1
15
63
-
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
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Box
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086
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2166
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Series IV Subseries I
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Patterson, Donald G.
Chester R. Lapeza
John A. Liddle
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Analytical Chemistry
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1986-04-01
Title
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Typescript and article: Appendix A: Interim Report of Missouri Dioxin Adipose Tissue Study and Automated Apparatus for the Extraction and Enrichment of 2,3,7,8 - Tetrachlorodibenzo - p - dioxin in Human Adipose Tissue
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ranch Hand crew
adipose tissue testing
herbicide testing
human testing
-
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
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Box
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086
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2162
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Series IV Subseries I
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Patterson, Donald G.
Richard E. Hoffman
Larry L. Needham
Daryl W. Roberts
John R. Bagby
James L. Pirkle
Henry Falk
Eric J. Sampson
Vernon N. Houk
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JAMA
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November 21 1986
Title
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2,3,7,8 - Tetrachlorodibenzo - p - dioxin Levels in Adipose Tissue of Exposed and Control Persons in Missouri: An Interim Report
Subject
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human testing
adipose tissue testing
-
Dublin Core
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
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086
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2161
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Series IV Subseries I
Dublin Core
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Okie, Susan
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The Washington Post
Date
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April 18 1986
Title
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Dioxin may Weaken Ability to Fight Disease
Subject
The topic of the resource
health studies
herbicide toxicology
human testing
-
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Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
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055
Folder
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1471
Series
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Series III Subseries II
Dublin Core
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Creator
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Newton, Michael
Logan A. Norris
Title
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Potential Exposure of Humans to 2, 4, 5 -T and TCDD in the Oregon Coast Ranges
Subject
The topic of the resource
agricultural exposure
dioxin
human testing
herbicide application
ao_seriesIII
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/c0208aa220ef749ca2646df751f7681e.pdf
c1fd91136b3c2e8c6913738e5cb32d39
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
Author
Brown, Marry D.
Corporate Author
Final
Report/Article TltlB
Report: Herbicide (2,4-D) Applicator Exposure
Measurements
Journal/Book Title
000
Year
°
Month/Day
Color
n
Number of Images
48
DBSCrlptOn Notes
Supported by USDA Agreement No. USDA-TPSU-RU-0191 and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
Project No. NJ04502.
Tuesday, May 15, 2001
Page 1466 of 1514
�FINAL REPORT
HERBICIDE (2,4-D) APPLICATOR EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS
Harry D. Brown
106 Administration Bldg.
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
Cook College, Rutgers University
New Brunswick, N.J. 08903
Supported by USDA Agreement No. USDA-TPSU-RU-0-191 and New Jersey Agricul
tural Experiment Station Project No. NJ04502.
�INTRODUCTION
The phenoxy herbicides have been used to control broad-leafed weeds in
crops, water sources, forests, pastures, range lands, gardens, lawns, urban
and industrial sites. Because of the efficiency, economy and safety, the
phenoxy herbicides, especially 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), besides other herbicides, remain
essential for agricultural and other uses (Diaz-Colon and Bovey, 1976). Use
of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D on a large scale to defoliate vegetation has resulted in
controversy about the fate of the chemicals. Many of the hazardous properties
ascribed to 2,4,5-T are to a lesser extent shared by 2,4-D. As a result, a
number of papers dealing with the fate in the environment, toxicological effects on living organisms (Diaz-Colon and Bovey, 1976; Sauerhoff et al., 1977;
Piper et al. , 1973) have been published. Cooper (1974) compared 2,4,5,-T and
2,4-D. He has reported that commercial samples of 2,4-D in mice were teratogenic and embryotoxic. Increasing controversy about their safe use has raised
doubt about their utility in achieving vegetation management objectives.
A Dow Chemical report on Forestry Applicators exposure to 2,4-D has recently been published (Levy, 1980). Nonetheless, in total, only meager information regarding human (e.g. gardeners, small farmers, etc.) exposure to 2,4-D
is available. This study reports an investigation conducted under conditions
characteristic of actual use pattern to determine the quantity of body surface
contact of applicator with the commercial 2,4-D formulation and the quantity
of the chemical measurable in serum and urine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Applicator
Eleven healthy young male (ages 19 to 31 years) human volunteers were selected and were examined by the University physician prior to the work. Each
subject was examined for blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperature on
the day of work, both before and after the work period, and similar examinations
were made every morning for the next three days (Table 1). Sterile gauze pads
(size 0.67 sq. ft.) were attached on the back and chest of each volunteer. A
paper cap (area 0.44 sq. ft.) was used to cover the head.
Location
The study was carried out either on the campus of Rutgers University or
near the campus in New Brunswick, New Jersey during the period from May, 1981
to August, 1981. The location was covered with weeds and grass. Each area was
roughly between one-half to one acre.
Spray Material and Equipment
The spraying material consisted of DMA-4 concentrate (obtained as a gift
from Dow Chemical, U.S.A.) which contained 3.8 Ib acid equivalent/gal 2,4-D.
The herbicide was mixed with tap water prior to use and the resulting mixture
was applied at a rate of approximately 1 gal/30 min. by a hand sprayer held at
hip level. A DuPont air sampler was attached to the applicator and was kept
running during the spraying operation. The areas were covered by spraying
six gallons in about three hours as per label instruction.
�Weather Conditions
Weather conditions during this study were moderate, temperature ranging
between 65° to 78° F with humidity from 50 to 89%. Wind was fairly calm
throughout this study except on one occasion, when it gusted to 10 miles per
hour.
Sample Collection for Analysis
• To ascertain body surface exposure, gauze pads and caps were collected
immediately after the work and washed in methanol. Air filter absorbents were
also washed in methanol. Residue separated by methanol was evaporated to dryness and then treated with 15% BF, in methanol. Finally, it was extracted
with n-hexane (Yip, 1975).
Blood samples were drawn before the work and at the end of the day's work.
Three more blood samples were drawn on the following three mornings. Overnight
pooled urine samples were collected before the work and the day's collections
were made during and/or after the treatment. Then the pooled urine samples
were collected twice a day for the next 4 to 7 days. Blood sera and urine samples were treated, extracted and analyzed by the method of Sauerhoff et al.5^
(1977).
Vegetation samples and soil samples from the treated area were collected
before the treatment and then once every 24 hours for the next 4 days after the
treatment. Samples were treated and analyzed by the methods of Davidonis et al.
(1980) and Olson et al. (1978).
Analytical Procedures
2,4-D residue extracted in n-hexane was analyzed on a pas chromatograph
(Tracer Model No. 560, equipped with electron capture detector and a six foot
glass column packed with 3% OV-101 on 80/100 supelcoport).
Clinical determinations on blood serum and urine were made through the
automated procedures of a commercial diagnostic laboratory.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The various data are summarized in tables 1-13 and figures 1-22. At the
end of a day's work, an applicator had an average 2,4-D residue of 49.39 yg/sq.
ft. on the back, 52.41 yg on the head. The average value of 2,4-D residue on
vegetation in the exposed areas was 27.93 yg/g of tissue at the end of the
working day (i.e. first day). The residue fell to 8.57 yg/g tissue after four
days. On the other hand, the average soil residue value was 2.68 yg/g soil at
the end of the first working day, which Increased
to 5v12*yg/soil (87.6%)
on the fourth day.
The average base level for phenolic compounds in serum was 70.7 ng/ml at
zero level exposure. Immediately after the day's work, the value went up to
165.3 ng/ml and again went up to 267.7 ng/ml on the second. The difference
between the base level and the measured level we take to be a specific measurement of the test material, 2,4-D. The value came down to 123.7 ng/ml on the
third day. The average amount of phenolics ranged from 3.45 yg (zero level
exposure) to 7.85 yg (fifth day) for the 12 hours of pooled urine.
*Appendix A is a more extensive discussion of methodology.
�Some changes were noticed in clinical analysis made on blood aerum and
urine.
Analysis of 2,4-D retained by the air monitor filter revealed detectable
residue. The amount of air drawn through the filter was calculated to be 56.6
to 84.96 liters, and the calculated 2,4~D residue was 43.1 to 60.1 parts per
trillion.
Results of this study indicate that there was a considerable amount of
2,4-D in the air, on vegetation and soil surface of the treated areas. An
appreciable quantity of 2,4-D also landed on the body surface, All serum and
urine samples showed measurable 2,4-D residue.
Statistical Analysis *
The clinical residue and weather data were critically scrutinized by both
linear models and regression models. The primary emphasis of the analysis was
to identify the parameters that recorded any significant change. This was accomplished by subtracting the baseling value from the observed value and then
dividing it by the baseline. Analysis of the resulting values revealed highly
significant (a=0.01) changes in the serum creatinine and total protein levels,
and significant ( H . 5 change in the urine specific gravity. It was also seen
o)0)
that the total protein and BUN/creatinine were positively correlated with the
residue on the chest of the volunteers and with their height. When the peak
residue in the body fluids was related with the external factors, it was seen
that the serum residue was positively correlated with the 2,4-D concentration
in the air and the amount of chemical that had landed on the head and back.
Likewise, the urine residue was positively correlated with the air volume and
the height of the volunteers. Precipitation (rainfall-high humidity) was negatively correlated with the serum residue, presumably due to decreased chances
of vaporization and subsequent inhalation.
*Analysis done by Dr. Robert Trout, Statistician for the NJAES.
CONCLUSION
Our observations, therefore, indicate that during normal working conditions, an appreciable amount of 2,4-D can enter into the applicator's body
through inhalation and/or through body surface (dermal) absorption. Lengthy
retention times have been observed in some subjects (Table 6). These findings
are consonant with the report of Levy et al. (1980) for foresters. Clinical
physiology data obtained here are consistent with long retention times for
this chemical. We surmise, but have no specific evidence, that the 2,4-D
molecule or some portion (phenolic), binds to serum protein and is eliminated
as a function of the turnover of the protein molecules. Other than the clinical
(chemical) changes noted above, we have seen no pronounced adverse effect of
2,4-D exposure.
