATL-TR-75-49. Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida, 1975. 6. Young, Alvin L., John A. Calcagni, Charles E. Thalken, and James W. Tremblay. The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin. OEHL TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, AMD, Brooks AFB, Texas, 1978. 7. Young, Alvin L. Ecological Studies on a Herbicide-Equipment Test Area (TA C-52A), Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. AFATL-TR-74-12. Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida, 1974. 8. Young, Alvin L., Charles E. Thalken, Eugene L. Arnold, James C. Cupcllo, and Lorris G. Cockerham. Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the Environment: Summary and Decontamination Recommendations. USAFA-TR76-18. United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, 1976. 9. the the Air Young, Alvip L., Charles E. Thalken and Milliam E. Ward. Studies of Ecological Impact of Repetitive Aerial Applications oF Herbicides on Ecosystem of Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida. AFATL-TR-75-142. Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida, 1975. 26 �INITIAL DISTRIBUTION AUL/LSE 71-249 ASD/ENFEA IK) USAF/SAMI AIIVINT IKJ lAC/DRA FAG/1 NAT ASU/ENESII/S. Johns US Army TRADOC ATTN: ATAA-SL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (Tech Lib) 1 HQ USAFE/DOQ HQ PACAF/DOOFQ ASD/XRP COMIPAC/I-232 AFATL/DLODL DDR&E (Tech L'-b) USAFA/DFCBS AFLC/MMNO SAAMA/SFQT HQ USAF/RDP AFSC/DEV 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 DDR&E (Env & Life Sciences) Chemical Systems Lab DRDAR-CLJ-L (Tech Lib) USAF (OEHL/Capt Young) NWC Env Eng (Mr Ouimette) 1 1 10 1 AMD/RD AMRL/THE (Dr London) AMRL/THT (Dr Back) ADTC/CSV ADTC/SGPE AFESC/EC AFLC/DC ADTC/DEN US Army Natick Lab AFATL/DLV 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 Accessions Div DDC-DDA Deseret Test Center/Tech Lib Naval Weapons Ctr/Tech Lib US EPA (Dr Edwin L. Johnson) Dow Chemical Company US EPA (Dr Jack Moore) The Brehm Lab & Dept of Chemistry 12 1 1 AFCEC/EO AFATL/DL 1 1 USDA/ARS IJSDA Forest Insect & Disease Mgt US EPA (Office of Research & Monitoring) EPA (Dr Ralph Ross) Naval Const Battalion Center 2 1 1 1 1 27 (The reverse of this page is blank) 1 2 1 2 ��AD EGLIN AFB. FLA. 32542 OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE S3OO THIRD CLASS � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 012 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0103 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harrison, Don D. Charles I Miller Richard C. Crews Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Environics Office, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979-02-01 Title A name given to the resource Residual Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Near Herbicide Storage and Loading Areas at Eglin AFB, Florida Subject The topic of the resource biodegradation herbicide blue herbicide white herbicide purple https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/b8dd9ee2cb53d9658a318740fc794531.pdf 730e1e89f9f3a3a52d1dc9847b600221 PDF Text Text Item ID Number, ooose Author Corporate Author Department of the Army, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. Report/Article TftlO fr e cl ' ' Manual: Tactical Employment of Herbicides Journal/Book Title Year ^1 Month/Day December Color ® Number of linages 22 Desoripton Notes Friday, December 01,2000 Page 86 of 91 �. IP II. : M 3-3 _ PROPERTY U.S.V A. MEDICAL CENTE MEDICAL LIBRARY FIELD MANUAL HOUSTON, TEXAS MPt BTll ta F HEADQUARTERS, * DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DECEMBER 1971 FOR IRAINiNQ DEPARTMENT U3£ �FM 3-3 FOREWORD This manual provides information for use in planning herbicide operations at division, brigade, and lower levels. It contains a discussion of advantages that can be obtained by employing herbicides in tactical situations. The physical and chemical properties of agents ORANGE, BLUE, and WHITE are presented with information on agent handling and disposal methods. The manual also discusses air and ground dissemination systems, conditions influencing the effectiveness of herbicides, and guidance for command and control of herbicide operations. Information is presented on the downwind drift hazards produced by the A/A45Y-1, PAU-7/B, and AGRINAUTICS spray systems. A conversion chart and a glossary of terms are included at the end of the publication. �*FM 3-3 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL] No. 3-3 WASHINGTON, D.C., 14 December 1971 I TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF HERBICIDES Paragraphs CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose Scope Tactical employment of herbicides Changes and comments Page 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 2-1 2-2 2-3 - 2-4 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-3 8. CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES General Target vegetation Selection of herbicide Rate of application Growth stage of vegetation 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-2 4. COMMAND AND CONTROL OF HERBICIDE OPERATIONS General Herbicide operation request 4-1 4-2 4-1 4-1 6. METHODS OF DISSEMINATION Aerial spray systems Ground dissemination systems 6-1 5-2 oVrl 5-4 6. STORAGE, HANDLING, AND METHODS OF DISPOSAL Storage Handling and methods of disposal 6-1 6-2 6-1 6-1 2. HERBICIDE AGENTS General ORANGE BLUE WHITE o APPENDIX A. REFERENCES B. CONVERSION CHART GLOSSARY o * Thli manual iuperi*d*< Chapter 5 of TC 3-16, 9 April 1969. TAGO 82KOA A-l B-l Glossary-1 �FM 3-3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1—1. Purpose The purpose of this manual is to provide doctrinal guidance for the tactical employment of herbicides at division, brigade, and lower levels. 1-2. Scope This manual discusses technical and operational factors governing the use of herbicides in military operations. It also presents— o. Physical and chemical properties of agents ORANGE, BLUE, and WHITE and information on storage, handling, and methods of disposal. 6. Information on air and ground dissemination systems. e. Conditions influencing the effectiveness of herbicides. d. Guidance for command and control of herbicide operations. 