7 15 672 https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/899d7a5011abe07342bf8a89a39e5c09.pdf 022b72aaefc4f4275228b22aa762c040 PDF Text Text itom D Number 0551 ° D Not Scanned Author Corporate Author RepOrt/ArtlGlO Title Committee Print Veterans' Administration Health-Care Programs Improvement Act of 1985: Report of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 876 Journal/Book Title Year 1985 Month/Day Ju| 8 Color v D Number of Images 2 DBSCrlptOfl NOtOS 99th Congress, 1st Session, Report 99-101. Calendar No. 220. One page only Friday, March 15, 2002 Page 5510 of 5571 �Calendar No. 220 MTHGONQMtt } fiRMATO SENATE RWO T » VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION HEALTH-CARE PROGRAMS IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1085 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE TO ACCOMPANY S. 876 JULY 8, 1985.—Ordered to be printed V.B. QOVZRHttKNT PRINTINQ OFFICE 49-ttt 0 WASHINGTON ! 1666 �47 disability (or age), income, and net worth limitations; readjustment counseling; certain burial benefits; loan guaranty benefits in certain cases; and certain employment benefits Extension of Health-Care Eligibility Based on Exposure to Dioxin or Other Toxic Substances in Vietnam or to Nuclear Radiation Section 202 of the Committee bill, which ia derived from section 4 of S. 6, would extend until September 30,1989, the provision in current law which provides certain veterans—those who exposed to dioxin or other toxic substances used in herbicides or defoliants in Vietnam or to ionizing radiation from nuclear detonations—with eligibility for priority health care from the VA for the treatment of most disabilities. Background Under current law, this authority, which was enacted in 1981 by Public Law 97-72, ia scheduled to terminate 1 year after the Administrator submits the first report on the epidemiological study of Vietnam veterans mandated by Public Law 96-161. That report is to be submitted 24 months after the protocol for the study is ap> proved, which occurred on February 14,1985, Thus, this ajwl'lRi, Interim health-care eligibility is scheduled to expire on February 14, 1987. ^ " Committee bill The Committee is proposing to extend this authority becausethe major study designed to yield the necessary information—d<8 gpl8" , ^enuplogieal rsBtudy-cf^yietnam --veterans mandated *in ri0TO**pjr Public. Law 96-151 and authorised-to be expanded byPubiie^JBw 47*72,.which is being carried out by the Centers for DiseaMOon* irol (GDC), and «ny scientific study-of.th?}ie§lth status of veteram^exposed 4o-radiation undertaken -pursuant ib Public Law ^S^WKKwfflnot be sufficiently advanced by February 1987 to permit final decisions to be made at that time. The CDC study—which is now underway—will involve 30,000 veterans, 10,000 of whom will undergo comprehensive 3-day medical examinations at a nongovernmental medical facility in Albuquergue. New Mexira. JThei«c<»pe^f fthifliUiyeat" " ••«"Selected Cancers •"" jwever, no results regarding the health effects of ex* , sin are expected prior to September 1988, the target late that CDC haa set for reporting on the study. If that target date is met and this extension has been enacted, the Congress would have a year before the proposed new expiration date in which to evaluate the results of the CDC study and other pertinent information and make decisions on appropriate further action with regard to dioxin exposure, i The Committee intends to monitor closely the CDC study and f other ongoing studies relating to dioxin exposure as well as studies V and other activities relating to the health effects of exposure to ra- \ diation. It is the Committee's intention to reconsider the need for • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 195 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5510 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 8 1985 Title A name given to the resource Committee Print Veterans' Administration Health-Care Programs Improvement Act of 1985: Report of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 876 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/63eeff93c619287182818f2c0134d876.pdf cdec191449fd1d3b453818fcf9f8fc23 PDF Text Text (tan D Number °5516 D Author Corporate Author ROpOTt/ArtlCto Tlth Committee Print: Report on Congressional Delegation Trip to Southeast Asia to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session Journal/Book Tito Year Month/Day Color O Number of humus 27 DBSCrlptOn Notes 98th Tuesday, March 19, 2002 Congress, 2nd Session, Committee Print No. 87 Page 5516 of 5611 �98TH (.k>NCJKES8 I COMMITTEE PRINT | No. H7 REPORT ON CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION TRIP TO SOUTHEAST ASIA TO THE COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 41-470 O WASHINGTON : 1985 �ttE ON VKTKKAN.S' AFFAIRS (i V iSONNYi MONTGOMERY. MiMitoitipi, Chairman JOHN I ' A I I I . HAMMKIJS<'HMI1)1', Arkansas DON EDWAKDM, California CHAI.MKHS P WYLJK, Ohio HOB EDGAR, Peii.isylvania KI.WOOD 1111,1,IS, Indiana SAM B HAM.. JK , Texas GERALD H I I SOLOMON, New York DOUGLAS APPLEGATE, Ohio BOB M. KWEN. Ohio MARVIN I.EATH, Texas CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, NBW Jersey R1CHAKI) C SHELBY, Alabama DENNY SMITH, Oregon DAN MICA, Florida PHIL liltAMM, Texas THOMAS A. DASCHLE, South Dakota DAN BURTON, Indiana WAYNE DOWDY, Miw.ibs.ppi DON SIINDQUIST, Tennessee MATTHEW G MARTINEZ, California MICHAKI. BILIRAKIS. Florida LANE EVANS. Illimiib NANCY LEE JOHNSON, Connecti. ut MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio FRANK HARRISON, Pennsylvania ALAN B MOLIOHAN, West Virginia TIMOTHY J PENNY, Minnesota HARLEY O STAGGERS, JK , West Virginia J ROY ROWLAND, Georgia JIM SLATTERY, Kantuu JOHN BKYANT, Texas JAMES J FLOKIO, New Jeraey '/«//" Uiret'tor MACK KU.MIM. i'ht,/ ( , �FOREWORD It was my privilege and honor to head a delegation of six members on a trip to Indochina from December 6-17, 1984. During that period we visited Hawaii, the Republic of the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Burma. The delegation met with high officials in all of the countries visited as well as representatives of the U.S. State Department. In addition, we met with Veterans' Administration and military officials in Hawaii and the Philippines. The meetings included discussions on the health effects on humans exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange, Amerasian children, the status of Vietnamese still being held in reeducation camps in Vietnam and servicemen who continue to be listed as missing in action (MIA) from the Vietnam conflict. In Hawaii and the Philippines, the delegation visited facilities where benefits for veterans and their dependents are provided and/or administered by the Veterans' Administration. In the Philippines, the delegation met with the Deputy Director of the VA regional office and received a thorough update of its programs and activities. I want to especially commend LTC Warren Taylor, U.S. Army Liaison Officer, and his staff for helping make this a most productive and pleasant trip. LTC Taylor was always available to the members, and his cooperation and support are deeply appreciated by all members of the delegation. It was a long arduous trip which took us to countries that Congressional delegations have visited infrequently. Special praise is extended to COL Ira Mehlman, M.D. the delegation physician. He anticipated our every need and his care and concern for our welfare were crucial to the success of the trip. The trip took a lot of planning and we salute LTC Taylor and his staff and COL Mehlman for a job well done. I also want to single out for special thanks Henry J. Kenny, Senior Foreign Affairs Officer for Asia, U.S. Arms Control Agency, and J. Richard Bock, Office of Legislative Affairs for the Department of State whose advice and counsel were vital to the success of the trip. I would be most remiss if I failed to mention Wilbur E. Garrett, editor of the National Geographic Magazine. Perhaps no other American is as familiar and knowledgeable of the history, customs, and cultures of the nations of Southeast Asia we visited. We thank Bill Garrett for a most important contribution. �IV It was an extremely worthwhile trip. Significant information was obtained which will be helpful in our resolution of the issues and programs which were reviewed. The delegation was fortunate to have a magnificent flight crew, led by LTC Lenwood Steward, to see to our comfort and to provide an enjoyable and safe journey. I have received many inquiries concerning the visit. This report includes findings and recommendations which will be useful in the work of the Veterans' Affairs Committee and all Members of Congress. The delegation noted an increasingly evident Soviet presence during its visit to Indochina and is concerned that the Soviet buildup is continuing while American influence in Indochina remains negligible. This is particularly disturbing because in every location we visited, the people were genuinely friendly. It was obvious that they like Americans. The delegation concluded that an open and continuing conversation between the countries of Indochina and the U.S. is important to the mutual best interests of our nations. G. V. (Sonny) MONTGOMERY, Chairman Committee on Veterans' Affairs �THE DELEGATION Rep. Rep. Rep. Rep. Rep. Rep. Mr. G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery (D-Miss.) Chairman John Paul Hammerschmidt (R-Ark.) Don Sundquist (R-Tenn.) Bob Stump (R-Ariz.) David E. Bonior (D-Mich.) Larry J. Hopkins (R-Ky.) Francis W. Stover, Deputy Chief Counsel, Veterans' Affairs Committee Mr. James H. Holley, Public Affairs Director, Veterans' Affairs Committee Mr. J. Richard Bock, Office of Legislative Affairs, State Department COL Ira Mehlman, M.D., Delegation Physician LTC Warren Taylor, Army Liaison SSGT Jay Creekmur, Army Escort SGT Ronald L Starling, Army Escort Dr. Henry J. Kenny, Senior Foreign Affairs Officer for Asia, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Mr. Wilbur E. Garrett, Editor, National Geographic Magazine (V) �INTRODUCTION During the period of December 6-17, 1984, the delegation visited Hawaii, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Burma to discuss issues which are legacies of the Vietnam conflict—the possible adverse health effects of exposure to Agent Orange on humans; Amerasian children; Americans who continue to be listed as missing in action, the MIAs whose families are deeply concerned as to the whereabouts of their remains; and the citizens of the former Republic of South Vietnam who supported the U.S. during the Vietnam war and are still being held in "reeducation camps." The delegation also visited a Veterans' Administration facility in Honolulu and was briefed by an official of the Veterans' Administration in Manila. The delegation also visited the Joint Casualty Resolution Center (JCRC) in Honolulu, which is the arm of the Government responsible for continuing efforts to locate and identify remains of U.S. servicemen still listed as missing in action. Prior to departure the delegation discussed these and other issues pertaining to Southeast Asia with Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia Affairs, Paul Wolfowitz, as well as with other officials from the State Department and the White House. This report summarizes the findings of the delegation and is intended to provide greater understanding of key issues currently affecting both American citizens and the future relationship of the United States with the countries of Indochina. Assisting the members of the delegation throughout the trip were Francis W. Stover, Deputy Chief Counsel, and James Hollev, Director of Public Affairs, House Committee on Veterans' Affairs; LTC Warren Taylor. U.S. Army; J. Richard Bock U.S. State Department; and Henry J. Kenny, Senior Foreign Affairs Officer for Asia, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. (l) �SCOPE OF REPORT This report provides current information furnished by officials of the countries we visited on the issues of Agent Orange, MIAs, Amerasian children, and political prisoners in reeducation camps, and the status of a number of veterans' programs being administered by the Veterans' Administration in Honolulu and Manila. It is hopeful that this information will be helpful to the Members of the Committee and to the Congress as they are called upon to consider legislation on these issues and programs. PURPOSE OF THE MISSION The primary purpose of the mission was to investigate a number of issues which are of continuing deep concern to all Americans. In the veteran community, the possible adverse health effects on veterans having been exposed to the defoliant Agent Orange is a priority issue. We know that Agent Orange used in Vietnam was contaminated with trace amounts of dioxin, but there is much uncertainty that exposure to Agent Orange causes long-term adverse health effects. Therefore, a major priority of the trip was to meet with top officials of the government of Vietnam and neighboring countries to learn firsthand the effects of exposure to Agent Orange on its veterans and citizens and what is being done about it. There are a number of American servicemen listed as missing in action from the Vietnam conflict. One purpose of the mission was to find as much information as possible on these individuals. There were discussions regarding an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Amerasian children, many roaming the streets of Ho Chi Minh City, who both sides agree should be allowed to emigrate to the United States. Many of our former allies and supporters during the Vietnam war are still being held in so-called reeducation camps. We wanted to find out firsthand from the officials of these governments the facts on the issues as they view them, and to exchange views on possible solutions or procedures which could help our Government to bring these matters to a successful conclusion as soon as possible. �BACKGROUND ON AGENT ORANGE Veterans who served in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era are deeply concerned about possible long-term health effects of exposure to herbicides containing dioxin. There is scientific and medical uncertainty regarding such long-term adverse health effects. In Public Law 97-72, the Congress responded to that uncertainty by authorizing priority medical care at Veterans' Administration facilities for any disability of a veteran who may have been so exposed (even though there is insufficient medical evidence linking such disability with such exposure). The Congress has further responded to that medical and scientific uncertainty by requiring, in Public Law 96-151 and Public Law 98-160, the conduct of thorough epidemiological studies of the health effects experienced by veterans in connection with exposure to herbicides containing dioxin. There are 66 federally-sponsored research projects being conducted relating to herbicides containing dioxin, at a cost to the Federal Government in excess of $130 million. The initial results of one project—an epidemiological study conducted by the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine on the health status of the "Ranch Hand" veterans who carried out the loading and aerial spraying of herbicides containing dioxin in Vietnam and who, in the process, came into direct skin contact with such herbicides in their most concentrated liquid form—were released on February 24, 1984. The results contained the conclusion "that there is insufficient evidence to support a cause and effect relationship between herbicide exposure and adverse health in the Ranch Hand group at this time." In approving H.R. 1961 (Public Law 98-542) Congress reaffirmed its strong commitment to those citizens who have served their country through service in the Armed Forces during a period of war. Now the Veterans' Administration is required to conduct a careful, thorough, systematic review of the evidence regarding claims for compensation due to exposure to Agent Orange. Public Law 98-542 represents the culmination of two years of work by the Congress and is an example of the attention being given to this subject by the Congress. �ITINERARY DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL TIMES THURSDAY, DECEMBER 6 8:00 AM Depart Washington, D.C. 1:15 PM Arrive Honolulu, Hawaii FRIDAY, DECEMBER 7 8:00 AM Depart Honolulu (Cross International Dateline) SATURDAY, DECEMBER 8 12:30 PM Arrive Manila, Philippines SUNDAY, DECEMBER 9 9:00 AM Depart Manila 10:45 AM Arrive Hanoi, Vietnam TUESDAY, DECEMBER 11 9:00 AM Depart Hanoi 10:50 AM Arrive Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 12 10:30 AM Depart Ho Chi Minh City 11:15 AM Arrive Phnom Penh, Cambodia THURSDAY, DECEMBER 13 8:00 AM Depart Phnom Penh 8:45 AM Arrive Ho Chi Minh City 9:30 AM Depart Ho Chi Minh City 11:30 AM Arrive Vientiane, Laos FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14 9:00 AM Depart Vientiane 9:50 AM Arrive Rangoon, Burma SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15 8:00 AM Depart Rangoon 2:00 PM Arrive Clark Air Base, Philippines �SUNDAY, DECEMBER 16 8:00 AM Depart Clark Air Base (Cross International Dateline) 12:40 AM Arrive Hickam AFB, Hawaii MONDAY, DECEMBER 17 7:00 AM Depart Hickam AFB 9:20 PM Arrive Washington, D.C. �VISIT TO HONOLULU A major purpose of the delegation was to learn firsthand the status of plans by the Veterans' Administration and Department of the Army to renovate an existing wing at Tripler Army Medical Center. The Veterans' Administration has a regional office in Hawaii but no hospital. There are over 100,000 veterans in Hawaii whose medical care is provided through an outpatient clinic. The outpatient clinic is located in the Federal Building. The clinic operates a 20-bed VA psychiatric ward (the Max Cleland Ward), located at Tripler Army Medical Center. Current plans include the renovation of an existing inpatient wing to house a 130-bed long-term care facility. This will be located on the Tripler Center grounds. Veterans medical activities have a fiscal year 1984 authorized staffing level of 100.3 full-time employees. The outpatient clinic has been affiliated with the University of Hawaii Patient Clinic School of Medicine since February 1975. The delegation met with Army and Veterans' Administration officials at Tripler Army Medical Center. The briefing was presented by General Tracy Strevey, Commanding General of the center, who later provided us with a tour of the facility. The delegation found that the center is providing high quality health care. Dr. William J. Vandervoort, Veterans' Administration Clinic Director, also briefed the delegation on the progress of the E-Wing of Tripler which, upon completion, will be used to provide long-term and psychiatric care for veterans. Dr. Vandervoort is deeply concerned that the construction schedule may not keep on track and there will be a delay on its final completion. The delegation also inquired about the effectiveness of the "Vet Center" in Honolulu and about Agent Orange. Dr. Vandervoort described the Vet Center, which has seven Veterans' Administration personnel, as excellent. Dr. Vandervoort said that the Veterans' Administration clinic has conducted over 500 medical exams on Vietnam veterans who may have been exposed to Agent Orange. Mr. Montgomery and Mr. Hammerschmidt indicated that upon their return to Washington, they would meet with the new Veterans' Administration Chief Medical Director, Dr. John W. Ditzler, to make sure the construction of the E-Wing would not fall behind schedule. �Presently, veterans in Hawaii who require hospitalization are referred to Tripler Army Medical Center, which serves as the Federal tertiary medical center of the Pacific Basin. Veterans requiring open heart and spinal cord injury rehabilitation are referred to VA medical centers on the mainland. The Honolulu VA Outpatient Clinic provides a broad range of general medical and outpatient treatments, including a mental health clinic, alcohol rehabilitation program, day treatment center and 19 subspecialty clinics. The need for a VA facility in Hawaii to provide inpatient psychiatric and nursing home care has long been recognized. The Army has requested fiscal year 1985 funds to construct new facilities at Tripler Medical Center. The Army has agreed to make the E-Wing Building available to the VA upon completion of the construction of their new buildings. The E-Wing Building will be available to the VA in late 1987 or early 1988. Remodel E-Wing, Tripler Army Medical Center FY 1987 (Design) $4,200,000 FY 1988 (Construction) $37,800,000 This project proposes to renovate the E-Wing Building at Tripler Army Medical Center in order to accommodate 60 to 70 psychiatric beds and 60 nursing home care beds. Construction will provide modern nursing units, establishment of the necessary support services and updating of all utility systems. The Advance Planning Fund (APF) process associated with this project will determine the overall scope of work to be accomplished. VA REGIONAL OFFICE — MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The delegation was briefed by Frank T. Tajalle, Assistant Director, in the absence of Howard Price, Director, who was attending a conference in Washington, D.C. Mr. Tajalle gave an overview of the Veterans' Administration activities in the Philippines and a brief history of the office since it was established shortly after World War I. The U.S. Veterans' Administration in the Philippines is charged with the responsibility of administering the various laws of the United States which provide benefits for veterans and their beneficiaries residing in the Philippines. The office now has 206 employees, including nine Americans. �Mr. Tajalle stated there are several distinct groups of veterans in the Philippines who are potential USVA beneficiaries. These include 20,000 old Philippine Scouts and others who served in the regular components of the U.S. Armed Forces as far back as the Spanish-American War; 110,000 Commonwealth Army Veterans who saw action during World War II; 312,000 recognized guerrillas who joined the resistance movement after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor; and 30,000 new Philippine Scouts who were recruited after liberation to patrol and police territories formerly occupied by Japan. The total is 472,000, of whom an estimated 203,000 may still be living. The widows, children and dependent parents of veterans who died in or as a result of their military service are also entitled to benefits from the USVA. The largest portion of the USVA activity is directed toward the payment of monetary benefits. Current disbursements average $10.5 million monthly or $126 million a year. Total USVA disbursements to the Philippines since 1946 have exceeded $2.6 billion. The USVA also maintains an outpatient clinic in Manila. This clinic provides treatment and authorizes hometown treatment and medication to veterans for service-connected conditions. By law it is the admitting service for USVA veterans at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center and determines legal eligibility and medical need for hospitalization. Mr. Tajalle emphasized there is also in the Manila Regional Office a unique USVA activity - the U.S. Social Security Program in the Philippines. These beneficiaries are mostly Filipinos who worked in the United States and earned Social Security coverage, or their survivors. At present there are 31,859 Social Security beneficiaries who are receiving payments in the Philippines. These benefits now total $6.7 million a month. Mr. Tajalle stated that the USVA enjoys an excellent relationship with the veterans organizations in the Philippines, particularly with the Veterans Federation of the Philippines and the Philippine Department of the American Legion. Legislation is required to authorize the USVA to maintain an office in the Philippines. The present authority terminates on September 30, 1985. �THE VETERANS MEMORIAL MEDICAL CENTER Under the Rogers Act (Public Law 88-65), the United States constructed and equipped the Veterans Memorial Hospital (VMM) at a cost of $9,400,000. The hospital was turned over to the Philippine government in 1955 and is now known as the Veterans Memorial Medical Center. Eligible veterans are hospitalized at the VMMC on a contract per diem basis. Aside from VMMC, there are several fee-basis hospitals throughout the country where service-connected veterans may seek emergency medical care. Public Law 97-72 authorized the Veterans' Administration to contract with VMMC for the care of U.S. veterans in the Philippines. The Veterans' Administration was also authorized to furnish grants up to $500,000 annually for 5 years to assist the VMMC in the replacement and upgrading of its equipment, including the rehabilitation of its physical plant and facilities. In implementing Public Law 97-72, the Philippine government agreed to assume full responsibility for the medical care and treatment of all eligible Filipino veterans effective October 1, 1981. The delegation asked about the future status of the regional office and the $500,000 grant which must be reauthorized or extended beyond fiscal year 1986. Mr. Tajalle was most emphatic that this is a unique regional office and is especially suited to handle claims of Filipino veterans. One of the persistent problems that is unique to this office is fraudulent and misrepresented claims. This problem is stimulated by a very low average annual income for the Philippines. This VA regional office saves and will continue to save the U.S. Government millions of dollars in its adjudication of claims for benefits, which would not be the case stateside. The delegation felt that the regional office is doing a good job and that it should be maintained. Mr. Tajalle also informed the delegation that the Veterans Memorial Medical Center which is now owned and operated by the Philippine Government is still in desperate need for equipment and assistance. Mr. Tajalle urged favorable consideration of an extension of this assistance. The delegation indicated that it would take a look at this next year. �10 The delegation also had the pleasure of meeting with top veteran leaders, including American Legion National Commander Clarence M. Bacon, who reaffirmed the American Legion support for Congress to extend the authorization for a regional office in Manila when it expires next year and to continue Veterans' Administration grants for the Veterans Memorial Medical Center at the current level of $500,000 a year. JOINT CASUALTY RESOLUTION CENTER (JCRC) Enroute to Indochina the group met with the Commander and staff of the Joint Casualty Resolution Center (JCRC) in Hawaii. JCRC officials described the history of their efforts since the Center was established in January 1973 to assist in the recovery or status resolution of unaccounted for Americans in Southeast Asia. They expressed the hope that current quarterly meetings with Vietnamese officials would lead to improved Vietnamese efforts in locating crash sites and in providing information and remains of missing Americans. They anticipated that the Lao agreement in principle to permit joint excavation of a crash site near Pakse, in which several Americans were lost, would result in a prompt and full on-site investigation. MANILA The delegation stopped in Manila for the night prior to going on to Hanoi. Ambassador Stephen Bosworth and his staff, including Frank J. Tajalle, assistant director of the Veterans' Administration office, briefed the members on the current situation in the Philippines and discussed with them various aspects of Philippine - American relations. HANOI In Hanoi, the delegation met with Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, Foreign Minister Nguyen Co Thach, Vice Foreign Minister Phan Doan Nam, and several other officials. The Congressmen stressed the humanitarian nature of their mission and expressed hope for the fullest possible Vietnamese cooperation on the four issues of concern. With respect to MIAs, it was emphasized that progress in resolving as many cases as possible would remove an obstacle in our bilateral relationship. Along with peaceful cooperation and negotiations with its neighbors in Cambodia, it could, as stated by �11 President Reagan in July, bring about normal relations between Vietnam and the international community. The delegation stressed the importance of this issue to the American people, and the view that progress on this issue could lead to progress in other areas. The Vietnamese officials agreed with the concept of treating the MIA issue as a separate humanitarian concern. They expressed satisfaction with the existing framework of joint meetings to help resolve MIA matters. They stated that Vietnam had uncovered no new information on missing Americans, but would provide any information which was uncovered. The officials expressed the hope that the United States would reciprocate by assisting Vietnam in healing the wounds of war in their country. When asked whether any Americans whatsoever were being held prisoner in Vietnam, they replied that no Americans are alive in captivity except Mr. William Mathers. Mathers was apprehended last July on charges of violating Vietnamese territorial waters. The delegation asked for the prompt release of Mathers, and was told by the Vietnamese that officials would check into the matter. The case is under the jurisdiction of the Interior Ministry. While disassociating the humanitarian issue of MIAs from other matters, the Vietnamese did state that humanitarian concerns are a two-way street. They mentioned that there are over a million Vietnamese MIAs, that searching for American MIAs is expensive, and that it is difficult for them to ask their people to search for American MIAs when there are so many Vietnamese MIAs. The delegation urged the Vietnamese to discuss with the U.S. Joint Casualty Resolution Center the question of providing the necessary equipment and materials for the excavation of aircraft crash sites. It expressed the belief that such assistance would not be overly expensive. It reiterated the hope, both to Foreign Ministry officials and to Premier Pham Van Dong, that progress on MIAs was crucial to our long-term relationship. Congressman Montgomery asked Premier Dong to permit MIA family members to visit Vietnam on behalf of their missing men. The Premier said he would consider this request. On the issue of Amerasian children, the delegation expressed appreciation that the numbers departing Vietnam had increased in recent months, that Vietnam had provided a partial list of Amerasian children to the U.S. Government, and that Vietnam had agreed �12 to let all such children and their immediate families depart for the United States. The Congressmen asked for the total number of Amerasian children in Vietnam and requested a list of additional children. They also expressed hope that the number of such departures would continue to increase in the future. The Vietnamese replied that their Government is compiling an additional list of Amerasian children, that there is some difficulty in discriminating between French and American Asian children, and that they will provide the list when completed. They expressed the view that the existing Orderly Departure Program (OOP) quota for Amerasian children is too low, and that if the past rate of departure continued, it could take 10 years for all Amerasian children to leave Vietnam. They proposed that a new program, separate from the OOP, be established so that all Amerasians could depart within six months, adding that Amerasians should not be considered refugees since they are U.S. citizens. They said that the total number of Amerasian children is between 10,000 and 15,000, that they are American citizens, and that the United States should take them as soon as possible. The Vietnamese volunteered that Vietnam is not discriminating against Amerasian children and that they receive equal treatment with Vietnamese children. The delegation noted that while most Amerasian children are not considered American citizens, the United States is prepared to take them all in an orderly manner as soon as possible. It again expressed appreciation for the increased rate of departures. With respect to Vietnamese in "reeducation camps" who were associated with the United States or the government or military of the former Republic of Vietnam, the delegation emphasized the importance of a prompt release. It asked for a list of prisoners and an estimate of their total number. The Congressmen noted that Vietnamese leaders have stated their willingness to release all such prisoners and that Secretary Shultz has said that the United States will accept them. The delegation expressed concern that their departure be regulated so as to avoid problems such as those associated with Castro's release of Cuban prisoners a few years ago. It was suggested that both sides might agree to the release of 1,000 prisoners as an initial step in a program for the release of all such persons. �13 The Vietnamese responded by labeling these prisoners as "criminals," stating they had opposed and fought against their government and were therefore guilty of breaking Vietnamese law. Such "criminals," they said, could not be released under a program designed for refugees. They further stated that the total number of such prisoners was less than one percent of the 1.5 million South Vietnamese they said opposed them during the war. They described these persons as the most intransigent and most bellicose, and expressed a strong fear that the prisoners, if released, would independently or with the support of the United States, conduct anti-Vietnamese activity both in America and Indochina. They asked for a commitment or a guarantee that such activity would not take place, stating that only by negotiating such an agreement would the release be possible. The delegation also asked to visit "reeducation camps." The Vietnamese declined to grant the request to visit a "reeducation camp," saying that their representatives at the United Nations are restricted to within 25 miles of the city - clearly implying linkage to American travel in Vietnam. The delegation reiterated its expectation that the Vietnamese prisoners would soon be released. It urged that the definition of these prisoners as "refugees" or "criminals" not be a stumbling block to their release. It pointed out that there are U.S. laws which prohibit organized private groups from hostile activities in foreign countries and that the released prisoners would be interested only in building a new life and supporting their families in the United States. It is the opinion of the delegation that Vietnamese travel in the United States, outside the 25 mile limit in New York, be considered on a case-by-case basis. In a separate meeting. Congressman Bonior asked Vietnamese officials in Hanoi to permit the departure of two Vietnamese who had relatives in his district. The officials promised to raise the matter with local Vietnamese authorities. The delegation discussed the concern of many on the possible long term health effects on veterans of U.S. Armed Forces who served in Vietnam. In this regard, the delegation referred to a number of studies being conducted in the U.S. to determine if there have been adverse health effects on persons exposed to Agent Orange or other chemicals during the period 1961-1972. The Vietnamese responded by referring to the International Symposium on Herbicides and Defoliants: The Long Term Effects on Man and Nature, which was �14 held in 1983 in Ho Chi Minh City. The Symposium drew participants from 21 countries including a number of American scientists and researchers. Twenty-nine reports were filed as well as 72 scientific papers. The conclusion of the Symposium was that exposure to chemicals (Agent Orange) does cause health problems for humans. The delegation asked if the Vietnamese soldiers who were exposed to Agent Orange had suffered adverse health effects and whether the Vietnamese have any statistics or reliable information regarding the matter. The Vietnamese responded that there had been a strong increase in the number of females coming to their hospitals who had health problems traceable to being exposed to Agent Orange when they were quite young. The Vietnamese had no records or information on their own soldiers. It was indicated that the Vietnamese do not have the resources or scientific personnel to conduct such a study. The Vietnamese, however, were open to suggestions for independent studies by scientists from the international community. The delegation pointed out that there have been many changes in Vietnam since the defoliant was sprayed. Therefore, time is of the essence in conducting such a study. The Vietnamese, in this regard, indicated there will be follow-ups to the 1983 symposium but did not indicate when. Besides the foregoing issues of concern to the delegation, the Vietnamese officials raised several political issues of concern to them. First, they were clearly interested in increased dialogue with the U.S. Government, often stating that diplomatic relations would facilitate resolution of outstanding differences as well as help assure peace and stability in Southeast Asia. They felt some progress on bilateral issues could be made in the absence of normalization, but that such progress would, of necessity, be limited. Second, while maintaining that most of the four issues raised by the delegation should be and are humanitarian and not political issues, they stressed their expectation that humanitarian assistance be a "two-way street." While not specifying the form American humanitarian assistance would take, they emphasized that Vietnam is a poor country and needs assistance in many areas. Third, they criticized China in the strongest possible terms, even to the point of saying China used the war in Vietnam as a means to increase its influence in Southeast Asia. In this context, they quoted a statement attributed to General William Westmoreland that China had been prepared to fight the war in Vietnam to the last �15 Vietnamese. Beginning in 1975, they said, China and the United States cut a deal by which China would pressure Vietnam. During the past year, in their opinion, American collusion with China increased significantly. Fourth, the Vietnamese stated the position that their troops could be withdrawn from Cambodia provided support for Pol Pot was removed and an agreement was reached on a regional arrangement for Southeast Asia involving both the ASEAN and Indochina countries. In this context, as well as in the context of joining ASEAN, the Vietnamese stated that they realized Vietnam could not ask the United States to abandon its bases in the Philippines, but did require assurances that the bases would not be used against Vietnam. The delegation took note of these Vietnamese concerns. It expressed appreciation of Vietnamese agreement in treating the issues of MIAs, Agent Orange, and Amerasians as separate humanitarian concerns and reiterated the hope and expectation that progress would be made in all four areas raised by the delegation. Congressman Montgomery stressed the need for Vietnam to withdraw its forces from Cambodia and agreed that Pol Pot should never return to power. The delegation agreed that the United States and Vietnam have differences of opinion over many issues, but that increased dialogue by both executive and legislative groups would improve mutual understanding and resolve as many differences as possible. HO CHI MINH CITY In Ho Chi Minn City (Saigon) the delegation met with Director of External Affairs Vu Hac Bong, and with Vice Chairman of the City People's Committee, Le Quang Chanh. The officials opened with considerable detail, emphasizing economic development in the city. They said, inter alia, that there are 150,000 handicraft workers now operating, and that construction of a power plant and grid system is underway which will provide the city an additional 400,000 kw of power. They claimed an annual increase in industrial production of 16-20 percent during the 1980-1984 period. They said there remained a large number (80-90,000) of unemployed persons, which was partially due to a high birth rate. The present birth rate was put at 1.9 percent, down from 2.8 percent in 1975. The objective for 1985 is a 1.5 percent birth rate, which Vietnamese officials hope to achieve through a family planning public information program, as well as promotion of abortions, which are free of charge at local hospitals. �16 Regarding the Chinese population of metropolitan Ho Chi Minn City, the Vietnamese said their number had dropped from 540,000 in 1978 to 420,000 in 1984. Many had departed, they said, because the Peoples Republic of China had stirred them up in support of Pol Pot. Some 165,000 ethnic Chinese in Vietnam left for China in 1978, some by Chinese ships and some illegally. The remaining overseas Chinese, they said, are loyal to Vietnam. The Vietnamese also indicated that there would be a major trial before the Supreme Court in Ho Chi Minh City beginning December 14, 1984, which would involve the prosecution of a few rich and former rich Vietnamese, as well as overseas Chinese. (Local rumor held that over 100 persons had already been arrested in connection with the trial.) With respect to punishment