REFERENCES
1. Sauerhoff, M.W., Braun, W.H., Blau, G.E. and Gehring, P.J. (1977). The Fate
of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Following Oral Administration to
Man. Toxicology 8:3-11.
2. Piper, W.N., Rose, J.Q., Lang, M.L. and Gehring, P.J. (1973). The Fate of
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4,5-T) Following Oral Administration
to Rats and Dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 26:339-351.
�3. Levy, T.L. (1980). Determination of 2,4-D Exposure Received by Forestry
Applicators. Dow Chemical, U.S.A. Report. October, 1980.
4. Diaz-Colon, J.D. and Bovey, R.W. (1976). Selected bibliography of the
phenoxy herbicides. I. Fate in the Environment. MP 1303. Texas Agric.
Exp. Stn., College Station.
5. Cooper, P. (1974). Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12:418-421.
6. Davidonis, G.H., Hamilton, R.H. and Mumma, R.O. ( 9 0 . Comparative Meta18)
bolism of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Cotyledon and Leaf Callus from
Two Varieties of Soybean. Plant Physiol. 65:94-97.
7. Olson, B.A., Sneath, T.C. and Jain, N.C. ( 9 8 . Rapid Simple Procedure
17)
for the Simultaneous Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Four Chlorophenoxy
Herbicides in Water and Soil Samples. J. Agric. Fd. Chem. 26:640.
8. Yip, G. (1975). Analysis for Herbicides and Metabolites. J. Chromatographic Sciences 13:225-230.
�CLINICAL XXX DATA
�Table 1
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Temp ( F
°)
Blood Pressure
Pulse Rate
Applicators
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
No. 1
98.0
98.4 97.8 98.4 98.4
128/74
114/70
120/78
120/60
120/78
76
60
80
78
72
No. 2
97.6
98.0 98.0 98.0 97.8
110/78
118/78
110/78
110/72
120/80
60
72
80
68
64
No. 3
97.4
97.6 97.8 97.0 97.8
112/82
120/70
110/74
118/6?.
120/76
60
72
60
61
64
No. 4
98.2
99.4 97.4 98.0 98.0
90/60
100/68
100/64
96/68
92/60
80
100
76
76
84
No. 5
97.6
98.8 98.0 98.2 98.2
112/74
124/80
120/82
120/80
110/80
72
84
84
80
84
No. 6
97.0
98.6 97.2 97.0 97.4
120/80
110/74
108/78
112/78 112/74
84
88
96
92
100
No. 7
97.4
98.4 97.0 97.0 98.2
104/64
100/60
110/64
120/64
110/70
78
78
80
78
80
No. 8
98.4
98.4 98.6 97.8 98.0
140/76
120/80
112/70
130/68
130/76
80
64
96
80
68
No. 9
98.6
98.4 97.0 98.0 97.2
110/70
110/70
110/80
120/80
120/74
60
60
68
80
64
No. 10
97.8
98.0 97.4 98.2 97.8
104/60
100/70
108/60
112/70
102/60
84
68
84
88
88
No. 11
97.4
9 . 97.2 97.2 97.0
86
120/68
110/70
110/80
112/70
110/76
80
80
80
68
80
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-3 = Days after treatment
�Table 2
Detection of 2,4-D Residue
from Gauge Patch (= Body Surface)
yg/sq. ft. 1
Applicator
No.
Head
Chest
Back
1
8.55
7.81
5.10
2
14.06
11.68
10.60
3
7.06
3.37
3.77
4
222.20
171.50
99.63
5
34.22
94.53
41.16
6
141.80
111.50
74.23
7
76.16
68.39
46.64
8
16.99
13.56
11.86
9
19.12
14.58
10.29
10
18.55
31.46
4.46
11
17.80
14.95
18.63
�Table 3
2,*i-D Residue on Vegetation
Treated
Area
2,4-D yg/g Vegetation
0
X
X+1
X+2
X+3
1
0.59
28.85
16.15
16.67
20.16
2
14.74
29.60
22. A3
4.32
2.13
3
00.00
25.35
7.70
1.92
3.44
2.47
X+4
Amount of 2,^-D on Soil Surface
Treated
Area
2,4-D -fjg/g Soil
X+1
X+2
X+3
«*
3.70
1.90
2.80
7.30
-
3.58
4.21
0.72
1.59
7.25
-
0.00
0.13
0.15
0.27
0.80
0.93
0
1
1.24
2
3
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
1
2
3
1»
=
=
=
=
=
*s
Pretreatment
Posttreatment
1 day after treatment
2 days after treatment
3 days after treatment
^ days after treatment
�Table 4
Amount of 2,4-D Residue and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds in Serum
Applicator
No.
1
2
3
k
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
2,4-D Residue (ng/ml )
X+1
X
75.1
826.6
114.4
170.1
131.5
112.8
112.3
54.0
93.5
157.8
56.3
221.9
208.3
123.5
44.5
3.5
29.0
19.0
224.4
00.0
00.0
443.2
538.3
19.1
50.2
7.8
496.9
862.9
119.3
55.7
41.8
93.3
55.6
X+2
311.0
250.1
74.6
92.4
169.9
94.3
194.7
43.6
43.0
58.8
27.9
X+3 .
112.3
102.3
479.6
84.2
245.1
674.6
178.6
83.4
25.7
36.3
114.8
•
0 = Pretreatment
X - Posttreatment
X+1 «= 1 day after treatment
X+2 = 2 days after treatment
X+3 = 3 days after treatment
Note: Because phenoxy and other phenolic compounds have liquid chromatographic
migrations similar to that of 2,4-D, there is a variation in the base for specific measurement of the test compound.
�\0
Table 5
Amount of 2,4-D in Serum
Applicator
No.
X
i
X+l
2,4-D (ng/rol)
X+2
714.3
198.7
0
196.1
48.3
2
60.4
116.1
3
128.4
38.0
4
285.4
5
X+3
482.0
—
440.6
654.6
6
—
—
113.6
386.1
—
188.8
466.3
7
179.9
74.8
—
150.2
8
15.6
52.2
40.1
9
21.2
12.8
14.0
10
74.3
39.8
—
17.3
11
55.6
27.9
114.8
Legend
X =
X+l
X+2
X+3
Posttreatment
= 1 day after treatment
= 2 days after treatment
= 3 days after treatment
134.1
79.9
�Table 6
Total Amount of 2,4-D and Endogenous ^henolic Comnounds Excreted in the Urine
yg 2,4-D Excreted per 12 hours
Applicator
No.
0
1
12
2k
36
48
60
1
3.73
7.12
2.38
2.58
6.49
5.70
2.93
21.20
28.96 -
-
-
-
2
3.22
7.17
1.22
2.85
6.00
5.75
4.46
6.44
-
-
-
3
2.85
4.25
10.00
8.87
1.75
0.60
1.33 10.79
1.09 4.07 -
-
-
-
4
8.11
15.44
21.38
7.66
9.56
5
0.32
1.31
1.79
1.60
1.31
6
9.95
7
9.91
8
0.00
0.11
9
10
72
84
96
108
120
132
144
156
-
-
-
-
-
-
30.55 24.87 13.09
6.23
-
-
-
-
2.62
3.32
2.27
7.39
-
-
-
-
-
I*. 56 15.62
5.04 23.39 13.87
6.28
8.46 13.16
10.81 15.25
2.73
3.12
2.89
0.91
5.00
8.84 -
-
-
-
-
0.57
2.77
1.34
3.46
2.84
3.08
5.30
1.97
1.49
2.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.75 0,00
0.85
2.46
8.28
6.57
1.46
4.09
1.42
2.10
3.73
2.21
4,31
4.47
0.00
1.9* 1.73
1.63
2.83
2.21
2.73
8.48
4.35 -
0 • Pretreatment
1 • Posttreatment
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
�Table 7
HEMATOLOGY
WBC x 103
liters
0
X
1
RBC x 106
RGB (g/dl)
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
HCT (%)
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
I
2
3
3. 1
6.0
7.1 6.3
7.0
5.5
4.78
j,
4.68
j,
4761
j,
4*50
j.
4.43
15.5
15.1
14.8
14.6
14.6
44.4
43.7
44.8
441.6
441.5
3. 2
5.7
6.8
5.9
5.2
5.2
4.99
5.06
5.15
4.85
4.89
15.9
15.6
16.2
15.0
15.3
43.2
43.8
44.7
42.0
42.4
3. 3
6.7
6.1
5.2
5.6
5.0
4*69
4*64
4*63
4.71
4*65
14.9
14.8
14.5
14.6
14.9
41*2
41*2
41*2
40*9
40*6
!
3. 4
6.5
7.6
6.6
6.7
6.5
5.72
5.76
5.75
5.85
5.50
15.5
15.6
15.3
16.8
14.8
43.9
44.0
43.5
44.6
41*8
!
3. 5
6.3
6.5
5.9
7.0
6.2
5.34
5.22
5.23
5.56
5.27
15.9
15.7
15.7
16.8
15.6
44.6
44.1
44.7
46.5
43.6
D.