1-3. Tactical Employment of Herbicides Defoliation of heavily vegetated areas by the use of herbicides is the primary means of obtaining visual observation of enemy forces, facilities, roads, ambush sites, infiltration routes, and other enemy locations from the air, ground, or water. o. The use of herbicides for defoliation— (1) Enhances security. Defoliation of vegetation bordering and overhanging roads, paths, trails, waterways, and railroads enhances security around friendly base camps, airfields, ammunition dumps, ports, along railroads, waterways, and other locations by providing defensive fields of fire and reducing possible ambush sites. (2) Improves military intelligence. Defoliation of large-area targets improves military intelligence for plans and operations by increasing vertical and horizontal visibility in heavily forested or dense jungle areas. Defoliation also provides data for correcting existing maps and for preparing new ones. (3) Reduces enemy resistance. In defoliated areas, troops will meet less enemy resistance than in areas that have not been defoliated and fewer troops will be required for an operation. ExpoAGO 3250A sure of the enemy's supply depots, base camps, and other locations will make him more vulnerable to air strikes and the resultant damage, harrassment, and threat of attack may cause him to move out of an area. (4) Increases troops available for combat and reduces casualties. Defoliation of broad defensive fields of fire around friendly base camps and locations, and defoliation of possible ambush sites permits commanders to reduce the number of men required for base camp security and convoy guard work and makes more troops available for combat duty. Improved fields of fire—wherever located— act as a deterrent to enemy attack and help to reduce friendly casualties when the enemy does attack. (5) Facilitates movement of military supplies. Defoliation along highways, railroads, and main shipping channels will facilitate movement of supplies and decrease the number of convoy guards required. b. Herbicides can also be used to reduce the enemy's food and industrial crops. This could cause him to— (1) Divert combat manpower to production of food. (2) Depend on local food resources. (3) Become more stationary because of the necessity to cultivate hidden crops. (4) Reduce production of war munitions. 1-4. Changes and Comments Users of this publication are encouraged to submit recommended changes and comments to improve the publication. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the change is recommended. Reasons will be provided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be prepared using DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications) and forwarded direct to the Commanding Officer, US Army Combat Developments Command Chemical-Biological-Radiological Agency, ATTN: CDCCBR-DP, Fort McClellan, Alabama 36201. 1-1 �FM 3-3 CHAPTER 2 HERBICIDE AGENTS 2-1. General a. Herbicides are chemical compounds used to kill or damage plants (AR 310-25). They can be used to dry foliage or to stimulate or inhibit growth, by modifying physiological processes in plants. These chemicals are classified as contact herbicides or as systemic herbicides, depending on the way they affect plants. (1) Contact herbicides. Contact herbicides (or desiccants) are used to damage plant tissue by local action at the point of application and show little or no movement throughout the plant. For this reason, thorough spray coverage is essential for maximum agent effect. After being sprayed with a contact herbicide, susceptible plants dry rapidjy; this causes leaves to fall from some plant species, and to shrivel but remain on others, (2) Systemic herbicides. Systemic herbicides are absorbed at the point of application and moved by the sap stream to other parts of the plant. These chemicals are growth regulators and usually act slower than contact herbicides. They damage plants by both local and systemic action, causing leaves to fall and, finally, killing the plants when the dose has been adequate. Plants treated with sublethal doses frequently recover partially or completely. Some plant species are highly resistant to this class of chemicals and show very little outward change. Systemic herbicides are most effective on woody plants and broad-leaved vegetation in an active state of growth. Note. Even though herbicides cause leaves, plants, and grasses to turn brown, leaves will remain on some trees and plants, and grasses will still stand. Therefore, to obtain maximum visibility, plants must be burned, cut, or removed by other means, such as bulldozer or labor force, 6. Various commercial chemical compounds used as herbicides have been adapted for use in military operations. Authority to use these chemicals must be obtained through the proper channels as explained in chapter 4. Herbicides described below are nicknamed ORANGE, BLUE, and WHITE to correspond with identifying color bands used on the shipping drums and for convenience. 2-2. ORANGE a. Composition. A 50:50 mixture of: 2,4-D (n-butyl-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate) and 2,4,5-T (n-butyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate) b. Physical and Chemical Properties. Physical state Color Solubility Freezing point Weight Effect on materials: Metal Paint Natural rubber Neoprene Teflon, Viton Polyethylene Butyl rubber Liquid at room temperature Reddish brown Soluble in diesel fuel and organic solvents; insoluble in water 45"F to 46°F 10.7 pounds/gallon Noncorrosive Harmful to some Harmful Harmful Resistant Resistant Resistant c. Physiological Properties. (1) ORANGE is a systemic herbicide that defoliates a wide variety of woody and broadleaved herbaceous plants. It affects grasses, bamboos, and similar plants less. Agent ORANGE is absorbed by a plant at the point of application within a few hours, and the chemical is translocated. (2) The components of ORANGE are rapidly decomposed by soil microorganisms and the chemical usually disappears from soils within 1 to 3 months following application. Lateral distribution of-the agent due to volatility alone is negligible. (8) ORANGE is low in toxicity to man, fish, and wildlife; but it will cause slight skin irritation and minor inhalation effects. d. Defoliation Capability. ORANGE will defoliate adequately forest vegetation in temperate 2-1 �FM 3-3 and tropical regions. See paragraph 3-4 for recommended application rates. Treated grasses and bamboos may exhibit brown foliage and partial top-kill, but they recover rapidly. The typical response of tropical, woody vegetation to systemic defoliants is progressive. For example, ORANGE applied during the growing season causes— • hardwood foliage to discolor in 1 or 2 weeks, • leaves to dry in 2 or 3 weeks, and • leaves to