attending this or other crimes, the officials said policy indicated the punishment should match the crime. Capital punishment by shooting is permissible. The delegation requested information on the status of Amerasians in southern Vietnam and was told that at the outset of the OOP program there were an estimated 15,000 Amerasian children. Since that time some 4,300 persons, including both Amerasian children and their immediate family members, were said to have left Vietnam for the United States under the OOP. The officials repeated the statement made in Hanoi that Vietnam was working on a new list. Acccording to these officials, for every one Amerasian child there is an average of two other family members. If these numbers are correct the delegation estimates that the total number of departees under this category could exceed 40,000. When asked if he had any information on American MIAs, Mr. Chanh responded in the negative. He also indicated, in response to a query by Mr. Montgomery, that he knows of no Americans residing in Ho Chi Minh City. In Ho Chi Minh City the delegation also met with a visiting group from the Vietnam Veterans of America (WA), a national veterans organization with wide ranging membership. The delegation was told that the WA had sent two persons to Can Tho in an unsuccessful attempt to visit and obtain the release of Mr. William Mathers. Another group of WA members had the opportunity to visit a crash site about 30 miles outside of Hanoi. Traveling with the WA was Dr. Arnold Schecter from Binghamton, New York, who is engaged in a study of Agent Orange and its effects on the Vietnamese. Dr. Schecter had conducted analyses on 30 specimens of �17 persons who may have been exposed to Agent Orange, and was attempting to determine whether a significant difference existed between these and unexposed persons in northern Vietnam. PHNOM PENH The delegation was the largest Congressional group to visit Cambodia in 10 years. The mission was intended to open a productive dialogue on problem areas of both countries. During their one day and overnight stay in Phnom Penh, the Members visited the Tuol Sleng prison where Pol Pot leader of the Khmer Rouge, tortured and murdered thousands of Cambodians as well as some foreign nationals. The group visited a mass grave outside the city where 9,000 victims had been buried. Many of these persons had been lined up and blindfolded, with hands tied behind their backs. They were then struck a heavy blow over the head and dumped into mass pits. The delegation unanimously condemns the atrocities which were perpetrated by the Pol Pot regime. The mass murder, between 1975 and 1979, of an estimated 3 million men, women, and children, including the entire class of professional people, is a holocaust in every sense of the word. The delegation stresses the need for the withdrawal of all foreign support for Pol Pot, as well as the removal of Vietnamese troops from Cambodia. In addition, it expresses the hope that, in the future, an independent government of the people will be allowed to assume power, and that this government will be able to conduct relations with the other countries of Southeast Asia on a basis of peace and friendship. Mr. Montgomery expressed the hope that the United States will be very careful not to support Pol Pot in any way, including votes at the United Nations. He notes that the delegation is "definitely against" a return to power by Pol Pot. While in Cambodia the delegation met with Foreign Minister Hun Sen, as well as with several other officials. The Foreign Minister said that there were only 70 people alive when his men first reached Phnom Penh. He asked the delegation to see for itself the atrocities committed by Pol Pot. Besides the millions murdered by Pol Pot, the Foreign Minister stated there are today 200,000 orphans in Cambodia as a result of Khmer Rouge killings. He strongly denied that Cambodia is a Vietnamese colony, stating that his is a regime not fabricated in Hanoi. �18 The Foreign Minister criticized what he called Chinese American - Thai collusions against Cambodia by their support for Pol Pot and Son Sann, the leader of the anti-Communist guerrilla force. He stated that although the war had ended 10 years ago, the United States has not stopped its war against Cambodia. In his opinion, the Western media is waging a propaganda war against Cambodia. To resolve the problem, he suggested an agreement among the ASEAN states, Indochina, India and the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, to form an internationally supervised security zone along the Thai border. He further requested the United States to separate itself from Pol Pot, whom he said must be eliminated both politically and militarily. He urged the United States to ask Sihanouk and Son Sann to disassociate themselves from Pol Pot and to join his government. He expressed a sense of urgency in this request and said direct talks between the United States and Cambodia were needed to help resolve the problem. The alternative, he said, is for Cambodia to solve the problem on its own. He said that under this option Pol Pot could be defeated and Vietnamese troops withdrawn in less than five years. The sooner Pol Pot is eliminated, he said, the sooner foreign troops could leave Cambodian soil. With respect to MIAs, the Foreign Minister said he understands that there are 82 Americans missing in Cambodia. Despite the fact he categorized these persons as victims of imperialist American policies, he stressed that Cambodia would make efforts to search for MIAs on a humanitarian basis. He claimed to know personally of the general location of some crash sites but could not be certain they could be located because of difficult terrain and jungle. He said that many people who might remember the war and know of MIAs were killed by Pol Pot. The Foreign Minister concluded his remarks by stating that he was finished with his preaching on the situation. He said the task at hand was to reconstruct the country. The delegation stated that it would inform the Department of State of the concerns of the Cambodian officials. VIENTIANE In Laos the Congressmen held separate meetings with Vice Foreign Minister Soubanh Srithirath and Acting Foreign Minister Khamphai Boupha. In addition, they met with numerous other officials at a dinner hosted by Theresa Tull, Charge' d'Affaires at �19 the American Embassy in Vientiane. Ms. Tull and her staff were most helpful both with the delegation visit and in stimulating overall improved relations between Laos and the United States. The Embassy was particularly instrumental in facilitating the provision of 5,000 tons of rice in response to a shortfall in southern Laos and has helped with the provision of emergency medical supplies to Laos. The delegation stressed the importance of continued Lao progress in resolving as many cases of missing Americans as possible. The Lao officials stated that their country has been making considerable efforts in this regard and that whatever remains found have been given to the United States. They said that a joint Lao-American team would be able to visit the crash site of a downed AC 130 aircraft near Pakse as soon as the site is ready, noting that the terrain in the area is still too muddy from the recent rain season. The Lao officials also claimed to be making considerable efforts to find remains in other areas. They stressed that the issue of missing Americans is being treated as a humanitarian one. Noting that the Lao people also suffered heavily during the war, the officials expressed the hope that American assistance would be forthcoming as a matter of humanitarian concern, adding that American humanitarian aid would also help convince the Lao people of the propriety of searching for American MIAs. They further stated that Laos has 10,000 MIAs of its own. Because of the dense forest and small population it is difficult to find MIAs and even downed planes or remnants. The officials stated that, despite the difficulties, Laos would try to do its best to find them. They noted that the Lao people do this despite American bombing during the war because they are Buddhists and do not wish to take revenge on anyone. The delegation expressed appreciation for the Lao efforts on MIAs. It noted recent American assistance of rice and medicine, as well as recent American votes in international financial institutions favoring loans to Laos. They again expressed the hope that further progress would be possible on MIAs. The Lao officials responded by alluding to other recent improvements in Lao-American relations, noting that the United States remained neutral when some Lao villages were "attacked" by Thailand, and that there are no more American-backed anti-Lao military activities, as in the past. The delegation expressed the hope for continued progress on MIAs and other matters and reiterated its support for the work of both countries' embassies. �20 Congressman Bonior raised the issue of MIA Robert Tucci, who was shot down over Laos in January 1979. Lao officials expressed an interest in the matter and a follow-up is expected. RANGOON The delegation had the opportunity to stop in Burma before returning to the United States. Ambassador Dan O'Donohue and his staff briefed the Members on the situation in Burma and on its relations with the United States. The delegation met with Foreign Minister U Chit Hlaing, who discussed general foreign policy questions and Burmese efforts to eliminate production and trafficking in opium. The Foreign Minister said Burma considers this a top priority and is doing its best in combatting the opium trade. During a dinner hosted by Ambassador O'Donohue, the delegation had the opportunity for discussion with a wide variety of government officials and businesss and social leaders. �21 A full list of officials met by the delegation in Indochina is as follows: VIETNAM Prime Minister - Pham Van Dong Foreign Minister - Nguyen Co Thach Vice Foreign Minister - Phan Doan Nam Vice Chairman of the National Assembly - Phan Anh Ministry of Foreign Affairs: MIA Commission Director Cu Dinh Ba Ministry of Foreign Affairs: MIA Commission Member - Ngo Hoan Ministry of Foreign Affairs: MIA Commission Member Vu Bac My Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Protocol - Doan Phi Luong Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Dung Van Ngoc Director of External Affairs, Ho Chi Minh City - Vu Mac Bong Vice Chairman of the City People's Committee - Le Quang Chanh Head of Commission on Agent Orange Ministry of Health Le Cao Dai British Embassy: Ambassador Michael Pike France: Ambassador Yvan Bastouil Denmark: Charge d'Affaires Ulrik Helweg-Larsen Italy: Ambassador Lodovicio Mazetti Netherlands: Charge d'Affaires Hein C.R.M. Princen �22 LAOS Acting Foreign Minister - Khamphai Boupha Vice Foreign Minister - Soubanh Srithirath CAMBODIA Foreign Minister - Hun Sen Director of Tuol Sleng prison - Ing Pech Ms. Peou Lyda, Member, General Assembly and Sihanouk's cousin. Ms. Phlek Phirun, Secretary General of General Assembly Mr. My Samedy, Member of General Assembly BURMA Foreign Minister - U Chit Hlaing O � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 196 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5516 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Title A name given to the resource Committee Print: Report on Congressional Delegation Trip to Southeast Asia to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/383e26d869b763c6fe79f928eb67a883.pdf f60fd95545fb9def96bd1cfd2de65b22 PDF Text Text item D Number 05740 a Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Compilation of Information on the Federal Government and Agent Orange Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color D Number of Images ° DBSOrlptOn NOtBS 13 sections . including a history of the AOWG, studies of note, and Congressional committees. Tuesday, March 26, 2002 Page 5740 of 5743 �I N D E X Section I Executive Summary Section II Statement of President Reagan Section III Agent Orange A. Fact Sheet B. Expenditures (circle charts) Section IV Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam A. White House Primer on Agent Orange - 10/27/83 Section V Background of the Agent Orange Working Group A. White House memo - 12/11/79 B. White House memo 07/17/81 C. White House memo 08/21/81 D. Secretary Margaret Heckler's Press Release - 6/6/83 E. Charter Section VI Agent Orange Working Group Organization A. Membership and staff Section VII Advisory Committee on Special Studies A. White House memos - 09/16/80 B. Charter C. Members Section VIII Congressionally Authorized Epidemiological Study Section IX Scientific Studies of Note A. CDC Birth Defects B. International Soft Tissue Sarcoma Studies C. National Cancer Institute Ongoing Studies D. Air Force Ranch Hand Studies E. Proposed Studies Section X Science Panel Report A. Executive Summary B. Brief History C. D. Rationale for Research Efforts from a. What is known b. What is not known Federal Research 1981-1987 a. Effects in animals b. Effects in humans c. Others E. Evaluation F. Future Directions 1980 �Index (cont'd) Section XI Additional Information A. Exposure Opportunity Index B. Agent Orange Litigation C. VA Advisory Committee created by P.L. 98-5A2 Section XII Congressional Veterans Committees A. Senate Committee B. House Committee Section XIII Appendix - Literature Review �EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Agent Orange Issue A legacy of the Vietnam conflict is the concern of many Vietnam veterans that they may be at risk of a spectrum of adverse health effects as a result of their service in Vietnam. These concerns focus largely on Agent Orange, a herbicide used for defoliating areas of enemy troop concentration and staging. History In late 1979, the White House established an Interagency Work Group to bring together knowledgeable government scientists to oversee the research, develop areas where scientific study is needed, and report the results as soon as they become available to the Congress and the public. On August 21, 1981, President Reagan established an Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG) as part of the Cabinet Council on Human Resources, elevating and enlarging the scope of the prior group. Secretary Margaret Heckler, as Chair pro tempore of this Cabinet Council, named John (Jack) Svahn, at that time Under Secretary, to chair the AOWG and in a Press Release dated June 6, 1983 stated her well known concern for veterans and her particular concern in the Agent Orange question "By designating the second highest official of my department as Chairman, I am reaffirming this administration's commitment to the prompt and scientifically responsible resolution of the health concerns of Vietnam veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange and other environmental factors during their service to their country in that conflict. His leadership of this vital working group will help us get the answers we need " the Secretary said. Subsequent chairpersons have been Assistant Secretary for Health, Dr. Edward Brandt September 1983 - December 1984, Under Secretary Charles N. Baker, December 1984 * August 1985. On April 11, 1985 the eight Cabinet Councils, including Human Resources were combined into two, the Council on Economic Policy Council and the Council on Domestic Policy to which the AOWG now reports. Organization The Agent Orange Working Group is under the leadership of the Department of Health and Human Services and includes scientific, legal and policy representatives from that Department, the Departments of Defense and State, the Veterans Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Labor Department, the White House Offices of Policy Development and of �the Science and Technology Policy, Office of Management and Budget, Council of Economic Advisors, ACTION, and Congress' Office of Technology Assessment (observer status). The Science The issue of possible adverse health effects in humans as a consequence of exposure to Agent Orange in Vietnam has attracted and maintained the attention of the nation for nearly a decade. For the past four years, the AOWG has been evaluating the direction and extent of the government's scientific research in Agent Orange and related issues. When the AOWG was formed in 1981, it was clear from animal studies and the limited human studies that the toxic contaminant of Agent Orange (TCDD) has the potential to cause a broad range of deleterious effects. The extent to which these effects were likely to appear in humans exposed to Agent Orange in Vietnam, however, was unknown. Between 1981 and 1987, AOWG member agencies will have expended $150 million in Agent Orange-related research with over one hundred and fifty (150) studies. The majority of these funds has been directed at closing the largest gap in our knowledge on Agent Orange: the effects of Agent Orange on humans. Ten major epidemiological studies scheduled for completion by 1990, and five ongoing health surveillance projects should provide information on whether exposure to Agent Orange has affected the health of Vietnam veterans and for framing hypotheses which can be tested in follow*up studies if necessary. Additional resources have been expended to better characterize known toxic properties of 2,3 ,7 ,8*TCDD and Agent Orange. The Public The Agent Orange Working Group has received support from veterans organizations and members of Congress and its recommendations have been accorded significant weight. The President In a July 17, 1981 meeting with veterans leaders, President Reagan indicated that the Administration took seriously the concerns of Vietnam veterans and their families about their health status as a result of their actual or presumed exposure to Agent Orange in Vietnam and was firmly committed to con* tinuing and according the highest priority to the current scientific research studies now being conducted and planned by Federal agencies. �-3* The President cautioned that the scientific research may never yield definitive answers to the question of whether Agent Orange i»» or any other single factor ^* has adversely affected the health of an individual veteran but that we can learn whether Vietnam veterans as a group are suffering any chronic health effects not present in a comparable population that did not serve in Vietnam. The Results The results of the scientific research will prove useful in helping to formulate sound public policy regarding health care and compensation for Vietnam veterans. Some studies are completed and are inconclusive; the major Epidemiologic studies underway by the Centers for Disease Control, mandated by Congress is the most comprehensive but will not be completed until late 1989. Based on the growing body of information in hand, the worst case scenarios envisioned by some as a consequence of exposure to Agent Orange are not being realized. Populations known or possibly exposed to Agent Orange which are being studied have not so far exhibited increased incidences of cancer, or death from other causes, or abnormally high rates of birth defects in their offspring. This optimism is tempered by the knowledge that other, less*well characterized effects of concern may by associated with 2,3,7.8TTCDD ( e . g . , immunotoxicity). Some effects (e.g., cancer) may not become manifest for several more years, due to a longer latency period. The consensus of the Science Panel is that initiation of any new, major epidemiological study should await and be built upon the results of studies already underway. A large number of ongoing research projects designed to characterize the toxicity and mechanisms of action of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in laboratory animals will also help to identify possible adverse human health effects and will assist in the interpretation of epidemiologic study results. �AGENT O R A N G E D I O X I N EXPENDITURE AGENCY EXPENDITURES BY STUDY TYPE $152,455,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES ANIMAL (12.8%) ANALYT (1 .6%) ENVIR (6.2%) UT (1 .2%) STUDY TYPE EXPENDITURES HUMAN ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYTICAL LITERATURE TOTAL $119,293,500 19,522,000 9,382,000 2,368,000 1,890,000 $152,455,000 ,X HUMAN (78.2%) �AGENT O R A N G E D I O X IN EXPENDITURES $152,455,000 TOTAL COST IJSDA (Q.4%) $594,000 N DOD (22.O%)$33,605,000 \ Jk VA (53.3%) $81,286,000 EPA (9.5%) $ 1 4 , 4 6 7 , 0 0 0 y X X HHS (14.8%)$22,503,000 �HHS A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $22,50.3,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES ANALYT (2.5%) $556,000 HUMAN (41 .1%) $9,244,000 ANIMAL (56.5%) $12,703,000 �DOD A.O./DIOXIM EXPENDITURES $33,605,500 TOTZVL EXPENDITURES ANIMAL (0.9%) $288,000 HUMAN (99.1%) $33,317,500 �USDA A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $594,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES LIT (1O.8%) $64,000 HUMAN (89.2%) $530,000 �EPA A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $14,467,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES $2,146,000 ANIMAL (14.8%) LIT (7.3%) $1,052,000 ANALYT (12.5%) $1,812,000 HUMAN (G.5%) $75,000 ENVIR (64.9%) $9,382,000 �V.A. A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITUREIS $81 .286.OOO TOTAL EXPENDITURES $774,000 $4,385,000 \ r ( 4 O ) $76,127,OOU 9 . % �HHS U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE DRAFT Contact: Telephone HHS Secretary Margaret M. Heckler today forwarded to the Cabinet Council on Domestic Policy an updated report from the Agent Orange Working Group suggesting no new major studies are needed on the subject until evaluations have been done on those already completed or continuing through 1987 at a cost of more than $150 million. Terming results of the studies thus far as "reassuring," Secretary Heckler said, "Completed studies show no increase in birth defects among children of Vietnam veterans or higher mortality due to Agent Orange exposure. "However, careful and intensive epidemiological studies in other areas are going on and we must await their findings." The advisory science panel formed by the AOWG says in the report that the numerous research projects completed or already underway are the ones it considers both essential and feasible. It recommends "that any additional major research efforts involving Vietnam veterans' exposure to Agent Orange should await evaluation of the results of studies which are currently in progress." Created in 1979 as a small interagency work group, the AOWG was enlarged and elevated to cabinet council status in July 1981 by President Reagan to show his concern over the fears of Vietnam veterans that they may suffer ill effects from exposure to phenoxy acid herbicides, principally Agent Orange. The herbicides were sprayed to defoliate dense jungle areas from which enemy troops operated. - MORE - �- 2- Veterans groups have maintained they were endangered by an increase in cancers and liver disorders, and expressed fears that their children might be born with defects. They called for scientific research, compensation and treatment. In forwarding the new AOWG report to the Cabinet Council on Domestic Policy, Secretary Heckler, a long-time advocate of veterans' rights, said, "The president's promise to support any research necessary to learn whether Vietnam veterans as a group are suffering any chronic health effects not i present in a comparable population that did not serve in Vietnam, will be kept." Twelve federal departments or independent agencies are represented on the Agent Orange Working Group. It sets priorities, coordinates and overses federal research into the possibility of long-term adverse health effects resulting from exposure to the herbicides used in Vietnam. The science panel's report says HHS, the departments of Defense and Agriculture; the Environmental Protection Agency; and the Veterans Administration are conducting ongoing studies with the other AOWG members providing advice and guidance. The others are the Department of State; Department of Labor; ACTION; the White House Offices of Policy Development, Science and Technology Policy; Office of Management and Budget; Council of Economic Advisors; and the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, the latter as an observer. #### �STATEMENT OF PRESIDENT REAGAN JULY 17, 1981 "One of the most unfortunate legacies of the Vietnam conflict is the continuing concern of many Vietnam veterans that they are, or may be, at increased risk of a broad spectrum of adverse health effects as a result of their service in Vietnam. These concerns have largely focused on Agent Orange, a herbicide used for defoliating areas of enemy ground troop concentrations and staging. Agent Orange was made by combining two herbicides that were in widespread use in forestry and agriculture. Unfortunately, despite much discussion in the media and among scientists, there are still few definitive answers to the difficult scientific issues involved. Indeed, we may never be able to determine with certainty whether Agent Orange — or any other single factor •*- has adversely affected the health of an individual veteran. The scientists working on this problem are hopeful, however, that we can learn whether Vietnam veterans as a group are suffering any chronic health effects not present in a comparable population that did not serve in Vietnam. In addition, several studies —» including an epidemiological study of the Air Force Personnel who sprayed Agent Orange *•*• are directly examining the Agent Orange issue. The results of these and other studies, including a congressionally mandated VA epidemiological study of the health status of Vietnam veterans, should be extremely useful in helping to formulate sound public policy regarding health care and compensation for Vietnam veterans. I believe that .the Federal Government has made significant progress in the past year in organizing and beginning a serious scientific inquiry into the Agent Orange issue. Much, however, remains to be done and I share the deep and abiding concern of Vietnam veterans about their health and that of their children. I am committed to assuring that the important scientific research now under way and being planned under the overall guidance and coordination of the White House Inter agency Work Group continue to completion in an efficient, expeditious manner, consistent with sound scientific principles. Accordingly, I am hereby reaffirming the mandate of the Work Group and making its work a major priority of my Administration." �Agent Orange The terra "Agent Orange" is derived from the orange color code painted on the barrels of herbicide shipped to Vietnam. Other herbicides used in Vietnam carried various other color codes depending on the nature of the herbicide. Agent Orange was a 50/50 mixture of the herbicide 2,4,-D and 2,4,5*7. The product was provided on contract with the Department of Defense by a number of chemical companies. A by-product created in extremely small amounts during the manufacture of 2,4,5~T was the chemical, dioxin. The average contamination amount of dioxin was, according to the Veterans Administration, two parts per million. Dioxin has caused lethal and toxicological effects in some laboratory animals at lower levels than any other man-made chemical. However, both the lethal dose levels and the toxicological effects vary considerably among different animal species. The toxicological effect upon humans remains under study and additional work must be done before an authorized view of the risks can be made. �A a n j, s Nv w n H ana, �CABINET COUNCIL ON DOMESTIC POLICY AGENT ORANGE WORKING GROUP FEDERALLY SPONSORED HUMAN STUDIES RELATED TO AGENT ORANGE TYPE OF STUDY AGENCY STUDY TITLE Mortality ReproMorbidity Cancer duction Analytical STATUS Estimated Completed Ongoing Completion Date DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES NIOSH Investigation of Leukemia Cluster in Madison County, Kentucky Allegedly Associated with Pentachlorophenol Treated Ammunition Boxes Published NTIS 1984 NIOSH Dioxin Registry X Late 1985 NIOSH Soft Tissue Sarcome Investigation X Published Scan. J. Work Environ Health 1984 NIOSH NJ/Missouri plant worker and worker's spouse reproductive outcome study Reproductive outcomes in persons possibly exposed to 2,3,7,8 RDP Measurement of TCDD levels in adipose tissue from potentially exposed persons in Missouri. X (begins 1985) �Page 2 FEDERALLY SPONSORED HUMAN STUDIES RELATED TO AGENT ORANGE TYPE OF STUDY AGENCY STUDY TITLE Mortality ReproMorbidity Cancer duction Analytical STATUS Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES cont'd NIEHS Establishment and Maintenance of an International Register of Persons Exposed to Phenoxy Acid Herbicides and Contaminants X NIEHS Effects on Intestinal Cells UNC-CU Grad student X Indefinite X 1984 X 1984 Lipid Assimilation NRSA Membrane/LP Receptor NRSA X X 1986 NIEHS Pesticides and transport across bilayer Lipid membranes (toxicology) X X 1987 NIEHS Occupational and Environmental Health Center Grant (toxicology) X 1987 NIEHS - Dioxin Environmental Health Sciences Center Grant Clinical Studies X 1987 NIEHS Dioxin Mechanism(s) for toxicity of chlorinated dibenzodioxins (toxicology) X 1987 �Page 3 FEDERALLY SPONSORED HIMAN STUDIES RELATED TO AGENT ORANGE TYPE OP STUDY STUDY TITLE Mortality Repro* Morbidity Cancer duction Analytical Estimated Completed Ongoing Completion Date NIEHS Dioxtn Environmental pollutants and toxicology of the liver X X 1986 NIEHS Dioxin XenobiotLc induction of pleiotropic responses in liver X X 1986 NIEHS Dioxin molecular toxicology of TODD X X 1986 NIEHS Dioxin chlorinated dibenzoisp-dioxins; mechanisms of toxicity X X 1987 NIEHS Dioxin » Toxic halogenated wastes: In vitro bioassay development X X 1986 NIEHS Dioxin * Atomic emission spectrometry for dioxin trace anlaysis (detection) X X 1986 NCI Study of Mortality Among Pesticide Applicators from Florida Publications in Press NCI Case Control Study of Lymphoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Indefinite �Page 4 FEDERALLY SPONSORED HUMAN STUDIES RELATED TO AGENT ORANGE AGENCY STLDY TITLE TYPE Mortality OF b 1 UDY Repro* Morbidity Cancer duction CDC Birth Defects and Military Service in Vietnam Study STATUS Analytical Estimated Completed Ongoing Completion Date X Published Aug. 1984 *CDC Epidemiologic Study of Ground Troops Exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam Conflict Sept 1989 CDC Study for Body Burden for Dioxin in the General Population Late 1988 VETERANS ADMINISTRATION Vietnam Veteran Mortality Studies December 1985 Vietnam Veteran Identical TWin Studies Under Review by OTA and AOWG VA/AFIP Case Control Study of Soft Tissue Sarcoma *Mandated to the VA by P.L. 9&S-151 Sec. 307. 1983. X July 1986 Transferred from VA to CDCunder Interagency Agreement January 14, �Page 5 FEDERALLY SPONSORED HUMAN STUDIES RELATED TO AGENT GRANGE Or AGEUOf STUDY TITLE Mortality b l U U Y Repro*Morbidity Cancer diction Analytical STAIUS Estimated Completed Ongoing Completion Date VETERANS ADMINISTRATION cont'd Survey of Patient Treat-!ment File for Vietnam Veteran In-Patient Care X Sarcoma Study in Patient Treatment File Agent Orange Registry Examinations X December 1985 X X Review of Soft Tissue Initial 1983 Survey Indefinite X TCDD in Body Fat of Vietnam Veterans and Other Man Published X Retrospective Study of Dioxins and Furans in Adipose Tissue of Vietnam-Era Veterans 18 96 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Epidemiologic Investiga'tion of Health Effects in Air Force Personnel Following Exposure to Herbicide Orange (Air Force Health Study) Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Agent Orange Registry of Vietnam Veteran Biopsy Tissues X Baseline 1983 Complete 1999 Indefinite �Page 6 FEDERALLY SPONSORED WMAN STIDIES REIATED TO AGENT ORAN<£ AGENCY STUDY TITLE TYPE OF Mortality STUDY Repro* Morbidity Cancer duction Analytical STATUS Estimated Completed Ongoing Completion Date ENVROEMENTAL PROTECTIDN AGENCY Report of Assessment of a Field Investigation of Six^Year Spontaneous Abonr tion Rates in Three Oregon Areas of Relation to Forest 2,4,5*T Spray Practices (Published) National Pesticide Monitor* ing Project of Human Adipose Tissue Indefinite (Annual Reports) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A Case Control Study of the Relationship Between Exposure to 2,4*D and Spontaneous Abortions in Humans Exposure Measurements of Mixers, Loaders and Appli^ cators of 2,4*D on Wheat 1982 Exposure of Forest Workers to Ground Applications of 1983 �THE ANIMAL STUDY �Page 7 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STUDIES AM) LITERATURE SURVEYS RELATED ID AGENT ORANGE AGEHCr STUDY EFECRT 1 i r E OX Animal Environmental b l U D Y Analytical STATUS Literature Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AN) HUMAN SERVICES NIEHS Bioassay of Octachlorodiben*zo-^p^dioxin Indefinite Carcinogenesis Bioassay of 2,3,7,8rTetrachlorodibenzoi-pr dioxln in Swiss Webster Mice Indefinite Carcinogenesis Bioassay of 2,3,7,8*-Tetradilorodibenzo-»p» dioxln in Osbornei-Mendel Rats and B6C3F1 Mice Bioassay of a Mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8* and a Mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-rHexachloror dibenzo*prdioxins for Possible Carcinogenicity Comparative species Evalur ation of Chemical Disposition and Metabolism of 2,3,7,8r Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in Rat, Monkey, Guinea Pig and Two Strains of Mice Neurotoxicity of 2,4,-H) in Rodents Indefinite �Pagp 8 FEDERALLY SPObECRED LABORATORY STUDIES AN) LITERATIRE SURVEYS RELATED TO AGENT ORANGE AGENCY STUDY EFFORT l Y F b OF S 1 U D Y Animal Environmental Analytical Literature STATUS Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH AN) HUMAN SERVICES cent 'd Studies of the Chemical Disposition and Metabolism of Octachlorodibenzodioxln (OCDD) Indefinite Effects of Agent Orange Compor nents on Male Fertility and Reproduction Mutagenicity Studies of TCDD, 2,4-4); 2,4,5~T and Esters of 2,4~D and 2,4,5-T Indefinite Implications of Low Level Exposure of Dioxins X X Indefinite Mechanisms of Toxicity of the Chlorinated* prdioxins X X Indefinite X Indefinite Research Toward Understandsing the Molecular Level Mechanisms of Toxicity of TCDD and Related Compounds Synthesis of Selected Chlorinated dibenzo*prdioxins and Related compounds as Analytical Standards Indefinite �Page 9 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STUDIES AM) LITERATURE SURVEYS RELATED TO AGENT CRANCE 1YPE AGENCr STUDY EFFCRT Animal OF S i U U Y Environmental Analytical STAIUS Literature Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date DEPARTMENT OF FEALTO ADO WMAN SERVICES cont'd Methods for the measurement of dioxins and furans in human adipose tissue Indefinite Matrix Effect and Sub Parts* perrbillion Quantitative Analysis of TCDD by Mass Spectrometry *• With Special Reference to Milk Indefinite Toxic Actions of Tetrar chloroazobenzene Dioxins X Indefinite XenobiotLc Induction of Pleiotropic Responses in Liver X Indefinite Molecular, Biochemical Actions of Chlorinated'sp* dioxins Indefinite Mechanism(s) for Toxicity of Chlorinated Dibenzoidioxins Indefinite �Page 10 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STUDIES AM) LITERATURE SURVEYS RELATED 10 AGENT GRANGE AGENCY STUDY EFFORT T Y1? E O F S T U D Y Animal Environmental Analytical Literature STATUS Completed Qngping Estimated Completion Date NIEH3 Teratogenicity of TCDD T Cleft palata Induction (mice) 1986 Disposition of TCDD Fetal Distribution in mice 1986 2,3,7,8~Tetrachlorodiibenzofur amDis posi t ion in Rats, Mice, Guinea Pigs disposir tion 1983 1,2,4,6,8,9 Hexachlorodi* benzofuranrDisposition disposition metabolism 1986 1986 DDXIN Structure-Toxicity Rela* tionships 1984 Theoretical Modeling of Dioxin Receptor 1984 X Molecular Modeling of Dioxin Binding Proteins Molecular Basis of Dioxin Toxicity X Theoreti* cal Biochemical Lipid Assimilation NRSA X X July 1986 X Membrane /LP Receptor 1986 Nov. 1986 �Page 11 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STUDIES AM) LITERATtRE SURVEYS REIATED TO AGENT GRANGE AGENCY STtDY EFFORT 1 Y F L Animal O * Environmental b l U U Y Analytical STATUS Literature Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date ENVIROIMENTAL PROTECTION AGMCY Evaluation of Large Scale Combustion Sources X X Evaluation of Municipal Waste Combustors X X Bacterial Decomposition of TCDD X X Investigation of Bioavaila* bility to Fresh Water Fish of TCDDs in Fly Ash X Analysis of Environmental Samples for PCDDs and PGDFs DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Survey of Phenoxy Herbi*cide Use by Agricultural Commodity Survey of Phenoxy Kerbir cide Literature Annaul Biblior graphics Published �Page 12 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY ST1DIES AN) LITERATURE SURVEYS RELATED TO AGENT GRANGE AGENCY STUDY EFFORT TYPE Animal OF Environmental S T U D Y Analytical STATUS Literature Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cont'd Photolysis of 2,4,5-vT X Biological and Economic Assessment of 2,4,5»T and Silvex X TCDD Residue Monitoring in Deer Report in Preparation DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Environmental Chemistry of Herbicide orange and TCDD Indefinite VETERANS ADMINISTRATION Review of Literature on Herbicides, Including Phenoxy Herbicides and Associated Dioxins Published 1981 Annual update Approved Urinary 6-i-Hydroxy Cortisol: Physiological and Pharmaco*logic Studies (Including Agent Orange) 1982 Effect of TCDD on Lipid Metabolism 1983 �Page 13 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STIDIES AM) LITERAHRE SIRVEYS RELATED TD AGENT GRANGE AGEUCr STIDY EFECRT 1 Y F E Animal ul? Environmental b l U D Y Analytical Literature SlAIUS Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date VETERANS AEMINISTRATIDN cont'd Publication in Press Mechanisms of Dioxin Induced Toxicity Using the Chloracne Model * Phase I Behavioral Toxicity of An Agent Orange Component 2,4*D X Effects of 2,3,7,8*Tetra* chlorodibenzodioxin on Hepato* biliary function in Animals 1984 X 1986 Mechanism of TODD Absorption and Toxicity on lipid and lipoprotein Metabolism 1986 Metabolism of the Her hi* cides Present in Agent Orange and Agent Wiite 1986 TOM) Exposed Rhesus Monkeys: Effects on Behavior and Stress Hormones 1986 �Page 14 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STUDIES AM) LITERATURE SUNOS RELATED TO AGENT GRANGE 1 Y P L A(£NCY STUDY EFFORT Animal O f Environmental b l U D Y Analytical blAlUS Literature Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date VETERANS ADMINISTRATION cont'd Neuronuscular Toxicity of Agent Orange X X 1986 Mechanisms of Dioxin Induced Toxicity Using the Chloracne Model * Phase II X X 1986 Effects of Low Dose TCDD on Mammalian Chromosomes and liver Cells X Mechanism of Porphyria Caused by TCDD and Related Chemicals X X 1986 Effects of Agent Orange on Sleep X X 1986 1986 �Page 15 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STUDIES AM) LITERA1URE SIRVEYS RELATED TO AGENT GRANGE T Y P E 6 F- s T O b Y AGENCY Animal STUDY EFFORT ENVIRObMENTAL AGENCY Environmental Analytical STATUS Literature Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date ffiOT£CTE)N X Assessment of exposure to TDCC from contaminated media X( Though t-nd.se) Assessment of methods teed for analysis of human adipose tissue X( Lab-wise) December 1985 X X Evaluation of TOO destruction technologies December 1985 Oct. 1984 Behavior of TCDD in blood X X December 1985 Clearance of TCDD from dose organisms X X December 1985 December 1985 Analytical methods develop* ment of monoclonal anti* bodies X Workshop report on bio* availability December 1985 Movement of TCDD in the environment X X December 1985 Evaluation of combustion sources X X December 1985 �Page 16 FEDERALLY SPONSORED LABORATORY STIDIES AN) LITERATURE SIRVEYS RELATED TO AGENT GRANGE I YP E AGENCY STIDY EFFORT Animal OF S T U D Y Environmental Analytical Literature STAlUb Completed Ongoing Estimated Completion Date Analysis of background levels of TCDD in die IB environment December 1985 Health assessment of PCDDs December 1985 Health assessment of PCDFs December 1985 �AGENT ORANGE/DIOXIN EXPENDITURES AGENCY EXPENDITURES BY STUDY TYPE $152,455,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES ANIMAL (12.8%) ANALYT (1 .6%) ENVIR (6.2%) UT (1 . % 2) STUDY TYPE EXPENDITURES HUMAN ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYTICAL LITERATURE TOTAL $119,293,500 19,522,000 9,382,000 2,368,000 1,890,000 $152,455,000 HUMAN (78.2%) �AGENT ORANGE/DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $152,455,000 TOTAL COST USDA (O.4%) $594,000 DOD (22.O%)$33,605,000 EPA (9.5%) $ 1 4 , 4 6 7 , 0 0 0 VA (5.3.3%) $81,286,000 X HHS (14.8%)$22,503,000 �HHS A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $22,50.3,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES ANALYT (2.5%) $556,000 HUMAN (41 .1%) $9,244,000 ANIMAL (56.5%) $12,703,000 �DOD A.O./DIOXIM EXPENDITURES $33,605,500 TOTAL EXPENDITURES ANIMAL (Q.9%) $288,000 \ HUMAN (99.1%) $33,317,500 �USDA A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $594,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES LIT (1O.8%) $64,000 HUMAN (89.2%) $530,000 �EPA A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURE ~S $14,467,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES $2,146,000 ANIMAL (14.8%) UT (7.3%) $1,052,000 ANALYT (12.5%) $1,812,000 HUMAN i;o.c«%) $75,000 ENVIR (64.9%) $9,382,000 �V.A. A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $81 ,286,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES t-1%)ANIMftL $774,000 $4,385,000 ~"""-x V \ \ .0%) $76,127,000 �Agent Orange Use In Vietnam Agent Orange was the most widely used of the various herbicides. During the period 1964*1970, approximately 12 million gallons were sprayed in Vietnam. In addition, approximately five million gallons of Agent White, composed of the chemical Picloram and 2, 4-D, and approximately three million gallons of Agent Blue composed of cacodylic acid were sprayed. Neither Agent White nor Agent Blue contained the contaminant dioxin. The herbicides were used to defoliate jungle areas to expose enemy troop movements and staging areas and to eliminate ambush opportunities. . B a s e perimeters, river banks and enemy crop resources were also defoliated. The principal means of distribution was by O123 fixed wing a i r c r a f t (Operation Ranch H a n d ) . Helicopters, back~packs, truck-equipped equipment and Navy river boats were also used. In all, it is estimated that 101 of the land area of South Vietnam was sprayed at least once. Its use was discontinued in late 1970 because of allegations of a link between 2, 4, 5»T and birth defects of children born in South Vietnam. These allegations have never been substantiated. All remaining stocks of Agent Orange were incinerated at sea near Johnston Island (a remote island in the South P a c i f i c ) in 1977. �THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON SCIENTIFIC ISSUES AND AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE October 27, 1983 Introduction: Dr. G. A. Keyworth Science Advisor to the President Briefing: Dr. Alvin Young Scientific Advisor, Veterans Administration Discussion �AGENT ORANGE EXPOSURE �"DIOXIN" IS A FAMILY OP 75 COMPOUNDS DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS �DIOXIN OP CONCERN 2,3,7,8-TCDD �TOXICITY OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD Acute Tox i c i t y : Single Dose LDgp (>ig/kg ) Guinea Pig Rat • Monkey Rabbit Dog House Hamster Bullfrog Han 0. 