6
6.7
7.8
6.7
8.4
6.9
5.39
5.23
5.46
5.43
5.03
16.8
16.9
17.1
17.8
16.2
47.6
46.3
48.5
47.8
44.9
3. 7
6.6
8.1
9.8
8.2
7.9
5.45
5.20
5.42
5.33
5.29
16.5
15.9
16.3
17.0
16.3
48.0
47.3
46.9
46.0
o. 8
8.3 8.3 6.2
6.3
6.1
4.97
4.75
4.99
4.99
5.04
8.1
7.8
5.21
4.76
5.07
5.42
5.14
15.8
413.2
44.1
6.0
15.7
413.9
42.6
6.2
15.7
413.2
42.8
6.1
15.2
412.4
42.9
o. 9
15.8
413.3
44.9
441.0
37*4
40*3
38.1
o. 10
7.8
7.5
8.1
7.6
7.7
4.97
5.06
5.33
5.14
16.4
17.1
16.3
4.8
6.0
6.0
5.9
4.99
4.81
4.95
5.11
14.8
14.4
14.9
14.9
45.0 43.0 45.0
4 - 4 - 4 41.2 37.8 39.3
47.1
4 40.7
45.9
5.0
15.8
•l
13*5
16.5
0.
4.80
44.54
11
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-3 = Days after treatment
J.
3877
J.
35*3
X
4,
4-
42.0
J
�Table 7 (cont.)
HEMATOLOGY
MCV ( 3
y)
MCH (yyg)
MCHC (%)
Platelet Estimate
Applicators
0
X
1
2
3
No. 1
93
93
97
92
94
32J4
32^0
No. 2
87
87
87
87
87
3lt7
30.8 3lts
No. 3
88
89
89
87
87
31J8
3ll8
3ll3
No. 4
7*4
7*4
7*3
7*4
7*6
27.0
26t9
26*6
No. 5
81
81
82
81
83
29.6
No. 6
85
85
86
85
89
3l7l
32.2 31.1 32.6
No. 7
85
83
84
85
87
30.2
30.4 40.0 3lt?
No. 8
87
87
87
86
87
30.9
No. 9
7*5
7*5
7*5
7*5
7*5
24*8
No. 10
91
90
90
89
90
No. 11
83
84
83
83
83
A
0
A
X = Posttreatment
1-3 » Days after treatment
A.
2
3
A.
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
A.
34.7
34.3 32.9 34.9 35.1
N
N
N
N
N
31.0 31^2
36.6
35.5 36?1
N
N
N
N
N
30.8 32lO
36.0
35.9 35.1 35.4 36;6
N
N
N
N
N
28.5 27.6
35.2
35.2 34.9 37t4 35.8
N
N
N
N
N
30.0 29.7 30.1 30.3
35.4
35.5 35.0 35.8 36.2
N
N
N
N
N
35.2
36J 3
Dec N
N
N
N
31^4
34.2
35.2 34.3 35.9 35.7
N
N
N
N
3ltl
30.4 30.6 30.1
36.3
36t4
Dec N
N
N
N
25*3
25t2
33.9
34.6 34.6 33.9 34.0
N
N
N
N
N
3itg sitg site 3it2 so. 8
35.7
36.1 35.8 35.6 34.9
N
N
N
N
N
28.8
35.2
35.1 36.0 3etl 35.0
N
N
N
N
N
A
0 = Pretreatment
A,
1
32J9
A
Legend
X
A
32?0
32J3
A
A
35.6 36.0
A
A
24*9
A
A
A
33.0
24*9
28.9 29.1 29.2 28.3
•f
A
34.9 36l9
A
36^4
35.9 3ets 35.2
N
�Table 8
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
Glucose (mg/dl)
BUN (mg/dl)
Creatinine (mg/dl)
Uric Acid (mg/dl)
Applicators
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
No. 1
93
88
79
81
76
12
12
13
11
No. 2
78
83
63* 80
75
18
17
17
19
No. 3
93
94
92
95
87
21
21
22
No. 4
87
112+ 86
92
86
12
14
No. 5
197+ 149+ 166+ 163+ 149+ 13
No. 6
111+
No. 7
81
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
11
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
6.4
6.5
6.1
4.9
5.2
16
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.0
6.1
6.3
6.6
6.3
5.5
27+ 26+
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.9
3.8
4.5
3.9
4.8
4.1
12
13
15
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
7.6
7.9
7.5
8.4+ 8.1+
14
12
13
15
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
6.6
7.7
6.6
7.0
6.9
95
91
92
18
19
18
16
18
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
6.3
6.6
6.4
5.8
6.8
137+ 76
88
91
14
15
16
18
15
1.2
1.5+ 1.2
1.1
1.2
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.3
107
15
15
17
13
13
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
5.6
5.3
5.1
5.4
4.4
81
No. 8
122+ 102
127+ 81
No. 9
118+
90
107
79 122+
17
16
15
17
17
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.8
5.7
5.8
5.4
6.0
4.9
No. 10
101
84
134+ 99 140+
15
15
16
15
14
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
6.3
7.0
7.3
6.9
5.9
No. 11
148+ 124+ 112+ 98 111+
20
19
17
14
12
1.5+ 1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
7.3
5.1
4.8
5.0
4.7
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-3 = Days after treatment
�Table 8 (cont.)
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
A/G Ratio
Globulin (g/dl)
Calcium4"1" (mg/dl)
Bun/Great
Applicators
1
0
1
0
0
No. 1
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.3
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.5
2.0
13.3
12.0
14.6
14.5
14.2
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.5
4.2
No. 2
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.1
15.0
13.1
14.2
15.6
16.2
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.2
No. 3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.2
21.0
21.0
22.0
24.5
28.5
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.3
4.5
No. 4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.3
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.9
10.5
11.2
9.7
12.0
14.3
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.3
No. 5
3.2
3.5
3.4
3.2
2.8
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
12.4
13.5
12.8
13.6
16.2
3.8
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.0
No. 6
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.1
14.7
14.1
14.2
14.2
14.5
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.4
4.4
No. 7
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
11.7
10.1
13.6
15.7
12.7
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.3
No. 8
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.6
1.9
1.4
1.9
2.0
1.7
14.7
15.2
16.9
13.9
15.4
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.4
4.3
No. 9
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.7
2.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
15.9
15.6
12.6
17.1 "20.4
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.3
4.2
No. 10
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.5
2.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.8
16.0
13.3
13.4
13.3
14.1
4.2
4.2 4.2
4.4
4.2
No. 11
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.7
3.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.5
13.3
18.3
17.3
14.2
13.7
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.3
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-3 = Days after treatment
4.1
�Table 8 (cont.)
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
Applicators
LDH (IU/1)
SCOT (IU/1) '
Alk. Phos. ( U 1
I/)
GGT (IU/1)
T. Bill, (mg/dl)
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
21
160
175
201
140
164
23
23
22
20
22
23
209
224
2$7
2$1
235
16
16
15
25
24
26
151
161
157
177
172
10
10
11
16
16
15
136
152
157
144
164
24
20
23
20
29
28
154
167
153
150
148
70
26
23
23
36
23
166
153
176
146
114
117
28
33
23
26
24
160
148
152
4*4
46
45
31
32
31
20
20
152
154
6*4
80
67
68
32
40
34
33
40
183
96
111
103
99
41
32
34
23
26
58
58
31
32
32
22
24
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
No. 1
42
40
43
45
39
22
22
20
22
No. 2
79
79
80
82
79
25
26
24
No. 3
69
61
71
79
79
22
24
No. 4
64
62
63
63
63
11
No. 5
90
81
88
87
87
No. 6
75
68
76
75
No. 7
116
111
115
No. 8
4*6
5*1
No. 9
5*2
No. 10
6*9
No. 11
116
5*8
6*1
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-3 = Days after treatment
!
0
X
1
2
3
20
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.8
15
15
0.7
0.7 . . 0.7
08
0.6
11
12
12
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.4
24
24
23
21
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.4
36
36
36
39
38
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
145
16
15
16
14
14
0.9
0.8
1.0
its
itl
136
129
15
17
14
14
14
0.6
0.9
0.3
0.2
0.2
157
151
154
13
14
13
17
15
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.5
201
191
2$8
197
10
14
21
18
17
itl
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.9
195
179
187
169
165
16
10
11
14
12
itl
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
213
189
202
191
159
10
10
10
13
13
0.5
0.6
0.6
itl
1?3
�Table 8 (cont.)
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
Cholesterol (mg/dl)
T. Protein (g/dl)
Calcium (mg/dl)
Albumin (g/dl)
Applicators
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
1
2
3
0
X
No. 1
179
173
177
1(1)8
169
9.9
9.8
9.7
9.1
9.4
7.3
7.2
No. 2
223 221
215 219
175
9.8
9.6
9.3
9.5
9.3
7.2
7.2 7.0 7.2 6.7
4.7
No. 3
its
its
151
lt7
10.2
10.4 10.3 10.0 10.2
7.4
7.3 7.3
5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9
No:. 4
170 180
170 172
172
.9.6
9.7
9.4
9.7
9.2
6.7
6.8 6.7 6.6 6.4
4.1
No. 5
202 222 218 218 208
9.0
9.4
9.5
9.5
9.4
7.7
8^2 7.9
4.4 4.7
No. 6
210
208 209 208
192
10.0
9.7
7.7
7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9
4.7 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.7
No. 7
154
152
its
it?