begin to fall after 4 weeks. Depending upon the type and density of vegetation, overall defoliation after 1 month averages about 50 percent and ranges from 15 to 90 percent. Defoliation increases and reaches its maximum during the second or third month in a single-layered canopy or during the fourth month in a dense, multilayered canopy. Satisfactory levels persist for 3 to 12 months in a single-layered canopy but for only 1 to 3^ months in a multilayered canopy. Thereafter, regrowth and replacement vegetation from ground cover may reduce effectiveness of the original treatment. Therefore, retreatment is desirable in dense-cover areas to extend the period of defoliation. e. Anticrop Capability. ORANGE is effective in the control of most broad-leaved crops when applied at the rate of 1 gallon per acre. Annual crops that can be killed by ORANGE when applied at any growth stage include: Beans Cabbage Cotton Gourd Jute Melon Peanuts Pepper Ramie Sesame Soybeans Tobacco Watermelon Root or tuber crops that show the greatest reduction in yields when ORANGE is applied during early growth stages include: Manioc or cassava Potatoes Sweet potatoes Taro Yams Perennial and woody crop species vary widely in their response to direct applications of ORANGE. Crops highly susceptible to herbicide damage are: Jackfruit Kapok Papaya Star apple or caimito Moderately susceptible crops are: Banana Castor bean Guava Mango Mulberry Pineapple Pomelo Roseapple Tea Citrus and rubber plants can be defoliated by ORANGE when the agent is applied in quantities greater than 1 gallon per acre. However, the trees will usually refoliate within several months. 2-2 Coconut and betel palms are more resistant to ORANGE than citrus and rubber plants. 2-3. BLUE a. Composition. Agent BLUE currently in use is a commercial, liquid formulation of sodium cacodylate called Phytar 560G. b. Physical and Chemical Properties. Physical state Color Solubility Freezing point Weight Effect on materials: Metals: Uncoated mild steel (soft malleable) Free-flowing liquid Reddish or brownish Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in oils —22°F 11.0 pounds/gallon Rapid initial reaction; gray precipitate formed Zinc Rapid chemical reaction and color change; heavy granular precipitate formed Aluminum _J Slight initial reaction; white precipitate formed Brass No initial reaction; white precipitate formed Copper No initial reaction; no solid precipitate formed Tin No initial reaction; gray suspension formed No significant effect on paint, natural rubber, neoprene, Teflon, Viton, polyethylene, or butyl rubber. c. Physiological Properties. (1) BLUE is a fast-acting contact herbicide that is effective against broad-leaved herbaceous or woody plants or grassy vegetation. It causes rapid browning and drying with accompanying shriveling and falling of leaves in some woody species. BLUE is exceedingly effective in the topkill of grassy plants to include perennials during any season. At rates of application used for defoliation (para 3-4), the chemical exhibits little or no systemic action within the plant. (2) In contact with soil, BLUE is quickly deactivated by surface absorption; it is nonvolatile and is not affected by light. (3) This agents is readily absorbed through the skin, and prolonged absorption may cause a distinct garlic odor on the breath. BLUE has a very low toxicity to animals. d. Defoliant Capability. When applied to susseptible vegetation at the recommended application rate (para 3-4), noticeable browning or discoloration is evident in 1 day and maximum defoliation usually occurs in 2 to 4 weeks. HowAGO 32BOA �FM 3-3 ever, the desired level of defoliation is of relatively short duration when compared to that of systemic agents. In dense forests with multilayered canopies, applications of BLUE can be repeated in 2 to 4 weeks after the initial treatment to insure penetration to lower vegetation layers and to extend the period, of defoliation. Regrowth of some perennial grasses, such as elephant grass, wild cane, or cogon grass, is likely to occur within 1 to 2 months after treatment. This necessitates repeated spray applications. e. Anticrop Capability. BLUE is the agent of choice for destruction of cereal and grain crops. Effects of the chemical become evident within 12 to 24 hours, and plants die within a few days. Since BLUE is water-soluble, it should not be applied during rain or when rain is predicted. 2-4. WHITE (Tordon 101) a. Composition. 20 percent picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and 80 percent 2,4-D, both in the form of triisopropanolamine salts. b. Physical and Chemical Properties. Physical state Color Solubility Viscous liquid Dark brown Insoluble in oils; active components are soluble in water 9.6 pounds/gallon Weight Weight of active ingredients (as acid equivalent) : Picloram 0.54 pound/gallon 2,4-D 2.0 pounds/gallon Remainder consists of water, wetting agent, and other inert ingredients AGO 3250 \ Effect on materials: Metals Other materials used in spray equipment Noncorrosive Noncorrosive c. Physiological Properties. (1) WHITE is readily absorbed by foliage and the root system and is quickly transported throughout the plant. (2) Since soil microorganisms have little effect on the components of WHITE, this agent is more persistent in soils than ORANGE or BLUE and losses from soils occur principally by leaching. In sparsely vegetated areas, when applied at rates used for defoliation, WHITE may persist in soils for as long as 1 year. It is subject to only limited decomposition by sunlight and ultraviolet radiation. (3) Tests indicate that a single direct exposure to a spray of WHITE of normal concentration would not constitute a percutaneous or inhalation hazard. This chemical is considered nontoxic and not hazardous to humans, animals, or fish. d. Defoliant Capability. WHITE is effective principally on broad-leaved herbaceous plants and particularly on woody plants. However, effects of the agent develop slowly on woody plants and full defoliation may not occur for several months after spi-ay-application. Temperate zone conifers are also susceptible to WHITE but defoliation ia delayed. Most grasses and monocotyledonous plants, including nipa palm, are resistant to WHITE. e. Anticrop Capability. WHITE is not recommended for use on crops because of its persistence in soils. 2-3 �FM 3-3 CHAPTER 3 CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES 3-1. General Effectiveness of herbicides will be determined by type of vegetation in the target area, herbicide selected for use, the rate of application, and the growth stage of vegetation. 