6 40 70 115 150 200 3,500 Over 1,000 No deaths reported �IN LABORATORY ANIMALS, DIOXIN CAUSES BIRTH DEFECTS FETAL DEATH CANCER MUTATION? �SOURCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE Industrial Accidents Occupational Exposure Contaminated Industrial Wastes Herbicide Applications Contaminated Pood Low Temperature Combustion �USE OP AGENT ORANGE i IN VIETNAM 962 - 1 9 7 3 'OPERATION RANCH HAND" �Da Nang Phu Cat SOUTH VIETNAM 1969 RANCH HAND BASES Sien Hoa • Saigon (Tan on Nhut) �ESTIMATED QUANTITES OF HERBICIDES AND TCDD SPRAYED IN VIETNAM, JANUARY 1962 - FEBRUARY 1971* Chemical 2,4-D 2,4,5-T TCDD Pounds 55,940,150 44,232,600 368 �ESTIMATED QUANTITES OP HERBICIDES AMD TCDD SPRAYED IN UNITED STATES, JANUARY 1962 - JANUARY 1971 Chemical 2,4-D 2,4,5-T TCDD Pounds 327,627,000 78,100,000 650 �VIETNAM VETERANS ARE WORRIED ABOUT Birth Defects and Miscarriages Cancers S o f t T i s s u e Sarcoma Other Early f)eath Skin Disorders Chloracne PCT Disease Due to Dioxin in Tissue �BOW DO SCIENTISTS ADDRESS THESE COK*SRNS? EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HEALTH SORVEILLANCE CONSENSUS �EPIDEMIOLOGY: STUDY OP FREQUENCY AND CAUSE OF DISEASE IN BUMAN POPULATIONS CASE-CONTROL STUDY Experiences compared between subjects selected for Disease and- Subjects without the disease. COHORT STUDY - Exposed and non-exposed populations examined for disease. �SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS ACHIEVED WHEN « Statistically significant data * Withstand peer review, and Results duplicated by others �MEDICAL CONSENSUS NOW RELATES DIOXIN EXPOSURE TO * Chloracne * Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) * Temporary Health Effects �DIOXIN EXPOSURE - TEMPORARY EFFECTS Headache Fatigue Muscle and Joint Pain Tingling in extremities Sexual dysfunction Loss of appetite and weight Sleep disturbances Impaired memory and learning ability Abnormal liver function �FBOERAL GOVERNMENT ADORBSSBS VETERAN CONCERNS: WHITE BOOSE CAPITOL \ AGENT ORANGE WORKING GROUP �CONCERN - BIRTH DEFECTS AND M I S C A R R I A G E S COMPLETED: EPA A R K A N S A S STUDY-1979 NIOSH NEW YORK STATE STUDY 1979 NEW ZEALAND APPLICATOR STUDY-1982 AUSTRALIAN BIRTH DEFECTS STUDY-1983 CONCLUSION: MEN AND WOMEN ARE AT NO INCREASED RISK ON-GOING: CDC/DOD/VA BIRTH DEFECTS STUDY- 1984 AIR FORCE HEALTH STUDY- 1984 �CONCERN - MORTALITY: COMPLETED: CONCLUSION: NUMBER/AGE/CAUSB FOUR INDUSTRIAL HEALTH STUDIES-1980-1983 FINLAND MORTALITY STUDY OP HERBICIDE APPLICATORS-1982 AIR FORCE HEALTH STUDYBASELINE MORTALITY-1983 NO EVIDENCE OP INCREASED DEATH RATE ON-GOING: NEW YORK STATE MORTALITY STUDY - 1984 VA MORTALITY STUDY - 1984 �CONCERN - CONNECTIVE TISSUE CANCER (SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA, STS) COMPLETED: SWEDISH STS STUDIES - 1978-1983 NEW ZEALAND STS STUDY-1932 FINLAND CANCER STODY-1982 INDUSTRIAL STUDIBS-1980-1983 CONCLUSION: NO CONSENSUS ON-GOING: NEW YORK STATE STUDY - 1984 NCI STUDIES - 1984-85 VA/AFIP STUDY - 1985 NIOSH REGISTRY STUDY - 1985 CDC STUDY - 1986 �CONCERN - OTHER FORMS OP CANCER COMPLETED: FINLAND CANCER STODY-1982 SWEDISH RISK EVALUATION OF PESTICIDES-1982 NCI FLORIDA PESTICIDE APPLICATOR STODY-1983 INDUSTRIAL STUDIES-1980-1983 CONCLUSION: ON-GOING: NO CONSENSUS AIR FORCE HEALTH STODY-1984 NIOSH DIOXIN REGISTRY-1985 CDC AGENT ORANGE STODY-1987 �CONCERN - CURRENT EVIDENCE: CHLORACNE RARE 41 ON-GOING STUDIES: AIR FORCE HEALTH STUDY �CONCERN - OTHER HEALTH PROBLEMS ON-GOING STUDIES: AIR FORCE HEALTH STODY-1984 7A TWIN STUDY-1986 CDC STUDIBS-1987 OTHER EFFORTS: VA AGENT ORANGE REGISTRY VA PATIENT TREATMENT PILE �CONCERN - DIOXIN IN BODY TISSUE COMPLETED: VA FEASIBILITY STUDY-1982 CANADIAN STUDY-1983 * CONCLDSIOHS: SMALL AMOUNTS DETECTED NO CORRELATION WITH EXPOSURE OR HEALTH ON-GOING: VA/BPA DIOXIN STUDY �SUMMARY Short-term health effects do occur Long-term health effects may occur - Mo conclusive evidence to date Massive research program underway on long-term effects �SCIBNTIFIC CONSENSUS EXPECTED * Birth Defects 1984 * Mortality 1984 * Soft Tissue Sarcoma 1985 Other Health Problems 1986-87 �ON-GOING VA PROGRAMS WHILE RESEARCH IN PROGRESS Health Surveillance - Agent Orange Registry - Patient Treatment File Health Care - Public Law 97-72 �CONCERN - OTHER FORMS OP CANCER COMPLETED: FINLAND CANCER STODY-1982 SWEDISH RISK EVALUATION OP PESTICIDES-1982 NCI FLORIDA PESTICIDE APPLICATOR STODY-1983 INDUSTRIAL STODIBS-1980-1983 CONCLUSION: ON-GOING NO CONSENSUS AIR FORCE HEALTH STODY-1984 NIOSH DIOXIN REGISTRY-1985 CDC AGENT ORANGE STDDY-1987 �CONCERN - CHLORACNE CURRENT EVIDENCE: RARE ON-GOING STUDIES: AIR PORCS HEALTH STUDY �CONCERN - OTHER HEALTH PROBLEMS ON-GOING STUDIES: AIR FORCE HEALTH STODY-1984 VA TWIN STDDY-1986 CDC STCDIES-1987 OTHER EFFORTS: VA AGENT ORANGE REGISTRY VA PATIBNT TREATMENT PILE �CONCERN - OIOXIM IN BODY TISSUE COMPLETED: VA PBASIBILITY STUDY-1982 CANADIAN STUDY-1983 CONCLUSIONS: SMALL AMOUNTS DETECTED NO CORRELATION WITH EXPOSURE OR HEALTH ON-GOING: VA/EPA DIOXIN STUDY �SUMMARY Short-term health effects do occur * Long-term health effects may occur - No conclusive evidence to date ' Massive research program underway on long-term effects �SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS EXPECTED Birth Defects 1984 « • Mortality 1984 * Soft Tissue Sarcoma 1985 Other Health Problems 1986-87 �ON-GOING VA PROGRAMS WHILE RESEARCH IN PROGRESS Health Surveillance - Agent Orange Registry - Patient Treatment Pile Health Care - Public Law 97-72 �Background of Agent Orange Working Group On December 11, 1979, Stuart Eizenstat, Assistant to President Carter, requested HHS to take the lead in convening an Interagency Work Group (IWG) to study possible long»term health effects of phenoxy herbicides and contaminants ( T a b A). The IWG was to oversee, coordinate and set priorities among Federal government research activities in this area. In designing a research agenda, the IWG was to take into consideration the possible health effects of exposure to Agent Orange by Vietnam veterans. President Reagan announced on July 17, 1981, that he was reaffirming the mandate of the Interagency Work Group and his intention to "make its work a major priority of my Administration". The Interagency Working Group was renamed the Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG) and raised in status to Cabinet Council level (Tab B ) . In his implementing memorandum of August 21, 1981, Secretary Schweiker stated that the President had been motivated because he shared the widespread public and Congressional concern over possible adverse health effects among Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange and other substances (Tab C). In the same memorandum the Secretary reaffirmed the charter language of December 11, 1979, and added the responsibility for guiding the epidemiologic study of the health of Vietnam veterans authorized by P.L. 96*151 as amended by P.L. 97*72. In appointing her Under Secretary as chair of the AOWG in a Press Release dated June 6, 1983, Secretary Heckler added her personal long time interest and concern for Vietnam veterans. "I am reaffirming this administration's commitment to the prompt and scientifically responsible resolution of the health concerns of Vietnam veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange and other environmental factors during their service to their country in that conflict" she said. (Tab D) The charter of IWG, and now of AOWG, is a broad mandate which provides in explicit terms the authority to design and direct all research activities on the health effects of exposure to phenoxy herbicides and contaminants, with exposure to Agent Orange by Vietnam veterans as one part of the total research design (Tab E). The contaminants mentioned include that class of chemicals known as the dioxins produced during the manufacture of these herbicides The renaming of the IWG by President Reagan focused the Work Group's primary responsibility on Agent Orange, but without a change in the language of the charter, a lack of clarity regarding the AOWG's purpose and scope resulted. �MEMORANDUM FOR SECRETARY OF DEFENSE SECRETARY OF HEALTH/ EDUCATION, AMD WELFARE ADMINISTRATOR OF VETERANS AFFAIRS SUBJECT: Interagency Work Group to Study the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants In recent months the public and the Congress have become concerned about adverse health effects to veterans following their possible exposure to herbicides, particularly Agent Orange, while serving in Vietnam. Although there are suggestions of adverse' health effects of human exposure to such herbicides and contaminants, there is currently an inadequate scientific basis for concluding that health • problems experienced by Vietnam veterans were caused by previous exposure to herbicides. Moreover, there is inadequate information on the long-term health effects of phenoxy herbicides in general. Individually, each of your agencies has a strong interest ir. resolving this issue. Several studies have been initiated to answer questions about the possible health effects of exposure to herbicides and more generally to the class of substances called the dioxins. Collectively, the Federal government needs to have reliable data and criteria on which to base decisions and policies which affect the entire country. 'Although I am aware that there has already been extensive interagency cooperation on these issues, I believe there is a need for formal interagency coordination. Therefore, I request that you establish an interagency work group to coordinate agency efforts to determine if there ara long-term health effects following exposure to phenoxy herbicides and contaminants, with special immediate focus or. exposure of Vietnam veterans to Agent Orange. This interagency group should: 1. Oversee, coordinate, and set priorities among Federal government research activities designed �e exposure to pher.cxy he rbicides to icr.chealth, effects. a research agenda to assure that the '-il Government conducts comprehensive on the long-term health effects of compounds, in response to both scienti.ic needs. The type and duration of ..f-.usn to Agent Orange by Vietnam veterans -iuiic' we considered in the research agenda design so" that the Veterans Administration will _ be able to establish sound policies for determining comncnsation for veterans exposed to Agent •: Vietnam, should a relationship ..........- :;vraicide exposure and Icng-terra adverse i;cai.rn effects be established. The research ngcnaa snould build on current agency activities, including the Department of Defense's Ranch Hand study. The interagency work group should identify ^ the appropriate agencies to conduct the recommended research, either individually or through joint efforts. n 3. Provide technical support to individual agencies and independent researchers in the formulation, development, and implementation of research on the bicmedical effects of phenoxy herbicides and contaminants. 4. Assure that the protocols and methodology of ongoing and proposed Federally funded research studies v/ill produce valid, reliable, timely, and relevant data, and periodically review the status of such research. 5. Assure that all relevant research findings, whether publicly or privately financed, are promptly nude available to the public and the Congress, in a comprehensible and comprehensive fashion. The work group should establish a working relationship with the Veterans Administration's Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of Herbicides and should promptly provide the Committee all relevant information as it becomes available. I am asking Secretary Harris to take the lead in convening the interagency group and woulc' like to have an initial report on the progress of the group submitted to me by �vxr February 15. The of current agency progress reports, other agencies on initial report should indicate the status activities, a proposed schedule for public and any recommendations for inclusion of the work group. I have asked the Office of Science and Technology Policy to be an ex-officio participant on the work group. In addition, the Depsrtment of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration will initially participate on the work- gro-u? in; an observer status. Stuart E. Eii^nstat Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Policy cc: Secretary of Agriculture Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health Director, Office of Scienca and Technology Policy �/• THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON July 17, 1981 MEMORANDUM FOR: SECRETARY R1CSARO SCHWE1XZR CHAIRMAN PRO-TZM, CABINS? COUNCIL OH HUMAN RESOURCES FROM: ROBERT CARL2SON EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF HUMAN RSSOURC2S CABIN2T COUNCIL SUBJECT: Ag«nt Orange Wor3cing Group * , The 5«er«tariat of the Human Resources Cabinet Council has established an Agent Orange Working Group. The lead agency will be BBS, and participating members drawn from: Department of Defense Department of Agriculture Department of Health and Human Services Department of Labor Environmental Protection Agency Veterans Administration Action Office of Management and Budget Council of Economic Advisers Office of Science and Technology Office of Policy Development :c: Martin Anderson Edwin Gray �THE WHJTE H O U S E WASHINGTON AliS?1 1981 MEMORANDUM FOR; SECRETARY OF DEFENSE . SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE SECRETARY OF LABOR DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR POLICY DEVELOPMENT CHAIRMAN, COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS DIRECTOR OF ACTION ADMINISTRATOR, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AD NISTRATOR OF VETERANS AFFAIRS OF/2C£ OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY tY_" yztwtju^ FROM SEtRETARY'RICHARD SCHWEIKER CHAIRMAN.PRO-TEM, CABINET COUNCIL ON HUMAN RESOURCES SUBJECT Agent Orange Working Group The Administration has reviewed the excellent work of the Interagency work Group to Study the Possible Long^Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants and believes that it has made significant progress toward fulfilling its important mandate. Sy bringing together knowledgeable scientists -from the various Federal departments and agencies the Work Group has identified ongoing research activities on phenoxy herbicides and contaminants and begun to develop anc organize the means to carry out additional needed scientific research. President Reagan shares the widespread public and congressional concern over possible adverse health effects among Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange and other substances. The President stated, during his meeting with national veterans organization leaders at the white House on July 17, 1981, that the Administration is giving special consideration to those concerns of Vietnam veterans. At the White House meeting, the President announced that the administration had re-established an expanded working Grouc as the Agent Orange Working Group and raised its status to Cabinet Council level. The President is personally determinec to assure that the full resources of the Federal government are �-2- available to support the working Group's continuing efforts. The decision to re-establish and expand the membership of the working Group and to make it an integral part of the Cabinet Council on Human Resources reflects the President's commitment and accords the highest priority to its mission. As Chairman Pro-Tern of the Cabinet Council on Human Rtsources, I am, accordingly, reaffirming by this memorandum the Agent Orange working Group's mandate of December 11, 1979 and providing specific guidance as to how that mandate is to be carried out in accordance with the Cabinet Council's decisions. The Department of Health and Human Services shall continue to have lead responsibility for overall direction and management of the Agent Orange working Group. The Secretary of Defense and the Administrator of veterans Affairs shall continue to assure that their respective agencies participate fully in all working Group activities. The Departments of Agriculture and Labor and the Environmental Prm action Agency, each of which have until now been observers, sr.dil assume full membership and their respective agency heads shall assure that those agencies participate fully in all work Group activities. In addition, ACTION, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Council of Economic Advisers, as well as the wnite House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Office of Policy Development, snail assume membership on the working Group and the heads of those agencies and offices shall assure that the resources of their respective agency or office are fully available to support it. Also, the congressional Office of Technology Assessment, which has been actively involved in all working Group activities as an observer, will be invited to continue to participate ir that capacity, and the General Accounting Office, which has been extremely helpful to the working Grouo in the past, will continue to be kept abreast of developments and invited to advise and assist as appropriate. The working Group has initiated research efforts designed to find answers to many of the questions surrounding Agent Orange that have been raised. These efforts include the birth defects study being conducted by HHS' Centers for Disease Control, the Ranch Hand Study being conoucted by the Air Fores, the epidemiological study being planned by the Veterans Administration pursuant to P.L. 96-151, and the compilation by HHS' National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of a national registry of workers exposed to dioxins. Each of these research activities, as well as tne other important research �-3* activities being conducted under the overall guidance of the working Group, are to be continued without interruption or delay. The working Group has developed an impressive record of scientific objectivity, impartiality and integrity and it is imperative to the success of the Working Group effort that this record and the Group's credibility be maintained. In this regard, regular progress reports to the Cabinet Council, the Congress and the public will continue to be made by the Agent Orange working Group. To assure effective leadership of the working Group, I am hereby appointing James Stockdale, HHS Deputy Under Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs, as Chair. Also, I am appointing Or. Vernon N. Houk of the Center for Environmental Health of the Centers for-Disease Control as Chair of the Working Grouo's Science Panel. In addition, I am appointing HHS Legal Counsel Leslie A. Platt, who has served as legal adviser to and staff director of the working Group since its inception, to continue in tnose capacities. I know and believe you will find that these individuals share my commitment to carrying out this important mission. • Please review your representation on the working Group to assure that your agency or office is adequately represented 5y appropriate technical experts, scientists and policy-level officials. In order to facilitate the Group's effectiveness, it is of course important that each agency's total membersni: be limited. The first meeting of the full working Group has been scheduled for Friday, August 28, 1981 and a meeting of the Science Panel will be scheduled for shortly thereafter. Accordingly, please 'et Mr. Bart Kull, Special Assistant tc :-e Deputy Under Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs (245-6154), or Dr. Peter Beach, HHS Director of Veterans Affairs (245-2210), know as soon as possible the name(s) z* your designated representative(s) so that briefing materials may be forwarded to them. Attached for your information is a copy of the memorancu" of the Executive Secretary to the Cabinet Council on Human Resources establishing the Working Group. Attachment cc: Comptroller General of the Urited States Director, Congressional Office of Technology Assessment ' Mr. Robert Carleson Mr. Edwin Gray �Ki DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE RuSSf>11 N«k"(2«> Monday, June 6, 1983 Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret M. Heckler today named her department's under secretary, John A. Svahn, as chairman of the Agent Orange Working Group of the Cabinet Council on Human Resources. The working group coordinates and oversees federal research Into the posslblHt; of long term adverse health effects resulting from exposure to phenoxy add herbicides used during the Vietnam War. The herbicides, principally Agent Orange, were s used primarily to defoliate dense jungle cover to reveal enemy troop movements and staging areas. "By designating the second highest official of my department as chairman, I am reaffirming this administration's commitment to the prompt and scientifically responsible resolution of the health concerns of Vietnam veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange and other environmental factors during their service to their country In that conflict. Jack Svahn1s leadership of this vital working group will help us get the answers we need," Secretary Heckler said. In response to veterans' concerns about the possibility of illness as a result of their exposure, the working group was created 1n late 1979. It was reestablished and upgraded to Cabinet Council reporting level by President Reagan 1n July 1981. Under the aegis of the working group, various federal agencies, including HHS1 Public Health Service, the Veterans Administration and Department of Defense, are conducting 64 separate research studies relating to Agent Orange and other health effects of service in Vietnam, at a cost estimated in excess of $100 million. As chairman of the working group, Svahn will report to the president through Secretary Heckler in her capacity as chairperson pro-tern of the Cabinet Council on �-2- Svahn was appointed under secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services March 8. Prior to that appointment he served as commissioner of Social Security since May 6, 1981. Following service 1n the U.S. A1r Force 1n 1968, Svahn held administrative positions with the state of California, the federal government and the private sector. I II �CHARTER Cabinet Council Agent Orange Working Group December 11, 1979, as Reaffirmed on August 21, 1981 The Agent Orange Working Group shall: 1. Oversee, coordinate, and set priorities among Federal government research activities designed to relate exposure to phenoxy herbicides to long-term health effects. 2. Design a research agenda to assure that the Federal government conducts comprehensive research on the longterm health effects of the compounds, in response to both scientific and policy needs. The type and duration of exposure to Agent Orange by Vietnam veterans must be considered in the research agenda design so that the Veterans Administration will be able to establish sound policies for determining compensation for veterans exposed to Agent Orange in Vietnam, should a relationship between herbicide exposure and long-term adverse health effects be established. The research agenda should build on current agency activities, including the Department of Defense's Ranch Hand study. The Working Group should identify the appropriate agencies to conduct the recommended research, either individually or through joint efforts. 3. Provide technical support to individual agencies and independent researchers in the formulation, development, and implementation of research on the biomedical effects of phenoxy herbicides and contaminants. 4. Assure that the protocols and methodology of ongoing and proposed federally funded research studies will produce valid, reliable, timely, and relevant data, and periodically review the status of such research. 5. Assure that all relevant research findings, whether publicly or privately financed, are promptly made available to the public and the Congress, in a comprehensible and comprehensive fashion. The work group should establish a working relationship with the Veterans Administration's Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of Herbicides and should promply provide the Committee all relevant information as it becomes available. 6. Provide guidance to the epidemologic study of the health of Vietnam Veterans authorized by P.L. 96-151 as amended by P.L. 97-72. �Agent Orange Working Group Organization Following a review of the work of the Interagency Working Group, President Reagan in July 1981 re-established and expanded the Interagency Work Group, raised its status to Cabinet Council level and renamed it the Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG). The purpose was to reflect his commitment to the work of the group and to place high priority on its mission. The President asked the Secretary of HHS, as Chair Pro-Tern of the Cabinet Council on Human Resources, to oversee its work. The AOWG now reports to the Cabinet Domestic Council. The AOWG membership includes representatives from the Veterans Administration (VA), Departments of State, Defense and Labor, the Office of Management and Budget, the Environmental Protection Agency, the ACTION Agency, the Council of Economic Advisors, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Assistant to the President for Policy Development. The Congressional Office of Technology Policy participates as an observer. The AOWG organization is headed by a Chair appointed by the Secretary as a member of the Cabinet. The Chair, AOWG, in turn appoints: 1.2. 3. 4. 5. Chair, Science Panel Legal Counsel Executive Secretary Chair, Resources Panel Chair, Public and Congressional Affairs Panel The Science Panel, composed of expert medical and scientific personnel drawn from various government agencies concerned with issues of public health, advises the AOWG on the conduct of research related to Agent Orange. The Science Panel includes two subpanels: a Research Agenda Subpanel to recommend needed research and a Research Review Subpanel to review all planned research for adequacy of design and conformance with the AOWG mission. The Resources Panel is concerned with the proper allocation of available resources among planned and on-going research and the avoidance of duplication of effort. The Public and Congressional Affairs Panel defines policies to be used in information dissemination to insure that such dissemination is timely, accurate and complete. �-2- In addition to these structures, the AOWG is advised by the Advisory Committee on Special Studies Relating to the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants. This Advisory Committee is composed of pre-eminent scientists from outside the Government. membership with the current designated The agency represenatives from each and the staff of the AOWG are listed at Tab A. �DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Office of the Secretary Washington, D.C. 20201 AGENT ORANGE WORKING GROUP MEMBERSHIP DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Lead Representatives: Mr. Dixon Arnett Acting Chair Pro Tempore, AOWG Deputy Under Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs Department of Health and Human Services 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 606-E, HHH Building Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 245-0409 Dr. James 0. Mason Vice-Chair, AOWG Acting Assistant Secretary for Health Department of Health and Human Services 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 716-H, HHH Building Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 245-7694 Dr. Carl Keller*, Chair Science Panel Epidemiologist National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences• Room 2B55, Building 31 National Institute of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205 (301) 496-3511 Mr. Edwin Weiss (AOWG Legal Counsel) Office of the General Counsel 330 Independence Avenue, S.W. North Building, Room 4460 Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 475-0155 Dr. Peter Beach AOWG Executive Secretary Director of Veterans Affairs Office of the Under Secretary Room 632-F, HHH Building 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 245-2210 or 245-6156 ^Denotes Science Panel Member Revised: September 1985 �-2- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES cont'd (Members) Dixon Arnett Deputy Under Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs Department of Health and Human Services 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 606-E, HHH Building Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 245-0409 Shirley Earth AOWG Public/Congressional Affairs Panel, Chair US/PHS 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 716-G, HHH Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 472-5663 Lee Mosedale Policy Coordinator OS/ES HHH Building, Room 635-G 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 245-7462 • Dr. Vernon Houk* Director Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control 1600 Clifton Road, N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30333 FTS 236-4111 Commercial (404) 452-4111 Dr. David Rail* Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709 FTS 629-3201 Commercial (919) 541-3201 Dr. James S. Dickson, III Senior Advisor for Environmental Affairs Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health Department of Health and Human Services 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 701-H, HHH Building Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 245-6811 �DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES cont'd Dr. Renata Kimbrough* Research Medical Officer Centers for Disease Control 1600 Clifton Road, N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30333 FTS 236-4324 Commercial (404) 454-4324 Dr. Philip Landrigan, Director* Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies 4673 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 FTS 684-4428 Commercial (513) 684-4428 Miriam Davis, Ph.D.* Staff Assistant/PHS AOWG Science Panel 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 716-G, HHH Washington, D.C. 20201 (202) 245-6301 Dr. Robert W. Miller* Chair, Advisory Committee Clinical Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute - NIH Room 5A21, Landow Building Bethesda, Maryland 20205 (301) 496-5785 Dr. Marilyn Fingerhut* Section Chief NIOSH - EPI I 4676 Columbia Parkway Mail Stop R-15 Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 (FTS) 684-4411 Commercial (513) 684-4411 WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT Lead Representative: Dr. William Roper* Special Assistant to the President for Health Policy Old Executive Office Building Room 235 Washington, D. C. 20500 (202) 456-6722 �-4WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY Lead Representative: Dr. George Keyworth* Science Adviser to the President & Director, Office of Science Technology Policy Old Executive Office Building Room 358 Washington, D.C. 20500 (202) 456-7116 Dr. Alvin Young* Senior Policy Anaylst Office of Science Technology Policy New Executive Office Building Room 5005 Washington, D.C. 20500 (202) 395-3125 VETERANS ADMINISTRATION Lead Representative: Mr. Everett Alvarez Deputy Administrator Veterans Administration 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Rm. 1000N Washington, D.C. 20420 (202) 389-5428 Dr. Barclay Shepard (102)* Director, Agent Orange Projects Office Veterans Administration 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Room 308 Washington, D*C. 20420 (202) 376-7528 Dr. Lawrence B. Hobson (102)* Deputy Director Agent Orange Projects Office Veterans Administration 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Rm. 116 Washington, D.C. 20420 (202) 389-5534 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Lead Representative: Captain Peter A. Flynn, MC, USN* Director, Professional Services ODASD(Health Promotion), OASH (Health Affairs) The Pentagon, Room 3E337 Washington, D.C. 20301 (202) 697-8973 �-5- DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE cont'd Richard S. Christian, C.R.M.* Director, Environmental Support Group Army Agent Orange Task Force 1730 K Street, N.W., Room 210 Washington, D.C. 20006 (202) 653-1832 Lt. Col. Robert Capell* Asst. for Bioenvironmental Engineering Office of Surgeon General USAF/SGES Boiling Air Force Base Washington, D.C. 20332 (202) 767-5078 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Lead Representative: Dr. Philip Kearney* Chief, Pesticide Degradation Lab U.S. Department of Agriculture BARC-West Building 050 - Room 100 Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (301) 344-3533 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Lead Representative: Dr. Jack Moore* Assistant Administrator for Pesticides & Toxic Substances U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W., (TD788) Washington, D. C. 20460 (202) 382-2902 Dr. Donald Barnes* Senior Science Adviser to the Assistant Administrator for Pesticides and Toxic Substances U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W., (TS788) Washington, D.C. 20460 (202) 382-2897 �-6DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Lead Representative Mr. Donald Shasteen Assistant Secretary for Veterans Employment and Training Department of Labor Francis Perkins Building, Rm. S-1315 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20210 (202) 523-9116 Mr. Stephen Mallinger* Deputy Director for the Director of Technical Support U.S. Department of Labor OSHA 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Room N-3651, FPB Washington, D.C. 20210 (202) 523-7047 ACTION Lead Representative Vacant James Hearn Deputy Director The President's Vietnam Veterans Leadership Program ACTION 806 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Room 1006 Washington, D.C. 20525 (202) 634-9339 COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS Lead Representative: Vacant �-7- OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET Lead Representative: Mr. John Cogan Associate Director for Human Resources, Veterans & Labor Office of Management and Budget Old Executive Office Building Room 246 Washington, D.C. 20503 (202) 395-3120 Mr. Bernard H. Martin Deputy Associate Director for Labor, Veterans & Education Division Office of Management and Budget New Executive Office Building Room 7025 Washington, D.C. 20503 (202) 395-3971 Susan Jacobs Chief of Veterans Affairs Branch Veterans Affairs Branch Office of Management and Budget New Executive Office Building 726 Jackson Place, N.W., Rm. 7007 Washington, D.C. 20503 (202) 395-4500 Ms. Annette Rooney Budget Examiner Veterans Affairs Branch Office of Management and Budget New Executive Office Building 726 Jackson Place, N.W., Rm. 7013 Washington, D.C. 20503 (202) 395-4500 CONGRESSIONAL OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT (OBSERVER) Lead Representative: Dr. Michael Gough* Senior Analyst United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment Washington, D.C. 20510 (202) 226-2070 �-8CONGRESSIONAL OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT (OBSERVER) (cont*d) Ms. Hellen Gelband* Analyst Office of Technology Assessment United States Congress Washington, D.C. 20510 (202) 226-2070 DEPARTMENT OF STATE Lead Representative: Mr. William J. Walsh, III Biomedical Research Officer Office of Environment and Health Department of State Room 7820 Washington, D.C. 20520 (202) 632-4824 Dr. Charles E. Brodine, M.D.* Assistant Medical Director for Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine Office of Medical Services, M/MED Department of State, Rm. 4253 Washington, D. C. 20520 (202) 632-5337 * Mr. Steve Johnson Vietnam Desk Officer Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs Department of State, Room 5210 Washington, D.C. 20520 (202) 632-3132 �Agent Orange Working Group Public Affairs Panel Ms. Shirley Earth Chair USPHS/Public Affairs Room 716G Hubert H. Humphrey Bldg. 200 Independence Avenue, S. W. Washington, D.C. 20201 Mr. William J. Walsh, III Biomedical Research Officer Office of Environment and Health Department of State Room 7820 Washington, D.C. 20520 Lt. Colonel Edwina Palmer Department of Defense Public Affairs Room 1E794 The Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20301 Mr. Robert Putnam 106 Veterans Administration Public Affairs 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20420 Ms..Inez Artico A-107 Public Affairs Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 2046 Mr. Donald Berreth Centers for Disease Control Room 2067, Building 1 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 �Advisory Committee on Special Studies The Advisory Committee on Special Studies Relating to the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants had its genesis in the directives of the White House for an independent review from scientists outside the Government of the Air Force Ranch Hand Study (Tab A). This study compared mortality and morbidity of the Air Force personnel involved in the spraying of Agent Orange in Vietnam with a group of Air Force personnel who were not exposed to the herbicide. Because of the value of this kind of independent review, the Advisory Committee on Special Studies was chartered to permit it, at the discretion of the Chair, Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG), to undertake a review of any study, proposed or on-going, which falls within the purview of the AOWG. The Advisory Committee on Special Studies is established under the provisions of the Advisory Committee Act and is governed by the regulations of 45 CFR Part 11. The Charter of the Committee is at Tab B, and its membership is listed at Tab C. �THE WHT- H'-V-SF: Scr,tc:rbcr 1G, 1980 ' -.' ' •.•'•'"•I ".; | V ., ,.."' ; IJ <*J k.i dO MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES-x THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE THE ADMINISTRATOR OF VETERANS AFFAIRS THE ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION SUBJECT: Epidemiological Study of Ranch Hand Personnel V' Last December, I asked you to participate in <r- « interagency work group to coordinate federal agoncy efforts to determine if there are long-term health effects following exposure to phenoxy herbicides and contaminants, with special immediate 'focus on exposure of veterans to Agent_Orange in Vietnam. I am gratified by the progress that the.Work Group has made in a short period and by the respect that the Work Group has earned with the Congress and the public. The members of your agencies who have participated on the Work Group should be commended for their diligence and spirit of cooperation. "r.-'^uy , I air. i;\ f r ;•.- ino S^occ r ri.ry ;: ; . •.•..•;! rr,,it T '. v^ cc;,c-.::: :;. winh the Intcracwncy v.'ork Group's rcco;..-"--nd i-: "n L'nat the Air Force proceed to conduct the? Fp i r.r:v i ^ !<_'••:: e.i 1 Su'.u:y c :' 'vir.ch li.it'id Pet'sor.iio 1 . I strongly i^l;.".- •:;,::. -m •.•*;•>;:; t : • '. c<..'..'potieii t of tins c i fort must be \ t,;.':. •; •t'fv.'.cn t re ^ Lew v ind ••ionitoring over the n'jxt few yi.-.-irs ITy tTTTo nTT^TTiTTeiTcy '.-.'or'-. Group's Scientific T^acl. In addition, I look to the Work Group uc urovuie s u b s t a n t i a l resistance to the Veterans Adrnin i st rat i or., who <il«o w i l l conduct a major op: douiiologi cal ptudy of the rorr.ible lonetni/m health efforts in veterans of service i,-, V •' ^t nnm. T':•.