150
10.3
9.9
9.8
9.6
stl
7.4 7.2
7.0 6.8
5to 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4
No. 8
165
169
170
180
172
9.7
9.9
9.7 10.1
9.7
7.1
7.3
7.2 7.1
4.6
No. 9
153 160
163 163
itg
9.7
9.5
9.6
10.0
9.4
7.3
7.3 7.0 7.5 6.4
4.5 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.4
No. 10
158
168
170
168
155
9.6
10.0 10.0 10.5
9.7
7.3
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.3
4.5
No. 11
161
lt9
160
160
157
9.9
9.9
7.3
7.1
7.3 7.3
7.4
4.8 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4
its
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-3 = Days after treatment
10.6 10.2 10.1
9.6
9.5
9.9
9.9
1
2
7.1 ste
7.1
3
6.7
7.4 7.1
7.8 7.6
0
X
1
2
4.6 4.6 4.6 3t3
3
4.5
4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6
4.3 4.1 4.3 4.2
4.5 4.6 4.7
4.8 4.7 4.8 4.5
4.9 4.9 4.9
4.7
�Table 9
ACID PHOSPHATASE AND HAPTOGLOBIN
HAPTOGLOBIN (mg/dl)
ACID PHOSPHATASE (IU/1)
Applicators
0
X
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
No. 1
0.2 0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
22
17
20
21
25
No. 2
0.3 0.3 0.4
0.0
0.0
24
26
24
25
18
No. 3
0.2 0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
71
89
87
82
85
No. 4
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
0.04
92
113
111
76
108
No. 5
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
Missing
109
105
108
99
122
No. 6
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.02
0.12
189
197
204
174
238
No. 7
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
0.16
87
95
85
118
134
No. 8
0.2 0.0 0.0 Missing Missing
79
157
81
91
72
No. 9
0.0 0.0 0.0 Missing
0.2
90
90
91
165
80
No. 10
0.0 0.0 0.0 Missing
0.1
95
154
173
86
161
No. 11
0.0 0.0 0.0 Missing
0.6
159
114
118
118
128
Legend
0 «= Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-3 «= Days after treatment
�\<\
URINALYSIS
Table 10
pH
Applicators
0
X
la
Ib
2a
2b
3a
3b
No. 1
5.0
6.0
5.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
5.0
5.0 6.0
No. 2
6.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
No. 3
5.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
6.0
No. 4
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
6.0
No. 5
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
No. 6
5.0 6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
No. 7
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
No. 8
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
8.0
No. 9
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
No. 10
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
No. 11
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X « Posttreatment
1-7 = Days after treatment
a « 7:00 a.m. collection
b « 7:00 p.m. collection
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
7a
5.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
—
�Table 11
\ppll:ators
So. 1
Sto. 2
So. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
0
Amber
Clear
Amber
Clear
Amber
Clear
Straw
Cloudy
Straw
Clear
Straw
Cloudy
Straw
Clear
Yellow
SI. cloudy
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Cloudy
URINALYSIS
COLOR
X
la
Ib
Yellow
Clear
Amber
Turbid
Yellow
Turbid
Straw
Clear
Straw
Cloudy
Straw
Cloudy
Straw
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Amber
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Cloudy
Amber
Turbid
Amber
Clear
Straw
Clear
Amber
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Clear
Straw
Cloudy
Straw
Cloudy
Straw
Cloudy
Straw
Clear
Straw
Hazy
Straw
Hazy
Straw
Clear
Straw
Clear
Straw
Clear
Yellow
Hazy
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Clear
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
2a
2b
Yellow Yellow
Clear
Clear
Yellow Yellow
Cloudy Cloudy
Yellow Yellow
Clear
Clear
Straw Yellow
Clear
Cloudy
Yellow Yellow
Cloudy
Hazy
Straw Yellow
Cloudy
Hazy
Straw Yellow
Clear
Clear
Straw Yellow
Cloudy
Hazy
Straw Yellow
Cloudy
Hazy
Straw
Straw
Clear
Clear
Straw
Yellow
Clear
Clear
1-7 = Days after treatment
a = 7:00 a.m. collection
3a
3b
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Turbid
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Clear
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
. 6b
7a
Yellow
i
Clear
Yellow
;—
Turbid
Yellow
—_
Turbid
Yellow
—;_•
Cloudy
Yellow
Cl Dudy
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow
Cloudy
Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yello
Clear
Hazy
Cloudy Hazy
Clear
Clear
Hazy
Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yello
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Clear
Clear
Hazy
Yellow
Clear
Yellow
Turbid
7:00 p.m. collection
�Table 12
URINALYSIS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Applicators
4a
4b
5a
5b
X
la
Ib
2a
2b
No. 1
1.022
1.010
1.026
1.007
1.015
1.010
1.023
1.010
1.015
1.028
1.027
1.028
1.028
1.024
1.024
1.026
1.033
1.028
1.033
1.023
1.030
1.026
1.033
1.020
1.024
1.015
1.022
1.008
1.020
1.020
1.020
1.018
1.024
1.019
1.022
1.018
1.020
1.022
1.022
1. 016
No. 6
1.029
1.028
1.025
1.024
1.026
1.017
1.029
1.024
1.012
1.014
1.016
1.016
1.017
1.014
1.020
1.014
1.026
1.026
1.020
1.022
1.026
1.027
1.027
1.012
1. 015
1.017
1.023
1.024
No. 9
1.013
1.027
1.025
1.025
1.031
1.031
1.030
1.032
1. 015
1.030
1.025
1.020
No. 10
1.017
1.018
1.026
1.007
1.008
1.006
1.021
1.011
1. 018
No. 11
1.025
1.016
1.017
1.020
1.022
1.012
1.016
1.012
1. 025
1.026
1.015
1.023
1.023
1. 012
No. 8
1.026
1. 028
'No. 7
1.030
1. 016
No. 5
_—
1. 030
No. 4
7a
1. 029
No. 3
6a
1. 006
No. 2
6b
— _.
0
Legend
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1-7 = Days after treatment
a = 7:00 a.m. collection
b = 7:00 p.m. collection
3a
3b
.
—
�Table 13
U « I * AL » I I S
Appllcatort
0
1
l a
II
BACTERIA
?ew
CRYSTALS
Calcium
Oxalete
tPITH-.
Occet.
CRYSTALS
vValet
I t
la
CRYSTALS IPITHi
Uric
Rare
acid.
Urates
Jb
3a
CPITH:
fPtTH'
wnc-0-l
1-1
b-r
Jo
tfitiji.
Occet.
IPIIH:
CRYSTALS Occas.
k-» Cal-
It
BACTERIA BACTERIA CRYSTALS CPITNi
CRYSTALS XBCiO-l WBC
Few
Few
Calcium Few
Urates
IVTTHi
Rare
. Oxalate CRYSTALS
TI ' CPITHj
Urates
CRYSTALS TT"^
8-1 Cal- CRYSTALS
clue
0-1 Calctum
OxaUta
1
1
BACTERIA BACTERIA UBC:J-J
Few
Few
rRYS~TAL$
CRYSTALS PROTEIN:
clum
Calcium ~\
Oulata
Oxalata
PROTEIN; (PITHs
UBC:0-I
Few
RaTe
Ful 1
0-1
VBC; 0-1 UBC:0-I
£r*-
WBC: 0-1
WBC:0-t
tpTTHi
V3C:0-I W)C:l-2
laVTTALS IFfTH:
VBC:0-2
trTTrli
WBC:0-1
BTTH:
Few ~*
Few
?S
few
CRYSTALS Celclio
Few
11
IJ
Oxalates.
many
amor-
It
EPITH,
WSC:0-I
few—
CTiYTTALS
CRYSTALS Hi>|c
CRYSTALS CRYSTALS CRYSTALS Calcium acid.
Calcium AmorFew Cal- OxaCalcium
Ouclum
phous
late,
Oxalate
late.
•rates
Oxalate, Uretas
CLUCOSE
Few
CLUCOSE •wny
Trace
amorTrace
phous
0-1
WBC:0-I tf»C:0-l
UBC:0-I UBC:0-t
CRYSTALS EPITH:
CTiV5TAts
Calcium
Few cat - few
Oxalase, CRYSTALS Clum
AmorCalcium Oxalate
phous
Oxa late- CASTS:
0-fc
urates Few.
byline
Amorphous
casts
•rates
tPITH;
Occas.
CRYSTALS
CRYSTALS Phos•
Few cel- phetes
clum
BLOOO:
Oxalate. TI
Few
mucus
threads
WDC:0-I
EPITH:
Few
UBCiO-t WBC:0-I UBC:0-I ViCiO-l UDC:0-t WBC:0-I
tpTTH:
IfTTH:
IFTTB:
Few
Few
FI
BACTERIA
Few
CRYSTALS
Urates
tPTTn:
msa
in—
w«C:0-t
tTTTH: IF7TH:
Rare
CRYSTALS CRYSTALS
Occas. liare
Calcium Calcium
Oxalate
2* Amorphous
Urates.
2» Hucus
VtC:l-l
n w«c!o-i
l^rt
W!C:0-I
t?ll«:
Rare
YSTALS
re
Calcium
Oxalate,
tPITHl
.
Occas.
CRYSTALS
WBC:0-I
|ljre '
W8C:0-I
IPlTH;
Rare
EPITH:
CRYSTALS - .
Occas.
CRYSTALS
Urates
{PITH: WBC-.I-J CRYSTALS .
Occas .
CRYSTALS Urates acid.
Urates
Urates
nvTTALs urn
CRYSTALS WBC:I-J
tfTTHs
phOUS
Occas.
SediCRYSTALS
ments
Urates
JLOOD-.I*
*zr-—
WBC:0-I CRYSTALS CRYSTALS EPITH:
Calcium Occas.
Full
Oxalate BACTERIA
Field
itoJ:
Amor•mount,
phous
SediFew
ment
mucus
threads
CRYSTALS - '
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
RBC:Rara
ITtTH:
Occas.
Few
awicus
threads
rcq<
threads
yjCup-l JSCj.O-1
tflTH:
CPITHi
Rare
Rare
BACTERIA.
Full
field
MliOO
tPITHL
Rare
W1C;0-I
VlCiO-t
ITTTH;
Rare
iTTfHi
m
phous
Urates
MICWft
VtC:0-l VBCJM
I?TlHj. PTfrl:
lire
Rare
BACTERIA
:TERIA
.
Im-
S
V»C:0-1
CRYSTAL!I
f requenlt
Calcium
Oxalate,i
I* IhlCUS 1* rtocuiI
Threads Threads
fit
.