3—2. Target Vegetation o Target vegetation will vary from dense tropical evergreen forests to open forests consisting of both evergreen and deciduous vegetation. Density of forests may range from a single-layer of vegetation to multilayered canopies and may consist of a single plant species or of many species of trees, shrubs, vines, bamboos, or palms. Response to herbicides will vary with the mixtures of species and the complexity of the forest cover. Species differ widely in their response or susceptibility to the systemic herbicides ORANGE and WHITE. The long-term effectiveness of herbicide treatments will be influenced by the proportion of resistant species. Some forest vegetation can be effectively defoliated for 4 to 12 months with a single application of chemical. Repeat applications may be needed to maintain long-term defoliation, particularly in multilayered canopies. Secondary forests or scrub with a single layer may show better canopy penetration and more plant damage than forests with several layers. 3-3. Selection of Herbicide Information presented below will help analysts select the most efficient agent for use in herbicide operations. a. WHITE produces a slower initial defoliation response and a slower rate of regrowth than ORANGE. Foliage will become discolored or brown within 2 to 4 weeks after being sprayed with WHITE, and within 1 week after being sprayed with ORANGE. 6. The oil-soluble herbicide, ORANGE, is more effective under moist, rainy conditions than the water-soluble herbicides, WHITE and BLUE. AGO 32SOA ORANGE is not readily washed off foliage and will penetrate waxy-surfaced leaves more efficiently than the water-soluble herbicides. c. BLUE is a rapid, short-term defoliant of broad-leaved herbaceous or woody plants or grassy vegetation. d. ORANGE and WHITE are effective defoliants of broad-leaved, deciduous forests. e. Evergreen, conifer forests are more susceptible to WHITE than ORANGE. /. ORANGE is effective primarily against broad-leaved crops but it can also be used to control broad-leaved weeds. g. BLUE is effective primarly against cereal or grain crops. h. Most spray missions will be carried out on targets with mixed forest vegetations; however, targets may consist of a single, dominant plant type. Examples and recommended herbicides are: • Nipa palm, frequently found with mangroves, provides a dense screen along waterways. It can be controlled successfully only by ORANGE, but it responds much more slowly than other vegetation. • Elephant grass can be controlled by BLUE deposited at high rates. • Bamboos of various types are difficult to control. Some species may be defoliated by repeated applications of BLUE, but the plants are not killed, and the clumps of stems alone provide effective concealment. • Broad-leaved, annual crop plants as a target can be treated as a single species since they are uniformly killed by ORANGE applied at rates used for defoliation. i. Selection of herbicide may be influenced by the proximity of agricultural crops to the target. 3—4. Rate of Application a. Application rate as used in this manual is 3-1 �FM 3-3 the amount of agent, expressed as gallons per acre (gpa), that must be dispersed to obtain an effective concentration on target vegetation. Note. To convert gallons per acre to gallons per hectare, simply multiply gpa by 2.5; for example 3.0 gpa x 2.6 = 7.5 gallons per hectare. Appendix B is a conversion chart. b. Tests with ORANGE at rates of 1.0 to 6.0 gpa showed increased defoliation with higher application rates. Tropical-zone forests with multilayered canopies require 3.0 gpa and temperature-zone forests can be adequately defoliated with 1.0 to 1.5 gpa. Application rates of 1.0 to 1.5 gpa of BLUE or ORANGE on susceptible crops may be sufficient; however, 3.0 gpa will give higher assurance of adequate coverage and results in more rapid onset of effects than 1.0 gpa. Therefore, for general use, an application rate of 3.0 gpa of ORANGE, BLUE, or WHITE is recommended for defoliation missions; and a rate of 3.0 gpa of ORANGE or BLUE is recommended for anticrop operations. 3-2 3-5. Growth Stage of Vegetation The effectiveness of systemic herbicides (plant growth regulators) is influenced by the growth stage of vegetation in the target area. Because such agents depend upon movement of the chemical from the foliage to other parts of the plant, they are most effective when applied to actively growing vegetation. For similar reasons, systemic herbicides are effective against young plants. In tropical areas, plants are dormant during dry seasons when moisture in soils is insufficient for continued active growth; in temperate zones, the same condition results from low temperatures. Therefore, a systemic herbicide applied during the dormant season takes longer to produce a significant response and generally is not as effective as the same concentration applied during the growing season. Contact herbicides normally do not kill perennial woody or herbaceous plants and, in the tropics, new foliage may develop in 30 to 90 days. ORANGE and WHITE are systemic herbicides, BLUE is a contact herbicide. AGO 32SOA �FM 3-3 CHAPTER 4 COMMAND AND CONTROL OF HERBICIDE OPERATIONS 4-1. General a. National policy will govern the use of herbicides in a theater of operations. When the decision to use these agents has been made, commanders will receive the necessary authority through command channels. Specific guidance for their use will include the level of command that may approve herbicide operations. 