•:• V.'ork Group's expertise and credibility w i l l nr^vir.e v a l u a r l - _ assistance to tiic v;». �dr:r.onstruted as well as the concinuino ;-o:!t.;i r\ r^nts for f;i?vcrr.r,-"::':."!l c^v.cios or. f'-.cnc::^ h^rbicicc r, rrrr.!: Pr.zc 2nd I wish now to reaffirm the mandate of the InLcragcncy Work Group. I hope that your agencies continue to give participation on the Work Group as much importance in the future as they have in the past. T/-~&fal Stuart E. Eizenstat Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Policy �<• '•» • . -» » 1 THE WHITE Hbu'3 WASHINGTON September 16/ 1980 MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE The Air Force has sought guidance from the Interagency Work Group on the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants on whether it should proceed with the Epidemiological Study of Ranch Hand Personnel because the National Academy of Sciences review of the Air Force protocol had expressed concern about the credibility of the Air Force to conduct the study. Ranch Hand personnel, who applied Agent Orange between 1962 and 1971 in Vietnam, are the only population whose frequency and duration of exposure to Agent Orange are known with any accuracy. The Interagency Work Group agrees with the Air Force that the results of the Ranch Hand study should provide valuable information about the long-term health effects of exposure by veterans to Agent Orange in Vietnam. Over the past 20 months, the Air Force has made a conscientious effort to design a scientifically valid study responsive to the recommendations of five separate peer reviews, including that of the National Academy of Sciences. After a thorough review of the proposed final study protocol, which includes certain changes based on the separate peer reviews, and after consultation with the Air Force scientists responsible for the study, the Work Group recommended to me that the Air Force be instructed to carry out the Ranch Hand study. In light of the progress already made by the Air Force and the need to proceed expeditiously with this important study, Frank Press and I concur with the Work Group'-e recommendation. There remains deeply"felt concern among some Vietnam veterans and others about the objectivity of the Air Force to study the possible health effects of Agent Orange. While affirming the capability of the Air Force to assure the proper conduct of the study, the Interagency Work Group has suggested that this concern can be reasonably addressed by independent review and monitoring of the study. I believe that the Scientific Panel of the Interagency Work Group, which is already familiar �with the Ranch Hand protocol, is tne appropriate body to oversee the study and to provide technical assistance, as needed, to the Air Force scientists responsible for the study. For the--purpose of assuring the public that the -, study'results are reliable and valid, the Work Group plans to augment the Scientific Panel with reputable scientists fchp government, including those suaoftsted hy veterans organizations. The Interagency Work Group noted that the evaluation of Ranch Hand personnel may have to continue for a lengthy period of time in order to have a better chance of detecting latent or subtle health effects, particularly related to cancer. The Air Force, in consultation with the Scientific Panel, has already designed the protocol to reflect this recommendation. I an advised that the Ranch Hand study presents a number of difficult technical problems. While recognizing *:he need to obtain study results promptly, the Air Force's p^.mary responsibility must be to assure that the results will be reliable and valid. I urge the Air Force to utilize fully the expertise of the Scientific Panel of the Interagency Work Group to advise them on the difficult decisions that will surely arise during the course of the study. In closing, I would like to reaffirm the importance of the Ranch Hand study to Vietnam veterans and their families. The Interagency Work Group and the White House are prepared to offer any assistance that the Air Force may require in discharging its responsibility to conduct a high quality scientific investigation. Stuart E.£Eizenstat Assistant to the President for Domestic Affair> and Policy �CHARTER ( A s Amended M a y 1984) Advisory Committee on Special Studies Relating to the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants Purpose By memorandum of December 11, 1979, the Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Policy directed the establishment of an Interagency Work Group to Study the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants (Work Group) under the leadership of the Secretary of Health and Human Services. The Work Group was specifically directed to assure that the protocols and methodology of proposed federal research studies will provide reliable data, as well as to provide technical support to individual agencies in the implementation of research. On August 1, 1980, the Work Group recommended that the United States Air Force conduct its proposed Epidemiologic Studies of Ranch Hand Personnel (Rand Hand Study) and that the conduct of the study be overseen by an independent monitoring committee. By memorandum of September 16, 1980, the Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Policy directed the Air Force to conduct the Ranch Hand Study. In addition, the memorandum directed the Scientific Panel of the Work Group, augmented by scientists from outside the government and including those suggested by veterans organizations, to oversee the study arid to provide technical assistance, as needed, to the Air Force. On July 17, 1981, the President re-established the Interagency Work Group as the Agent Orange Working Group (A.OWG) and elevated it to Cabinet Council status. On August 21, 1981, the Secretary, DHHS, Acting as Chairman Pro-Tern, Cabinet Counsel on Human Resources, reaffirmed the Work Group's mandate of December 11, 1979 and appointed the Deputy Undersecretary for Intergovernmental Affairs as Chair of the AOWG. Authority The Committee on Special Studies was established under the provisions of section 222 of the Public Health Service Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 217a. The Committee is governed by the provisions of 45 CFR Part 11 which sets forth standards for the creation and use of advisory committees. I / I I �- 2- Function The Advisory Committee on Special Studies Relating to the Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants shall advise the Secretary and the Chair, Cabinet Council Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG), concerning: 1. Its oversight of the conduct of the Ranch Hand Study by the Air Force; 2. Its oversight and evaluation of the Agent Orange/Vietnam Experience Study mandated by Section 307 of P.L. 96-151 as amended by P.L. 97-72; and 3. Other studies in which the Secretary or the Chair, AOWG, believes involvement by the Advisory Committee is desirable. The Advisory Committee may provide technical assistance to the study under its consideration. On the basis of its oversight and evaluation, the Advisory Committee may, inter alia, recommend to the Secretary and the Chair, AOWGT(a) approval, (b) deferral because of a need for further evaluation, (c) disapproval in whole or in part, or (d) imposition of additional conditions which in its judgemnt are necessary to assure or protect advancement of the study under consideration. Structure The Committee shall consist of the Secretary, or designee, as Chair, and eight members selected by the Secretary from authorities knowledgeable in fields related to the studies under its oversight and evaluation. The Executive Secretary shall be selected by the Chair. Management and support services shall be provided by the National Cancer Institute. Meetings Meetings shall usually be held quarterly at the call of the Chair, who shall also approve the agenda. A government official shall be present at all meetings. Meetings shall be open to the public except as determined otherwise by the Secretary; notice of all meetings shall be given to the public. �Meetings shall be conducted, and records of the proceedings kept, as required by applicable laws and Departmental regulations. Compensation Members who are not full-time federal employees shall be paid at the rate of $100 per day, plus per diem and travel expenses in accordance with Standard Governmental Travel Regulations. Annua1 Cos t Estimate Estimated annual cost for operating the Committee, including compensation and travel expenses for members but excluding staff support, is $19,736. Estimate of annual man years of staff support required is one-quarter, at an estimated annual cost of $8,380. Reports An annual report shall be submitted to the Secretary through the Chair/ AOWG, not later than November 1 of each year, which shall contain as a minimum a list of members and their business addresses, the Committee's functions, dates and places of meetings, and a summary of Committee activities and recommendations made during the fiscal year. A copy of the report shall be provided to the Department Committee Management Office. Termination Date The duration of the Advisory Committee on Special studies Relating to the Possible Long-Term Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants is five years. Unless renewed by appropriate action prior to its expiration, the Committee will terminate on January 19, 1985. �PROFESSIONAL AREA BREAKDOWN - ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL STUDIES RELATING TO THE POSSIBLE LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES AND CONTAMINANTS Authorized Positions: Name Term Ending Corns tock Friedman Duration of Committee Duration of Committee Kreiss Duration of Committee Kurland Monson Nelson Ramey Duration Duration Duration Duration of Committee of Committee of Committee of Committee Expertise Epidemiology Pediatrics, human genetics Occupational Health, epidemiology Epidemiology, neurology Epidemiology Toxicology Statistics, psychology 8 Prof ./Lay/Res. Geog. Dist. X X MA TX X CO X X X X X MN MD NY NC PROPOSED CANDIDATE FOR VACANCY Pardes Duration of Committee Psychiatry Minority/Female NY X �CONGRESSIQNALLY AUTHORIZED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY In January 1979, the Congress enacted P.L. 96-151 which directed the Veterans Administration (VA) to investigate health effects of Agent Orange. The authorization was expanded in November 1981 by P.L. 97-72 to include "other factors." In January 1983, responsibility for design and execution of the study was formally transferred from VA to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), with resources, both FTE's and funding, to be provided by VA. The CDC protocol for conducting the study was completed and distributed for scientific review in May 1983. Principal review was conducted by the Office of Technology Assessment. Reviews were also conducted by the Agent Orange Working Group Science Panel, by the Advisory Committee on Special Studies Relating to the Possible Long Term Health Effects of Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants (which oversees the Air Force Ranch Hand Study), and by the CDC Ad Hoc Review Panel. National veterans' organizations were invited to comment. All reviews were completed by September 1983. The CDC protocol contains three study components: (1) Vietnam Experience; (2) Agent Orange; and (3) Selected Cancers Study. 1. ' The Vietnam Experience Study is to determine whether veterans who served in Vietnam are at greater risk for poor health than are similar veterans who did not serve in Vietnam. The study will identify, from personnel records, 6,000 one-term Army veterans who have served in Vietnam and 6,000 similar veterans who have never been in Vietnam. All of these will be followed for mortality or given a telephone interview covering general health information and demographic data. 2,000 from each group will be given comprehensive physical and psychological examination and health outcomes for the two groups will be compared. The questionnaire for this study has been reviewed by the Science Panel and cleared by OMB. A pilot test to determine locatability and participation rates of prospective subjects has been completed and reviewed by the Science Panel. Participation rates were better than anticipated and the study is preceding to the main data collection phase. Concerns were raised by the Science Panel that self-reported health data, including information on reproduction outcomes, should be verified from medical and/or vital records or not collected at all. Some �-2- plans for utilization of these data are currently being developed at CDC and will be discussed at a Science Panel meeting in the near future. 2. The Agent Orange Study is to determine whether Vietnam veterans who were highly likely to have been exposed to Agent Orange while in Vietnam are at greater risk for poor health than are Vietnam veterans with similar experiences while in Vietnam but very unlikely to have been exposed to Agent Orange while there. The study will identify, from Battalion Daily Reports, 6,000 one-term Army Vietnam veterans who were likely to have been exposed to Agent Orange on several occasions, 6,000 similar Vietnam veterans who were not likely to have been exposed to Agent Orange, and 6,000 Vietnam veterans known to have served in areas where Agent Orange was never used. All of these will be followed for mortality or given a telephone interview and 2,000 from each group will be examined as in the Vietnam Experience Study. The questionnaire for this study is similar to the one being used in the Vietnam Experience Study. The pilot has not been completed but should yield similar results, to the one which has been used for the Vietnam Experience Study. Since the identification of Agent Orange exposed and unexposed subjects who are similar in other ways is crucial to the successful completion of the Agent Orange Study, the selection of the three study cohorts will be reviewed by the Science Panel when this stage has been completed and before the main study begins. 3. The Selected Cancers Study is to determine whether Vietnam veterans are at greater risk for certain cancers than the rest of the population. The study will select post 1985 diagnoses of soft tissue sarcoma, Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma and other cancers from newly identified entries into the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registries sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. These registries cover approximately 10-12 percent of the U.S. population including both rural and urban residents. Cancer cases from the appropriate age group will be interviewed via telephone and their Vietnam experience compared to that of age matched controls selected from the same communities by random digit dialing. �-3- The questionnaire for this study has been reviewed and cleared by the OMB. Data collection begin in 1985 and the names of identified Vietnam veterans are submitted to the Army and Joint Services Environmental Support Group for records review and assignment of an "Exposure Opportunity Index". This study should provide a good estimate of whether service in Vietnam and/or at least minimal exposure to Agent Orange is associated with an increased risk for Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma and certain other cancers 15 to 20 years later. �CDC - Birth Defects Study The CDC Birth Defects Study was a Case-Control Study designed to determine if the fathers of babies with major birth defects were more likely to have served in Vietnam than fathers of healthy babies. The study was conducted among all identified severely affected cases from a population based Birth Defect Registry in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area and included almost 5000 major defects and 3000 normal babies born in the same hospitals at nearly the same time. Results of this study indicated that the risk for having a major birth defected child, diagnosed up to the first year, was no greater for Vietnam veterans than for other veterans, or for other men in general. In addition, there was no statistically significant increase in the relative risk for a Vietnam veteran fathering a baby with any individual type or group of defects compared to other men. In addition to measuring the risks associated with the Vietnam experience per se, the investigators at CDC worked with the Department of Defense Army Agent Orange Task Force in assigning some measure of the likelihood for an opportunity for exposure to Agent Orange for as many Vietnam veterans as had available information. Two such indices (EOI) were created which were similar, but not identical. The analyses reported by CDC using these indices .indicated an increased risk for fathering babies with three different defects with increasing opportunities for exposure on at least one of the indices. The three defects were spina bifida, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and a group of neonatal neoplasms. Whether these findings are the result of chance occurrence when multiple comparisons are made, which is highly probable, cannot be determined with certainty. It is also quite possible that the indices themselves were sufficiently inaccurate as to render them uninterpretable, particularly since they were in the developmental stage at the time. It is not possible to make a definitive evaluation of these findings at this time. At the suggestion of Congress, and as a matter of appropriate public interest, the Science Panel, through its Research Agenda Subpanel, is preparing a statement on the state-of-the-art of Reproductive Outcome research on the offspring of Vietnam veterans fathers. The purpose of this report will be to develop a research agenda of further research which needs to be done on this issue. �Soft Tissue Sarcoma - International Studies The Science Panel reviewed international studies of the possible association between exposure to phenoxy acid herbicides and their contaminants and soft-tissue sarcomas. It was determined that these studies were inconclusive, that it would not be useful to engage in further in depth analysis of the already published data and that there are several studies currently underway that should enable a more definitive assessment of the possible association between soft tissue sarcoma and other cancers and exposure to phenoxy herbicides and contaminants to be made in the next several years. �NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE - CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS AND LYMPHQNAS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO HERBICIDE APPLICATORS IN KANSAS The purpose of the Case-Control Study of these two cancers is to determine, by interview, whether cases of Soft Tissue Sarcoma and/or Lymphoma are more likely to have been occupationally exposed to phenoxy acid herbicides and contaminants than a matched comparison group. Cases were obtained from a population based tumor registry covering the whole state of Kansas and controls were matched for age, sex, race and residential area of the state. Kansas was chosen as a site for this study because, in addition to the existence of a tumor registry, the agricultural practices in Kansas wheat growing areas have included considerable application of 2,4,5-T without other concomittant pesticide use. The Science Panel reviewed the original protocol for this study which is nearing completion under contract to the National Cancer Institute. The Science Panel is particularly interested in the outcome of this study since it should be useful in evaluating the possible associations between certain cancers and herbicide exposures which have been suggested from several studies conducted in Sweden. National Cancer Institute - Study of Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Non-Hodgkins Lymp"homa in Thirteen counties in Washington State The Batelle Corporation, under grant from the NCI, is conducting a study of Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma in the 13 county area around Seattle, Washington which is covered by a population based Tumor Registry. The study will interview in depth for occupational exposure, residential history and home use of herbicides, especially 2,4,5-T. It is intended to verify such use from employment records, reported to be available in this region where much 2,4,5-T has been used. A comparison of the amount and rate of exposure of cancer cases will be made to a comparison group, the nature of which is unknown (to us) at present. The Science Panel reviewed a very early version of this proposal in 1981, but was not involved in the formal review process. The Science Panel is interested in the outcome of this study since it should help in further evaluating the relationship between certain cancers and exposure to dioxin contaiminated herbicides. �AIR FORCE RANCH HAND STUDY The purpose of the Ranch Hand Study is to determine whether the 1247 Air Force personnel who were involved in the spraying of Agent Orange (and other herbicides) in Vietnam were more likely to suffer ill health than a comparable group of Air Force personnel who were not involved in herbicide spraying activities. The aerial spraying of herbicide in Vietnam was code named Operation Ranch Hand and thus all of the Air Force personnel involved in the loading, operating and maintaining of the C123 Aircraft used in this operation were termed Ranch Handers. The comparison group consists of Air Force personnel who operated and maintained C130 aircraft in Southeast Asia and who were not involved in herbicide activities. The comparisons are matched to the Ranch Handers by age, race and military rank and specialty. The study will include comparing mortality from various causes between the Ranch Handers and the comparisons (since their service in Southeast Asia) with annual updates every year. It will also include comparing morbidity between the two groups based on an initial telephone interview and an extensive physical, laboratory and psychological examination every 3 to 5 years. The study is intended to continue for 20 years from 1981. The Science Panel originally reviewed the protocol for the Ranch Hand Study in 1981. The study is of particular interest since the Air Force estimated at that time that many of the Ranch Hand personnel were exposed to Agent Orange at a rate 1000 times greater than almost any of the rest of the Armed Forces in Vietnam. The first Baseline Mortality Results from this study, published in 1983, indicated virtually no difference in mortality between the Ranch Handers and their comparisons through 1982. The Science Panel reviewed this report in the light of a critique which had been prepared by the Vietnam Veterans of America and suggested that a lay-language version of the report would be easier to understand than the rather detailed version which was released. The second interim report is scheduled for release in the very near future and is currently under review by the Advisory Committee for Special Studies. Data collected during the interview and the first examination were released as the Baseline Morbidity Results in early 1984. The most interesting findings from this report included: 1. an increase in non-melanoma skin cancer among Ranch Handers. This finding will be further studied at the second examination to determine if exposure to sunlight has played a significant role since exposure to solar radiation is the acknowledged primary cause of skin cancer in the U.S.; �there was a significant increase in abnormal pulses of the extremities among the Ranch Handers. This will be further explored during the second examination since it is poorly understood and currently has no direct health related consequences; and an increased number of minor birth defects (mostly birth marks) neonatal deaths and physical handicaps to children were reported by Ranch Hand parents than by comparisons. Each of these is currently being verified through the compilation of appropriate medical and vital records for all study subjects as requested by the Agent Orange Working Group. A progress report on this should be available imminently. �PROPOSED STUDIES OF INTEREST TO THE SCIENCE PANEL Female Veterans Study The Science Panel reviewed a proposal to study female Vietnam veterans which had been prepared by CDC. The proposed study would interview all, and examine 2000, of the approximately 7000 female veterans who served in Vietnam, who can be located, and who agree to participate. The Science Panel feels that, even though the study appears logistically feasible, it may not be the most efficient nor appropriate design to test possible adverse health effects among female Vietnam veterans. The Panel recommends that specific hypotheses relating Vietnam exposures and adverse health effects among female veterans be formulated, and then a suitable research design developed and evaluated. Veterans Administration - Twin Study A concept proposal for a study of identical twins - one of whom served in Vietnam and one of whom did not - was reviewed and approved by the Science Panel in 1982. The purpose of the study would be to compare physical and psychological health of the two members of an extremely closely matched pair of subjects who differed in their exposure to the Vietnam Experience including possible exposure to Agent .Orange. The final protocols for this study has subsequently been fully developed and we understand is currently under review. �THE STATE OF AGENT ORANGE RELATED RESEARCH IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT The FY 1985 Report of the Science Panel of the Cabinet Council Agent Orange Working Group September 1985 �The State of Agent Orange Related Research in the Federal Government The PY 1985 Report of the Science Panel of the Cabinet Council Agent Orange Working Group OUTLINE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. Introduction II. Brief History of the Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG) III. Rationale for the Research Efforts Commencing in 1980 A. What was known 1. Effects in animals 2. Effects in humans B. What was not known 1. Effects in animals 2. Effects in humans 3. Information management IV. Federal Research Related to Agent Orange: 1981-1987 A. Effects in animals B. Effects in humans C. Other 1. Information management 2. Environmental fate and transport 3. Monitoring 4. Risk assessment V. Evaluation VI. Future Directions APPENDIX A — Membership of AOWG APPENDIX B -- Project-by-project listing of agency AO-related research efforts APPENDIX C — Agency summary statements of AO-related research efforts �HHS A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $22,5O.3,OOO TOTAL EXPENDITURES ANALYT (2.5%) §556,000 HUMAN (41 .1%) $9,244,000 ANIMAL (56.5%) $12,703,000 \ \ �DOD A.O./DIOXIM EXPENDITURES $33,605,500 TOTAL EXPBJDITUKES ANIMAL (O.9%) $288,000 \ \. HUMAN (99.1%) $33,317,500 �USDA A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $594,OOO TOTAL EXPENDITURES LIT (10.8%) $64,000 x. \ \ \ \ HUMAN (89.2%) $530,000 �EPA A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $14,467,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES $2,146,000 ANIMAL (14.8%) LIT (7.3%) / $1,052,000 / ANALYT (12.5%) $1,812,000 HUMAN (O.C.%) $75,000 \ \ I / ENVIR (64,9%) '' $9,382,000 �A.O./DIOXIN EXPENDITURES $81 ,286,000 TOTAL EXPENDITURES $774,000 (O.i $4 , 385 , 000 1 \ <, ! \ \ (£H.O%) $76,127,000 �APPENDIX C AGENCY SUMMARY STATEMENT OF AO-RELATED RESEARCH EFFORTS �ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Research Program Associated with Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and Dibenzofurans (CDFs) The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been concerned with CDDs/CDFs, particularly 2,3,7,8-TCDD, since the early 1970s. Much of the early work was related to 2,3,7,8-TCDD as a contaminant in the herbicde 2,4,5-T and included analytical methods development and its application to monitoring data. While the Agency's research work with humans has been limited, it has been important. In the late 1970s, a controversial epidemiological study triggered immediate regulatory action by the Agency. During the same period, the Agency conducted an investigation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the human milk of mothers living in areas in which 2,4,5-T had been used. No confirmed positive residues were detected in any of 100 samples. The Agency has detected trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in some human adipose tissue samples. Ongoing collaborative efforts with the Veterans Administration is aimed at analyzing samples of human adipose tissue collected during the 1970s to determine whether or not Vietnam service personnel have greater residues of 2,3,7,8-TCDD than do a comparable group of individuals who did not go to Vietnam. In addition, EPA has conducted assessments of the potential human risks associated with exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and some of the other CDDs/CDFs. These "ballpark" risk estimates have been useful in .reaching regulatory decisions. During the 1980s, the EPA research program for CDDs/CDFs has focused on environmental and risk management concerns. Specifically, Congress directed the Agency of conduct a National Dioxin Study, the aim of which is the investigation of potential "hot spots" across the country and the determination of background levels, if any, of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the environment. This current effort builds on more limited, but more focused, Agency efforts searching for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in envivonmental samples. In an attempt to conduct such investigations more quickly and inexpensively, the Agency has sponsored research to develop new methods of analysis of CDDs/CDFs. In order to better understand the significance of reports of CDDs/CDFs in the environment, EPA is conducting studies in the environmental transport and fate of these compounds, with a particular emphasis on the bioavailability and possible movement into the human food chain. Large-scale combustion is under special investigation as a possible source of CDDs/CDFs in the environment. A major thrust of recent EPA efforts has been in the direction •of controlling, managing, and/or destroying CDDs/CDFs once they are found in the environment. Methods have been found which successfully destroy 2,3,7,8-TCDD in contaminated soil and liquids. Procedures are being developed to minimize the emission of CDDs/CDFs from combustion sources. �VA/AFIP Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study The possibility that exposure to phenoxy herbicides may induce rare forms of cancer in humans such as soft tissue sarcoma (STS) has been suggested from recent studies in Sweden. Subsequently, there is much concern in the United States that many veterans who served in Vietnam might have had a significant exposure to the phenoxy herbicides including Agent Orange and, therefore, might be at increased risk of developing STS. In view of the concern raised by many veterans and conflicting findings in the scientific literature, the VA, in collaboration with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), is conducting a case control study in which 250 individuals with STS are compared with 750 individuals without STS with respect to Vietnam service, probable Agent Orange exposure and other host and environmental risk factors. The study is conducted in two phases. Phase I of the study will investigate whether service in Vietnam during 1965-1971 increased the risk of developing STS. Military service information, in particular Vietnam service status, for each case and control patients will be obtained from a review of the patient's military personnel records archived at the National Personnel Records Center in St. louis, Missouri!. Phase II of the study will investigate other host and environmental risk factors for the development of STS based on information obtained from telephone interviews with the subjects or their next-of-kin. Information on risk factors such as occupational and non-occupational exposure to pnenoxy herbicides, ionizing radiation asbestos, arsenic, vinyl chloride, and genetic synodromes will be obtained from the interviews and analyzed individually and jointly with respect to the risk of developing STS. As of July, 1985, 58% of the study subjects (616/1,066) have been located and have completed the telephone interview. Data collection will be completed by March, 1986 and the final report is expected in late 1986. �VA Mortality Study The Vietnam Veterans Mortality Study is designed to assess mortality patterns of U.S. servicemen in the Army or Marines who served during a portion of the Vietnam era. A sample of 75,000 veterans deaths has been selected from the ^ BIRLS files. For each of the deaths, military service and cause of death information are being collected and coded. The two types of data will be merged and analyzed to compare the mortality experience of veterans who served in Vietnam with veterans of the same era who did not serve in Vietnam. Various analytical approaches are planned including classical proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) analyses as well as categorical data analyses. As of August 1985 the military records search and abstracting have been completed for 98% of total cohort of 75,000. Ninety nine percent of the expected 72,000 death records have been received. However, about 15% of the records received did not include the cause of death information. Extensive tracing efforts have been made using both internal records and records maintained by other government agencies for all veterans whose VA claims folders lacked the cause of death information. Completeness, accuracy and consistency of data on numerous variables (e.g., age, race, year, of death, cause of death, branch of service, rank, MOSC, years of active duty, separation year, length of service in Vietnam, industry, occupation) are being checked in preparation for analysis. The final report is expected in late 1985. �Alternate Methods for Assigning Agent Orange Exposure Status to Vietnam Veterans Exposure Opportunity Index (EOlT Some time ago the Joint Services Environmental Support Group (then the Army Agent Orange last Force (AAOTF) began to develop methods to estimate potential exposure to Agent Orange among Vietnam veterans. The method to be used in the proposed Agent Orange Morbidity and Mortality Studies currently underway by CDC involves detailed day-by-day tracking of both military units and individuals while in Vietnam. Amassing the information necessary to do this requires considerable effort and yields simultaneous information on all of the members of a given military unit. The method is thus suitable for identifying cohorts, but is extremely inefficient for determining potential exposures of individuals selected by other means. Furthermore, the necessary records apparently do not exist for many units in Vietnam, particularly non^Army units, and is the major reason why the CDC Epidemiological studies are confined to veterans of the Army. In order to obtain some information on the possible exposure to Agent Orange of veterans identified through other sources, an alternative method was proposed by the AAOTF. The Science Panel was briefed on, and reviewed in depth the alternative procedures^ for assigning Exposure Opportunity Indices (EOI) to Vietnam veterans. These procedures are based on the place, time and job specialty of veterans while in Vietnam as indicated in personnel records, military unit quarterly reports and herbicide application records from Vietnam. The method was proposed by the Department of Defense, and was developed by the Army and Joint Services Environmental Support Group in conjunction with the investigators of the CDC Birth Defects Study. Even though the alternative method is somewhat subjective and confounds combat status with exposure to herbicide, all of the members of the Science Panel agree that the method as developed, can provide an individual estimate of the relative likelihood for at least some exposure to Agent Orange while in Vietnam. Attempts to establish whether such exposures are capable of compromising health status is the business of ongoing health and mortality studies. �AGENT ORANGE LITIGATION In 1979, a class action was commenced in the United States District Court, Eastern District of New York, charging the United States and a major portion of the chemical industry with deaths and injuries to tens of thousands of Vietnam veterans who came in contact with herbicides used in the war in Southeast Asia. The suit also claimed that as a result of the veterans' exposure, their children suffer severe birth defects. After five years of numerous motions and extensive discovery, a settlement amount of $180,000,000 was negotiated between the plaintiff-veterans and the defendants-manufacturers and approved by Chief Judge Jack B. Weinstein on June 11, 1984. Following this settlement, a $10 billion class action was filed against the United States on behalf of the servicemen, their wives and children. The class action alleged, among other things, failure to warn, and pre-induction, in-service, and post-discharge negligence. At the same time, the defendants expressed their intention to press third-party contribution and indemnity claims against the United States, to recover all costs associated with their defense of the litiga* tion, including the amount of the settlement. The United States moved to dismiss the p l a i n t i f f s ' class action and, on December 10, 1984 Judge Weinstein denied class certification and dismissed all claims brought by the servicemen. The Court also found that there is no credible medical or scientific evidence supporting claims of male-mediated birth defects or miscarriages, but reserved final judgment on these claims for ninety-days. The United States will also seek dismissal of all thirds-party claims pending against it. Judge Weinstein has established a 28 member advisory board to advise the Court on how the settlement trust fund proceeds might be best utilized. The Justice Department has refused to allow federal personnel to participate in any way in the settlement process. Judge Weinstein has reserved final approval of the settlement pending review of the settlement distribution plan and resolution of all counsel fee disputes. �.Veterans Administration Advisory Committee On Environmental Hazards The Veterans Administration Advisory Committee on Environmental Hazards and its Scientific Council were created by the Veterans' Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act, P.L. 98*542, enacted on October 24, 1984. The functions of this Committee and its Council are not perceived to encroach on, or duplicate the efforts of the Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG). The Veterans Administration Advisory Committee is distinguished from the Agent Orange Working Group in that the Agent Orange Working Group is solely concerned with risk assessment and the Veterans Administration Advisory Committee and its Scientific Council are concerned with risk management. P.L. 98*542 .requires, inter alia, that the VA Administrator prescribe regulations on adjudicating claims based on dioxin and radiation exposure after considering the recommendations of an advisory committee and its scientific council. The Advisory Committee on Environmental Hazards created by the Act icons is ts of fifteen/, members appointed by the VA Administrator. Eleven of these, of whom none may be from the Armed Forces, the VA, or Defense and not more than three may be federal employees, are appointed in consultation with the Director, NIH. These members must include three authorities on dioxin, three on ionizing radiation, and five on epidemiology or a related field. These eleven members also constitute the Scientific Council of the Committee. The Council is divided into two eight member panels which will, respectively, evaluate studies on dioxin and radiation exposure. The Scientific Council reports to the Committee and to the Administrator directly. The balance of the Committee is made up of four individuals from the general public with special concerns regarding exposure to dioxin or radiation. The Chief Medical Officer and Chief Benefits Director of the VA are ex officio members. �SENATE VETERAN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE 99TH Republicans CONGRESS Democrats Sen. Frank H. Murkowski, (R-AK) Chairman Sen. Sen. Sen. Sen. Sen. Sen. Alan K. Simpson, (R-WY) Rudy Boschwitz, (R-MN) Robert T. Stafford (R-VT) Arlen Specter (R-PA) Jeremiah Denton (R-AL) Strom Thurmond (R-SC) Sen. Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ) Sen. Alan Cranston (D-CA) Sen. Jay Rockefeller (D-WV) Sen. George J. Mitchell (D-ME) Sen. Spark M. Matsunaga (D-HI) �COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND STAFF VETERANS' AFFAIRS COMMITTEE ON VETERANS AFFAIRS SR-414 224-9126 Frank H. Murfcowski, Alaska, Chairman. Alan Cranston, Calif. Spark M. Matsunaga, Hawaii Dennis DeConcini, Ariz. George J. Mitchell, Maine John O. Rockefeller, IV, W. Va. Alan K. Simpson, Wyo. Strom Thurmond, S.C. Robert T. Stafford, Vt. Aden Specter, Pa. Jeremiah Oenton, Ala. Rudy Boschwitz, Minn. STAFF MCMWMS Alpert Cynthia PROF ST M SR-420A Alvarado, Tina RECP SR-414 Billica. Nancy MIN RES ASST SH-202 Boertlein, Judy ST ASST SR-412 Brew, William MIN COUN sn-202 Eckhardt, Kay ST ASST SR-420 Hocks, Becky CHF CLK/LEQISLATIVE CLK SR-«i2 Hughes, Charlotte MIN CASEWKR SH-202 Maraz, Stacy ST ASST SR-420 McTighe, Cathy COUN SR-420A Moore, Jim PRESS ASST SR>420A 46210 49130 40576 46213 40767 49132 46236 44112 40206 46266 44921 Moore, Lisa RES ASST SR-420A Phinney, Al COUN SR-420 Polzer, Babette MIN PROF ST SH-202 Post, Ingrid MIN CHF cut SH-202 Principi, Anthony J CHF COUN/ST OIR SR~*IO Schratwieser, Hugh PROF ST M SR-420 46230 47636 4677S 46204 49126 46263 Scott, Ed MIN QEN COUN SH-202 46262 Steinberg, Jon MIN CHF COUN/ST OIR SH-202 46202 Susman, Julie OPTY ST OIR/LEQ OIR/OPTY CHF COUN SR-414 Yoder, Chris PROF ST M SR*420 (No Subcommittees) 46293 46212 �CHAIRMAN COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS SIN. "RANK H. MURKOWSKI (R AK) Committaa on Enargy & Natural Raaooreaa Subeommmaa on Enargy & Minaral Raaourcas Subeommmaa on Enargy Ragulation, Chairman Subeommmaa on Watar & Powar Commfttaa on Foraign Ratetiona Subeommmaa,on Eaat Asian & Paeifie Affair*. Chairman Sutcommmaa on International Economtc Policy Subeommmaa on Waatam Hamiapnara Affatrt S«n. Frank H. Murkow*ki Commrttaa on Vatarana' Affaira Salact Commrttaa on Indian Affaira of Fairbanks Republican—Jan. 3, 1981 �ASSISTANT MAJORITY LEADER Sea. Alan K. Slmpwa of Cody Republican—Jtn. I, 1979 SIN. ALAN K. SIMMON (ft WV) Committal on invfronmem > PufcOc Worto Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution Subeommmaa on Nudaar Regulation. Chamnan Subcommmaa on Toxic Subatancaa & Environmantal Oversight CommHta* on Th« Judietafy Subcommmaa on Courts Subcommittee on immigration & Refugee PoHcy. Chairman Subcommittee on Seoaration of Powers Committee on Veteran*' Affairs. Chairman �HOUSE VETERANS AFFAIRS COMMITTEE 99TH CONGRESS Republicans Democrats G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery, Miss. Chairman Don Edwards, (D-Calif) Bob Edgar, (D-Pa) Sam B. Hall, Jr., (D-Tex) Douglas Applegate, (D-Ohio) Richard C. Shelby, (D-Ala) Dan Mica, (D-Fla) Thomas A. Daschle, (D-S.Dak) Wayne Dowdy, ((D-Miss) Lane Evans, (D-I11) Marcy Kaptur, (D-Ohio) Alan B. Moliohan, (D-W.Va.) Timothy J. Penny, (D-Minn) Harley 0* Staggers, Jr. (D-W.Va) J. Roy Rowland, (D-Ga) John Bryant, (D-Tex) James J. Florio, (D-N.J.) Kenneth J. Gray, (D-lll) Paul E. Kanjorski, (D-Pa) Tommy F. Robinson, (D-Ark) John Paul Hammerschmidt, (R-Ark) Chalmers P. Wylie, (R-Ohio) Elwood Hillis, (R-Ind) Gerald B.H. Solomon, (R-N.Y.) Bob McEwen, (R-Ohio) Christopher H. Smith, (R-N.J.) Dan Burton, (R-Ind) Don Sundquist, (R-Tenn) uon ounuquisc, (,&.Michael Bilirakis, (R-Fla) Bilirakis, Nancy Lee Johnson, Vi. w~ Guy V. Molinari, (R-N.Y. Thomas J. Ridge, (R-Pa) Bill Hendon, (R-N.C.) John G» Rowland, (R-Conn �COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND STAFF VETERAMS AFFA(RS COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS 335 CANNON HOB 225-3527 G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery, Miss.. Chairman Don Edwards, Calif. Bob Edgar, Pa. Sam B. Hall. Jr.. Tex. Douglas Applegate, Ohio Richard C. Shelby, Ala. Dan Mica. Fla. Thomas A. Daschle. S. Oak. John Paul Hammerschmiat. Ark. Chalmers P. Wylie. Ohio Elwood Hillis. Ind. Gerald B. H. Solomon, N.Y. Bob McEwen, Ohio Christopher H, Smith, N.J. Dan Burton, Ind. Don Sundquist, Tenn. Michael BUirakis, Fla. Nancy Lee Johnson, Conn. GuyV. Molinari, N.Y. Thomas J. Ridge, Pa. Bill Hendon, N.C. John G. Rowland, Conn. Wayne Dowdy, Miss. Lane Evans. III. Marcy Kaptur, Ohio Alan B. Mollohan, W. Va. Timothy J. Penny. Minn. Hartey O. Staggers, Jr., W. Va. J. Roy Rowland, Ga. John Bryant. Tex. James J. Florio, N.J. Kenneth J. Gray. III. Paul E. Kaniorski, Pa. Tommy F. Robinson, Ark. MAJORITY STAFF Burtey. Suzy FILE CLK 335 Burnett, Aden* AOMIN ASST 335 Cochran, JHl PROF STF MEM EDUC. TRAIN, EMPLOY 335 Daw*. Barbara STF ASST HOSP, HEALTHCARE 33a Evans, Semmes STF ASST 337 Fleming. Mack CHF COUN & STF OIR 33S Frone. Stanley STF ASST 335 53527 59165 53527 59154 59164 53527 53527 Grant, Bob PRTG CLK 33S i Holley, Jim PROF STF MEM PUB AFRS 337 Kitker, Beth STF ASST EDUC. TRAIN, EMPLOY 335 MeOermott. Mary FIN CLK 335 53535 53664 59112 59557 Moon. Arnold COUN COMPCNS. PENS. INS 337 Parker. Pam STF ASST OVERSIGHT a INVEST 33S Raymond. Vic PROF STF MEM 338 Richardson. Jean STF ASST COMPCNS. PENS, INS 337.. Royce, Gloria PROF STF MEM HOUS & MEMORIAL AFRS 337 53569 59044 59154 53569 Ryan, Patrick COUN 335 Shultz, Richard COUN OVERSIGHT & INVEST 335 Sniffen, Candis Lee LEGIS ASST 335 Tippett, Patricia RECEPT 335 59154 53541 S3S27 53527 53664 McOonell. Jack PROF STF MEM HOSP, HEALTH CARE 338 :... 59154 MINORITY STAFF Brandes. Sharon A PROF STF MEM 333A Oonohue, Patricia AOMIN ASST 333 Forrest. Sue STF ASST 333A 59756 53551 59756 Smith, Kingston OPTY COUN 4 STF OIR 333A Wilson, Rutus COUN & STF OIR 333 S97S6 53551 SUBCOMMITTEE STAFF CaWweii, Anne PROF STF MEM, HOUS & MEMORIAL AFRS 2443 52665 Dunshm, Michael PROF STF MEM, EDUC, TRAIN. EMPLOY 2465 52901 Fuller. Richard PROF STF MEM, HOSP. HEALTH CARS 3362 52011 Gallion, Edward MIN PROF STF MEM. COMPENS. PENS. INS 2342 55614 Sechrist. Timothy PROF STF MEM. COMPENS. PENS, INS 2464 56265 251 �VETERANS AFFAIRS U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS 335 CANNON HOB 225-3541 G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery, Miss., Chairman Elwood Hillis, Ind. Dan Burton, Ind. Don Sundquist, Tenn. Nancy Lee Johnson. Conn. Thomas J. Ridge, Pa. Don Edwards, Calif. Kenneth J. Gray, III. Sam B, Hall, Jr., Tex. Timothy J. Penny, Minn. J. Roy Rowland, Ga. Tommy F. Robinson, Ark. MAJORITY STAFF. 53541 MINORITY STAFF.. 59756 SUBCOMMITTEE ON HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE 338 CANNON HOB 225-9154 Bob Edgar, Pa., Chairman Dan Mica, Fla. Wayne Dowdy, Miss. Lane Evans, III. Marcy Kaptur, Ohio Alan B. Mollohan, W. Va. Timothy J. Penny, Minn. Harley O. Staggers, Jr., W. Va. J. Roy Rowland, Ga. John Bryant, Tex. James J. Florio, N.J. !vPaul E. Kanjorski, Pa. Tommy F. Robinson, Ark. Richard C. Shelby, Ala. Thomas A. Daschle, S. Dak. John Paul Hammerschmidt, Ark. Elwood Hillis, Ind. Gerald B. H. Solomon. N.Y. Bob McEwen, Ohio Christopher H. Smith, N.J. Michael Bilirakis, Fla. Nancy Lee Johnson, Conn. Guy V. Molinari, N.Y. Thomas J. Ridge, Pa. Bill Hendon, N.C, John G. Rowland, Conn. MAJORITY STAFF. 59154 MINORITY STAFF.. 59756 SUBCOMMITTEE ON COMPENSATION, PENSION, AND INSURANCE 337 CANNON HOB 225-3569 Douglas Applegate, Ohio, Chairman Sam B. Hall, Jr., Tex. G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery, Miss. Dan Mica. Fla. Wayne Dowdy, Miss. Lane Evans, III. Tommy F. Robinson, Ark. Gerald B. H. Solomon. N.Y. Chalmers P. Wylie. Ohio John Paul Hammerschmidt, Ark. Dan Burton, Ind. Guy V. Molinari, N.Y. MAJORITY STAFF.... 53569 MINORITY STAFF.... 59756 252 �COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND STAFF VETERANS AFFAIRS SUBCOMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT 335 CANNON HOB 225-9166 Thomas A. Daschle, S. Oak., Chairman Lane Evans, III. Marcy Kaptur, Ohio John Bryant, Tex. James J. Florio, N.J. Kenneth J. Gray, III. Bob McEwen. Ohio Chalmers P. Wylie, Ohio Gerald 8. H. Solomon, N.Y. BUI Hendon. N.C. MAJORITY STAFF 59166 MINORITY STAFF 59756 SUBCOMMITTEE ON HOUSING AND MEMORIAL AFFAIRS 337 CANNON HOB 225-9164 Richard C. Shelby, Ala., Chairman Bob Edgar, Pa. Douglas Applegate, Ohio Alan B. Mollohan, W. Va. John Bryant, Tex. James J. Florio, N.Y. Christopher H. Smith, N.J. Don Sundquist, Tenn. Michael Bilirakis, Fla. John G. Rowland, Conn. MAJORITY STAFF 59164 MINORITY STAFF 59756 �(AH S9iun|OA) - L - ON SUJXOIQ peiepossv pue seppjqjGH Axoueqj uo ejniejejn om»uep.s ^o s.isdouAs sueeie �VA CONTRACT NO: V101(93)P-953 C( SYNOPSIS OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON PHENOXY HERBICIDES AND ASSOCIATED DIOXINS Prepared for Contracting Officer's Technical Representative: Barclay M. Shepard, M.D. Director, Agent Orange Projects Office Department of Medicine and Surgery Veterans Administration 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20420 c o Submitted by: Clement Associates, Inc. 1515 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22209 �PREFACE In October 1981, the Veterans Administration published the first two volumes of a comprehensive report entitled Review of Literature on Herbicides, Including Phenoxy Herbicides and Associated Dioxins. A continuation of this important effort resulted in the preparation and publication in April 1984 of volumes III and IV. At this point it was thought that a summary in layman's terms, with emphasis on health effects would be helpful to the general public's understanding of the complex and often controversial issue of Agent Orange. Consequently this summary has been prepared to fill that need. It should be noted that this synopsis includes only that body of scientific literature published through December 1983, and therefore does not include the results of more recent research such as the study of birth defects conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and published in August 1984. Also not included is the mortality study of Australian Vietnam-era veterans published in September 1984. The results of these and other more recent repons will be summarized in a similar synopsis currently being developed by the VA for publication in the near future. It is hoped that these laylanguage summaries will serve as useful supplements for assisting non-technically oriented readers in understanding both the significance and impact of such literature and thereby assist in the ultimate resolution of the many and varied issues related to the phenoxy herbicides and associated dioxins. Agent Orange Projects Office Veterans Administration Washington, D.C. 1985 �CONTENTS Page Preface 1. Introduction 1 2. What is Agent Orange? 1 3. Who was exposed? 2 4. What do we know about the health effects? 2 5. How do we determine the health effects? 3 6. Summary of the studies on health effects: Cancer ; Reproductive effects 6 8 Enzyme effects 10 Effects of the immune system 12 Chloracne 13 Neurobehavioral effects 15 Other toxic effects 16 7. Summary and conclusions 17 �1. Introduction For the past several years the Veterans Administration, in response to the concerns of veterans who served in the war in Vietnam, has been conducting or sponsoring research on the health effects of Agent Orange, the principal herbicide used by U.S. military forces in that country and to which some American military personnel were exposed. In April 1984, under contract to the Veterans Administration, Clement Associates, Inc., a research firm in Arlington, Virginia, completed a two-volume survey of the extant scientific literature on the health effects of Agent Orange. The material that follows is a lay summary of that survey and is published because the Veterans Administration believes that it will be of interest to Vietnam veterans and others who have been following the Agent Orange issue. 2. What is Agent Orange? "Agent Orange" is a name that has come to be used to describe a particular type of chemical herbicide that was used in military operations in Vietnam from 1965 to 1971. The name came from the orange stripe that identified the 55-gallon drums in which the herbicide was shipped and stored. Agent Orange was not a single chemical compound but rather a mixture of chemicals containing equal amounts of the two active ingredients, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These weed-killing chemicals enjoyed extensive commercial and private use in the United States and in many countries around the world from the 1940s well into the 19705.^ 2,4-D is still used extensively in this country and abroad. Like many industrial chemical mixtures, the Agent Orange that was manufactured during the Vietnam era contained small quantities of impurities. These impurities included chemicals used in the production of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T as well as by-products which developed during the manufacturing process. Some of the impurities were a family of closely related compounds known as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins which, as a group, have often been called "dioxins." One of these dioxins, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or TCDD, has been extensively tested in experimental animals and is believed to be the most toxic member of the dioxin family. TCDD is one of the contaminating dioxins in 2,4,5-T. In the remainder of this report the term dioxin will be used to refer to any of a number of different polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, usually unidentified. The term TCDD will be used to designate the specific chemical 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Agent Orange was produced by several manufacturers in a number of chemical plants throughout the United States under contract to the Department of Defense, which specified the composition of the herbicide. Therefore the nature and amount of the active ingredients were the same regardless of the manufacturer. Although Defense Department specifications set an upper limit on the total amount of impurities that could be present in a batch of Agent Orange, it is certain that both the exact amount and the nature of these impurities varied from batch to batch, from year to year, and from manufacturer to manufacturer. Furthermore, since very little attention was paid to the importance of the impurities in Agent Orange until 1 �late in the Vietnam experience, there is relatively little information available on the amount of the impurities contained in the herbicide shipped to Vietnam. Agent Orange was somewhat different from commercial formulations of this class of herbicides made and marketed in the United States and in other countries around the world. In addition, we don't really know precisely all the types and amounts of the impurities that were present in Agent Orange, and furthermore we don't have any accurate way to find out. Because there is considerable evidence that the health effects of these herbicide mixtures depend heavily on the amounts and types of impurities such as dioxins which were present in the mixture, we can accept, only with reservations, information on health effects obtained from studies of people exposed to other herbicide preparations containing 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, or both. If we hope to understand the health effects of Agent Orange with a high degree of certainty, it is essential to identify and study people who were exposed to Agent Orange. 3. Who was exposed? The only individuals who are known to have been exposed to Agent Orange are those who were exposed during its manufacture and distribution or as a result of its use in Vietnam. Because Agent Orange was considered relatively safe at the time of its use, however, there were no systematic studies to determine how much Agent Orange might enter a person's system as a result of exposure in a manufacturing plant, during spraying operations or other applications, or from entering an area that had already been sprayed. Another way of determining exposure is to depend on people's memory of when and how often they might have been exposed. Unfortunately, several different types of chemicals were manufactured in most of the plants that manufactured Agent Orange. In addition, several other herbicide mixtures as well as insecticides and other chemicals were used in Vietnam. It would be very difficult for most individuals to know when they were exposed to Agent Orange specifically and how much exposure they received. The Air Force did keep records of most of the aerial herbicide spraying missions. By combining this information with data from records of the location of military units, the probability of exposure from aircraft spraying can be estimated. Those people who were actually involved in the handling and application of Agent Orange were undoubtedly among the most heavily exposed, but it is not possible to determine accurately the amount to which they were exposed. 4. What do we know about the health effects? As one might guess from the information above, we don't have precise and direct information on the human health effects of Agent Orange itself. Scientists cannot identify people who were definitely exposed to known quantities of Agent Orange in order to compare such a group to people who were not exposed to Agent Orange or similar herbicides. Furthermore, Agent Orange as such was not tested in experimental animals at the time of its manufacture and use. 5. How do we determine the health effects? Since we cannot study the human health effects of Agent Orange directly, we must use other techniques to learn what health effects might result from exposure to this material. Several methods are available and all of them have been used during the last 10 or 15 years. Each has limitations that make it difficult for scientists to reach definitive conclusions about the adverse human health effects of Agent Orange. Nevertheless, if scientists and health professionals review the entire body of information that has become available from all these approaches, certain patterns emerge. It is now possible to begin reaching tentative conclusions about the health effects of Agent Orange. However, these conclusions are still somewhat uncertain. The results of studies which are currently in progress or planned will go a long way toward removing this uncertainty, but, for the general reasons described above and for specific reasons described below, it is quite likely that we may never be completely sure of what the health effects of Agent Orange are. This same uncertainty exists for many environmental health issues and is a result of the normal limitations of science. One of the most promising approaches to studying the health effects of Agent Orange is to evaluate the health of people who may have been exposed to it as a result of the Vietnam experience and to compare their health with that of people who were not exposed to these herbicides. A few such studies have been conducted and several more are in progress. Some of the limitations of these studies have already been mentioned. We don't have reliable records of everyone who was exposed, so assumptions are made such as "any veteran who served in Vietnam was exposed to Agent Orange" (Australian Veterans Health Study) or "any individual who was assigned to Operation Ranch Hand was heavily exposed to Agent Orange" (U.S. Air Force Epidemiology Study). These assumptions may lead to the inclusion in the "exposed" group of people who had very little exposure. If enough of these people are mis-classified as to exposure, scientists will not be able to detect any real health effects that might be present in those who were actually heavily exposed. In other words, the greater the mis-classification rate, the less reliable are conclusions regarding health effects of exposure. Another serious limitation is that it is very difficult to select a group of "unexposed" people who can be closely matched with the people in the "exposed" group. Ideally, the two groups should be the same except for their potential exposure to Agent Orange. This means that individuals in both groups should not only be the same in age, weight, and sex, but they should also have similar smoking habits, diets, jobs, life styles, and places of residence. Another problem inherent in these studies relates to the widespread use in the United States of commercial herbicides that are similar to Agent Orange. In addition, dioxins are known to be present in other industrial chemicals in the environment. It is therefore very possible that some individuals in the "unexposed" group have actually been exposed to the ingredients of Agent Orange at other times and in other places. �small town of Seveso immediately downwind of the plant. In succeeding weeks many persons living in Seveso showed signs of dioxin exposure, the most prominent being chloracne, a form of acne which includes the appearance of blackheads around the eyes and ears and in some cases covers much of the body. Another problem with studies of people who were exposed to Agent Orange is that a relatively short period of time has elapsed since exposure took place. The phenoxy herbicides contained in Agent Orange were first used in Vietnam in 1962. Heavy use and potentially heavy exposure to Agent Orange did not begin until three years later, so the time that has elapsed since most veterans were exposed has been about 15 to 20 years. Certain adverse health effects such as cancer, heart disease, and 'respiratory problems that result from exposure to chemicals may take many years to develop. Increased cancer rates due to smoking or exposure to toxic chemicals have been shown to reach a peak 20 to 30 years after exposure. Thus, a lack of evidence of increased rates of cancer and heart disease in populations exposed to Agent Orange might suggest that exposure to Agent Orange does not increase the risk of developing these diseases. On the other hand, it might be that they haven't had time to appear in sufficient numbers to be detected. No direct measurements were made of the chemicals in the accidental gas cloud itself but it has been possible to estimate the dioxin exposure of people in different areas by three independent methods. The first was a calculation of the distribution of the dioxin based on the nature of the chemical reaction, the quantity of ingredients, and the wind direction and speed at the time of the accident. The second method recorded biomedical changes, such as the death of birds and other wild and domestic animals and the appearance of chloracne in people. These changes were then correlated with the geographic location of each person or animal affected. The third method, performed somewhat later, was the actual analysis of the soil for dioxin. This gave results which were judged to be in agreement with those of the other two methods. In addition, reports by the exposed individuals provided supplementary and confirmatory information. The studies of populations who were probably exposed to Agent Orange as a result of the Vietnam experience have not yet provided clearcut answers to questions about its health effects. This is the result of some of the limitations described above. Furthermore, future studies of this type will not be capable of answering all these questions. It is therefore necessary to ask, "Where else can we look for these answers?" One potentially valuable source of information is the study of human populations with exposure to commercial herbicidal mixtures that were similar, but not identical, to Agent Orange. A number of such studies are available. Most are of workmen who sprayed herbicides on the job, but some are of populations who lived in areas where herbicides containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were used. Most of these studies are subject to the same limitations as those of the people exposed to Agent Orange. In all of these studies, the determination that a person is or is not exposed is based largely on that person's memory of past events or, in many cases, simply on where the person lived or worked. Also, people may be included in the exposed group who worked at a job or lived in an exposed area for only a few weeks. On the other hand, people may be included in the unexposed group if they are currently working in jobs or living in areas where they are not exposed to herbicides but who may have been exposed to herbicides in some previous job or place of residence, perhaps even without knowing it. Either type of error decreases the ability of scientists to detect possible effects of exposure to the chemical. Other potential sources of information about the health effects of Agent Orange are studies of humans who were exposed to some of the components of Agent Orange. There are a number of groups of people throughout the world who were exposed to dioxins as a result of industrial accidents or unintentional release of dioxin into the environment. Several of these groups "have been followed for a number of years and much information has been gathered. It is difficult, however, to judge how relevant these findings are to people exposed to Agent Orange. The specific dioxins to which these people were exposed were not always completely or accurately identified, and they may be somewhat different from those found in Agent Orange. One of the most widely publicized incidents in which humans were exposed to dioxins was the explosion of a chemical reactor at the ICMESA plant near Milan, Italy, in July 1976. A cloud of chemicals containing relatively large quantities of dioxins blanketed a portion of the • In the areas with the most intense exposure, animals and birds died; humans did not. People experienced a variety of symptoms shortly after the explosion including weakness, headache, loss of appetite and weight, insomnia, impotence, nausea and abdominal pain. There was also a burning sensation and an eruption of the skin, but the role of dioxin, as opposed to other more caustic chemicals suspected of being present in the cloud, is unclear. The symptoms cleared up within a brief period but one characteristic skin change, chloracne, persisted. Chloracne was present, especially in children under the age of 14. In the most heavily contaminated areas about 20 per cent of the children developed the skin disorder. The changes gradually cleared over the ensuing months. 1 Early after the exposure there were laboratory results suggesting changes in liver function, but the test results did not differ a great deal from those obtained in an unexposed, control population. Within a year after the exposure careful examinations showed some problems with the nerves controlling muscle function. These changes apparently disappeared within the following two or three years. It is not clear that the exposure to dioxin had any effect on the pregnancy rate, the miscarriage rate or the birth rate since there are no good statistics from nearby communities with which to compare the exposed populations. There is no convincing evidence that the dioxin caused birth defects, interfered with growth, disturbed resistance to disease or increased the death rate. Some details of these results may be questioned because of the difficulties encountered in collecting the data. It is reasonable, however, to say that the Seveso accident did not result in a very serious or life-threatening effect on the health of exposed persons, at least in the near-term. It is too soon to draw final conclusions regarding possible delayed effects. A final potential source of information about the adverse health effects of Agent Orange includes studies using experimental animals. Care must be taken in interpreting the results of animal studies because animals may respond quite differently from humans in the way they absorb chemicals, in the distribution of these chemicals in the body, in the way the chemicals �are broken down or stored in the body, and in the way they are eliminated. Differences in body size, diet, lifespan, and the way individual organs function may also cause animals to respond differently from humans. For these reasons responsible scientists are reluctant to base predictions of human health effects on animal studies unless the chemical has been tested in several species of experimental animals and there is a good basis for believing that the test animals are similar to humans in the way they respond to the chemical. cancer) among his patients. All three of these patients had served in Vietnam but no other information was given about them. Comparisons between groups exposed to the herbicides or to dioxins and unexposed groups have shown no overall increase in cancers. Attention has centered on certain types of cancers. There have been 11 reports of studies of cancer in men who were employed in jobs that involved the spraying of herbicides similar to Agent Orange. Eight of these studies were limited to men who sprayed herbicides containing 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T. The other three studies were of workers exposed to agricultural chemicals in general, including herbicides. These three studies are not discussed here because of the uncertainty regarding exposure. The eight remaining reports are also based on groups of workers whose exposure was of doubtful duration and intensity. Two of the eight studies of 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T indicated that there was an association between exposure and the incidence of soft-tissue sarcoma. A third study showed an association between exposure and lymphoma, and one study showed an association between exposure and stomach cancer. Another of these eight reports described five cases of lymphoma with cutaneous (skin) lesions seen in an English hospital. Four of the five patients worked with 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T. A case-control study reported an association between herbicide exposure and cancer of the nose and throat. The remaining three reports showed no association between exposure and any form of cancer, although one suggested a slight association with softtissue sarcoma. For reasons noted earlier, Agent Orange when it was first used was not tested in experimental animals and, because the amount and identity of the impurities in Agent Orange varied,, it cannot be exactly reproduced for studies in experimental animals now or in the future. It is therefore necessary to rely on the results of experimental studies of herbicide mixtures similar to Agent Orange as well as studies of individual components of Agent Orange such as 2,4-D, 2,4,S-T and TCDD to serve as a basis for predicting the human health effects of Agent Orange. The remainder of this report on the health effects of Agent Orange summarizes the information available as of early 1984 from all the types of studies described above. The section that follows provides a discussion of each of the suspected or potential health effects and in each case the available evidence is evaluated as a whole. For more detailed information regarding specific studies the reader is urged to refer -to the Review of Literature on Herbicides, Including Phenoxy Herbicides and Associated Dioxins, Volumes I, II, III and IV, published by the Veterans Administration. 6. Summary of the studies on health effects Cancer To date only one systematic study of cancer in military personnel exposed to Agent Orange in Vietnam has been published. In this study of Air Force personnel who were engaged in Operation Ranch Hand (the herbicide spraying operation in Vietnam), there was no increased occurrence of serious or life-threatening forms of cancer, but a greater incidence of a type of skin cancer was found in the exposed group compared to a control group of military personnel who were not exposed to Agent Orange. This type of skin cancer is a very common, localized form that is known to be associated with exposure to sunlight. Further studies need to be done to determine whether Ranch Hand personnel were more likely to have been exposed to sunlight than were the members of the comparison group. There was also a slightly increased incidence of cancer of the mouth and throat in the Ranch Hand group, but this excess is so small that it may be due to chance. Two other reports are available on cancer in Vietnam veterans but in neither report was there any confirmation of exposure nor were matched control groups used. In one survey, based on Vietnam veterans who registered with the VA's Agent Orange Registry, a somewhat higher proportion of mouth and throat cancer and of lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) was found compared to the same proportion of cancers among U.S. males aged 25 to 39. In the other report, a physician in Atlanta reported three cases of soft-tissue sarcoma (a rare : Of seven studies on populations exposed to dioxins either in the workplace or in -the environment, two showed an increased incidence of cancers. A study of workers exposed to dioxin as a result of a reactor explosion in a 2,4,5-T manufacturing plant in Germany in 1953 showed an excess of stomach cancer. Another study of the residents of Midland County, Michigan, where Dow Chemical Company has a large plant, revealed an increased incidence of soft-tissue sarcoma in women between 1960 and 1980. This finding is unlikely to be related to dioxin exposure, however, because the excess cancer was seen only in women and several of the people with soft-tissue sarcoma had lived in Midland County only a short time before the diagnosis of cancer and had little or no connection with the company. Three separate reports describe two cases of lymphoma and three cases of soft-tissue sarcoma in workers who may have been exposed to dioxin. These are isolated case reports, and they contained little evidence of dioxin exposure. Two studies of workers occupationally exposed to dioxin revealed no excess incidence of any form of cancer. None of the studies of cancer in humans exposed to Agent Orange, related herbicides, or dioxins provides an answer to the question of whether Agent Orange might cause cancer in humans. When all the reports are taken together, however, certain patterns appear that provide suggestive evidence that exposure to dioxin-contaminated herbicides may be associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Thus, seven reports suggest a relationship between such exposure and soft-tissue sarcoma. Four reports point to a possible connection with lymphoma. Two studies show an association with stomach cancer and three reports suggest a possible association with cancer of the mouth, nose, or throat. �The results of animal studies lend support to the hypothesis that dioxins and dioxincontaminated herbicides may cause cancer in humans. Six studies of the potential for TCDD to cause cancer in animals were positive when relatively large doses were given. TCDD painted on the skin of mice caused cancers related to soft-tissue sarcomas. Four studies in which rats were given TCDD by mouth showed that the rats developed cancer of the liver, mouth and nose, tongue, adrenals, and thyroid. In two studies in which TCDD was given to mice by mouth, liver and thyroid cancers resulted. Several studies suggest that when TCDD is given to mice with other cancer-causing chemicals, it increases the response to those cancercausing chemicals. As yet there have been no published studies which show that Agent Orange or simitar commercial herbicides have a demonstrated potential for causing cancer in laboratory animals. A few studies designed to measure the effect of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on rats and mice have been negative for cancer, but these studies were not adequate to detect a small increase in cancer in the treated animals. The current evidence, though far from conclusive, justifies continued surveillance of people who have been exposed to dioxin and dioxin-contaminated herbicides in order to confirm or deny an increased incidence of cancer which can be attributed to that exposure. Two studies have been reported of men who were exposed to herbicides similar to Agent Orange. A study of wives and children of herbicide sprayers in New Zealand showed no increases in birth defects, stillbirths, or miscarriages when compared to the population of New Zealand as a whole. There was a very small increase in the incidence of heart defects, but this may have been due to chance. Another study of children born to the wives of men who sprayed herbicides for the Long Island Railroad showed no increase in major birth defects but two relatively minor birth defects—minimally deformed feet and tear duct obstruction—were seen in excess. Several studies have been conducted to ascertain whether there are increased incidences of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, or birth defects in areas where herbicides similar to Agent Orange have been heavily used. In these situations there is the potential for exposure of both parents as opposed to exposure of only the father as in the four studies discussed above. One of these general population studies gained a great deal of publicity in the late 1970s when it was asserted that women living in the vicinity of Alsea, Oregon, experienced a higher rate of miscarriage than did women living in other parts of Oregon where herbicides were not commonly used. Careful review of this study by expert scientists has resulted in a consensus that the results were misinterpreted and that the study did not show the claimed effect. Reproductive effects The various possible causes of reproductive abnormalities are difficult to determine because there are fairly high rates of birth defects, stillbirths, miscarriages, and sterility in all populations. For example, between three and six percent of all children are born with some kind of defect. The percentage varies depending upon how serious a disturbance has to be before it is recorded as a defect. In addition, some defects are not noted at birth, but show up later in childhood or beyond. Two systematic studies of reproductive performance and outcome among men who may have been exposed to Agent Orange in Vietnam have been published. In the first of these the Australian government sponsored a study to see whether birth defects were related to the father's service in Vietnam. No association was found, although there was a slightly increased risk of heart defects and Down syndrome among the children of Vietnam veterans. In the study of Operation Ranch Hand personnel discussed in the cancer section above, a small increased incidence of miscarriages following Vietnam service was found among the wives of the Ranch Hand group when compared to wives of the control group. The same difference, however, was observed for pregnancies occurring prior to Vietnam service. There were also slight increases in deaths of newborn babies and minor birth defects. There may have been slight increases in learning disabilities and physical handicaps among children of Ranch Hand personnel. The significance of these findings is not clear because most of the increases are very small, and many of these differences disappear if the data are analyzed differently. In addition, these differences were based on self-reporting and at the time of the initial report had not been confirmed by a review of medical records. More recently, a study of people living in an area of New Zealand where herbicides containing 2,4,5-T were often used revealed an increase in the occurrence of clubfoot in children in the area. Other small and perhaps insignificant increases were found in heart defects and malformations of the penis. A study conducted in Hungary looked at the rate of five major birth defects in that country's general population over a five-year period in which the use of 2,4,5-T increased greatly. No changes in the rates of these birth defects were found. Four studies have been conducted of men exposed to dioxin as a result of working in plants where 2,4,5-T was manufactured. None of these studies' showed a clearcut effect on reproductive outcomes. Two of them did show a slight increase in spontaneous abortions in the wives of the workers. Two studies of the population exposed to dioxin as a result of the ICMESA accident at Seveso suggest that there may have been an increase in birth defects (particularly of the heart) and an increased incidence of spontaneous abortions in the year following the accident, but their validity is questionable because the reporting of birth defects and abortions was generally unreliable. The studies of the reproductive effects of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and TCDD in experimental animals are of limited usefulness in helping to predict the reproductive effects of Agent Orange in male Vietnam veterans. In almost all of the animal studies, the herbicide or dioxin was given to pregnant females rather than to male animals. In the one study in which the mixture found in Agent Orange was fed to male mice, it had no effect on reproductive performance or on the offspring. In two studies, relatively uncontaminated 2,4,5-T and TCDD were fed to both male and female rats and reproductive performance and outcome were recorded for three successive generations. These studies showed that both 2,4,5-T and TCDD decreased the number of live births and the weight of newborn animals, as well as causing an increase in birth defects of the kidneys. Numerous studies in which TCDD was given to pregnant females in relatively large �doses indicate that it can cause defects in the developing fetus. TCDD causes birth defects in pregnant rats, mice, rabbits, and monkeys when given by mouth or injection. It also causes an increase in the number of spontaneous abortions and a decrease in birth weight of newborn animals. In summary, no study of reproduction in humans exposed to Agent Orange conclusively shows an adverse effect which has been caused by the herbicide. Scientists believe, however, that people with known exposure to TCDD-contaminated chemicals should be observed for possible adverse reproductive effects. Enzyme effects One of the best studied effects of dioxins in experimental animals is the ability of these compounds, especially TCDD, to