BACTERIA WK:0-t IACTERIA PROTEIN BACTERIA V>C:0-I
1+
Hoderate P.BC:Rare
Many
TRYTTAIS Many
HlYS~TALS
CRYSTALS Calciun CRYSTALS BACTERIA
Few
•
Celclum
Calcium Oulate AmorCRYSTALS
Oxalate.
phous
Oxalate
Amor1* Mucus
Phosthreads .
phates phous
Urates,
Calcium
Oxalate
CRYSTALS YSTALS tPITH: CPITH^ tPITH; CRYSTALS tPITH: tPITH;
OccaOcca- ' Moderate Calcium ! T
P
Calcium
Iclim Few
Oulate CRYSTALS slonal
Oxalate, Oxalate BACTtRIA slonal
Calcium
CASTS; AmorOxalate
Calcium phous
Field
CRYSTALS
Oxalate Sediment
Moderate
PROTEIN;
«t
amount
Calcium
Oxalate.
Few
wfit1 f
frequent
S
IPITH:
CfltH:
Rare
Rare
fRYSTALlHYSTAlS
frequent Rare
Calcium Calcium
Oxalate Oxalate
-
t.|
phous
•rates
amorphous
7a
Occat.
BACTERIA UBCil-J
W»C:»-1 .
ITTTH;
Occas.
CRYSTALS ilralts
CRYSTALS Few
BLOOD I* Urates
Urates
CRYSTALS
PROTEIN
Orates
ITTTH:
JP1
CRYSTALS r^
field
amorphous
•rates
K
»b
«o»
•
VBC:0-I WBClO-l
CTlTTALS
(a
amorewcus •
threads. phous
sperurates
ewto-
CRYSTALS CRYSTALS
Urates >hos-
Ik
Sb
WIT
EPITH;
CftWAlS •
Occas.
Lg. «Mt.
CRYSTALS I
CJTV
amorphous
few uric
«rates, <
few calcium
mulata
tPTTH;
Occas.
vn*
mucus- .
threads
ten
ia
<*-
VBC
'o-i
+1
WBC: 1-2
Occas.
BACTERIA IFfTHl
<*
VBC-
clum
Oulata
i
Ve
VBCiO-l
tMTH!
Rare
tPITH;
tPITH;
Rare
Rare
BACTtRIA
Faw
-
tPITM:
Rare
UO&i.
Bcce llonal
tPITH:
tPITH;
Occa-
CRYSTALS
Calcium
slonal
Oxalate
�Figure 1. 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
1.0
_
0.6
_
0.4
0
X
1
2
3
,-
0.8
Subject No. 1
_
<u
CO
C£
0.2 .
Day
= Pretreatment
• Posttreatment
= 1 day after treatment
= 2 days after treatment
= 3 days after treatment
�Figure 2.
2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
0
X
1
2
3
1.0
0.8
M
<U
Subject No. 2
0.6
cn
Q
0.4
00
0.2
\_
1
Day
«
»
=
=
=
Pretreatment
Posttreatment
1 day after treatment
2 days after treatment
3 days after treatment
�Figure 3.
1.0
2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
Subject No. 3
0
X
1
2
3
i-
0.8
0)
CO
0.4
60
0.2
1
Day
= Pretreatment
= Posttreatment
= 1 day after treatment
= 2 days after treatment
= 3 days after treatment
�Figure 4. 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenoli: Compounds Measured In Serum
1.0
r.
0.8
0.6
CO
a
0.4
00
0.2
I
1
Day
Subject No. 4
0 = Pretreatment
X « Posttreatment
1 = 1 day after treatment
2 = 2 days after treatment
3 = 3 days after treatment
�Figure 5. 2,4-D rahd Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
1.0 _
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
Day
Subject No. 5
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1 = 1 day after treatment
2 = 2 days after treatment
3 = 3 days after treatment
�Figure 6.
0.8
0.6
p
0.4
0.2
Subject No. 6
0
X
1
2
3
1.0
<u
2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
-
=
=
=
=
=
Pretreatment
Posttreatment
1 day after treatment
2 days after treatment
3 days after treatment
�Figure 7.
2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1 « a day after treatment
2 * 2 days after treatment
3 = 3 days after treatment
1.0
0.8
to 0.6
en
H
0
00
Subject No. 7
0.4
3.
0.2
1
Day
�Figure 8. 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
1.0
0.8
0.6
<u
en
0.4
OC
0.2
1
Day
Subject No. 8
0 » Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1 = 1 day after treatment
2 = 2 days after treatment
3 = 3 days after treatment
�Figure 9.
2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
0 « Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
1 = 1 day after treatment
2 = 2 days after treatment
3 = 3 days after treatment
1.0
0.8
g
to
Subject No. 9
0.6
0.2
1
Day
�Figure 10.
1.0
0.8
S>
0.6
CO
o
sf
«M
tn
0.4
0.2
2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
Subject No. 10
0
X
1
2
3
» Pretreatment
» Posttreatment
= 1 day after treatment
= 2 days after treatment
= 3 days after treatment
�Figure 11. 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Measured in Serum
1.0
0.8
$ 0.6
V)
C5
CM
be
04
.
0.2
Subject No
0
X
1
2
3
11
Pretreattnent
Posttreatment
1 day after treatment
2 days after treatment
3 days after treatment
�Applicator No. 1
0 » Pretreatment
X « Posttreatment
Figure 12. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
30
20
12
24
36
48
60
Hour
72
84
96
108
120
132
144
�30
Figure 13. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
Applicator No. 2
0 «• Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
20
o
•ato
* 10
12
24
36
48
60
Hour
72
84
96
108
120
132
144
�30
Figure 14. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
20
p
L
10
Hour
Applicator No. 3
0 - Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
�Figure 15. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
Applicator No. 4
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
30
20 .
cd
4J
o
CM
t>0
10
12
24
36
48
60
Hour
72
84
96
108
120
132
144
�30
Figure 16. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
Applicator No. 5
0 - Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
20
JC
10
120
Hour
132
144
�Figure 17. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
12
24
36
48
72
60
Hour
84
Applicator No. 6
0 Pretreatment
X Posttreatment
96
108
120
132
144
�30
Figure 18. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
Applicator No. 7
0 = Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
20
o
H
CM
00
X
12
24
36
48
60
Hour
72
84
96
108
120
132
i
144
�30
Figure 19. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
20
rt
jj
o
6C
10
Hour
Applicator No. 8
0 * Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
�30r
Figure 20. Amount of Total 2,4-B and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
Applicator No. 9
0 * Pretreatment
X » Posttreatment
20-
«8
•U
Q
CM
00
10-
X
12
24
36
48
60
72
Hour
84
96
108
120
132
144
�30 r
Figure 21. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
Applicator No. 10
0 = Pretreatment
X - Posttreatment
20
O
H
(50
3-
10
I
12
24
36
48
60
72
Hour
84
96
108
120
132
144
�30 r
Applicator No. 11
0 » Pretreatment
X = Posttreatment
Figure 22. Amount of Total 2,4-D and Endogenous Phenolic Compounds
Excreted in Urine
20
10
12
24
36
48
60
72
Hour
84
96
108
120
132
144
�MS*
Appendix
Methodology for 2,4-D Analysis
�Methods for Analysis of 2,4-D
In order to select the most recent analytic techniques for 2,4-D assay
in urine, serum, gauze patches, vegetation and soil samples, a literature
survey was done. The following methods were used in our investigation:
a. Urine: Out of the total volume of urine samples, 10 ml was taken and
2 ml of IN HC1 was added to it. The acidified urine was then mixed with 5 ml
of diethyl ether and was shaken for 10 minutes on a Buchler-Vortex -evaporator
(Vortex setting was kept at 5). This extraction method was followed three
times. The ether extracts were pooled together and evaporated to complete
dryness at a temperature not higher than 45°C. The dry residue was dissolved
in 1 ml of methanol first and then mixed thoroughly with 1 ml of 15% solution
of BF3 in methanol. The resultant mixture was heated in a water bath at 70°C
for 10 minutes for complete methylation. The methylated solution was cooled
and again extracted thrice with 1 ml of n-hexane. N-hexane extracts were either
injected (1 yl) immediately in a G.C. or stored at -20°C.
b. Blood Serum: One ml of isolated serum was diluted with 4 ml of distilled
water and then acidified with 1 ml of IN HC1. The acidified serum was then
treated (i.e. extracted and methylated) in exactly the same manner as was the
urine. One yl of n-hexane extract was injected in a G.C.
c. Gauze Patches: Immediately after the day's work, the patches (from the
front, back and head cover) were soaked separately in 100 ml of methanol and
kept overnight at 4°C. After washing the patches thoroughly with methanol, 50
ml of the wash (from each group) was evaporated to dryness at less than 45°C
temperature. The dry residue was dissolved in 1 ml of methanol and then methylated and finally extracted as above. The methylated compound, however, was
attracted three times with 4 ml, 3 ml and finally 3 ml of n-hexane. The pooled
extractant was diluted when needed before G.C. analysis or stored as before at
-20°C.
d. Air Filter: Each air filter was washed with 50 ml of methanol immediately after the day's work and was kept at 5°C overnight. Clear methanol was
removed and the filter was further rinsed twice with 10 ml of methanol. The
pooled methanol was treated in the same way as the gauze patches.
e. Vegetation: Ten grams of freshly collected leaves were chopped and homogenized in 50 ml of 95% hot ethanol. The homogenate was centrifuged at 5,000
rpm in a fixed angle rotar for 30 minutes. Supernatant was carefully removed
and saved. The pellet was thoroughly washed with 50 ml of 80% hot ethanol and
recentrifuged three times as before. Each supernatant fraction was pooled together in a round bottom flask and was evaporated to bring the final volume to
20 ml. The concentrated supernatant was adjusted to pH 3 by adding exactly
10 drops of H3PO^. This acidified solution was extracted first with 50 ml of
diethyl ether and then with 25 ml and finally with 25 ml of diethyl ether. The
total extractant was evaporated to dryness under a current of nitrogen at 45°C.