6. The employment of herbicides for military purposes must be judiciously controlled. Many unforeseen and undesirable problems may arise unless the user is thoroughly familiar with the socioeconomic and political implications, the type of vegetation to be attacked, the best herbicide to use, and the most efficient mode of dissemination. The user must know which chemicals will produce the desired level of defoliation on vegetation in a particular target area. c. Close staff coordination and planning are essential to enable the subordinate commander to make the proper decision. A key staff element is the GS/civil military operations section, which performs the dual functions of civil affairs and psychological operations (PSYOP). The civil affairs function includes all activities that might affect the relationship between the military, the civil government, and the people of the area. As for PSYOP, every action taken by the government and its military forces has a psychological impact on the populace and must be considered in all planning activities. PSYOP is an effective tool that can be employed before, during, and after the conduct of military operations. When such operations involve civilians and enemy forces, PSYOP can assist by informing the target population of what can be expected in the area, and of instructions and actions that will minimize structural, crop, and plant damage and nonmilitary casualties. To achieve national objectives, there will be situations where short range tactical advantages and expediencies should be sacrificed in favor of long range goals. For example, firepower must be used with discretion to minimize non- combatant casualties. Employment of herbicides capable of causing widespread crop and plant damage can have a disastrous effect on civilian support and attitudes, post hostility, rehabilitation, and economic recovery. 4-2. Herbicide Operation Request Written command directives prescribe policies, responsibilities, and procedures governing the operational employment of herbicides. Requests for crop destruction or defoliation are prepared in accordance with these directive by units desiring this support. The following information should be included in these requests: a. Overlays or annotated photographs depicting the exact area. Figure 4-1 is an example overlay. b. Target list. (1) Description of the area (to include the district, county, state, section, province, or other political subdivision). (2) UTM grid coordinates. (3) Length and width or area of the target. This may be expressed in meters, acres, or hectares. (4) Type of vegetation crop (to include planting and harvest times for crops). (5) Recommended herbicide. (6) Recommended delivery system. c. Enemy situation in and near the target area. d. Location of food crops or other vegetation that the user of herbicides does not want damaged or destroyed. e. Psychological operations considerations. For information on psychological operations, techniques, and procedures, see FM 33-5. /. Civil affairs considerations: direct impact on human and animal users of products of plants to be damaged or destroyed and indirect impacts on commerce, fishing, transportation, and other economic aspects of communities affected; and actions to be taken during and after proposed 4-1 �FM 3-3 TARGET OVERLAY: DEFOLIATION REQUEST NO. ONE TARGETS NO: R E F E R E N C E : MAP, SOUTH V I E T N A M , 1:50,000, SHEET 5000, 5010 & 2 Town 3km Stream Citrus P l a n t a t i o n foui'' Village 4km INCL C °PX Sheet 1 „ of 3 copies 1 of _ 1 „ s h e e t 1 Figure 4-1. Example target overlay. herbicide operations. The command civil affairs staff officer or the commander of the civil affairs unit responsible for the area should participate in 4-2 this facet of planning because of its complexity. For detailed information on civil affairs, see FM 41-10. AGO 82BOA ( 1 �FM 3-3 CHAPTER 5 METHODS OF DISSEMINATION 5-1. Aerial Spray Systems Herbicide operations requiring the use of the A/A45Y-1 or PAU-7/B spray tank must be coordinated with the Air Force Liaison Officer. J J a. A/A45Y-1 Internal Defoliant Dispenser. (1) Status. Standard, Air Force. (2) Description. The A/A45Y-1 defoliant dispenser (fig. 5-1) is a modular spray system for internal carriage in cargo aircraft. It is used primarily with the C-123 aircraft but can be adapted for use in the C-130. The module consists of a 1,000-gallon tank, a 20-horsepower gasoline engine, and a pump mounted on a frame pallet equipped with removable wheels. A single module is used in the C-123; two such modules can be used in the C-130, and each is operated from a console which incorporates pump and spray release controls. The C-123 system uses wing booms and a tail boom. Each wing boom is 22 feet long and 1.5 inches in diameter with 12 regularly spaced check valve nozzles. These booms extend from the engine nacelles toward the wing tips. The tail boom is 20 feet long and 3 inches in diameter with 4 check valve nozzles spaced at 6-inch intervals on each end. It is anchored in the center of the fuselage near the aft cargo door. During an operational mission, the system's gasoline engine is started. A recirculating line permits the enginepump combination to be operated without actual dissemination. When the aircraft is over the target, a motor-operated gate valve in the disseminating line is opened so that the agent can flow to the spray nozzles. (3) Characteristics. Weight of tank (empty) Weight of tank filled with: ORANGE BLUE WHITE Agent capacity Length of tank Cradle width Flow rate AGO 3250A 1,420 pounds 11,585 pounds 11,870 pounds 10,540 pounds 950 gallons 151 inches 54 inches Variable (100 to 285 gallons/minute) (4) Area coverage. Using the following parameters, the A/A45Y-1 can cover a swath about 88 meters by 16 kilometers or 1.4 square kilometers (351 acres). Aircraft speed Release altitude Flow rate - 130 knots 150 feet 230 gallons/minute To achieve predictable deposits of agent, spray missions should be conducted under inversion to neutral atmospheric conditions and calm windspeed. Direction of flight should be into the wind. (5) Uses. The A/A45Y-1 system can be used for defoliation along lines of communication, canals, river channels, boundary zones, and large forested areas where improved visibility is desired. It can also be used to destroy enemy-held crop targets. 6. PA U-7/B Spray Tank. (1) Status. Standard, Air Force. (2) Description. The PAU-7/B tank (fig. 5-2) was designed for external carriage on high performance aircraft. It consists of three stainless steel sections welded together: nose cone, center section, and aft hemisphere. An aluminum tail cone, which houses the electrical components, provides an aerodynamic contour to the tail. Ram air enters through a 2.78-inch diameter butterfly valve near the forward end of the center section and flows through an exit port that uses another 2.78-inch diameter butterfly valve. An aluminum dissemination boom, fitted with flexible, wirereinforced tubing and extending from the exit port in the aft section of the tank, is lowered 30° below the horizontal before agent is disseminated. The tank has an on-off capability. (3) Characteristics. Weight of tank (empty) Weight of tank filled with: ORANGE BLUE WHITE Agent capacity Length of tank 567 pounds 2283 pounds 2331 pounds 2106 pounds 160.4 gallons 185 inches 5-1 �FM 