alter the activity of certain enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that serve as catalysts in the formation or breakdown of various chemicals in the body. In some cases many enzymes are involved in the alteration of just one chemical, whereas other enzymes are capable of acting upon an entire class of chemicals. It is very difficult to study the effects of chemicals on enzyme activities in humans. Most enzymes are located in tissues where metabolic activity is greatest, such as the liver, lungs, intestines, brain, and reproductive organs, and these tissues are the least accessible to study. Furthermore, there are large differences among people in their baseline metabolic activity. About the only approach available is to look at the levels of chemicals produced by enzyme reactions that appear in the blood or urine and determine whether they are different in people exposed to a specific compound when compared to people who are nor exposed to that compound. Only a few studies of enzyme activities have been conducted in animals which have been fed or otherwise dosed with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These studies suggest that these compounds do not cause major alterations in enzyme activities, and some of the small effects seen may be the result of contamination of these chemicals with small amounts of dioxin. A number of studies of TCDD, on the other hand, have shown that it alters the activity of some enzymes in experimental animals. The best studied effect as an increase in the activity of an enzyme known as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH). AHH is important because it makes certain chemicals more soluble in water and, thus, more likely to be excreted in the urine. Very small amounts of TCDD cause large increases in the activity of this enzyme in rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, birds, fish, and monkeys. In several studies in which living cells were taken from humans and allowed to grow in a culture medium, the addition of TCDD to the culture caused an increase in AHH activity in the cells. It is interesting that in two studies of human populations exposed to dioxin as a result of industrial accidents (one at Seveso and the other at a 2,4,5-T manufacturing plant in England), scientists found elevated levels of d-glutaric acid in the urine of exposed people. This chemical 10 is believed to be formed by enzymes that are very closely associated with AHH. This finding adds support to the theory that TCDD may stimulate AHH activity in humans. What are the health implications of stimulation of AHH activity? This is a difficult question to answer because the role of AHH is not yet fully understood. Evidence from animal experiments and some human evidence indicate that some of the aryl hydrocarbons that are altered by AHH are cancer-causing. Some experiments in which TCDD was given to animals several days before they were exposed to cancer-causing aryl hydrocarbons showed that it protected the animals against cancer. Thus, TCDD caused an overall health benefit. Unfortunately, the picture is much more complicated than that because, if TCDD is given to animals at the same time as the aryl hydrocarbon rather than a few days earlier, the TCDD binds to the site of the AHH enzyme that is responsible for changing the aryl hydrocarbon and prevents the AHH enzyme from doing its job. Thus, administration of TCDD with aryl hydrocarbon causes more cancer than does the aryl hydrocarbon itself. An additional complication is that there is evidence that AHH catalyzes other tranformations and that some of them may convert inactive chemicals into toxic ones. In the absence of complete information, the fact that TCDD stimulates AHH activity must be viewed as a potentially adverse effect. Animal studies have also shown that TCDD alters some enzymes that are involved in the manufacture of heme, the portion of the hemoglobin molecule that binds oxygen in red blood cells. Animal studies indicate that TCDD decreases the activity of an enzyme known as uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver. This results in a decrease in the amount of heme synthesis and a build-up of the chemicals known as porphyrins from which heme is formed. As the porphyrin level builds up, more porphyrins are excreted in the urine. A number of animal experiments have shown that the pattern and amount of porphyrins excreted in the urine changes after treatment with TCDD. Two studies of workmen exposed to dioxin have shown increased urinary excretion of porphyrins. The Air Force study of personnel involved in Operation Ranch Hand has also shown that there are more men with abnormally high porphyrin levels in the exposed group than in the comparison group, although this finding correlates more strongly with alcohol use than it does with potential exposure to Agent Orange. Interference with porphyrin metabolism may result in a condition known as porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) in which the skin blisters and later becomes dry and brittle, particularly on exposure to sunlight. Workers who were exposed to dioxins as a result of two industrial situations developed this condition but in both instances the men were also exposed to another chemical known to cause PCT. The available medical evidence indicates that there are no lasting adverse human health effects that result from alterations in porphyrin metabolism due to exposure to TCDD. The body adjusts by producing sufficient heme to meet the oxygen-carrying needs of the body. PCT is a relatively rare manifestation of changed heme metabolism and may be caused by 11 �other external factors, such as alcohol consumption. There is also a known genetic factor which influences the development of PCT. PCT resulting from exposure to such chemicals as dioxins and similar compounds is reversible and disappears after exposure. Another enzyme activity for which there is indirect evidence of interference by dioxins is related to the conversion and storage of fats. Studies of workmen exposed to dioxins showed increased blood levels of fat molecules known as triglycerides. Although elevated levels of some triglycerides are known to be associated with heart disease, to date there is no conclusive evidence of an association between heart disease and dioxin exposure. Although it appears that dioxins have the ability to alter the functions of a number of enzymes, at present none of these alterations has been shown to be associated with any serious or irreversible adverse health effects in humans. However, any influence that substantially alters the way the body handles internal and external chemicals must be viewed with concern. It should be remembered that as in the case of most of the effects of these chemicals, the active herbicide ingredients 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T by themselves are not known to affect the enzyme system in humans. Effects on the immune system Unlike such well-studied and relatively well-understood systems of the body as the cardiovascular and digestive systems, there is still much of the "immune system" which is not well understood. It is currently the subject of intensive research to better understand its chemistry, mechanisms, and functions. The immune system is involved in a large and complex array of processes that defend the body against foreign chemicals, disease-causing bacteria, viruses, foreign cells from outside the body, and abnormal cells from within the body. Virtually all of the body's organs and tissues participate in these processes to a greater or lesser extent. Because of the lack of basic knowledge in some areas, it is difficult to assess the impact of chemicals on the immune system. One problem is that the system functions in many different ways. A chemical to which the body is exposed may activate only one or two of dozens of known defense mechanisms. Therefore, it may be necessary to run a large number of different tests to detect these changes. Since many of these tests are very complex and some require the examination of body tissues, it is especially difficult to study altered immune function in humans. Two additional factors make it difficult to detect such changes in humans. First, there are tremendous differences among people in the manner in which their immune systems operate. For example, there is a wide variation in the way different people manifest an allergic reaction, which is one of the ways the immune system functions. Second, many activities of the immune system have no obvious or external manifestations. It is usually not possible to assess a person's immune function by a simple physical examination. These changes in immune function may only be reflected by subtle variations in indirect indicators, such as increased susceptibility to infections or increased sensitivity to materials that cause allergic reactions. One result of these problems is that the effect(s) of chemicals on the immune system of humans may 12 be very subtle and difficult to detect. Highly specialized and complex tests are often needed to detect these changes. There is no evidence that 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T by themselves alter the immune function of animals. There have been no studies of humans exposed to Agent Orange or similar herbicides that show an adverse effect on the immune system, and there have been no reports of increased allergies or of increased susceptibility to infection, either of which might indicate altered immunity. On the other hand, there have been no studies reported that were designed specifically . to look for such an effect in humans soon after exposure. There is considerable evidence, on the other hand, that TCDD interferes with the functioning of the immune system in experimental animals. When TCDD is given to animals, a common effect is a decrease in the size of the thymus, an organ that is involved in the immune system. This effect occurs at doses lower than those that cause changes in other organs. At even lower doses, TCDD interferes with the ability of the animal to produce certain types of white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign materials in the blood stream. In some studies, this effect is paralleled by decreased resistance to bacterial and viral infections. It appears that TCDD has the ability to suppress the immune system in unborn animals when the TCDD is given to pregnant females. Sensitivity decreases in newborns but significant effects can still be seen in adult animals treated with TCDD. In fact, immune suppression is the most sensitive indicator of TCDD exposure in mice, occurring at doses below those that cause changes in enzyme activity. Furthermore, although immune function improves after exposure ends, it remains relatively depressed for a very long time in experimental animals. Most studies of humans who have been exposed to dioxins have not included tests of immune function. There has been a study of children who lived in the heavily contaminated area of Seveso, Italy. The results of this study showed that these children had higher levels of certain immunologically active blood components than did children from uncontaminated areas. The body also produced more white blood cells in response to certain foreign materials. These results suggest that exposure to dioxins stimulated immune function in these children rather than depressing it, as seen in the animal experiments. This finding is not inconsistent, however, with experimental findings that some chemicals which depress immune function at high doses may actually stimulate immune functions at low doses. Another study of workers exposed to dioxin as the result of an industrial accident has been reported to have shown decreased immune function in the exposed workers 10 years after the accident, but this study has not been published and cannot be independently reviewed. These results, taken together, fall far short of providing convincing evidence that dioxin exposure can cause altered immune function in humans. Nevertheless, the evidence of such effects in experimental animals provides some basis for concern that exposure to dioxin may adversely affect immune function in humans. Chloracne Chloracne is a skin condition that is known to result from exposure to a group of structurally similar compounds in which chlorine atoms are bound to an aromatic hydrocarbon. One of 13 �exposed than workers who did develop chloracne. Thus, whereas chloracne may be a sensitive indicator of exposure to dioxins in some people, it may not be in others. Therefore, the absence of chloracne is not necessarily a reliable basis for concluding that a person has not been exposed to a chemical which is known to cause chloracne. these compounds is TCDD. As its name suggests, chloracne, is similar in appearance to the common forms of acne that affect teenagers and usually appears within a few weeks after exposure to the chemical that causes it. Neurobehavioral effects The first sign of chloracne may be excessive oiliness of the skin. This is accompanied or followed by the appearance of numerous blackheads. In mild cases the blackheads may be confined to the area around the eyes extending along the temples to the ears. In more severe cases blackheads may appear in many places on the body. The blackheads are usually accompanied by fluid-filled cysts and by an increased or darker growth of body hair. The skin may become thicker and flake or peel. In severe cases, the acne may result in opens sores and permanent scars. The condition fades slowly after exposure. Minor cases may disappear altogether, but more severe cases may persist for years after the exposure. It has been known for some time that exposure to relatively large amounts of 2,4-D, such as might occur when it is being mixed or sprayed, can cause adverse effects on the nervous system. Workmen who splashed 2,4-D on their skin or who stood for a long time in 2,4-D spray mist developed a variety of symptoms including tingling or decreased feeling in the hands and feet and tightening of muscles in the arms and legs. Examination of these workmen showed the loss of the knee-jerk reflex and an increase in the time for nerve impulses to travel from the hands or feet to the spinal cord and back. Studies in experimental animals give results similar to those seen in humans. These studies suggest that 2,4-D interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. If the exposure is minimal the nervous system recovers. However, sustained exposure of experimental animals to relatively large quantities of 2,4-D may cause long-lasting changes in the brain and spinal cord itself. It is well known that chloracne can result from exposure to dioxins. In seven reported situa' tions where workers were exposed to dioxins as a result of industrial accidents or poor housekeeping practices, many of the workers and, in a few cases, members of their families developed chloracne. Chloracne was also diagnosed in 187 people, mostly children, Jiving in the section of Seveso that was most heavily contaminated with TCDD as a result of the ICMESA accident in 1976. Two laboratory workers who were exposed during the synthesis of TCDD developed serious cases of chloracne. There are no authoritative reports in the literature that document an association between exposure to Agent Orange or similar herbicides and chloracne. The Air Force study of Ranch Hand personnel showed no excess of acne in those individuals when compared to unexposed controls and no cases of chloracne were found. Most of the epidemiologic studies of occupational groups involved in the spraying of Herbicides like Agent Orange do not report the presence of chloracne among the workers who were studied. A research effort looking for cancer among herbicide sprayers in Finland turned up a few cases of possible chloracne, one of which was diagnosed by a dermatologist. It would appear, therefore, that chloracne is not a sensitive indicator of exposure to herbicides like Agent Orange. Animal studies are of little use in measuring the potential of Agent Orange for causing chloracne in humans. The ingredients 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T have not been extensively tested, but it appears that they do not cause chloracne or similar skin conditions in experimental animals. Different kinds of animals react differently to TCDD, but it causes skin conditions very similar to chloracne when applied to the ears of rabbits and to the skin of certain kinds of mice. Scientists disagree, however, as to whether these skin effects are identical to human chloracne. Some types of experimental animals fail to show any acne-like condition when treated with TCDD. It seems that only monkeys exposed to TCDD develop a skin condition that appears identical to human chloracne. One conclusion that is gaining support on the basis of both animal and human studies is that susceptibility to chloracne may be genetically controlled. Two individuals equally exposed to TCDD may respond differently because of variations in inherited susceptibility. This would explain why some of the workers exposed to dioxins in each of the seven industrial incidents did not develop chloracne, even though there is no reason to believe that they were less 14 A few studies of humans and experimental animals exposed to 2,4,5-T have failed to show any nervous system effects such as those caused by 2,4-D. There is some evidence, however, that humans exposed to dioxins as a result of industrial exposures or accidents may suffer impaired nervous system function. A wide range of signs and symptoms have been reported in these people including pain in the arms and legs, numbness in the hands and feet, muscular weakness particularly in the legs, headache, loss of memory and concentration, sleep disturbances, nervousness, and emotional and behavioral abnormalities. The speed of nerve impulses was slowed in two groups of workers who were probably exposed to dioxins. J There have been very few studies of the effects of TCDD or other dioxins on the nervous system in animals. It is not clear why this knowledge gap exists, but one possible explanation is that the doses of TCDD needed to cause detectable signs of nervous system damage in experimental animals are higher than those that cause other serious toxic effects. Scientists have therefore tended to concentrate on the other effects. Whether nervous system and psychologic effects have occurred in individuals exposed to Agent Orange as a result of the Vietnam experience is unclear and controversial. It has been suggested that Vietnam veterans experience a high rate of psychologic problems, with certain symptoms appearing quite frequently. These symptoms include nervousness, disturbed sleep, irritability and short temper, depression, and suicidal thoughts. Many psychiatrists consider that some of these comprise a distinct collection of symptoms or a syndrome known as posttraumatic stress disorder and that this syndrome is unrelated to any chemical exposure. Evidence in support of this conclusion is that individuals such as prisoners of war and hostages who have undergone sustained stress display similar symptoms. Unfortunately, there are almost no systematic studies of nervous system function or psychological problems among individuals exposed to Agent Orange. The recent Air Force 15 �study of Ranch Hand personnel showed no difference between the exposed group and unexposed controls in several measurements of nervous system function including the speed of nerve impulse transmissions. On the other hand, when Ranch Hand personnel were evaluated by analyzing answers to questions on some of the tests designed to detect emotional disorders or personality disturbances, psychiatrists concluded that they were different from the comparison group and showed tendencies toward traits defined as "hypochondria, depression, hysteria, and schizophrenia." Ranch Hand personnel were also said to feel more isolated and to have a higher degree of nervousness and anxiety, to be more easily startled, and to experience more psychosomatic illness than did the comparison group. These differences were minor and are difficult to interpret. The methods used in this study would not show whether the differences between groups were due to post-traumatic stress, Agent Orange exposure, or both. Animal studies have suggested another aspect of the toxicity of TCDD which may have implications for human health. It has become increasingly clear that some animals are relatively resistant to some of the toxic effects of TCDD compared to others. Recent research has shown that this difference in susceptibility is genetically influenced and that mice with just one parent in common can show large differences in susceptibility to the toxic effects of TCDD. The effects for which susceptibility appears to be genetically controlled include the appearance of birth defects in the offspring of female mice exposed to TCDD, the increased activity of several enzymes including AHH and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, depression of immune function, chloracne, and the lethal effects of TCDD. This suggests the possibility that humans as a group who are known to be genetically very diverse, may have a wide variation in susceptibility. 7. Summary and Conclusions The fact that self-perception of psychologic problems is an important component of such an analysis was shown in a study of 100 veterans who were asked about their exposure to Agent Orange and their current mental and emotional well-being. Their potential exposure to Agent Orange was independently assessed by comparing their service records with records of the time and location of herbicide spraying missions in Vietnam. The frequency and seriousness of psychologic and emotional problems correlated very closely with how much herbicide the veterans believed they were exposed to, whereas the correlation was much weaker when the comparison was based on how much herbicide exposure the records showed. What can we say about the health effects of Agent Orange? From the evidence now available we can arrive at almost no definitive conclusions. The limited evidence available suggests that 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T by themselves are not highly toxic to humans. 2,4-D appears to be capable of causing nervous system toxicity but only in situations where there is very highlevel exposure. 2,4,5-T may contribute to birth defects when pregnant females are exposed. There is no evidence that purified 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T cause cancer, change the activity of enzymes, affect the immune system, or cause chloracne or porphyrja cutanea tarda in humans. The issue of the effects of Agent Orange on nervous system and psychologic performance is probably the most difficult health issue to resolve. There is a great deal of human and animal evidence that both 2,4-D and TCDD can adversely affect the nervous system. All of this evidence suggests that these effects are the result of short-term high level exposure rather than sustained exposure to lesser amounts. Other toxic effects Studies of people exposed to Agent Orange or similar herbicide mixtures have failed to reveal any significant toxic effects other than those discussed above. Other effects have been attributed to TCDD, however. As was mentioned briefly in the section on enzyme effects, there is suggestive evidence of a higher incidence of heart attacks among workmen exposed to dioxins in industrial accidents. This evidence is far from conclusive, but it is sufficient justification for continuing to observe the health of people exposed to dioxin, especially since it may take many years after exposure for adverse effects on the heart to show up. The most dramatic sign of fatal dioxin poisoning in experimental animals is an apparent loss of appetite which leads to general body wasting. The animals eventually die of a condition very similar to starvation. This effect is observed following a large single dose of TCDD. No similar effect has been described in humans, so it may be of little relevance to human health. The mechanism by which TCDD causes this apparent loss of appetite is unknown and is the object of much current research. Some results suggest that TCDD may interfere with an appetite regulating system in the brain or thyroid. 16 ' There is very little direct evidence that Agent Orange causes adverse health effects in humans, but this may be the result of our limited ability or inability to identify different groups of people or large numbers of people with well-defined exposure and exposure to a known amount of the substances of concern. If adverse human health effects are found as a" result of present or future research efforts, it is highly likely that these will be the result of the effects of toxic impurities such as dioxins, especially TCDD. The limited evidence of TCDD toxicity in humans comes from studies of humans exposed to dioxins, and indirectly from studies of dioxin toxicity in experimental animals. These studies provide some support for the possibility, but do not prove, that exposure to dioxin-contaminated herbicides may cause adverse health effects in humans. These adverse effects may include chloracne, cancer at several different sites, spontaneous abortion and birth defects in the offspring of exposed females, altered enzyme activity, altered porphynn metabolism, and altered immune function. Effects for which the available evidence is very inconclusive but which should be the subject of further study are neurobehavioral effects, including psychologic effects and heart disease. Chloracne does not seem to be of significant importance since it has not been commonly observed even among individuals heavily exposed to herbicides. Therefore chloracne does not appear to be a sensitive indicator of exposure to dioxin-contaminated herbicides. What will future studies tell us about the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange? Studies that are planned or in progress have the potential to reduce much of the uncertainty about the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange. However, because of very serious problems in determining the exact amount and nature of exposure and in choosing appropriate 17 �exposed and unexposed groups to examine, these studies will never be able to demonstrate conclusively the absence of a toxic effect. The areas in which future studies may be able to : provide the most information are the delayed effects such as cancer. 'Studies in experimental animals can still be helpful in suggesting possible adverse health effects of Agent Orange. Particularly helpful would be studies of the purified components of Agent Orange separately and in known combinations. Other important areas of investigation include effects on immune function and the genetic control of susceptibility to the toxic effects of dioxin. In the meantime, exposed individuals can get some degree of reassurance from the fact that despite their inadequacies, the studies which have been completed to date have revealed no widespread or major adverse health effects among the people who were exposed. There is no evidence that the psychologic disturbances seen in Vietnam veterans are the result of exposure to Agent Orange. For many-of the potential health effects, there is little probability that they will first appear years after exposure. These include reproductive and enzyme effects, chloracne, and neurobehavioral problems. It is possible that cancer may first appear years after exposure. Persons exposed to Agent Orange should take no exceptional precautions beyond those that are prudent for everyone, i.e., consume a balanced diet, exercise regularly, have regular medical checkups, be alert for tell-tale signs of cancer, abstain from smoking, and use alcohol moderately, if at ail. 18 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 202 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5740 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Compilation of Information on the Federal Government and Agent Orange ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/00a05b74cf6b72dc5346713df5cbf713.pdf 4797df5425895601c7d659e869604c78 PDF Text Text lt.mlM.tor 0542, Author Haile ' Clarence L Corporate Author Report/Article Tltlfl Comprehensive Assessment of the Specific Compounds Present in Combustion Processes, Volume I: Pilot Study of Combustion Emissions Variability Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images ° DBSCriptOn Notes Task 3 Final Re ' P°rt, EPA Contract No. 68-01-5915, MRI Project No. 4901-A(3) Friday, March 08, 2002 Page 5421 of 5427 �United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Toxic Substances Washington DC 20460 EPA-560/5-83-004 June, 1983 Toxic Substances xvEPA Comprehensive Assessment of the Specific Compounds Present in Combustion Processes Volume I Pilot Study of Combustion Emissions Variability ^^^^TIv~^rr'r- i 4 fr^ \\ ^ 1 L \ i t ' �PILOT STUDY OF INFORMATION OF SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES by Clarence L. Haile and John S. Stanley Midwest Research Institute Robert M. Lucas and Denise K. Melroy Research Triangle Institute Carter P. Nulton Southwest Research Institute and William L. Yauger, Jr. Gulf South Research Institute TASK 3 FINAL REPORT EPA Contract No. 68-01-5915 MRI Project No. 4901-A(3) Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Field Studies Branch 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 Attn: Dr. Frederick Kutz, Project Officer Mr. David Redford, Task Manager �DISCLAIMER This document has been reviewed and approved for publication by the Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. �PREFACE This final report was prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency under EPA Contract No. 68-01-5915, Task 3. The task was directed by Dr. Clarence L. Haile. Substantial portions of the effort were subcontracted to Southwest Research Institute under Dr. Carter P. Nulton and to Gulf South Research Institute under Mr. William L. Yauger, Jr. This work was completed in coordination with statistical design studies conducted by Research Triangle Institute under Dr. Robert M. Lucas. This report was prepared by Dr. Clarence L. Haile and Dr. John S. Stanley with substantial contributions from Dr. Robert M. Lucas, Ms. Denise K. Melroy, Dr. Carter P. Nulton, and Mr. William L. Yauger, Jr. MIDW5ST)RESEARCH,INSTITUTE r E. Going Program Manager Approved: James L. Spigarelli, Director Analytical Chemistry Department June 1983 111 �CONTENTS Preface Figures Tables 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. iii v vi Introduction Summary Recommendations Plant Descriptions Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 Sampling Methods Flue Gas Plant Background Air Solid and Aqueous Media Continuous Monitoring Process Data Collection Analysis Methods Organics Cadmium Field Test Data Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 Analytical Results Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 Chicago Northwest Incinerator Analytical Quality Assurance Results Surrogate Compound Recoveries Interlaboratory Comparison Studies Emissions Results Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 Statistical Summary of Pilot Study Data Overview First Tier Summary Second Tier Summary References 1 3 5 6 6 1 9 9 12 12 1? 15 16 16 31 34 34 42 52 52 83 107 107 107 112 112 112 129 129 129 137 147 Appendix A - TRW Field Test Report for the Ames Municipal Electric System, Unit No. 7 148 Appendix B - TRW Field Test Report for the Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 242 �FIGURES Number Page 1 Modified Method 5 train for organics sampling 10 2 Locations of flue gas sampling ports on a typical combustion unit 11 3 Sector schemes for sampling bottom ash 14 4 General analytical scheme 18 5 TOC1 chromatogram for Aroclor 1254 23 �TABLES Number 1 PAH Compounds Selected 16 2 Recovery of Selected PAHs and 1,2,3,4-TCDD From Ames Fly Ash. 20 3 TOC1 Analysis Parameters 22 4 HRGC Screening Parameters 24 5 Extract Compositing Scheme for Tier 2 Analyses 25 6 HRGC/MS Parameters Used for Analyses of PCDDs and PCDFs in Composite Chicago NW Flue Gas Outlet Extracts 26 HRGC/MS-SIM Parameters Used for Analysis of PCBs in Composite Flue Gas Outlet Extracts 27 PCB Compounds Used for Determinations in Composite Flue Gas Outlet Extracts 27 Ions Monitored During HRGC/HRMS Confirmatory Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in Composite Chicago NW Flue Gas Outlet Extracts 29 PCDD and PCDF Compounds Used for Determinations in Composite Chicago NW Flue Gas Outlet Extracts 29 HRGC/HRMS Parameters Used for Analysis of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin in Composite Chicago NW Flue Gas Outlet Extracts 30 Recovery of Cadmium From Fortified Samples of Fly Ash From the Chicago NW Incinerator 33 Recovery of Cadmium From Fortified Samples From the Ames Municipal Power Plant 33 Daily Data Summaries for Flue Gas Sampling, Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 35 Average Process Data for the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 38 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 VI �TABLES (continued) Number Page 16 Fuel Combustion During Flue Gas Sampling 40 17 Daily Production and Consumption at Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 41 Heat Content of Fuels Used at the Ames Municipal Power Plant During Sampling Period 43 Daily Data Summaries for Flue Gas Measurements, Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Boiler No. 2 44 Means of the Means for Process Data, All Test Days, Chicago NW Incinerator, Boiler No. 2 46 Weekly Inventories of Refuse and Residue at the Chicago NW Incinerator (All Boilers) 48 Charges Fed to Boiler No. 2 on a Shift Basis Chicago Northwest Incineration Facility 49 TOC1 and Surrogate Recovery Results for the Ames Flue Gas Inlet Samples 53 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for the Ames Flue Gas Outlet Samples. 55 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames Plant Background Air Particulate Samples 56 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames ESP Ash Samples 57 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames Bottom Ash Samples 60 28 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames Coal Samples . 63 29 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames Refuse Derived Fuel Samples 64 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames Bottom Ash Hopper Quench Water Influent Samples 67 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames Bottom Ash Hopper Quench Overflow Water Samples 68 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Ames Untreated Well Water 71 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 32 vii �TABLES (continued) Number 33 Page Compounds Quantitated in Samples From the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 72 Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Isomers in Flue Gas Outlet Samples From the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 77 35 Cadmium Results for Ames - ESP Ash Samples 78 36 Cadmium Results for Ames - Bottom Ash Samples 79 37 Cadmium Results for Ames - Coal Samples 80 38 Cadmium Results for Ames - Refuse-Derived Fuel Samples. . . . 81 39 Cadmium Results for Ames - Flue Gas Outlet Particulates . . . 82 40 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Chicago NW Flue Gas Samples ..... 84 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Chicago NW Plant Background Air Samples 85 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Chicago NW ESP Ash Samples • 86 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Chicago NW Combined Bottom Ash Samples 89 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Chicago NW Refuse Samples 92 TOC1 Results and Surrogate Recoveries for Chicago NW Tap Water Samples 95 Compounds Quantitated in Samples From the Chicago NW Incinerator, Unit No. 2 96 34 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Comparison of TOC1 Results From Direct TOC1 Assays Versus Calculated TOC1 From Specific Compounds Identified in Composite Chicago NW Extracts . 98 Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Isomers in Flue Gas Outlet Samples From the Chicago Northwest Incinerator Unit No. 1 99 Concentrations of Polychlorodibenzo-o,-dioxins and Furans in Flue Gas From the Chicago Northwest Incinerator and Corresponding Emission Rates 100 viii �TABLES (continued) Number 50 Page Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pj-dioxin in flue Gas From the Chicago NW Incinerator 102 Cadmium Concentrations in Fly Ash From Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 103 Cadmium Concentrations in Combined Bottom Ash From Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 104 Cadmium Concentrations in Refuse From Chicago Northwest Incinerator 105 Cadmium Concentrations in the Flue Gas Outlet Particulates From Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 106 55 Summary of Surrogate Recovery Data. . 108 56 Results of Interlaboratory TOC1 Analyses 109 57 Interlaboratory Comparison of Analytical Results for the Extraction and Analysis of Specific Compounds in Four Sets of Quality Assurance Samples 110 Interlaboratory Comparison of the Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in Composite extracts From the Chicago NW Incinerator . . . Ill Total Organic Chlorine Inputs and Emissions - Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 113 Compounds Quantitated in the Primary Input and Emission Media for the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 114 Flue Gas Concentrations for PCBs and Emission Rates for the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7. 118 Cadmium Inputs and Emissions - Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 119 Total Organic Chlorine Inputs and Emissions - Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 120 Compounds Quantitated in Input and Emission Media Chicago NW Incinerator, Unit No. 2 122 Flue Gas Concentrations of PCBs and Emission Rates for the Chicago Northwest Incinerator Unit No. 1 124 51 52 53 54 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 IX �TABLES (continued) Number 66 Page Concentrations of Polychlorodibenzo-£-dioxins and Furans in Flue Gas From the Chicago Northwest Incinerator and Corresponding Emission Rates 125 67 Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin in Flue Gas From the Chicago NW Incinerator and Corresponding Emission Rates 127 68 Cadmium Input and Emissions From Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 128 Summary Statistics for Total Organic Chlorine Concentration Data From Ames, Iowa 132 Summary Statistics for Total Organic Chlorine Concentration Data From Chicago NW 133 Summary of Surrogate Compounds Percent Recovery for Specimens From Ames, Iowa 134 69 70 71 72 Summary of Surrogate Compound Percent Recovery for Specimens From Chicago, NW 135 73 Validity of Confidence Statements for Selected Levels of Bias 136 74 Summary of Coefficient of Variation for the Pilot Study. . . 138 75 Summary of Statistics for Compounds Quantitated in Primary Input Media at Ames, Iowa . 140 76 Summary Statistics for Compounds Quantitated in Gaseous Emissions at Ames, Iowa 141 Summary Statistics for Compounds Quantitated in Solid Emissions at Ames, Iowa 142 77 78 Summary of Total Input and Emissions From Ames, Iowa . . . . 143 79 Summary of Statistics for Compounds Quantitated in Gaseous Emissions From Chicago 144 Summary of Flue Gas Emissions of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Isomers from Ames, Iowa 145 80 81 Summary of Flue Gas Emissions of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dibenzo-£-dioxins, and dibenzofurans from Chicago NW . . . 146 �SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION This pilot study was conducted as a prelude to a nationwide survey of organic emissions from major stationary combustion sources. The primary objectives of the pilot study were to obtain data on the variability of organic emissions from two such sources and to evaluate the sampling and analysis methods. These data are used to construct the survey design for the nationwide survey. The compounds of interest are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated aromatic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p_-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Of particular interest is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop_-dioxin (TCDD). In addition, total cadmium was also determined in special samples from both plants to meet special Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) needs. Midwest Research Institute (MRI) was responsible for overall task management, specifying the sampling and analysis methods, assisting in the collection of samples, receiving samples at the plant sites, shipping the samples to the analysis laboratories, and conducting all sample analyses. MRI was assisted in this effort by two subcontractors. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) assisted in sampling, exercised sample control, and conducted most of the analyses for samples from the first plant. Gas chromatographic/ mass spectrometric confirmation of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs was conducted by MRI. Gulf South Research Institute (GSRI) provided similar assistance for the second plant. The statistical design of the pilot study was constructed by Research Triangle Institute (RTI). RTI also conducted statistical analysis of the resulting emissions data and constructed the design for the nationwide survey. The results of the statistical analysis are summarized in Section 9 of this report. The survey design is summarized in a report to the EPA Office of Toxic Substances.*• TRW, Inc. was responsible for conducting the field sampling and data collection. The results of TRW's efforts are described in two reports to EPA's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park.2'3 The body of these reports are contained in Appendices A and B. A summary of the results of this study is contained in Section 2 of this report. Section 3 presents recommendations for future work. Brief descriptions of the two combustion sources are contained in Section 4. The sampling and analysis methods are described in Sections 5 and 6. Sections 7 and 8 present the field test data and analytical results. The analytical quality �assurance results are summarized in Section 9. Section 10 presents the emissions results and Section 11 is a statistical summary of the emissions results. �SECTION 2 SUMMARY Two major stationary combustion sources, a municipal incinerator and a co-fired (refuse-derived fuel plus coal) power plant, were studied to determine the variability of organic emissions between sources and over a designated time period for each plant. The pilot study results served as a basis for structuring the survey design for a nationwide survey1 for organic emissions from stationary combustion sources. All inputs and outputs (including fuel, air, water, ash, and flue gas) that were influenced by the combustion process at each facility were sampled for a minimum of 11 days. Daily flue gas samples (20 m3) were collected concurrently at the inlet and outlet of the control devices using a modified Method 5 sampling train. The solid and aqueous inputs and outputs from each plant were collected six times per day (at roughly 4-hr intervals). The samples were extracted and analyzed for total organic chlorine (TOC1), PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. A limited number of samples were analyzed for cadmium. The TOC1 procedure (more correctly, total extractable organic halide) was developed for this study to provide a sensitive measure of the variability of chlorinated organic emissions. The TOC1 emissions from the municipal incinerator and the co-fired power plant differed and were variable within the test duration for each plant. The flue gas accounted for more than 80% of each plant's TOC1 emissions. The TOC1 emissions averaged 322 mg/hr from the municipal incinerator and 246 mg/hr from the co-fired power plant. The variability of the TOC1 results was the key element in the construction of the nationwide survey design.1 A number of specific compounds including chlorinated benzenes and chlorinated phenols were detected in the flue gas from the municipal incinerator. The sum of the organic chlorine concentrations attributable to these specific compounds is comparable to the TOC1 results. Fewer chlorinated compounds were identified in the flue gas extracts of the co-fired plant and were generally present at lower concentrations than in extracts from the municipal incinerator. Polycyclic organic compounds including PAHs, PCDDs and PCDFs were identified in the flue gas extracts from the municipal incinerator. Some PAHs and PCBs were also identified and quantitated in the flue gas from the cofired power plant, but PCDDs and PCDFs were not detected. �The mean concentration observed for total PCBs from the municipal incinerator was 42 ng/dscm (dscm = dry standard cubic meter), compared to an average of 19 ng/dscm from the co-fired power plant. However, the order of the average emission rate is reversed because of the lower flue gas flow rate of the refuse incinerator. The average PCB emission rates for the RDF/coal-fired power plant and the refuse incinerator were 6 mg/hr and 3.6 mg/hr, respectively. Because of the variability observed in the data, no significant differences between concentrations or emission rates between the two plants can be determined. The PCB isomer distribution ranged from dichlorinated to pentachlorinated compounds for the municipal incinerator and trichlorinated to decachlorinated compounds for the co-fired power plant. PCDDs and PCDFs were not identified in sample extracts from the co-fired power plant. However, several PCDDs and PCDFs were identified in composited sample extracts from the municipal incinerator. Trichloro- and tetrachlorodibenzofurans were the most abundant of the PCDDs and PCDFs in these extracts, averaging 300 ng/dscm and 90 ng/dscm, respectively. The specific PCDD isomer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) was also identified in these extracts from the municipal incinerator and averaged 0.4 ng/dscm (average mass emission 34 (jg/hr). This isomer was identified in these extracts using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. This identification was confirmed by an independent laboratory using similar instrumentation. The level of cadmium was also measured in the inputs and outputs for a limited number of sample days for each plant. The mass balance observed for the inputs and emissions of the co-fired power plant was fairly good. However, the agreement for cadmium inputs and emissions for the municipal incinerator was poor. This was likely due to the difficulties encountered in obtaining representative samples of the refuse burned at this facility. �SECTION 3 RECOMMENDATIONS The nationwide this report provide analysis procedures fired power plants, combustion study should be conducted. The results in the basis for a sound statistical design for sampling and in future programs (i.e., municipal incinerators, coaletc.). Extraction studies should be undertaken with fly ash samples that have been shown to contain PCDDs and PCDFs. Analysis of such a material could provide a better measure of recovery efficiency of these compounds than from other similar solid materials. The modified Method 5 sampling procedure used in this study is based on sound developments for particulate sampling coupled with adsorption of organic vapors on a resin of known properties. However, this sampling procedure should be rigorously evaluated for the collection efficiencies of PCDDs and PCDFs as an additional quality assurance measure. The preliminary data presented in this report surement should be further evaluated for use as an organic emissions. The development of a good TOC1 cantly reduce the costs of obtaining large amounts suggest that the TOC1 meaindicator of chlorinated measurement could signifiof combustion source data. Additional work should be conducted to improve the selective separation and detection of PCDDs and PCDFs. Current methods require labor-intensive extractions and cleanup procedures. �SECTION 4 PLANT DESCRIPTIONS AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 The Ames Municipal Power Plant is owned and operated by the city of Ames, Iowa, and is located within the city limits. The coal-fired utility boiler tested at this plant was Unit No. 7, one of three units that have been modified to burn processed refuse as a supplemental fuel with coal. Unit No. 7, a pulverized coal suspension fired boiler, is used under normal operating condition. The other two units are operated under peak demand or when Unit No. 7 is down. This unit was originally designed to burn either coal or natural gas as the primary fuel. It was first brought into operation in 1968 and was modified to burn refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in 1975. Unit No. 7 generally burns a mixture of Colorado coal, Iowa coal, and RDF. Generally, the ratio of the two types of coal varies, although during this particular testing period a 45 to 55% ratio of Colorado to Iowa coal was maintained in the pulverized coal mixture. Approximately 20% (by weight) of the total fuel prepared and fired at this facility was RDF and 80% was pulverized coal. The RDF is produced at a separate Ames city facility located near the power plant. Raw refuse is sorted to remove glass and metals for recycling. The remaining material (largely papers and plastics) are milled and pneumatically conveyed to a storage bin. The RDF is fed from this bin to the boiler at the required rate. The maximum RDF feed rate is 8.5 tons/hr (7.7 metric tons/hr). Pulverized coal is supplied to the furnace by tangentially orientated nozzles so that combustion is accomplished in a suspension. Approximately 20% of the total ash produced during coal-only firing is bottom ash. RDF is supplied to the furnace at a point just above the primary coal combustion zone. Moveable grates hold the residual RDF at the bottom of the coal combustion zone to enhance RDF combustion. The grates are lowered during bottom ash wasting and when RDF is not being fired. The ash and slag deposited in the hopper are removed at least three times per day. An average of 758,000 liters/day (200,000 gal./day) of well water (sluice water) is used to remove the solid waste from the furnace bottom. This waste is drained to a holding pond where the ash is dredged out and stock piled. The water from the holding pond is allowed to percolate through the soil and eventually into a nearby river. �Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are used to remove particulates from the stack gases. The ESPs require at least 61 kw of the maximum 35,000 kw gross output of Unit No. 7. Fly ash collected in the ESP hoppers is pneumatically conveyed (3 times/day) to the bottom ash hopper drain system. Additional information including schematics of the plant site, the flow system, Unit No. 7 design, and the solid waste recovery system is presented in the pilot test program engineering report provided by TRW (see Appendix A). Other tables in the TRW report list the boiler design data, the pulverizer specifications, the fan design performance parameters, performance characteristics of the ESP, and the predicted performance characteristics of Unit No. 7. CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 The Chicago Northwest Incinerator is one of four municipal incinerators owned and operated by the city of Chicago (Illinois) and located within the city limits. This plant has four incinerators, each having a nominal burning capacity of 400 ton/24 hr day (363 metric tons/24 hr day). Each incinerator has a charging hopper, feed chute, hydraulic powered feeders and stoker, boiler, economizer and fly ash hoppers. Draft through the furnace is provided by forced draft fans, overfire air fans, and induced draft fans. Mixed refuse from domestic sources is brought to the incinerator in trucks having a capacity of 5 tons (4,500 kg) or 25 cubic yards (19 m3). The refuse varies considerably in consistency and moisture content seasonally and from load to load. All refuse is collected in a storage pit of 9,700 cubic yard (7,400 cubic yard) capacity. The refuse is not sorted prior to storage in the pit except for large items (e.g., furniture and large appliances) which are milled prior to storage in the pit. The refuse typically contains considerable quantities of automobile tires, small appliances, and similar discarded durable goods. The refuse is removed from the pit by one of three transfer cranes and is dumped directly into the four furnace feed hoppers. Refuse in the charging hopper of each incinerator flows by gravity from the hopper to three stoker feeders through a feed chute. The stoker feeders at the bottom of the feed chute push the refuse into the stoker by a reciprocating action. Alternate lateral rows of grate steps have controlled continuous reciprocating action with the moving grate steps pushing in reverse direction to the flow of refuse. This action moves a portion of the burning refuse under the unignited material and thereby effects an agitation and blending of the whole burning mass. Combustion air entering from below the grates cools the grates, helps to agitate the burning refuse and supplies the oxygen which produces a maximum burn-out in the shortest length of grate travel. The combustion air combines with the burning refuse to generate heat and raise the temperature of the flue gas to as high as 2000°F (1100°C). At rated burning capacity and based on 50% excess air (dry) the flue gas flow rate at 550°F (290°C) is estimated to be 142,300 actual cubic feet per minute (acfm) or 4,030 m3/min. The flue gas passes upward through the'furnace, through the boiler passes and finally through the economizer to the electrostatic precipitator. As it passes through the boiler it transfers heat to the water. �At the inlet to the electrostatic precipitator the temperature is reduced to approximately 500°F (260°C) because of the above heat exchange. During the passage of the flue gas through the boiler passes and economizer the heavier fly ash particles drop out. Hoppers are provided below the boiler and economizer for the collection of the particulates. In order to obtain maximum combustion efficiency, the depth of the refuse bed is controlled by automatic discharge or clinker rollers located at the end of the grate. As the residue reaches this point it is dumped into an ash discharger and is quenched in water. The residue is pushed up an inclined slope that permits draining and produces a residue of less than 15% moisture. In addition to quenching, the ash discharger also serves as a water seal for the furnace and prevents infiltration of air into the furnace. The furnace operates under slight negative pressure. The residue leaving each incinerator ash discharger passes through a hydraulically operated chute to one of two residue conveyors. The residue is screened to separate material larger than 2 in. (5 cm) in diameter. Hydraulic powered chutes are used to direct the flow of the residue away from the rotary screens and into a by-pass hopper. The residue conveyors also receive and transport stoker grate sittings and fly ash accumulations from the boiler hoppers, economizer hoppers, and the electrostatic precipitators. Stoker grate siftings collect in six hoppers under each of the three stoker grate sections. Residue from the hoppers is removed from the plant by trucks. The weight of the residue leaving the plant is measured and recorded at the weighing station. The boiler fly ash is collected in four hoppers, two of which discharge to the stoker grates. The other two hoppers are discharged directly through a common pipe to the residue conveyor. The fly ash from the economizer hoppers passes through a common pipe connected to the-discharge end of a conveyor handling fly ash from the two electrostatic precipitator hoppers. The fly ash is deposited directly into the residue discharge chute. The flue gas exiting the ESPs is vented to a 250-ft (76 m) high stack via an induced draft fan. Flue gases from two identical units are discharged from a single stack via a breaching. A more detailed description of the plant operation and schematics of the plant site, the flow system, and the flue gas and grab sampling locations is presented in the TRW pilot test program engineering report (see Appendix B). �SECTION 5 SAMPLING METHODS FLUE GAS Flue gas sampling for organic compounds was accomplished concurrently at points both inlet and outlet to the electrostatic precipitators using two modified Method 5 sampling trains (shown in Figure 1) at each location. Figure 2 shows the locations of sampling ports on a typical unit. The sampling crew collected 10 m3 (10 ± 1 m3) samples with each sampling train by extracting the flue gas at rates approximating the flue gas velocity for each plant. Cadmium was sampled at the ESP outlet using a single Method 5 sampling train. The standard train was operated the same as depicted in Figure 1, but without condenser and the XAD-2 sorbent trap. EPA Method 5 Procedures4 for particulate sampling were followed for both organic and inorganic sampling procedures, except that 10 m3 was sampled with each organic train. Detailed descriptions of the Method 5 calibration and actual sampling procedures for specific ducts and stacks at the Ames Municipal Power Plant and Chicago Northwest Incinerator have been presented in the respective field data reports (Appendices A and B). Additional details on the pretest preparation and sample recovery procedures are described in a methods manual for the nationwide combustion source survey.5 The flue gas sampling at the Ames facility was conducted both on the duct just before the electrostatic precipitator and on the stack. Sampling for organics was to be performed for 14 consecutive days with an additional 3 days sampling for particulate cadmium. However, due to extreme weather conditions only 11 days of concurrent inlet and outlet samples were collected. Eight additional inlet samples were also collected. The flue gas sampling at the Chicago plant was conducted at the duct inlet to the electrostatic precipitator and at the duct leading from the precipitator to the stack. Despite boiler down time and equipment malfunction, 11 days of organic samples (including concurrent inlet and outlet flue gas) were taken. A complete sampling train, including resin trap filter and impinger solutions was set up as a train background (blank) at each plant. The train was taken to normal operating temperature and allowed to remain at this temperature for 1 hr. Upon completion of testing, the sampling equipment was brought to a clean laboratory area for recovery. Each sampling train was kept in a separate area to prevent sample mixup and cross contamination. The individual sample train components were recovered as follows: �Cyclone (optional) Condenser & Resin Cartridge Thermocouple Reverie-Type Pitot Tube Console Impingers 1,3 and 4 are of (he Modified Greenburg-Smllh Type Impinger 2 is of I lie Greenburg-Smith Design Impinger I and 2 Contain 100 ml Water Impinger 3 Empty Impinger 4 Contains 200-300 Grams Silica Gel Figure 1. Modified Method 5 train for organics sampling. 10 �ESP Inlet Ports Stack Platform and Ports Figure 2. Locations of flue gas sampling ports on a typical combustion unit. 11 �Dry particulate in cyclone - cyclone flasks were transferred to cyclone catch bottle. • Probe was wiped to remove all external particulate matter near probe ends. Filters were removed from their housings and placed in proper containers. • After recovering dry particulate from the nozzle, probe, cyclone, and flask, these parts were rinsed with distilled water to remove remaining particulate. They were subsequently rinsed with glass distilled acetone and cyclohexane and put into a separate container. All rinses were retained in an amber glass container. Sorbent traps were removed from the train, capped with glass plugs, and given to an on-site MRI representative. Condenser coil, if separate from the sorbent trap, and the connecting glassware to the first impinger was rinsed into the condensate catch (first impinger). • First and second impingers were measured, volume recorded and retained in an amber glass storage bottle. The impingers were then rinsed with small amounts of distilled water, acetone and cyclohexane. These rinsings were combined with the condensate catch. Rinse volumes were also recorded. • The volumes of the third and fourth impingers were measured and recorded. Solutions were discarded. Silica gel was weighed, weight gain recorded and regenerated for further use. To maintain sample integrity, all containers were amber glass, with TFElined lids. PLANT BACKGROUND AIR A high volume air sampler was used to collect organic compounds and cadmium associated with particulates in the air used for combustion. The samples were collected on 8 in. x 10 in. (20 cm x 25 cm) glass fiber filters. A high volume sampler was placed on the roof of each facility to obtain a representative background of outside ambient air, rather than sampling air inside the building that could have been contaminated or influenced by the combustion process. SOLID AND AQUEOUS MEDIA Solid and aqueous samples that directly contact the combustion process were collected several times during each 24-hr period according to schedules 12 �provided by RTI. Four solid sample types were collected from the Ames plant, coal, ESP hopper ash, bottom ash, and RDF. ESP ash, refuse, and combined ash were sampled at the Chicago plant. Combined ash includes mixed ESP ash and bottom ash since the design of the Chicago ash handling system did not allow separate access to bottom ash. All solid samples were collected six times per day at roughly 4-hr intervals. Some solid samples were accessible from more than one nominally equivalent point in the plant. In these cases, samples were taken from specific points according to a randomized scheme provided by RTI. Hence, coal was sampled from two feed streams, RDF was sampled from four feed streams, and ESP ash was sampled from two collection hoppers at the Ames plant based on this scheme. Similarly, bottom ash from the Ames plant and bottom ash and refuse from the Chicago plant were sampled from specific sectors of the exposed material according to the randomized scheme. Figure 3 shows the sector systems used in sampling bottom ash from the Ames and Chicago plants. Raw refuse was sampled at the Chicago incinerator from the two sides of the feed hopper. The aqueous streams sampled at Ames included cooling tower blowdown water, well water, and bottom ash quench overflow. Only city tap water (plant intake water) was sampled at the Chicago facility. Liquid streams that did not flow continuously were allowed to purge for 3 min prior to obtaining samples. Sample containers were rinsed three times with sample liquid prior to being filled with that liquid. The streams sampled and frequency of sampling were as follows : • Bottom ash quench overflow water was sampled twice per shift, for a total of six samples per 24-hr period. Cooling tower blowdown feed for the bottom ash quench system was sampled once per day. Three well water samples were collected over the testing period. City tap water was sampled once per day. CONTINUOUS MONITORING The continuous monitoring data collected for the two different plants included: (1) oxygen [03] concentrations, (2) carbon dioxide [C02] concentrations, (3) carbon monoxide [CO] concentrations, (4) hydrocarbon concentrations [THC] [GI through C6] and (5) ambient temperatures. On-line monitoring was performed at the inlet of the electrostatic precipitators (ESP) at both plants and in the duct leading from the exit side of the ESP to the induced draft fan at the Chicago Northwest Incinerator and at the 100 ft (30 m) level on the stack at the Ames Municipal Power Plant. A stainless steel filter connected to a 3-ft (91-cm) probe was inserted into the sample port for each sample location. Heat traced line was run from the sample port to a gas conditioner. Vacuum pumps were used to draw the inlet and outlet sample gas from the sample ports through the gas conditioner 13 �' / E F C D A B North Hopper Door Ames Municipal Electric System, Unit No. 7 Bottom Ash Hopper A B C D F Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Unit No. 2 Residue Discharge Chute Figure 3. Sector schemes for sampling bottom ash. 14 �and to the analytical instruments. An automatic timer switched the continuous monitoring equipment from inlet to outlet every 15 rain. The average values for 02, C02) CO and THC recorded during each test period are presented in Section 8 of this report with a summary of the flue gas testing parameters. A more detailed description of the continuous monitoring data is presented in Appendices A and B. PROCESS DATA COLLECTION In order to fully characterize the operation of the two different combustion facilities and to designate periods of dramatic changes in the performance of a particular unit, numerous operating parameters were recorded throughout the flue gas sampling periods, as well as on a 24-hr basis. This information included mass flow data for fuels (coal, fuel oil, and RDF), periods of soot blowing, unit downtime, steam flow rate, steam pressure, steam temperature, feedwater flow rate, feedwater temperature, combustion air flow rate, combustion air temperature, percent excess oxygen, induced and forced fan pressures, furnace draft, furnace temperature, flue gas temperature, and ambient temperature and ambient pressure. The process data averages based on 24-hr periods and the flue gas test durations are presented in Section 7 of this report. Data for these parameters taken on an hourly basis are presented in detail in the Appendices. 15 �SECTION 6 ANALYSIS METHODS ORGANICS The analysis methods for organics were designed to provide qualitative and quantitative determinations of several specific analytes and to provide semiquantitative information on any additional polychlorinated aromatic compounds identified. The specific analytes included eight PAH compounds (listed in Table 1), PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. Special emphasis was placed on highly selective and sensitive procedures for determining 2,3,7,8-TCDD. TABLE 1. PAH COMPOUNDS SELECTED Benzo[a]pyrene Pyrene Fluoranthene Phenanthrene Chrysene Indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene Benzo[£,h,ijperylene Anthracene Samples were also assayed for total organic chlorine (TOC1) to provide a general measure of the variability of chlorinated emissions. Since it was anticipated that concentrations for many specific compounds would be near minimum detectable levels, the variabilities observed for specific compounds may be more representative of measurement error than emission variabilities. The sensitivity of the TOC1 procedure should allow more reliable detection of the variability of emissions for chlorinated organics. 16 �A tiered scheme was used to economize on the total number of analyses required. The tier 1 operations, schematically shown in Figure 4, included sample extraction, TOC1 assays, capillary gas chromatographic (HRGC) screening for halogenated compounds and hydrocarbons, and PAH analysis by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS). Extract analysis by capillary gas chromatography with Hall electrolytic conductivity and flame ionization detectors (HRGC/Hall-FID) provided a sensitive screen for halogenated compounds that was used to aid the identification of specific halogenated compounds in the HRGC/MS data. Some of the individual grab samples were composited to form daily and shift composite samples prior to extraction for tier 1 analysis. The sample compositing scheme was provided by RTI. The tier 2 analyses, also shown in Figure 4, focused on very sensitive and selective determinations of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. Extracts were analyzed by HRGC/MS operated in selected ion monitoring mode (HRGC/MS-SIM). Suspected responses for PCDDs and PCDFs were confirmed by using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS-SIM). In addition, three extracts were submitted to the EPA laboratory at Research Triangle Park for collaborative confirmation of PCDDs and PCDFs. The analytical quality assurance program included analyses of method spikes, method blanks, and field blanks in addition to the use of stable isotope-labelled surrogate compounds spiked into all samples to provide some analytical recovery data for all samples. Scanning HRGC/MS analyses were conducted using a stable isotope-labelled internal standard, dio~anthracene. HRGC/HRMS-SIM analyses for TCDD employed 37Cl4-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-£dioxin. In addition, two sets of check samples, one set for TOC1 and one set for specific chlorinated aromatic compounds, were sent to the two laboratories conducting the tier 1 analyses. The analytical methods used are described in detail in the subsections that follow. Additional details of the analytical procedures are described in methods manual for the nationwide combustion source survey.5 Tier 1 Methods Sample Preparation and Compositing-Flue gas samples—The contents of the two modified Method 5 sampling trains used at each sampling point on each day were analyzed as a single sample. That is, the four trains used each sampling day (except for several days at the Ames site on which outlet flue gas was not sampled) comprised daily samples for outlet and inlet flue gas. Hence, the corresponding sample components from both trains were extracted together, i.e., filters, cyclone catch, train rinsings, and resin cartridges. All extracts resulting from the two trains were then combined. All filters and cyclone catches were weighed prior to extraction to allow estimation of particulate emissions. However, the filters were not desiccated to constant weight according to the Method 5 procedures in order to maintain sample integrity for subsequent organic analyses. Hence, the particulate emissions estimates may not be valid. 17 �Sample Extract Short Packed Column GC/Hall (TOCI) TIER 1 HRGC/Hall-FIDor HRGC/FID Screen Add Internal Standard Anthracene - d]g HRGC/MS (Scanning) Surrogates + Pol/cyclic Organic Compounds Add Internal Standard 37, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxinHRGC/MS-SIM Chlorinated Polycyclic Organic Compounds (Biphenyls, Dioxins, Furans) ••Hold TIER 2 HRGC/HRMS-SIM Confirmation ••Hold Interlaboratory Verification HRGC/HRMS-SIM Figure 4. General analytical scheme. 18 �Grab samples--Portions of the ash, fuel, and aqueous samples were composited according to a schedule provided by RTI to form daily and shift composites for each sample type for selected sampling days. Fly ash, bottom ash, and coal from the Ames site were prepared prior to compositing by pulverizing in a ceramic ball mill with stainless steel balls. Plant background air samples—The single combustion air sample collected each day was extracted and analyzed individually. Prior to extraction, the filters were weighed to allow estimation of the total particulate catch. Sample Extraction— Solid samples—In order to determine the most appropriate extraction procedure, a number of solvent and extraction systems were evaluated using samples of Ames fly ash spiked with selected PAH's and 1,2,3,4-TCDD. Chlorinated solvents were avoided in order to minimize the possibility of producing chlorinated species during the extraction. Preliminary evaluations of simple sample-solvent contact techniques added by mechanical or ultrasonic agitation produced low recoveries. Subsequent evaluations were focused on Soxhlet and reflux procedures. Table 2 summarizes the results of evaluations of seven sample pretreatment and solvent system combinations using Ames fly ash spiked with selected PAHs and 1,2,3,4-TCDD. Pretreatment with water and Soxhlet extraction with benzene provided the highest recovery for all spiked compounds. The average recovery for the nine compounds was 81%. The range of recoveries obtained with this procedure was 56 to 107%. The influence of pretreatment with water on the extractability of the target compounds is not clear. However, a general improvement in recoveries was observed for extractions with acetone/cyclohexane azeotrope when water was added to the ash prior to extraction. Similar effects have been reported for soil and sediment extraction by many researchers. Possibly, the water hydrates cations in the ash that tend to associate with the mobile n-cloud of polynuclear species so that they are more easily extractable. Some researchers have reported good recoveries with procedures involving pretreatment with aqueous acid and extraction with aromatic solvents, e.g., pretreatment with 1 N HC1 and extraction with toluene.6 However, this procedure was determined to be unsatisfactory for several reasons. Acid pretreatment may encourage degradation of some compounds. Reflux or Soxhlet extraction with toluene must be conducted at a higher temperature than for benzene (the boiling points of toluene and benzene are 111 and 80°C, respectively) so that thermally unstable and relatively volatile compounds may be lost. In addition, toluene extracts cannot be conveniently concentrated using Kuderna-Danish evaporation over a steam or hot water bath. All solid samples were Soxhlet extracted with benzene for 8 to 16 hr. The entire sample was extracted for the flue gas train components. Twentygram aliquots of coal, refuse, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), bottom ash, and fly ash were extracted. The fly ash was mixed with 10 ml of prepurified water just prior to analysis. All samples were spiked with the two surrogate spiking compounds, dg-naphthalene and d12-chrysene, just prior to extraction. However, since the extracts for various flue gas components were later combined, only one component for each flue gas sample was selected for surrogate 19 �TABLE 2. RECOVERY OF SELECTED PAHs AND 1,2,3,4-TCDD FROM AMES FLY ASH % Recovery D E F G 62 46 102 63 49 42 107 65 68 60 25 94 60 65 68 64 24 86 72 54 74 75 72 67 81 Chrysene 38 40 NSa NS 38 15 73 Benzo [ a ] py rene 26 28 35 52 26 8 69 Indeno[l,2,3-c,d]pyrene 15 20 27 40 15 0 58 Benzo [ g , h , i ] pery lene 17 24 25 41 17 0 56 Average 45 48 50 59 44 25 81 Compound A B C Phenanthrene 62 76 60 63 Anthracene 49 67 48 Fluoranthene 60 61 Pyrene 64 1,2,3,4-TCDD Note: A. B. C. D. E. Soxhlet 16 hr, cyclohexane, dry fly ash (20 g). Same as A except 5 ml H20 + 5 ml acetone added to fly ash. Soxhlet 16 hr, acetone/cyclohexane azeotrope (67% acetone). Same as C except 5 ml H20 added to fly ash (80% cyclohexane). Soxhlet 16 hr, cyclohexane/ethanol azeotrope + 10 ml water on fly ash (20 g). F. Reflux 4 hr with 250 ml H20 + 50 ml toluene. G. Soxhlet 16 hr with benzene + 10 ml H20 added to 20 g fly ash. a NS = No chrysene in spike. 20 �spiking. The component selected was varied so as to provide some recovery data for all components. The extracts from coal, refuse, and RDF were washed with three 100-ml portions of prepurified water to remove polar interferences. The extracts from all solid samples were dried by passage through short columns of preextracted anhydrous sodium sulfate before concentration to 2 to 10 ml in Kuderna-Danish evaporators. The extracts were further concentrated under a gentle stream of dry nitrogen. The final extract volume was typically 1.0 ml. However, some extracts were analyzed at volumes ranging from 0.20 to 10.0 ml. All extracts were spiked with the internal standard for scanning HRGC/MS, djo-anthracene, prior to analysis. Aqueous samples—All aqueous samples, i.e., flue gas rinses, first impinger waters, overflow waters, raw waters, etc., were batch extracted in separatory funnels with three 60-ml portions of cyclohexane. As in the case of the solid samples, the aqueous samples were spiked with the surrogate spiking compounds just prior to analysis. The resulting extracts were dried and concentrated to 0.20 to 1.0 ml according to the procedures described for solid samples. TOC1 Assay-The TOC1 contents of all extracts were determined using a simplified GC/ Hall procedure. A short packed column and a rapid temperature program were used to elute all chromatographable compounds with volatilities equal to or greater than dichlorobenzene as a single peak. The TOC1 contents of sample extracts were determined by comparing the area response of the peak with that obtained for chlorinated standards. TOC1 results were expressed as chloride. The specific parameters used by SwRI and GSRI for TOC1 assays of the Ames and Chicago samples, respectively, are shown in Table 3. A sample TOC1 chroraatogram for an Aroclor 1254 PCB standard (GSRI procedure) is shown in Figure 5. HRGC/Hall-FID Screening-Sample extracts were screened by HRGC/Hall-FID prior to HRGC/MS analysis to provide a preliminary indication of their halogenated and hydrocarbon contents. In addition, the Hall responses were used to help identify elution times on which to focus examination of the subsequent mass spectral data for halogenated compounds. The specific parameters used by SwRI and GSRI are shown in Table 4. Fused silica capillary columns were used with Grob-type capillary injection systems operated in the splitless mode. GSRI did not have a fused silica column effluent splitter available; hence, extracts from the Chicago plant were screened using FID detection only. Scanning HRGC/MS-Sample extracts were analyzed by HRGC/MS to determine the target PAH compounds and to allow identification and quantitation of specific chlorinated compounds. The primary determinations of surrogate spiking compound recoveries were made from the HRGC/MS data. The chromatographic parameters utilized were essentially identical to those used for the HRGC/Hall-FID screening. 21 �TABLE 3. TOC1 ANALYSIS PARAMETERS Parameter SwRI (Ames samples) GSRI (Chicago NW samples) Column 0.9 m x 4 nun ID, glass 1.0 m x 2 mm ID, glass Packing 2.5 cm of 10% SP-2100 UltraBond 3.8 cm of 2.5% SE-30 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb G, rest of column filled with 80/100 mesh glass beads Carrier gas He at 60 ml/min He at 30 ml/min Column temperature 60°C for 3 min, then to 230°C at 40°C/min 60°C for 3 min, then to 250°C at 40°C/min External standard compound chlorobiphenyl Aroclor 1254 22 �25 ng Aroclor 1254 Attenuation - 500 V) a> ID V ex. Vent Valve Closed 4 8 12 Time (Minutes) Figure 5. TOC1 chromatogram for Aroclor 1254. 23 16 �TABLE 4. HRGC SCREENING PARAMETERS Parameter GSRI (Chicago NW samples) SwRI (Ames samples) Column 30 m fused silica, wall coated with SE-30 30 m fused silica, wall coated with SE-30 Column temperature 100°C for 5 min, then to 300°C at 10°C/min 60°C for 2 min, then to 300°C at 10°C/min Detectors Hall-FID, 1:1 split FID During the runs, the spectrometer was repetitively scanned over the range m/e 35 to 550 at 1.0 sec/scan. The PAH compounds, including the surrogates, were identified using three extracted ion current plots (EICPs). The criteria for compound identification are coincident peaks in all EICPs at the appropriate retention time with the characteristic response ratios. Compounds identified were quantitated by comparing the EICP response for the most abundant ion with that for the same compound in a mixed standard solution. Tier 2 Methods Following completion of the tier 1 chemical analyses, RTI conducted a statistical analysis of the TOC1 results and constructed a preliminary design for the nationwide survey based on the observed TOC1 variabilities. The preliminary survey design specified sampling programs of 5 and 3 days duration for coal-fired and refuse-fired plants, respectively. Hence, in order to allow inclusion of the pilot study data in the survey data set, the extracts were composited prior to further analysis to simulate a 5-day test at the Ames plant and a 3-day test at the Chicago plant. The compositing scheme, provided by RTI, is shown in Table 5. The composite extracts for each composite day were prepared by combining equal volumes of daily composites from the designated sample days. This necessitated the preparation of daily composites from shift composite extracts or individual sample extracts for many samples and sample days. 24 �TABLE 5. EXTRACT COMPOSITING SCHEME FOR TIER 2 ANALYSES Composite day I II III IV V Sample days combined Ames samples Chicago samples 3/2, 3/15 3/13, 3/22 3/14, 3/19 3/17, 3/20 3/3, 3/23 5/6, 5/9, 5/16 5/7, 5/10, 5/12 5/11, 5/13, 5/15 The composite extracts were screened by HRGC/Hall-FID or HRGC/FID prior to analysis for PAH compounds by scanning HRGC/MS, and for PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs by HRGC/MS-SIM. Only extracts for which positive responses were obtained for PCDDs and PCDFs were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. HRGC/Hall-FID and HRGC/FID Screening— The composited extracts were screened by HRGC/Hall-FID (Ames samples) or HRGC/FID (Chicago samples) by the procedures described for Tier 1 screening except that fused silica capillary columns wall-coated with SE-54 were used. Scanning HRGC/MS Analysis— The HRGC/MS procedures employed for the composite extracts were essentially the same as was used for tier 1 analyses. The target PAH compounds were determined and any other compounds observed were identified by manual and computer-assisted spectral interpretation. Quantitative estimates for all compounds identified were based on responses versus responses for the same or similar compounds in standard solutions. HRGC/MS-SIM AnalysisAll composite extracts were screened for the presence of PCDDs and PCDFs by HRGC/MS-SIM. The chromatographic parameters used by SwRI and GSRI for the Ames and Chicago extracts, respectively, were the same as were used for scanning HRGC/MS analyses. The ions selected for detection were the two most abundant ions in the molecular cluster for each compound. No positive responses were detected in any of the Ames extracts. Positive responses were detected in composite flue gas extracts from the Chicago plants. However, interfering materials in the extracts hindered reliable identifications. Three composite flue gas extracts from the Chicago plant were cleaned by a vigorous base treatment, an acid treatment, and an alumina chromatographic procedure specifically developed for PCDD and PCDF assays. The composited extracts were split into two fractions each. One fraction was spiked with l,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin and octachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin, and the other fraction was not spiked. The extracts were stirred with 45% aqueous KOH solution at ambient temperature for 3 hr. The mixture was extracted with hexane and the extract was washed with concentrated sulfuric acid until the washes remained colorless. The extract was concentrated and chromatographed on an alumina column using dichloromethane as the eluting solvent. 