The dry residue was again extracted three times with 3ml, 1 ml and 1 ml of
methanol. The combined methanol extract was treated with 1 ml of 15% BF2 in
methanol and kept under a nitrogen atmosphere in a water bath at 70°C until
concentrated to 2 ml. This methylated solution was further extracted with nhexane as described above. N-hexane was diluted when needed for G.C. analysis.
�f. Soil: Fifty prams of soil sample was mixed with 40 ml of IN H^SO, to
prepare a slurr. To the acidified soil, 45 ml of diethyl ether was added and
was taken in a separating funnel for extraction. The separating funnel containing the soil sample was shaken for a total of fifteen minutes, but for not
more than one minute at a time. The solvent layer was decanted and passed
through glass wool and the aqueous layer containing soil particles was rejected.
The clear solvent layer was then mixed with 25 ml of IN NaOH and shaken vigorously in a separating funnel for 1 minute. The organic layer was rejected and
the alkaline aqueous layer was cleaned by partition method with 25.ml chloroform. The clean aqueous layer was further acidified with 1 ml of cone. l^SO^
and extracted with 25 ml of ether. The ether extract was dried completely and
redissolved in 5 ml of methanol. Methylation and final n-hexane extraction
were made as in the case of the vegetation samples.
The following gas chromatographic conditions were used:
Detector, Electron capture Ni 63 temperature: 350°C
Gas: Methane: Argon
(5:95)
Flow rate through the column
25 ml/min
Sample volume injected
1 yl
Column material
3% 0V 101 on 80/100 supelcoport
Length of the column
6 ft
I.D. of the column
2 mm
Column temperature
187°C
Injection port temperature
200°C
�
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Title
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
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055
Folder
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1466
Series
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Series III Subseries II
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Brown, Harry D.
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Final Report: Herbicide (2,4-D) Applicator Exposure Measurements
Subject
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human testing
agricultural exposure
industrial exposure
ao_seriesIII
-
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
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054
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
1443
Series
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Series III Subseries II
Dublin Core
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Creator
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Shu, H.P.
D.J. Paustenbach
F.J. Murray
Source
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Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
Title
A name given to the resource
A Critical Evaluation of the Use of Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Tumor Promotion Data in a Cancer Risk Assessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Subject
The topic of the resource
animal testing
human testing
ao_seriesIII
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
053
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
1400
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series III Subseries II
Dublin Core
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Creator
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Young, Alvin L.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983
Title
A name given to the resource
Analysis of Dioxins and Furans in Human Adipose Tissue
Subject
The topic of the resource
human testing
adipose tissue testing
veteran health and hygiene
ao_seriesIII
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
051
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
1345
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series III Subseries II
Dublin Core
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Creator
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Franklin, C. A.
R. Grover
J. W. Markham
A. E. Smith
K. Yoshida
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Corporate Author: </strong>American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Transactions of the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1982
Title
A name given to the resource
Effect of Various Factors on Exposure of Workers Involved in the Aerial Application of Herbicides
Subject
The topic of the resource
industrial exposure
human testing
protective clothing
ao_seriesIII
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
050
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
1326
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series III Subseries II
Dublin Core
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Creator
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Lillie, Thomas H.
James M. Livingston
Mark A. Hamilton
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Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1981
Title
A name given to the resource
Recommendations for Selecting and Decontaminating Pesticide Applicator Clothing
Subject
The topic of the resource
agricultural exposure
human testing
protective clothing
safety
ao_seriesIII
-
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
050
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
1318
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series III Subseries II
Dublin Core
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Title
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Abstract: Agricultural Exposure to 2, 4 -D
Subject
The topic of the resource
agricultural exposure
herbicide toxicology
human testing
ao_seriesIII
-
Dublin Core
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Title
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
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050
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
1311
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series III Subseries II
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Libich, S.
Date
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1981-01-01
Title
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A Study to Assess the Occupational Exposure to 2, 4 -D Herbicides
Subject
The topic of the resource
industrial exposure
herbicide toxicology
human testing
ao_seriesIII
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Box
The box containing the original item.
050
Folder
The folder containing the original item.
1309
Series
The series number of the original item.
Series III Subseries II
Dublin Core
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Creator
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Carrano, A.V.
J.L. Minkler
D.G. Stetka
D.H. Moore II
Source
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Environmental Mutagenesis
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1980
Title
A name given to the resource
Variation in the Baseline Sister Chromatid Exchange Frequency in Human Lymphocytes
Subject
The topic of the resource
chromosomal aberrations
human testing
ao_seriesIII
-
https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/7dc6e538c6e9bc368d14f0ed36fab353.pdf
45c49c8f66f3ac02fea392a3d9a306c7
PDF Text
Text
Item ID Number
°1291
Author
Rose, Richard J.
Corporate Author
Report/Article Title Genetic Variance In Nonverbal Intelligence: Data From
the Kinships of Identical Twins
Journal/Book Title
Scienco
Year
1979
Month/Day
September 14
Color
n
Number of Images
3
DoSCrlpton NotOS
Alvin L Youn
9 fi'ecl this item under the category
"DDT/Human Toxicology and Environmental Fate"
Thursday, April 26, 2001
Page 1291 of 1328
�man, M. Kupcrsmith, E. Estcy, M. Goldstein,
Lancet 1976-11, 515 (1976); A. Licbcrman, T.
Miyamoto, A. F. Batlista, M. Goldstein, Neurology 25, 459 (1975); A. Liebcrman el al., N.
Engl J. Med. 295, 1400 (1976); H. L. Klawans,
W. J. Weiner, P. A. Nausieda, P. Volkman,
C. Goetz, M. D. Lupton, Neurology 27, 390
(1977).
3. M. O. Thorner, S. M. Ryan, J. A. H. Wass, A.
Jones, P. Bouloux, S. Williams, G. M. Besser,
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Melab. 47, 372 (1978);
L. Lemberger, R. Crabtree, J. Clemens, R.
W. Dyke, R. T. Woodburn, ibid. 39, 579
(1974).
4. After the administration of uC-labeled pcrgolide, total radiation in plasma reached its
peaked concentration at 1 to 2 hours, indicating
that the drug was absorbed during this period of
pharmacologic activity (A. Rubin el al,, unpublished observations).
5. Blood was drawn i» heparinized tubes daily at
8:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. for the determination of
prolactin, LH, FSH, growth hormone, cortisol,
and TSH.
6. V. N. Sinha, F. W. Selby, U. J. Lewis, W. P,
Vanderlaan,/. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36, 509
(1973). The prolactin standard (V-L-S No. 1)
and specific antiserum were kindly provided by
the National Pituitary Agency, NIAMDD. Sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 ng/nil, and the coefficient of variation is 6 percent between 8 to 30 ng/
ml. A computer program was used for analysis
of the counting data. Control serum assayed
with each set of samples had an interassay variability of ± 5 percent.
7. R. W. Fuller, J. A. Clemens, E. C. Kornfeld, H.
D. Snoddy, E. B. Smalstig, N. J. Bach, Life
Sci., in press.
2 April 1979; revised 21 June 1979
Genetic Variance in Nonverbal Intelligence:
Data from the Kinships of Identical Twins
Abstract. The multiple relationships within kinships of adult monozygotic twins
permit incisive analyses to be made of genetic and environmental effects on behavioral traits. Data from families of 65 monozygotic twin pairs yield evidence of geneticvariance on the Block Design Test, a nonverbal measure of general intelligence.
A comparison of mental ability of foster children with that of their biological
and their adoptive parents was first reported in 1924 (/), and 1 year later H. J.
Mullet presented the first case report of
intellectual resemblance in monozygotic
(MZ) co-twins who had been separated
in infancy (2). In the succeeding halfcentury, studies of adopted children and
separated identical twins have had a central role in research on genetic and environmental determinants of cognitive
abilities. The resultant data have generated a continuing controversy (5), and its
resolution may require new research designs.
The families of adult identical twins
provide a new paradigm of particular
promise for behavior-genetic study (4).
In this report we describe the paradigm
and illustrate its application.
In Fig. 1 the multiple parent-offspring
relationships found within families of
adult identical twins arc diagramed. Children in each of the nuclear families derive half their genes from a twin parent,
those genes being identical with genes of
the parent's twin sister or brother (the
children's "twin aunt" or "twin uncle").
Since the children and the twin aunt or
uncle do not live in the same households,
their relationship is somewhat comparable to that between foster children
and their biological mother or father. In
this way, studies of children of MZ twins
provide a parallel to studies of adopted
children, with two important advantages: (i) There is no disruption of the nuclear family milieu; the children arc
reared by their biological parents in their
SCIENCE, VOL. 205, 14 SEPTEMBER 1979
own homes, (ii) In adoption studies biological fathers are rarely available for
study (5); the relationship of nephew or
niece to twin uncle parallels that of foster
children to their biological father.
The environmental covariance of a
nephew or niece and the twin aunt or
uncle will be markedly less than that of a
parent and child living in a common
household, it may not be zero, however,
because MZ twins may select or create
similar postmarital environments. An estimate of such effects can be obtained
from the resemblance of nephew or niece
to the spouse aunt in kinships of male
twins and to the spouse uncle in kinships
of female twins. In the absence of assorlative mating, the children share neither genes nor a household environment
with the spouse aunt or uncle, and any
behavioral resemblance would therefore
suggest an environmental covariance
common to all members of the kinship.
Because their twin parents have identical sets of nuclear genes, children of
MZ twins are genetically related to one
another as half-siblings; socially, they
are reared as cousins in separate homes.