3-3 Diameter of tank Flow rate 22.5 inches 360 gallons/ minute (4) Area coverage. Using the following parameters, the PAU-7/B can cover a swath about 52 meters by 7.5 kilometers or 0.4 square kilometer (97 acres). Aircraft speed Release altitude Flow rate 650 knots 150 feet 360 gallons/ minute (5) Uses. The PAU-7/B spray system can be used for small-scale defoliation missions, vegetation control in base perimeters, minefields, ammunition dumps, artillery positions, and lines of communication. The system has also been used for small-area crop destruction. c. AGRINAUTICS Spray System. (1) Status. Not type-classified for herbicides. (2) Description. The AGRINAUTICS (formerly AGAVENCO) spray unit (fig. 5-3) is self-contained and can be used in the Army UH1B and UH-lD, the US Navy UH-1E, and the US Air Force UH-1F helicopters. It can be installed in, or removed from, the aircraft in a matter of minutes because it is merely "tied down" to installed cargo shackles, and no modifications are required for its use. The sprayer is a commercial item that can be used to disseminate insecticides or herbicides. Essential features are: • • • • Fiberglass tank (200-gallon) Cradle or support structure 10 X 4 X 3.4 feet Externally mounted, six-blade windmill pump Spray booms, 32 feet long, with positions for 56 nozzles. (3) Characteristics. Weight of system (empty) _ _200 pounds c Figure 5-1. A/A45Y-1 internal defoliant dispenser. 5-2 C AGO 8260A �FM 3-3 Figure 5-S. PAU-7/B apray tank. Weight of tank filled with: ORANGE BLUE WHITE ' Agent capacity: Maximum capacity Operating capacity Maximum flow rate 1377 pounds 1410 pounds 1256 pounds 195 gallons 110 gallons 175 gallons/ minute (4) Area coverage. Using the following parameters, the AGRINAUTICS spray system can cover a swath about 30 meters by 1000 meters or 30,000 square meters (7 acres): Helicopter speed—50 knots Release altitude—50 feet Flow rate —175 gallons/minute Because of the maneuverability of the UH--1 -series helicopters, the AGRINAUTICS normally is used on small, irregular targets requiring several passes to achieve complete spray coverage. (5) Uses. The AGRINAUTICS spray system can be used for small-scale defoliation missions, vegetation control in base perimeters, minefields, ammunition dumps, artillery positions, and lines of communication. The system can also be used for small-area crop destruction missions. d. Field Expedients. A number of field expedient (jerry-rigged) devices have been developed for use in helicopters to spray small areas such as fields of fire around perimeter defensive areas, helicopter landing sites, and crops. These devices range from a 55-gallon drum equipped with spray bar for temporary mounting across the skids of a UH-1B/D helicopter to a 400-gallon metal tank or 500-gallon collapsible fuel bladder with powerdriven fuel-transfer pump and improvised boom for use on CH-47 aircraft. e. Guidelines for Delivering Aerial Spray. The basic consideration in spraying herbicides for vegetation control is to deposit them precisely on the selected target. Exact placement of the spray AGO 3250A is essential to secure full advantage of the herbicide and to prevent possible damage to crops or other desirable vegetation near the target. The following guidelines have been developed for the A/A45Y-1 systems: (1) Missions should be accomplished under inversion or neutral atmospheric conditions with air temperature not to exceed 85 °F if possible. These conditions usually occur in early morning hours. Spraying under lapse conditions will result in upward movement of fine drops with consequent drift and reduction of deposit. (2) Winds should not exceed 10 knots at ground level. (3) Spray should be released at altitudes of 200 feet or less. (4) The spray should be coarse to reduce the proportion of small drops that may drift off target. (Mass median diameter (MMD) of spray— 300 to 350 microns.) (5) Flight paths should be oriented as nearly as possible into the wind when there is no tactical reason or advantage for crosswind delivery (/(2) below). (6) Spray applications should not be made when it is raining or when rain is predicted. /. Spray Drift. (1) Spray drift from herbicide missions may be a problem when food crops of friendly personnel are near the target. Principal factors influencing drift distance are: droplet size, height of release, windspeed, and other atmospheric conditions. Under the worst delivery conditions, drift from herbicide spray should not cause damage to broad-leaved crops at distances greater than those listed in table 5-1. These distances include a buffer zone between the area being sprayed and crops. (2) In general, drift hazard can be reduced in the following ways: 5-3 �M 3-3- r Figure 5-S. AGRINAUTICS spray system. • Disseminate defoliants at lower altitudes. • Deliver in the crosswind direction. • Perform missions when the windspeed is low or the wind blows away from desirable vegetation. Table 5-1. Downwind Drift Distance in Kilometersll* Release altitude (feet) Average windspeed (knots) 50 50 76 75 100 100 150 150 200 200 8 16 8 16 8 1 1 9 16 8 16 8 16 Delivery system * A/A46Y-1 PAU-7/B 6 7 7 8 7 10 7 9 8 10 9 12 AGRINAUTICS 2 3 2 3 4 5 Measured from downwind edge of target. Crops should not be damaged at drift distances given in table. Delivery parameters: Aircraft speed Flow rate Length of swath (knots) (gal/min) (km) A/A46Y-1 ISO 100-285 about 16 PAtM/B 550 360 about 7.5 AGRINAUTICS 60 176 about 1 5-4 5-2. Ground Dissemination Systems a. Power-Driven Decontamination Apparatus (PDDA), (1) Description. The PDDA is a truck or trailer mounted, self-contained spray system and is intended for dissemination of decontaminating material. These units can also be used to disseminate herbicides. Several different PDDA models are available and all are adaptable for use on vegetation-control problems. Tank capacities of the different models vary from 200 to 400 or 600 gallons. The larger models have power-take-off driven pumps capable of delivering herbicides at the rate of 35 to 60 gallons per minute at pump pressures up to 800 pounds per square inch. Delivery is through two hoses with adjustable nozzles. (Refer to TM 3-4230-203-12 and TM 3-4230-209-12 for information on FDD As.) (2) Use. PDDA units can1 be used with herbicides to control vegetation on minefields, perimeter defenses, and roadsides. For local application of herbicides, BLUE and WHITE can be diluted with 2 gallons of agent in 50 gallons of water. AGO 3260A �FM 3-3 ORANGE can be mixed with diesel fuel at the rate of 5 gallons of agent to 50 gallons of diesel fuel. Applications can be made at volumes of 50 to 100 gallons of spray solution per acre as required to completely wet the foliage. Caution: After using the FDD A for herbicide operations, agent must be thoroughly removed from the tank, pumps, hoses, and nozzles. Failure to remove residual herbicide will result in damage to rubber seals, hoses, and pumps. Once the PDDA has been used for herbicide operations, it is no longer safe for carrying water for drinking or showering. The PDDA should be tagged with a warning note and a warning note entered in the decon's logbook. 6. Hand-Operated Devices. Several hand-operated pump and pressure devices are available to disperse limited amounts of herbicide. Normal application is a 1:10 ratio of herbicide to diluting solution (water or diesel fuel). Since these devices are issued for insect control purposes, they must be thoroughly cleaned after being used to spray herbicides so that food crops or commercial AGO 8260A plants will not be damaged when the device ia again used to spray insecticide. c. Field Expedients. Any combination of pumps and spray nozzles mounted on any vehicle that can transport these items and the herbicide to the site of application can be used as ground field expedients. These expedient systems can also be used to spray diesel fuel or other flammable substances to burn treated vegetation. d. Guidelines for Using Ground Dissemination Systems. Using ground-based systems allows exact placement of herbicide on the target and minimizes downwind drift of agent. Applications should not be made if windspeed exceeds 10 knots, or if it is raining or rain is predicted. The major disadvantages of ground-based systems for spray application are: the target area must be occupied and controlled by friendly troops; the terrain must be traversable by spray apparatus; and current systems have only a limited standoff capability. A 500-meter buffer distance should be maintained to avoid damage to desirable vegetation near the target. 5-5 �FM 3-3 CHAPTER 6 STORAGE, HANDLING, AND METHODS OF DISPOSAL 6—1. Storage a. Herbicides are delivered in 55-gallon steel drums marked with an identifying color band— ORANGE, BLUE, or WHITE. Drums may be stored in either a horizontal or vertical position. Under prolonged storage, stockpiles should be checked periodically to determine the condition of the containers; leaking or damaged drums should be removed. ORANGE, BLUE, and WHITE are stable chemicals with 'a storage life of several years. The chemicals may outlast their metal containers in prolonged storage. Caution: Drums that have contained herbicides MUST NOT be used to hold potable or agricultural water; preferably the drums should be destroyed or have holes punched in them. b. Loading pumps and hoses used to transfer herbicides from drums to storage or aircraft tanks should be kept clean and free of dirt or other foreign material that could clog or impair the aircraft spray system. Transfer equipment should be flushed thoroughly with water after each use or after changing from one chemical to another. 6-2. Handling and Methods of Disposal a. ORANGE. (1) Handling. (a) ORANGE may be handled with ordinary sanitary precautions; however, this agent on skin or clothing or in the eyes should be removed promptly by rinsing copiously with clear water to prevent possible irritation. Contaminated clothing should be washed before reuse. (6) Exposure of rubber or neoprene hose to ORANGE results in deterioration. Transfer hoses, pump seals, and other equipment parts subjected to continued contact with this chemical should be checked often for deterioration unless they have been made from resistant materials such as Teflon or Viton. (2) Methods of disposal. (a) Spillage or spray deposit on aircraft and painted surfaces should be removed as soon AGO 8250A as possible by washing the surfaces with diesel fuel or other light petroleum oils and then rinsing them thoroughly with clear water. (6) Loading and storage areas where ORANGE has been spilled repeatedly may be decontaminated by flushing them several times with diesel fuel. The used diesel fuel should be drained into settling basins or pits so that it will be incorporated into the soil and decomposed by the action of soil microorganisms and sunlight. If possible, heavily contaminated soils or settling basins should be deep-plowed to work the agent into the soil to aid in leaching, decomposition, or deactivation. (c) Containers should be removed from loading areas frequently to avoid damage or hazard to nearby sensitive crops by concentrated vapors of the chemicals or by improper use of the empty containers in agricultural areas. Used containers and surplus quantities of ORANGE should be buried in deep pits at locations where there will be the least possibility of agent leaching into water supplies or cultivated crop areas. 6. BLUE. (1) Handling. (a) BLUE can be safely handled using ordinary sanitary precautions to avoid prolonged contact with skin or clothing. Spillage should be avoided but can be removed by liberal flushing with clear water. (ft) The formation of precipitate in some lots of agent BLUE has caused difficulties. Drums should be checked to insure that precipitate, if present, is not pumped into the spray system. BLUE should not be used in a spray system either before or after WHITE unless the tank and system have been thoroughly flushed with water. A mixture of these two agents results in the formation of a precipitate consisting of the sodium salt of 2,4-D (component of WHITE). When an agent is to be changed, the tanks or spray system should be filled at least half full with clean water and the system exhausted of liquid before the new agent is added. 