Further, in contrast to conventional halfsiblings resulting from divorce, death of
a parent, or illegitimacy, MZ half-siblings are expected to be of the same age
and size. Accordingly, offspring of MZ
twins afford a unique human parallel to
methods employed in animal genetics,
where controlled matings of sires to multiple dams yield estimates of genetic, environmental, and maternal effects from a
nested analysis of variance of the fulland half-sib progeny. Better still, half-sib
progeny occur with equal frequency
among maternal and paternal MZ twins,
providing a balanced research paradigm
that cannot be achieved in lower animals
even with controlled matings. To illustrate the paradigm, we here present a
study in which it is applied to the Block
Design Subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales.
Wechsler's Block Design Test is an
adaptation of one introduced in 1923 by
Kohs (6), who presented evidence that
results from his test correlated highly
with results from the Stanford Binet but,
unlike the Binet, had only a modest relation to level of education. Research with
Wechsler's adaptation supports Kohs's
assertion that the block test provides a
measure of general intelligence. Across a
wide age range, block design is highly related to the general factor common to all
Wechsler subtcsts (7); it is the most reliable of the nonverbal subtests, and no
Fig.
1.
Parent-offA
spring
relationships
in families of identical
twins. (A) The offspring of identical
twin mothers comprise a maternal halfsibship who genetically relate to their
twin aunt as closely as
Kinship of twin mothers
Kinship of twin fathers
they do to their own
mother. (B) In the abTwin mother or father—son/daughter
sence of assortative
Male
mating, offspring in a
illustrated for mother
Female
paternal half-sibship
Twin aunt or uncle—nephew/niece
Twin
share neither comillustrated for twin aunt
mon genes nor a comSpouse aunt or uncle—nephew/niece
mon
environment
with
their
spouse
illustrated for spouse aunt
aunt. In a parallel
manner, offspring of identical twin brothers genetically relate to their twin uncle as closely
as they do to their own father but offspring in a maternal half-sibship share neither common
gents nor a common environment with their spouse uncle.
0036-8075/79/0914-1153$00.50/0 Copyright © 1979
AAAS
1153
�Table 1. Regression and correlation analyses of Block Design Test scores and fingerprint ridge
counts.*
Block design scores
Relationship
Coefficient
Son or daughter on father or mother
Nephew or niece on twin uncle or aunt
Nephew or niece on spouse uncle or aunt
Offspring on midparent
Monozygotic twins
Full siblings
Half-siblings
Father-mother
Regressions
0.28 ± 0.04
0.23 ± 0.06
-0.01 ± 0.06
0.54 ± 0.07
Correlations
0.68 ± 0.06
0.24 ± 0.08
0.10 ± 0.12
0.06 ± 0.10
N
Ridge count
N
Coefficient
572
318
241
254
0.42
0.37
-0.06
0.82
±
±
±
±
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
564
310
247
254
65
297
318
102
0.96
0.36
0.17
0.05
±
±
±
±
0.03
0.08
0.12
0.10
60
296
310
98
The regressions and correlations for all genetic relationships differ significantly from zero; those for the two
nongenetic relationships, the spouse correlation and the regression of nephew or niece on spo'use uncle or
aunt, do not. Sample sizes for most of the estimates are modest, however, and confidence intervals are quite
large.
measure of cognitive ability except vocabulary has lower error variance (8).
Block design correlates highly with the
vocabulary and information subtests, yet
in contrast to these verbal tests is but
weakly correlated with education (9)
and, perhaps as a consequence, is not
influenced by assortative mating (10),
again in contrast to the verbal scales.
To serve as a genetic guide for the
analysis of block test scores, we have analyzed the fingerprint ridge counts of the
study population. Total ridge count is a
well-documented example of polygenic
inheritance (11) that is largely unaffected
by postnatal environmental influences,
the number of ridges being fixed about
the 12th week after conception.
The block test was administered to 550
members of 65 MZ twin kinships (12).
The regression and correlation results
for block design and total ridge count are
summarized in Table 1 (13). For both
traits, familial resemblance appears to be
a direct function of shared genes. The
parent-offspring regression is comparable in magnitude to that between twin
uncle or aunt and nephew or niece (14)
but in the absence of shared genes neither trait exhibits significant familial aggregation. There is no resemblance between spouse uncle or aunt and nephew
or niece nor between husband and wife.
Neither environmental covariance nor
assortative mating appears to influence
either trait.
The parallel pattern of results for
block design and for ridge count provides evidence of significant genetic Variation in nonverbal intelligence. We emphasize that the evidence is obtained
from normal children reared in their natural homes by their biological parents,
children who differ in no known way
from the larger population to which we
wish to draw inferences (75). Table 2
presents heritability estimates for both
1154
traits that can be derived from the data.
The estimates show remarkably close
agreement across the multiple genetic
relationships contained within each kinship, but the reader is cautioned that
they are not statistically independent.
Our analyses suggest that substantial
variance in Block Design Test scores is
genetic in origin (16). An equivalent conclusion, of course, is that substantial variance in those scores is attributable to
nongenetic influences, and the twin-family methods which establish genetic variance can also identify systematic sources
of environmental influence on nonverbal
IQ. 0ur methodology enables us to assess uniquely one potential source of environmental variation, that of maternal
effects. A nested analysis of variance of
the offspring data permits a direct comparison of the relative similarity of maternal and paternal half-siblings. In this
preliminary sample, we find no evidence
of maternal effects in block design data,
although such influences are present in
verbal IQ scores (17). Independently,
Table 2. Heritability estimates for Block Design Test scores and total ridge counts.*
Estimated h2
Relationship
Block
design
scores
Total
ridge
count
Midparent-offspring
Parent-offspring
Twin uncle or auntnephew or niece
Full siblings
Half-siblings
.54
.56
.82
.84
.46
.48
.40
.74
.72
.68
The ratio of additive genetic variance to total
phenotypic variation defines the heritability, li'2.
From the composition of phenotypic covariances,
the regression or correlation of relatives can be expressed as estimates of A 2 (19). Interpretation of the
estimates should take into account the imprecision
of the coefficients on which they are based, the restricted range of variation in our sample, and the fact
that possible effects of common environment and
dominance variation have been ignored.
however, a prenatal environmental influence has been demonstrated by contrasting MZ twins classified into mono- and
dichorionic placenta! types (18).
RICHARD J. ROSE
Department of Psychology,
Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
E. L. HARRISJ. C. CHRISTIAN
Department of Medical Genetics,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis 46202
W. E. NANCE
Department of Human Genetics,
Medical College of Virginia,
Richmond 23298
References and Notes
1. S. V. S. Theis, How Foster Children Turn Out
(State Charities Aid Association, New York,
1924).
2. H. ). Muller,/. Hercd. 16, 433 (1925).
3. L. J. Cronbach,/lm. Psychol. 30, 1 (1975); L. J.
Kamin, The Science and Politics of IQ (Erlbaum, Potomac, Md., 1974); H. Munsinger,
Psychol. Bull. 82, 623 (1975); L. J. Kamin, ibid.
85, 194 (1978); J. Shields, in Progress in Clinical
and Biological Research: Twin Research, W. E.
Nance, G. Allen, P. Parisi, Eds. (Liss, New
York, 1978), p. 79.
4. W. E. Nance and L. A. Corey, Genetics 83, 811
(1976); R. J. Rose, J. Z. Miller, M. DumontDriscoll, M. Evans,Behav. Genet. 9,71 (1979).
5. A serious problem with all published adoption
studies is that no data on biological fathers of the
adopted children are available. Consequently,
the extent of assortative mating by the biological
mothers is unknown. Significant assortative
mating is likely present [R. Plomin, J. C. DeFries, M. K. Roberts, Science 1%, 449 (1977)],
and estimates of genetic influence based on present adoption data may be inflated.
6. S. C. Kohs, Intelligence Measurement: A Psychological and Statistical Study Based upon the
Blocks-Design Tests (Macmillan, New York,
1923).
7. U. Gault, Aust. J. Psychol. 6, 85 (1954); J. Cohen, J. Consult. Psychol. 21, 451 (1957); ibid.
23, 285 (1959); A. J. Kaufman,/. Consult. Clin.
Psychol. 43, 135 (1973).
8. D. Wechsler, Manual for the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (Psychological Corp., New
York, 1955); Manual for the Wechsler. Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (Psychological Corp., New York, 1974); National Center for Health Statistics, Intellectual Development of Youth as Measured by a Short Form of
the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (PHS Publ.
1000-Series 11-No. 129, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1973).
9. J. E. Birren, K. F. Riegcl, D. E. Morrison, J.
Gerontol. 16,363 (1961); D. Wechsler, The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence
(Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, cd. 4, 1958).
10. T. Williams, Behav. Genet. S, 405 (1975).
11. S. B. Holt, Br. Med. Bull. 17, 247 (1961).
12. There were 278 males and 272 females, of whom
130 were twin parents, 102 nontwin parents, and
318 offspring. The 232 parents ranged in age
from 31 to 64 years [mean = 43; standard deviation (S.D.) = 8.9], their 318 offspring from 6 to
38 years (mean = 15.8; S.D. = 7.1). This is a
volunteer, Caucasian sample. Some self-selection, expected in voluntary research, is evident
in socioeconomic and educational characteristics of the participants. The IQ data exhibit
elevated means and restricted variances: Wechsler scales are standardized on representative
national samples with mean = 10 and S.D. = 3;
Block Design Test scores of this sample have
mean = 11.98 and S.D. = 2.78. Means and variances are homogenous for the twin and nontwin
parents, for the children and adults, and for
males and females.