6-1 �FM 3-3 (2) Methods of disposal. (a) Equipment used to apply BLUE should be thoroughly cleaned before being stored or discarded. Several flushings with soap or detergent water to which ammonia has been added should be followed by a clear rinse. For most spray systems, a final rinse with diesel fuel may prevent the accumulation of rust or sediment. (6) Excessive spillage of BLUE in loading or storage areas should be removed by a thorough washing with clear water and diluted ammonia. If possible, runoff or excess water containing diluted BLUE should be diverted into pits or settling basins for incorporation into soil. Used containers and residual chemicals should be buried whenever possible. c. WHITE. (1) Handling. (a) Ordinary precautions used for any common argicultural chemical are recommended for handling WHITE. This agent may be mildly irritating to skin and eyes on prolonged contact, and spillage on the skin should be rinsed with clear water. Contaminated clothing should be washed before reuse. (b) Tanks and spray 'systems should be thoroughly flushed with water before a period of disuse or before using agent BLUE (b (1) above). (2) Methods of disposal. (a) The picloram in WHITE is persistent in spray equipment, containers, and soil. Thus, full decontamination of equipment and areas subject to spillage is extremely difficult. A vigorous cleaning with soap and water, ammonia water, and clear rinses and flushings is necessary. Equipment used for WHITE should not be used for other purposes such as applying fertilizers or insecticides. (&) Loading and storage areas subject to chemical spillage may be partially decontaminated by repeated washings with ammonia water and flushings with clear water. Runoff water from such flushings should be diverted into settling basins or restricted areas not likely to overflow onto crop land. C 6-2 AGO moA �FM 3-3 APPENDIX A REFERENCES A-l. Army Regulations (AR) 310-25 310-50 Dictionary of United States Army Terms (AD). Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes. A-2. Field Manuals (FM ) 3-1 33-5 41-10 Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Support. Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures. Civil Affairs Operations. A-3. Technical Manuals (TM) 3-4230-203-12 3-4230-209-12 Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven, Truck Mounted, 400-Gallon, M9. Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven, Skid-Mounted, Multipurpose, Nonintegral, 500-Gallon, M12A1. A-4. Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOE) 3-500 AGO 3260A Chemical Service Organization, Teams FB and PA. A-1 �FM 3-3 APPENDIX B CONVERSION CHART 100 0.1 10 60 10 0.2 40 30( 0.3 EXAMPLE: 1. Sot 10 mph on X icalo 200 0.4 2. Alln* through point 9 0.5 3. K.ad 16 kmph on V teal* 0.6 0.8 100 1 80 60 50 40 30 20 8 +=$ 10 t'u 20 30 40 50 60 l 80 J 1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 '0.3 0.2 X mph mph mph mph kmph kmph kmph knotl knoll motori/ioc milt. milos kllomottri motors kilogram* gallon! (U.S.) ocrot 0.1 AGO 3250A NUMBER 9 6 3 8 5 1 7 4 10 12 9 6 5 12 11 13 2 Y 00 kmph knoli moton/ioc lt/..c knotl motori/ioc coo ft/IOC motori/ioc It/.oc lt/.«< kllomotori nautical miles nautical milos loot pounds (avdp) litors hoctaroi 300 400 500 600 too 000 B-l �FM 3-3 GLOSSARY J Canopy—The system of branches and leaves formed by woody plants at some distance above the ground. Cereal crop—Plants from which grain is derived for human consumption (e.g., wheat, barley, oats, rye). Conifer—Cone-bearing tree or shrub. Conifers are mostly evergreens such as pine or spruce. Contact herbicide—A herbicide that kills or damages plant tissue at the point of application. It exhibits little or no movement within the plant. Decomposition—The breaking down of a substance into other substances. Defoliant—An agent which, when applied to plants, kills or damages them or causes them to shed their leaves. Desiccant—A substance that has an affinity for water. When used as defoliants, desiccants remove water from plant tissue causing it to dry and shrivel. Evergreen—A plant which bears and loses leaves continuously throughout the year. Flash point—The lowest temperature at which a substance gives off enough combustible vapors to produce momentary ignition when a flame is applied under controlled conditions. Foliage—The mass of leaves of plants. Herbaceous plant—A soft, green plant that contains little woody tissue. Inversion condition—The atmospheric condition in which the air temperature increases with increasing height above the ground. There are no natural convection currents; therefore, the atmosphere is stable and normally is considered to be the most favorable for agent dissemination. AGO 3260A Lapse condition—The atmospheric condition in which the air temperature decreases with increasing height above the ground. Strong convection currents are formed. This condition is unstable and normally is considered to be the most unfavorable for agent dissemination. Leaching—The process whereby soluble components in the soil are dissolved out or filtered/ diffused downward by water action, e.g., rainfall. Mass median diameter—The diameter of the median particle size of a population of droplets. Microogranism—An organism of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size. Miscible—Capable of being mixed. Monocotyledonous—Pertaining to a class of plants whose seeds have a single cotyledon (leaf formed directly from the seed). These plants are further characterized by leaves having parallel veins; the vascular bundles of the stems are scattered and closed. Neutral condition—The atmospheric condition in which the ground temperature is approximately the same as that of the lower layers of air. This condition is considered satisfactory but not optimum for agent dissemination. Nonvolatile—Not readily vaporized at normal temperatures. Perennial plant—A plant living for several seasons and normally flowering and fruiting at. least in the second and subsequent seasons. Systemic herbicide—A herbicide that, after uptake through roots or foliage, moves within the plant affecting parts of the plant remote from the point of application. Translocated herbicide—See systemic herbicide. Glossary-1 �FM 3-3 By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Official: VERNE L. BOWERS, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General. W. C. WESTMORELAND, General, United States Army, Chief of Staff. Distribution: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 requirements for Chemical and Biological Weapons Employment. * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTINC OFFICE : 197S »60-90S/3250 AGO 3250A � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young. For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 009 Folder The folder containing the original item. 0086 Series The series number of the original item. Series II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Corporate Author: Department of the Army, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-12-01 Title A name given to the resource Field Manual: Tactical Employment of Herbicides Subject The topic of the resource herbicide properties herbicide blue herbicide white