As part of a half-day protocol of medical and
behavioral research, the subjects were tested individually by trained examiners, the same team .
of examiners being assigned to all members of
each MZ kinship. Subjects aged 6 through 15
(189 offspring) were given the 1974 revision of
the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
(WISC); subjects age 16 and over (129 offspring
and all parents) were tested with the WcchsSCIENCE. VOL. 205
�ler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The block
design subtests of the WISC and WAIS are quite
comparable. In samples of 16- to 17-year-old
youth, the intertest correlation of block design is
as high as its rctest reliability on either test alone
and exceeds that of any other performance subtest [R. T. Ross and J. Morledge, J. Consult.
Psychol. 31, 331 (1967); M. Y. Quereshi and J.
M. Miller,/. Educ. Meas. 7, 105 (1970)].
Raw scores from the block design subtest
were standardized according to norms in appendices in the Wechsler manuals (8) for 30 agebands from ages 6 to 16 and 7 age-bands from
ages 16 to 64.
Usable ridge count data were obtained from
522 members of 60 MZ kinships in the sample.
All family members were genotyped with multiple blood markers to confirm monozygosity,
for paternity exclusion, and for future linkage
analyses.
13. The analysis employed here is identical with that
previously reported for plasma cholesterol [J. C.
Christian and K. W. Rang, Am. J. Hum. Genet.
20, 462 (1977)]. Regression coefficients are used
for their predictive value between generations,
and correlation coefficients are used to measure
relationships within the same generation. Regression coefficients are the preferred measure
of parent-offspring resemblance, because they
are less affected by range restriction, assortativc
mating, and variable sibship size [J. C. DeFries,
R. C. Johnson, A. R. Kuse, G. E. McClearn, J.
Polovina, S.'G. Vandenberg, J. R. Wilson, Behav. Genet. 9, 23 (1979)]. Regression and intraclass correlation coefficients were estimated by
the pairwise method [B. Rosner, A. Donner, C.
H. Hennekens, Appl. Stat. 26, 179 (1977)]. The
regression of offspring on midparent value is included in Table 1, since in the absence of common environmental variance it is a direct estimate of heritability [A. Vetta, Soc. Biol. 24, 166
(1977); J. C. DeFries, G. C. Ashton, R. C. Johnson, A. R. Kuse, G. E. McClearn, M. P. Mi, M.
N. Rashad, S. G. Vandenberg, J. R. Wilson, Be. hav. Genet. 8, 281 (1978)].
14. Normative age-banding may not fully correct for
the substantial age differences intrinsic to our
measurement of adult-child resemblance. Inadequacies of age standardization and nonequivalence of the two tests would reduce adult-child
resemblance relative to that of sibs and half-sibs
who are more closely matched in age.
15. We assume that there exist no unique biases in
the parental behavior or family structure of MZ
twins or the experiences of their children. The
assumption is untested, but plausible: personality characteristics of MZ twins cannot be distinguished from those of singletons [J. C. Loehlin
and R. C. Nichols, Heredity, Environment and
Personality (Univ. of Texas Press, Austin,
(1976)], and the same is probably true of their
parental behavior. The frequency of MZ twinning is equivalent across social and ethnic
groups and is not known to be associated with
any systematic factors.
16. This analysis is consistent with evidence from a
recent adoption study in Minnesota [S. Scarr
and R. A. Weinberg, in Readings About Individual and Group Differences, L. Willerman and R.
G. Turner, Eds. (Freeman, San Francisco,
1979)].
17. R. J. Rose, paper presented at the Second International Congress on Twin Studies, Washington, D.C., 1977.
18. Chorion type is reported to influence similarity
of full-scale IQ's in MZ twin children [M. Melnick, N. C. Myrianthopoulos, J. C. Christian,
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 30, 425 (1978)], and we are
now studying block design performance in a
sample of adult MZ co-twins whose placentation
was documented at birth; preliminary results (R.
J. Rose et at., in preparation) suggest a significant effect of chorion type on within-pair variation.
19. The expected value of parent-offspring regression is fcz/2. To estimate hcritability, the regression of offspring on single parent is doubled.
Since the variance of midparent values is half
the variance of individual parent values, the regression of offspring on midparent provides a direct estimate of A 2 . If effects of dominance variation and common environments are ignored, z
the
correlation of full siblings also estimates /i /2,
that of half siblings A2/4. For details, see references cited in (13). The correlations of MZ twins
provide upper limit estimates of heritability confounded by their closely shared environments;
the estimates arc .68 for blocks and .96 for ridge
counts.
20. This is publication number 78-41 from the Indiana University Human Genetics Center. It
was supported by PHS grant GM 21054.
21 August 1978; revised 5 July 1979
SCIENCE, VOL. 205, 14 SEPTEMBER 1979
The Cheetah: Native American
Abstract. Two North American fossil species of large felids, hitherto regarded as
Late Cenozoic pumas (mountain lion), are in fact closely related to the living cheetah, Acinonyx, of Africa and Eurasia .Anew subgenus (Miracinonyx) is proposed for
the American species. Cheetahs and pumas may have had a common ancestor in the
Miocene of North America.
Fossils of Puma-like cats are relatively
common in the Late Cenozoic of North
America (/). One species of supposed
Puma, "Felis" studeri, from the Pliocene of the Texas panhandle, has long
been recognized as distinct from Puma
concolor because of morphological similarities with Old World cheetahs, but
previous work has attributed the similarities to parallel evolution (/, 2). Excavations at the Late Pleistocene deposits of
Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming (3), indicated that another species previously
referred to Puma, "Felis" trumani (4),
also possesses several characters of dentition, skull, and limb architecture that
are remarkably "cheetah-like." Again,
the similarities were attributed to parallelism, and "F." trumani was styled as
the "cheetah-like cat" (3). Continued
excavations at the Wyoming site have
yielded hundreds of bones of this felid
(5), and more recent work (6) has revealed numerous shared derived characters that link "F." studeri and "F." trumani to Old World Acinonyx. Other
work (7) has utilized multivariate comparison of upper and lower tooth rows to
group the two American species; evolutionary affinities with Old World cheetahs were also suggested.
Except for size differences and several
features which are interpreted as retained primitive characters, the fossils of
"F." studeri and "F." trumani are almost identical with Old World Acinonyx
species (6). The points of similarity are
so extensive and of such a complex nature that a hypothesis attributing their
origin to other than common genetic descent would require pushing the concept
of parallel evolution to an unprecedented
extreme.
The systematic paleontology follows:
Family: Felidae
Genus: Acinonyx
Miracinonyx subgen. nov.
Derivation of name. From Latin
"mirus": surprising, amazing; and
Acinonyx: Old World cheetah.
Diagnosis. Distinguished from Puma
and other medium-sized felids by elongation of distal limbs (radius-ulna, tibia-fibula, calcaneum, metapodials); braincase
short and expanded; postorbital constriction wide; frontals broad and flat; internal nares enlarged; orbital shelf (zygo-
matic process of maxilla) short; skull
highly arched; coronoid process of ramus weak, slopes noticeably posterior;
canines weak; short mandibular diastema; protocone reduced or absent; auditory bulla elongate and flattened anteriorly. The latter character distinguishes
Miracinonyx from Old World cheetahs
(8). Acinonyx studeri may be distinguished from A. trumani by greater overall skull size and elongate, widely spaced
occipital condyles (2). Old World cheetahs (subgenus Acinonyx) are distinguished from the subgenus Miracinonyx
by a prominent anterior or anterolingual
cusp on P3, inflation of frontal sinus and
auditory bullae, and greater development of the medial anteroposterior ridge
of the basioccipital.
Geographic distribution. Western
United States: Texas (2), Nevada (4),
Wyoming (3).
Temporal distribution. Middle Blancan to Late Pleistocene.
Type species. Acinonyx (Miracinonyx)
trumani (Orr, 1969) (4).
Included species. Type species and
Acinonyx (Miracinonyx) studeri (Savage,
1960) (2).
Description. The skull of Miracinonyx
is highly arched, with the facial and cranial regions sloping anteriorly and posteriorly from the interorbital area of the
frontals. Shortening of the facial region
and enlargement of the P3 have reduced
the upper diastema and crowded the P2
tightly between the P3 and canine. Both
upper and lower canines are reduced, the
lower prcmolars are relatively narrow,
and the protocone of the upper carnassial is greatly reduced or absent. The
zygomatic process of the maxilla, which
in Puma forms a distinct shelf in the orbit
floor, is reduced. Shortening of the cranial region of the skull gives a bulging appearance to the braincase; the anterior
portion of the zygomatic arch is shortened, and the postorbital constriction is
widened. The frontals are greatly widened and flat, with the orbits set far apart
and high on the face. The postorbital
process of the frontals is distinct and of a
sharp angular shape; because of frontal
sinus inflation the postorbital processes
of Old World Acinonyx appear more
rounded. Dorsally, the skull of Acinonyx
is readily distinguishable from Puma,
which has a prominent postorbital con-
0036-8075/79/0914-1155S00.50/0 Copyright © 1979 AAAS
1155
�
Dublin Core
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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049
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1291
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Series III Subseries II
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Rose, Richard J.
E. L. Harris
J. C. Christian
W. E. Nance
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Science
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September 14 1979
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Genetic Variance in Nonverbal Intelligence: Data From the Kinships of Identical Twins
Subject
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human testing
ao_seriesIII
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
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049
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1273
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Series III Subseries II
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Morgan, William F.
Peter E. Crossen
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Mutation Research
Date
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1977
Title
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The Incidence of Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Cultured Human Lymphocytes
Subject
The topic of the resource
chromosomal aberrations
human testing
ao_seriesIII
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Dublin Core
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Title
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Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange
Description
An account of the resource
<p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p>
<p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p>
Text
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Box
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049
Folder
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1269
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Series III Subseries II
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Kutz, Frederick W.
S. C. Strassman
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Proceedings of the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Date
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November 19-21 1975
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Residues of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the General Population of the United States
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PCBs
adipose tissue testing
breast milk testing
human testing
ao_seriesIII