25 �The cleaned extracts were analyzed at MRI by HRGC/MS-SIM. The instrumental parameters are listed in Table 6. These analyses were conducted using a high resolution mass spectrometer operated at 1,000 resolution (10% valley). Positive PCDD and PCDF responses were detected in all extracts. Since low resolution mass spectrometric analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in environmental extracts may be obscured by the presence of similar chlorinated aromatic compounds (e.g., PCB's), these extracts were held for analysis by capillary gas chromatograpy/high resolution mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring (HRGC/HRMS-SIM). TABLE 6. HRGC/MS PARAMETERS USED FOR ANALYSES OF PCDDs AND PCDFs IN COMPOSITE CHICAGO NW FLUE GAS OUTLET EXTRACTS Column 18 m fused silica wall-coated with SE-54 Column temperature 110°C for 2 min, then to 325°C at 10°C/ min Injector J&W on-column Spectrometer resolution 1,000 (10% valley) Scan rate 1-2 sec/scan (3-5 ions/scan) Ions selected (m/e) Trichlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Pentachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Hexachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Heptachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Octachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin 285.9, 319.9, 353.9, 389.8, 423.8, 457.7, 287.9 321.9 355.9 391.8 425.8 459.7 Trichlorodibenzofuran Tetrachlorodibenzofuran Pentachlorodibenzofuran Hexachlorodibenzofuran Heptachlorodibenzofuran Octachlorodibenzofuran 269.9, 303.9, 337.9, 373.8, 407.8, 441.7, 271.9 305.9 339.9 375.8 409.8 443.7 The Ames and Chicago composite flue gas outlet extracts were also analyzed at MRI for PCBs by HRGC/MS-SIM. The instrumental parameters and ions selected are shown in Table 7. The focused ions were switched several times during a single HRGC/MS run so that all PCB compounds could be analyzed in two runs, one for odd chlorine substitutions and a second for even chlorine substitutions. PCBs were quantitated by comparing the total area response for all 26 �TABLE 7. HRGC/MS-SIM PARAMETERS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF PCBs IN COMPOSITE FLUE GAS OUTLET EXTRACTS Column 15 m fused silica, wall-coated with DB-5 (a specially bonded SE-54 coating) Column temperature 60°C for 2 min, then to 265°C at 8°C/min Injector Grob-type, splitless Spectrometer resolution 1,000 (10% valley) Scan rate 1-2 sec/scan (2-4 ions/scan) Ions selected (m/e) Dichlorobiphenyl Trichlorobiphenyl Tetrachlorobiphenyl Pentachlorobiphenyl Hexachlorobiphenyl Heptachlorobiphenyl Octachlorobiphenyl Nonochlorobiphenyl 221.9, 255.9, 291.9, 323.9, 357.8, 393.8, 427.7, 461.7, 223.9 257.9 293.9 325.9 359.8 395.8 429.7 463.7 compounds identified for a specific chlorine substitution with the area response for a specific isomer of the same chlorine substitution number. For example, total trichlorobiphenyls were quantitated against 2,5,2'-trichlorobiphenyl. The PCB isomers used for quantitation are listed in Table 8. TABLE 8. PCB COMPOUNDS USED FOR DETERMINATIONS IN COMPOSITE FLUE GAS OUTLET EXTRACTS 2,2'-Dichlorobiphenyl 4,4'-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,5,2'-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,2',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,2',3',4'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6,2',5'-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-Octachlorobiphenyl Decachlorobiphenyl 27 �HRGC/HRMS-SIM Confirmatory Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs-PCDDs and PCDFs were identified and quantitated in the composite Chicago flue gas outlet extracts by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. The instrumental parameters employed were the same as for low resolution screening at MRI except that the spectrometer was operated at 10,000 resolution (10% valley). The selected ions monitored are listed in Table 9. In order to achieve maximum sensitivity while minimizing the number of HRGC/HRMS-SIM runs, ions for a specific chlorine substitution for both dioxins and furans were monitored in a single run. For example, trichlorodibenzo-p_dioxins and trichlorodibenzofurans were analyzed in the same run. However, the tetra-substituted compounds were analyzed in separate runs to provide even better sensitivity for the most toxic PCDDs and PCDFs. The PCDD and PCDF compounds identified were quantitated by comparing the total area response for all compounds of a specific chlorine substitution with the area response for a specific isomer of the same chlorine substitution number. The specific PCDD and PCDF isomers used for quantitation are listed in Table 10. Compounds for which no corresponding authentic compound was available were quantitated against the most similar compound. Hence, hexachlorodibenzofurans were quantitated against hexachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin. The response factor used for pentachlorodibenzodioxins was the average of responses for tetra- and hexa-isomers. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p_-dioxins were quantitated using 37Cl4-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin as an internal standard. Since discrete isomers were not identified, only totals were determined for each chlorine substitution. A separate HRGC/HRMS-SIM analysis with a 60-m Carbowax column was used to determine 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-g-dioxin. The instrumental parameters are shown in Table 11. The Carbowax column, although providing good separation of specific tetra-isomers, required longer analysis times and caused signficant peak broadening. Hence, it was not used for general PCDD and PCDF analyses. The internal standard method employing 37Cl-labeled compound was used for quantitation. Quality Assurance Procedures The analytical quality assurance program consisted of the use of surrogate spiking compounds in all samples; the use of internal standards for most GC/MS analyses; analyses of field blanks and method blanks; and interlaboratory comparison studies for selected determinations. Surrogate spiking compounds were used as the primary analytical quality indicators. The two stable isotope labeled surrogates, dg-naphthalene and dj2~chrysene, were spiked immediately prior to extraction into all samples at 5 to 10 times the limits of detection. The surrogate concentrations were determined using scanning HRGC/MS data. The surrogate compound recoveries provide indications of overall quality of the extraction and extract concentration procedures. All scanning HRGC/MS analyses were conducted using dio~anthracene as the internal standard. Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin analyses by HRGC/HRMS-SIM were conducted using 37Cl4-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-D-dioxin. 28 �TABLE 9. IONS MONITORED DURING HRGC/HRMS CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS OF PCDDs AND PCDFs IN COMPOSITE CHICAGO NW FLUE GAS OUTLET EXTRACTS Compound m/e Trichlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin 37 Cl4-2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin (internal standard) enacorenzo-£-oxn Pentachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Hexachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin -Heptachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Octachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin 285.9355, 287.9325 319.8965, 321.936 327.8847 joj.ooo/, 353.8887, 389.8157, 423.7688, 457.7377, 333.0020 355.8858 391.8127 425.7659 459.7347 Trichlorodibenzofuran Tetrachloridibenzofuran Pentachlorodibenzofuran Hexachlorodibenzofuran Heptachlorodibenzofuran Octachlorodibenzofuran 269.9406, 303.9017, 337.8938, 373.8208, 407.7739, 441.7428, 271.9376 305.8987 339,8909 375.8178 409.7710 443.7398 TABLE 10. PCDD AND PCDF COMPOUNDS USED FOR DETERMINATIONS IN COMPOSITE CHICAGO NW FLUE GAS OUTLET EXTRACTS 1,2,4-Trichlorodibenzo-£-dioxin 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin Hexachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin (isomer unknown) Octachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran Octachlorodibenzofuran 29 �TABLE 11. HRGC/HRMS PARAMETERS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-R-DIOXIN IN COMPOSITE CHICAGO NW FLUE GAS OUTLET EXTRACTS Column 60 m fused silica, wall-coated with Carbowax 20M Column temperature 110°C for 2 min, then to 220°C at 10°C/min Injector J&W on-column (1 pi injection) Spectrometer resolution 10,000 (10% valley) Scan rate 1 sec/scan (3 ions) Ions selected 319.8965, 321.8936 Tetrachlorodibenzo-g-dioxin 37 C142,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-£dioxin (internal standard) 327.8847 Analyses of field blanks and method blanks (i.e., laboratory blanks) provided indications of possible sample contamination due to contact with the sampling and analysis equipment as well as general sample and extract handling. Field blanks comprised 10 to 15% of the total samples and included unused components of the flue gas sampling train, a complete sampling train for each plant (as described in Section 5), unused sample containers, and aliquots of solvents used for sample recovery at the plant. Method blanks were extracts prepared in the same manner as sample extracts although no samples were extracted. Since the tier 1 analyses were conducted by two laboratories (SwRI and GSRI), interlaboratory comparison studies were conducted to check the comparability of the resulting data. Three such studies were conducted. Comparability of TOC1 results was investigated by a set of TOC1 check extracts prepared by MRI and by an exchange of selected sample extracts between SwRI and GSRI. Check samples of fly ash spiked with selected chlorinated compounds were also prepared by MRI and analyzed by SwRI and GSRI using HRGC/Hall and scanning HRGC/MS. In addition, extracts in which positive responses were observed for PCDDs and PCDFs by HRGC/HRMS-SIM were submitted to Robert Harless at EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory in Research Triangle Park for collaborative analysis. The results of these analyses are described in Section 9. 30 �CADMIUM Samples of fly ash weighing 0.1 g or samples of bottom ash weighing 0.1 to 1 g were placed in 150-ml beakers that had been precleaned with nitric acid. Ten milliliters of aqua regia were initially added to each ash sample. The samples were gently heated and allowed to reflux until the evolution of yellow fumes subsided. An additional 5 ml of aqua regia was then added, and the ash was allowed to continue digesting. Another 5 ml of aqua regia was added to all samples, and the samples were allowed to digest for at least 20 more min. The samples were permitted to cool, and all of the material was transferred to 50-ml plastic centrifuge tubes. Centrifugation was accomplished at 2,500 rpm for approximately 5 min. The supernatant liquid was transferred by Pasteur pipets to the original beakers. Deionized water was added to the residue in the centrifuge tubes, the mixtures were agitated, the tubes were once again centrifuged, and the supernatant was added to that in the original beakers. This washing procedure was repeated again. The residue remaining in the centrifuge tube was then washed three times with a 5% (v/v) nitric acid solution. For each washing, 5 ml of the acid solution was added to each sample, and the samples were centrifuged and processed as described above. The final solutions in the beakers (approximately 85 ml) were returned to the hot plate and heated gently until the volume of the solution was reduced to 20 ml. The solutions were allowed to cool, filtered through Whatman No. 4 filter paper, and diluted to 50 ml with deionized water. A modification of this procedure was used for the digestion of refuse and filter samples. Fifteen milliliters of aqua regia and 10 ml of deionized water were added to 1-g portions of refuse or to the entire air filter. Tap water and probe-rinse water were digested by adding 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid and 1 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to 200 ml of sample and heating gently until the volume was reduced to less than 50 ml. The digested sample was diluted to 50 ml with deionized water. Solutions prepared by digestion of solid samples were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) using an air-acetylene flame. Water samples were analyzed by heatedgraphite atomization AAS. A comprehensive QA/QC control program was conducted for cadmium analyses. The program included analysis of the National Bureau of Standards coal fly ash standard reference material, aqueous solutions of cadmium prepared in-house, fortified and duplicate samples, and reagent blanks. Samples were usually digested and analyzed in groups of eight: four distinct samples, a duplicate of one of the original four which had been fortified with 10 pg of cadmium, a duplicate of another of the original four which was unaltered, a quality-control sample, and a reagent blank. The fresh dilutions of a standard solution of cadmium were prepared on each day of analysis and were used to calibrate the AAS. The precision and accuracy of the analytical method used by GSRI were determined by analysis of a coal fly ash standard reference material from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and fortified fly ash from the Chicago 31 �Northwest Incinerator. The average and standard deviation of the percentage of cadmium recovered by analysis of four replicate samples of the NBS coal fly ash was 98 ± 11. Analysis of seven replicate samples of incinerator fly ash showed the cadmium concentration to be 260 M8/8- The recovery of cadmium from the incinerator fly ash was determined by analysis of samples fortified with cadmium. The results of the recovery study are presented in Table 12. An average of 95 ± 15% of the cadmium was recovered from the fortified samples. SwRI provided QA measures in terms of analysis of all sample types spiked at the levels shown in Table 13. 32 �TABLE 12. RECOVERY OF CADMIUM FROM FORTIFIED SAMPLES OF FLY ASH FROM THE CHICAGO NW INCINERATOR Cadmium determined in fortified sample (|Jg/g) Cadmium added to sample (Mg/g) Percent cadmium recovered Sample Cadmium in original sample (Hg/g)3 1 260 100 330 70 2 260 99 370 111 3 260 100 360 100 4 260 97 350 93 5 260 100 360 100 6 260 100 370 110 7 260 100 340 80 Mean recovery 95 Standard deviation 15 a Average of seven replicate analyses. TABLE 13. RECOVERY OF CADMIUM FROM FORTIFIED SAMPLES FROM THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT Sample type Spike level Fly ash 0.5 Mg/g 97 Bottom ash 0.5 Mg/g 93 Refuse 0.1 Mg/g 98 Coal 0.5 Mg/g 94 Aqueous 4 (Jg/100 ml 33 Recovery 110 �SECTION 7 FIELD TEST DATA AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 The field test activity at the Ames Municipal Power Plant took place from February 25, 1980 to March 28, 1980. All required tests were completed and all recovered samples were sent to SwRI for analysis. A summary of the reduced data for flue gas sampling on a daily basis as calculated from the field data sheets is presented in Table 14. The following abbreviations are used throughout this report: DSCF = dry standard cubic feet, DSCM = dry standard cubic meters, ACFM = actual cubic feet per minute, DSCFM = dry standard cubic feet per minute, and DSCMM = dry standard cubic meters per minute. The data listed are corrected to standard conditions, i.e., 20°C (68°F) and a barometric pressure of 29.92 in. of mercury (1.0 atm). Percent isokinetic is the sampling velocity expressed as percent of the gas velocity in the stack or duct at the sampling points. Events that may have created uncertainties as to the quality of the flue gas sampling procedures are noted. Due to severe weather conditions, flue gas outlet samples were not collected on test days 3 to 11. Process data was monitored on an hourly basis during the entire testing period. Table 15 presents a summary of the pertinent process data as averages for daily 24-hr plant operation and operation during the flue gas sampling durations. The process data gathered indicated that the operating conditions fluctuated in patterns related to the amount of electricity generation demand placed on the boiler, and on the type of fuel being burned to meet that demand. Overall fluctuation consisted of two components. The first component was the daily variation. The load peaked in the afternoon and fell to a minimum before dawn. The second type of variation was caused by sudden operational changes, which was due to reduced power generation for various reasons such as the buying of cheaper power from a private utility, or the reduction in flow of RDF to the boiler. Unit No. 7 was generally operated between a range of 16 to 35 MW. Production over 35 MW placed considerable wear on the unit, and was avoided whenever possible. Production under 16 MW introduced instability and the possibility of large transient swings in operating conditions. Usually the boiler was operating close to one of these limits. It operated at 35 MW during peakloads because the load of the serviced community was over 35 MW. Production was reduced to 16 MW when off-peak power could be bought more cheaply from neighboring utilities. 34 �TABLE 14. DAILY DATA SUMMARIES FOR FLUE GAS SAMPLING, AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT HO. 7 Date Test (1980) no. Sampling location Inlet 3-2 3-3 1 2 North0 Soutjh Outlet 263d 4 3-6 5 3-7 6 3-8 7 3-9 8 3-10 9 3-11 10 3-12 11 Stack THC temperature pp. °F Molecular weight Moisture Velocity ft/sec 4.48 4.48 6.34 6.34 12.79 12.79 11.31 11.31 18.00 18.00 15.00 15.00 < < < < 2 2 2 2 334.31 311.78 320.93 309.92 29.01 29.35 29.30 29.31 9.95 7.15 6.32 6.24 33.55 29.09 22.69 24.79 Northe 173.54 North* 126.93 South* 212.05 South 101.52 ISA 324.36 2&3 307.31 4.92 3.60 6.01 2.88 9.19 8.70 4.38 4.33 4.33 4.33 5.87 5.87 13.80 13.80 13.80 13.80 12.44 12.44 . 12.00 12.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 < < < < < < 2 2 2 2 2 2 351.55 373.36 234.83 369.90 342.38 336.94 29.34 29.32 29.41 29.39 29.31 29.31 8.39 8.59 7.81 7.97 7.45 7.48 37.78 42.94 46.61 37.15 26.00 26.10 North South 14 &8 2&3* 184.21 252.78 5.22 4.43 7.16 4.43 14.41 14.41 17.00 < 2 17.00 < 2 370.46 352.55 29.56 29.30 7.43 9.48 North South 1&4I* 2S3h 256.88 246.73 7.28 6.99 4.41 4.41 14.56 14.56 18.00 < 2 18.00 < 2 361.09 349.23 29.49 29.38 Inlet North South 367.65 323.17 10.41 9.15 4.35 4.35 13.79 13.79 18.00 18.00 < 2 < 2 363.83 347.46 Inlet North South 368.68 365.42 10.44 4.59 10.35 4.59 13.92 13.92 16.00 < 2 16.00 < 2 Inlet North South 351.42 333.61 9.95 9.45 4.79 4.79 13.60 13.60 28.00 28.00 Inlet North1 North1 South3. Souttr" 74.03 294.81 121.92 140.22 2.10 8.35 3.45 3.97 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 Inlet North!* South 130.81 193.61 3.70 5.48 3.7 3.7 Inlet North South 394.09 383.01 11.16 10.85 4.7 4.7 Inlet , Gas flow ACFM DSCFM DSCMM North" South Inlet Outlet Inlet 3-5 Gas composition C02 CO ppm 5.80 7.43 6.06 6.88 Inlet 3 °2 204.62 262.52 214.10 243.02 Outlet 3-4 Sanple volume DSCM DSCF Outlet Isokinetic rate % 247,700 147,000 4,162 gg'oj 296,000 182,000 5,153 ™m*° _ 650,300 376,000 10,650 gjj'^g 107.14 324,600 190,600 5,397 gg'^ 45.10 43.72 346,200 193,100 5,467 *'^ || 8.14 9.03 43.20 41.09 333,300 189,800 5,375 ,gj'jo 29.28 29.18 8.93 9.72 42.92 43.48 341,600 200,300 5,671 ''4 ^5 351.00 335.86 28.14 29.27 18.32 9.18 43.61 44.01 346,400 187,400 5,307 'gjj'gj < 2 < 2 377.55 359.83 29.19 29.16 9.56 9.75 39.62 39.28 312,000 171,460 4,855 JQJ'J* 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 < < < < 316.83 364.73 344.38 315.88 29.19 29.16 29.20 29.17 7.79 8.05 7.78 8.02 30.27 30.38 36.43 27.38 492,300 286,000 8,098 ,gj ''j 13.9 13.9 25.00 25.00 < 2 < 2 352.09 330 . 65 29.31 28.25 8.59 17.13 45.23 43.77 351,900 196,200 5,555 gg'^g 13.5 13.5 22.0 22.00 < 2 < 2 374.75 356.59 29.49 29.30 6.98 8.48 45.68 44.20 355,400 201,000 5,692 jpj'jg 2 2 2 2 95.60 50.55 (continued) �TABLE 14 (continued) Date Test (1980) no. Sampling location Inlet 3-13 12 Outlet Inlet 3-14 13 Outlet Inlet 3-15 14 Outlet Inlet 3-17 15 Outlet Inlet 3-18 16 Outlet Inlet 3-19 17 Outlet Inlet 3-20 18 Outlet Inlet 3-22 19 Outlet Inlet 3-23 20 Outlet Sample volume DSCM DSCF Gas composition C02 CO ppm X % 02 Stack THC temperature ppi. °F Molecular weigl.t Moisture X Velocity ft/sec North South 1&4" 2&3 350.46 369.82 158.98 305 . 29 9.92 3.34 10.47 3.34 4.50 5.17 10.35 5.17 15.56 15.56 13.97 13.97 21.00 21.00 18.00 18.00 < < < < 2 2 2 2 361.78 340.61 339.44 315.08 29.53 29.54 29.56 29.28 8.63 8.54 7.10 9.37 42.45 41.41 25.85 26.58 North South 1&4 2&3 374.34 352.11 367.77 351.36 10.60 3.70 14.81 9.97 3.70 14.81 10.42 5.31 13.18 9.95 5.31 13.18 28.00 28.00 30.00 30.00 < < < < 2 2 2 2 384.68 375.70 365.94 358.75 29.31 29.30 29.14 29.15 9.67 9.70 9.60 9.50 43.48 41.49 24.34 24.84 North South 1&4 2&3 276.77 268.37 319.13 307 . 00 6.31 12.59 22.00 6.31 12.59 22.00 8.37 10.67 19.00 8.37 10.67 19.00 < < < < 2 2 2 2 368.23 357.65 319.42 356.65 29.27 28.32 29.09 29.10 8.14 7.68 7.88 7.83 North South 1&4 2&3 359.80 390.47 406.86 391.84 10.19 11.06 11.52 11.10 3.73 3.73 5.43 5.43 14.40 14.40 12.90 12.90 < < < < 2 2 2 2 371.23 348.41 354.56 345.31 29.35 29.44 29.21 29.25 North South 1&4 2&3 369.16 371.50 392.69 353.25 10.45 10.52 11.12 10.00 3.82 14.39 3.82 14.39 5.42 13.00 5.42 13.00 23.00 < 2 23.00 < 2 24.00 < 2 24.00 < 2 381.96 354.96 360.06 357.50 North South 1&4 2S3 349 . 7 1 9.90 3.60 14.40 368 . 75 10.44 3.60 14.40 374.30 10.60 5.30 13.00 360.58 10.21 5.30 13.00 2 2 2 2 North South0 ISA 2&3 347.89 368 . 08 356.20 388.52 9.85 3.80 13.80 22.00 < 2 10.42 3.80 13.80 22.00 < 2 10.09 6.00 12.50 17.00 < 2 11.00 6.00 12.50 17.00 < 2 North South 1&4 2&3 363.46 348.60 402.14 401.16 10.29 3.60 14.20 9.87 3.00 14.20 11.39 5.30 12.70 11.36 5.30 12.70 North South 1&4 2&3 336.53 330.73 301.61 358.98 9.53 9.37 8.54 10.17 7.83 7.60 9.04 8.69 6.00 12.60 6.00 12.60 9.70 10.00 9.70 10.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 24.00 24.00 26.00 26.00 38.00 38.00 38.00 38.00 < < < < Gas flowb ACFM DSCFH Isokinetic rate Dscrm 332,100 187,100 5,298 326,700 193,600 5,481 336,000 185,400 5,250 306,506 170,300 4,822 30.85 29.96 20.00 21.31 240,400 135,400 3,834 257,500 152,100 4,307 8.83 8.17 8.71 8.43 41.89 42.84 26.01 27.27 335,000 189,000 5,351 332,100 191,500 5,423 29.29 29.37 29.24 29.18 9.36 8.73 8.62 9.09 43.06 41.89 27.12 25.60 335,900 186,300 - 5,274 328,600 187,800 5,319 380.28 361.59 373.12 365.94 29.29 29.37 29.03 29.24 9.68 8.68 10.28 8.59 41.87 43.42 26.75 26.92 337,300 184,300 5,218 334,500 185,300 5,246 350.96 342.65 338.12 342.81 29.33 29.39 29.29 29.21 8.31 7.86 7.79 8.44 42.13 42.11 24.63 26.91 333,100 191,000 5,408 321,200 188,400 5,334 < < < < 2 2 2 2 348.64 342.09 340.00 330.60 29.36 29.41 29.19 29.24 8.54 8.07 8.61 8.23 41.65 39.63 26.26 26.81 321,400 185,000 5,239 330.700 195,500 5,537 < < < < 2 2 2 2 364.41 355.41 354.13 338.13 29.26 28.69 28.82 29.28 8.16 12.74 9.73 5.87 28.65 27.26 16.63 19.70 221,100 121,500 3,440 226,400 132,800 3,761 X 102.35 102.23 77 .72 91.73 101.27 107.20 99.80 96.74 102.11 108.67 104.05 96.83 1 06 . 85 99.99 107.18 95.48 100.17 108.07 99.82 93.81 107.21 97.16 101.03 92.62 92.21 104.31 95.09 97.71 105.17 96.42 104.10 99.03 103.54 115.99 110.45 102.66 (continued) �TABLE 14 (concluded) Test Date (1980) no. 3-24 21 3-25 22 3-26 23 Sampling location Outlet 1,2, 3S4 North1" Southp Outlet 1,2, 3&4 Sample volume DSCF DSCM 02 % Gas composition C02 CO THC % ppm ppm 130.42 3 6 . 9 5.4 13.2 122.79 3.48 5.4 Stack Isokinetic temperature < 2 Molecular °F Moisture Velocity % ft/sec weight 365.47 29.15 9.53 25.76 Gas flow ACFM 160.500 DSCFM rate DSCMM 90,170 2,553 % 103.72 T , Inlet North South Outlet 1,2 3S4 Inlet 326.82 344.98 138.67 13.2 9.26 6 0 12.60 . 0 9.77 6 0 12.60 . 0 3.93 4 8 13.70 . 0 < 2 356.40 29.10 9.92 24.58 < 2 <2 < 2 380.80 382.45 364.38 29.13 29.14 29.24 9.17 9 0 . 9 9.26 37.23 37.40 26.42 153,200 87,030 2,464 101.06 , fi 106.24 1 2 5 0 6 4 6 2 ' '0 ' 0 118.43 164,700 93,240 2,640 106.64 2 5 1 0 9 0 a Average values for duration of test. b Sun of flow through total inlet and total outlet. c Low volume collected due to high leak rate at end. Volume was corrected for leak rate. Test quality fair. d Low volume collected due to freezing of impingers. e At 250 rain, noted nozzle pointed in wrong direction. Switched nozzle from 0.312 to 0.250 in. diameter tip to maintain isokinetic flow. Test quality was good for gas and fair for particulate. f Switched nozzle from 0.312 to 0.237 in. diameter tip to maintain isokinetic flow. g Due to snow and icy conditions, no sample was obtained. h Cancelled per instructions of EPA until 3/13/80. i Switched nozzle from 0.250 to 0.310 in. diameter tip to maintain isokinetic flow. j Switched nozzle from 0.310 k Probe found broken at 140 min, no samples retained. conditions. Test quality was fair. 1 No solutions retained due to backup of H202 into all impingers. • QA test cancelled after 240 min due to leak at one of the probe tips. n Test stopped at 296 min due to continual freezing of the train components. o Problems with the Batelle trap freezing and leaks in the Teflon line were encountered. Test quality was fair to good. p QA test only. Test quality was good. to 0.240 with diameter tip to maintain isokinetic flow. Test restarted with a new probe but only one half the duct was traversed due to freezing The resin, cyclone and filters were retained. Test quality was fair. Test quality was fair to poor. The filter and traps were replaced to solve leak problems. No samples were saved because nozzle was in the wrong direction nnd the test would not be duplicate. �TABLE 15. AVERAGE PROCESS DATA FOR THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 24-hr Process data Standard deviation Mean Flue gas test duration process data Standard deviation Mean Steam flow rate (1,000 Ib/hr) 255 35 289 50 Steam pressure (psig) 852 3 853 3 Steam temperature 892 3 896 5 Feedwater flow rate (1,000 Ib/hr) 263 37 298 51 Feedwater temperature 366 16 377 19 (°F) Fuel feed rate 1 (1,000's Ibs/hr) 2 30.4 30.6 3.2 3.4 33.1 Fuel oil (gal./hr) 10.7 11.2 - - I.D. fans amps 45 1 46 2 I.D. fans pressure (psig) F.D. fans amps 5.5 0.7 1 29 5.9 30 4.2 1.0 1.1 F.D. fans pressure (psig) 4.0 0.6 4.5 0.9 Furnace draft (psig) 0.6 - 0.6 0.1 Flue gas temperature Boiler exit3 ESP inlet3 Ambient temperature (°F) 667 323 (°F) Ambient pressure in. Hg 24 15 31 13 29.01 a Not total time means. 38 0.13 674 326 39a 29.01 31 18 20 0.13 �The daily mean of gross electrical output (24-hr basis) was typically between 29 and 32 MW due to boiler operation at full output for a large portion of the day. In fact, the hourly readings indicated that output was rarely below 35 MW between the hours of 8 AM and 10 PM or longer. During non-peak hours the boiler operated between 16 and 25 MW, depending on load and the amount of power being purchased from neighboring utilities. Fuel consumption varied directly with the amount of electricity produced. Of the three types of fuels used in Unit No. 7 (coal, RDF, and fuel oil), coal was used in the largest quantity. The amount of RDF burned was limited to approximately 17% in terms of the total heat produced. This was because RDF, due to its lower heating value, cannot sustain sufficient temperatures to maintain required boiler efficiency and steam quality. Also, RDF requires a longer residence time in the boiler for complete combustion, and this places another physical restriction on the amount of RDF in the fuel mixture. Fuel oil is used sparingly, and only as an igniter to insure flame continuity during soot blowing. The large variations in fuel oil consumption noted in Table 15 were more related to operating practices than to the boiler requirements. The means and standard deviations for coal consumption follow those of the gross electrical output. This indicates that coal consumption is closely related to electrical output, as expected. However, these daily averages mask out one important effect. The amount of coal burned depends on whether there is RDF in the mixture or not. All other things being equal, the flow of coal will always go up or down, depending on whether RDF is being removed or introduced into the mixture, respectively. Data for the steam cycle in the boiler are also listed in Table 15 on an average basis. Examination of the data on a daily basis indicated that the steam and feedwater flow rates fluctuate in a daily cycle, with means and standard deviations following the gross electrical output. However, the values for steam temperature and pressure remain fairly constant. The feedwater temperature also varied. It was higher on days of high electricity production, and lower on days of low production. The induced and forced draft fan measurements listed in Table 15 are of limited significance, since they did not respond to increases in production with greater airflows and correspondingly greater current consumption. The furnace draft data indicated little or no correspondence to any of the other measured data. Most of the flue gas and ESP inlet temperature readings were incomplete as they did not cover the entire 24-hr day. Most of this information was recorded during peak operation, and may therefore be considered representative for peak operation conditions. Both the flue gas and ESP inlet temperatures decreased during off-peak periods. The continuous supply of RDF to the boiler during the test was found to be unreliable. The RDF conveyors which feed Unit No. 7 were prone to jamming and required frequent maintenance. Often the RDF supply ran out because the solid waste recovery plant was experiencing mechanical problems, or had run out of refuse to process. The durations of RDF-firing during the flue gas sampling periods are shown in Table 16 along with the mean coal feed rates. 39 �TABLE 16. FUEL COMBUSTION DURING FLUE GAS SAMPLING Date Test period Mean coal feed rate (1,000 Ib/hr) 3/2/80 3/3/80 3/4/80 3/5/80 3/6/80 3/7/80 3/8/80 3/9/80 3/10/80 3/11/80 3/12/80 3/13/80 3/14/80 3/15/80 3/17/80 1120-2000 0920-1855 0900-1800 0900-1820 0840-2140 0850-2220 0840-2215 0830-2211 0810-1733 0825-2235 0910-1315 0835-2147 0840-2255 0905-2206 0849-2225 0900-2325 0843-2407 33.5 32.6 3/20/80 3/22/80 3/23/80 3/24/80 3/25/80 3/26/80 0905-1625 0947-1412 0927-1410 1110-1547 1120-1546 0922-1406 None 1100-1530 Entire run 1020-finish 0900-finish 1230-finish 0900-finish None 1512-finish Entire run Entire run 1608-finish Entire None 1010-1105 1340-finish Entire run Start-1310 1610-finish 1100-1135 Start-1212 None Entire run Entire run Start-1330 34.9 36.2 34.3 35.5 35.4 35.7 32.1 25.2 36.3 33.8 35.1 38.6 34.4 23.0 35.1 3/18/80 3/19/80 RDF feed period 33.3 33.2 21.4 33.1 33.8 35.1 Mean RDF density (lb/ftS) . 5 4.7 5 4.3 4 3.7 4 4 4.3 4.3 4.5 NAa 3.7 4 3.5 4 3.8 3.3 a NA = not available. Out of 23 days of sampling, RDF was burned during the entire test run for only 7 days. On 12 days RDF was burned part of the time, and on 4 days it was not burned during the flue gas sampling. Routine activities such as ash removal and soot blowing were performed at times designated in the test plan. RDF was observed to have a substantially higher ash content than coal, and this characteristic was reflected by longer ash removal periods, and more periodic soot blowing. Both activities decreased substantially when RDF was not being burned. Table 17 contains information on daily production and consumption at the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 recorded by the power plant operators 40 �TABLE 17. DAILY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION AT AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Date 3/2/80 3/3/80 3/4/80 3/5/80 3/6/80 3/7/80 3/8/80 3/9/80 3/10/80 3/11/80 3/12/80 3/13/80 3/14/80 3/15/80 3/17/80 3/18/80 3/19/80 3/20/80 3/22/80 3/23/80 3/24/80 3/25/80 3/26/80 a Power production (kwh) gross net Thermal energy (Btu/kwh) net gross 681,000 709,000 761,000 759,000 7000 4,0 735,000 648,000 494,000 693,000 739,000 7000 5,0 742,000 729,000 5800 0,0 699,000 759,000 748,000 753,500 7600 0,0 426,000 710,000 700,000 726,000 11,186 11,296 11,396 11,697 11,693 11,652 11,602 11,524 10,955 11,440 11,348 11,544 11,537 11,434 11,170 10,855 10,794 11,368 11,077 11,311 10,841 11,080 10,949 623,902 648,682 700,072 698,461 679,858 674,470 590,057 443,496 635,037 678,629 6846 8,5 681,889 668,119 457,939 639,942 696,494 682,596 689,205 647,644 382,263 650,039 642,011 664,973 12,210 12,346 12,388 12,711 12,728 12,697 12,742 12,836 11,985 12,458 12,362 12,562 12,588 12,684 12,201 11,829 11,829 12,388 12,075 12,605 11,841 12,081 11,954 Steam production (Ib/kwh) 9.57 9.59 9.53 9.73 9.50 9.64 9.54 9.47 9.54 9.57 9.62 9.68 9.51 9.50 9.59 9.52 9.51 9.56 9-55 9.49 9.61 9.52 9.60 Iowa coal (Ibs) 339,988 418,330 412,290 434.538 432,096 427,127 358,286 301,888 486,980 334,328 408,980 432,270 412,440 322,448 412,335 417,010 414,315 445.392 410,520 269,610 629,920 610,880 612,960 This value is derived from the average Btu content of each fuel, b This is only a rough measure of RDF weight. Fuel consumption L RDF" Colorado coal (Ibs) (Ibs) 432,712 342,270 351,210 370.162 339,504 378,773 317,720 267,712 262,220 392,472 334,620 368,230 324,060 253,352 337,365 341,190 338,985 379,408 335,880 220,590 157,480 152,720 153,240 0 113,000 226,800 192,375 213,200 130,800 168,460 26,000 81,200 229,600 229,075 144,075 230,400 22,050 97,650 154,874 134,816 63,700 92,000 0 51,600 93,000 134,970 Oil (gal.) 60 160 70 60 90 100 130 150 100 270 290 50 90 910 70 60 100 490 640 800 490 680 40 Sluice water for bottom and fly ash Removal (gal.) 250,000 340,000 320,000 380,000 450,000 320,000 360,000 314,908 386,716 403,172 413,644 422,620 418,132 335,104 396,000 473,000 477,000 320,000 250,000 180,000 300,000 430,000 540,000 Water input to evaporator (gal.) 8,300 9,000 2,200 6,800 9,200 2,500 1,120 8,500 6,300 5,800 3,500 9,100 0 5,700 11,100 15,200 6,000 7,300 5,400 16,600 4,500 4,000 18,500 �on a daily basis. The total gross and net power production was recorded directly from meters inside the plant. The total steam produced divided by the gross power production gave a good indication of boiler efficiency. Separate meters were used for measuring the water used for ash removal and the total input to the evaporators. The days of highest sluice water use corresponded with days of prolonged use of RDF in the fuel mixture. The evaporators eventually feed into the working fluid cycle of the boiler, and gave a fair indication of make-up water required, except that there was a water reclamation system attached to the boiler. Hence, these values indicated new input to the system, but did not account for total make-up water requirements. Most of the fuel types were very accurately measured. Coal was measured through a weight integrating system, and fuel oil was similarly measured through a volume integrating system. However, no accurate measurement of the RDF was possible. The values listed were derived from volumetric readings and a very rough measurement of the RDF density, taken once every shift. Although rough estimates of the RDF content were made, there was no effective means for obtaining a representative sample of the refuse mixture. The variability of the RDF in the total pulverized mixture is reflected in the results for TOC1 and inputs and emissions of cadmium from this plant. The BTU contribution of each fuel was then calculated by doing calorimetric analyses. This was done periodically, and the values used for the duration of this test program are given in Table 18. By summing the Btu contribution of each fuel, a value for total heat production was found. This value was then divided by either the gross or net electricity production to express thermal energy as it related to the power production of the day. CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 The field test activity took place from April 30, 1980 to May 23, 1980. All required tests were completed and all recovered samples were sent to GSRI for analysis. A summary of the reduced flue gas data (inlet and outlet) on a daily basis as calculated from the field data sheets is presented in Table 19. Events that may influence the quality of the tests are also noted on this table. The process parameters considered to be important to the operation of Boiler No. 2 included the steam flow rate, steam pressure, feedwater flow rate, feedwater temperature, combustion air flow rate, combustion air temperature, % oxygen, I.D. fan pressure, F.D. fan pressure, furnace draft and furnace temperature. Most of this data was available from instrumentation in the control room. Table 20 summarizes this plant process data in terms of the average values of the typical sampling date operations. This data is presented in terras of 24-hr plant operation and the flue gas test period durations. Although there are some slight variations, the values are readily comparable for the two time intervals. A comparison of the daily process data with the average of the data collected indicates that the Chicago Northwest Incineration facility operated in essentially the same mode 24 hr a day, 7 days a week. Although major changes in steam production were noted to occur over short time intervals (less than 1 hr) no significant variation in steam production occurred day to day indicating a rather consistent fuel feed rates during the duration of the tests. 42 �TABLE 18. HEAT CONTENT OF FUELS USED AT THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT DURING SAMPLING PERIOD Duration of test Heat content for each fuel type Colorado Fuel oil coal RDF Iowa coal (Btu/gal.) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) 3/2/80 thru 3/16/80 8,946 10,556 5,587 138,603 3/17/80 thru 3/26/80 9,035 10,298 6,128 138,603 �TABLE 19. DAILY DATA SUMMARIES FOR FLUE GAS MEASUREMENTS, CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, BOILER NO. 2 Date Test (1980) No. Sampling location Sample volume DSCM DSCF North0 256.84 South6 135.20 Outlet North 317.86 South 324.14 Inlet 5-4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 2 2 2 459.47 444.88 432.76 451.27 28.26 28.52 28.33 28.41 11.56 9.57 11.56 10.87 20.17 21.27 36.40 39.33 111,400 56,500 102,200 51,830 Isokinetic rate % 1,600 1,468 459.04 445.78 442.00 451.04 28.53 28.56 28.45 29.58 12.24 12.03 12.47 2.95 20.62 18.42 38.21 40.60 104,300 51,300 1,453 106,400 55,310 1,566 North South Outlet North South 324.36 400.66 403.32 407.07 9.19 11.34 11.42 11.53 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.7 185 185 189 189 < < < < 2 2 2 2 445.55 431.46 459.04 457.78 28.34 28.36 28.39 28.41 13.43 13.26 12.86 12.75 19.90 21.23 36.70 38.87 110,900 54,930 1,555 102,000 49,780 1,410 North South, Outlet North South 331.52 370.83 427.50 457.50 9.39 10.50 12.11 12.96 9.9 9.9 10.4 10.4 9.5 9.5 8.9 8.9 142 < 142 < 169 < 169 < 2 2 2 2 445.36 460 . 60 454.20 464.32 28.57 28.50 28.82 28.47 11.27 11.85 8.60 11.60 19.34 19.96 38.39 41.69 105,600 52,770 1,494 108,100 54,430 1,541 North* SouthJ North Outlet South 342.70 367.81 371.55 383.75 9.77 10.42 10.52 10.87 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1 10.5 10.5 10.7 10.7 61 61 59 59 < < < < 2 2 2 2 423.77 460.80 449.64 437.76 28.30 28.20 28.17 28.24 14.14 14.94 15.46 14.89 17.71 17.31 32.99 32.48 93,900 45,870 1,299 88,400 42,770 1,211 North South. K Outlet North South 320.56 347.61 367.97 412.06 9.08 9.84 10.42 11.67 8.8 10.3 8.8 10.3 9.4 9.7 9.4 9.7 1 1 1 1 < < < < 2 2 2 2 452.59 457.63 448.92 452.28 28.37 28.34 28.50 28.33 13.62 13.83 11.94 13.40 18.12 17.86 35.43 39.50 96,530 46,250 1,310 101,200 49,320 1,397 North South 1 Outlet North " South™ 344.80 378.50 299.62 459.63 9.76 10.72 8.49 13.02 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 1 1 1 1 < < < < 2 2 2 2 463.29 462.48 462.53 447.47 28.19 28.15 28.37 28.30 13.86 14.24 12.91 13.52 19.12 18.51 38.99 38.13 101.000 48,280 1,367 103,900 50,470 1,429 North South Outlet North South 316.55 373.03 376.48 391.17 8.96 10.56 10.66 11.08 8.7 8.7 10.4 10.4 9.7 9.7 9.0 9.0 1 1 1 1 < < < < 2 2 2 2 456.24 468.33 442.84 452.88 28.40 28.38 28.41 28.42 12.57 12.79 12.21 12.08 17.58 19.11 36.73 39.17 98,830 47,970 1,358 102,500 50,800 1,438 North South Outlet North South 308.73 364.16 366.28 388.73 8.74 10.31 10.37 11.01 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.1 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.8 1 1 1 1 < < < < 2 2 2 2 465.61 468.65 457.16 453.52 28.19 28.19 28.25 28.20 14.57 14.52 14.10 14.54 16.42 17.82 36.85 39.39 92,240 43,330 1,227 102,900 49,060 1,389 North 338.45 South 376.86 Outlet North" 377.44 South 396.28 9.59 10.67 10.69 11.22 10.2 10.2 9.6 9.6 9.4 9.4 9.7 9.7 111° 111 98 98 < < < < 2 2 2 2 465.43 458.88 459.56 463.68 28.29 28.27 28.88 28.24 13.60 13.75 8.89 14.22 18.05 17.67 35.47 38.49 95,870 46,760 1,324 99,850 49,810 1,410 Inlet 5-15 < < < < 2 2 2 2 Inlet 5-13 172d 172 156 156 < < < < Inlet 5-12 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.7 159 159 171 171 Inlet 5-11 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.3 10.1 10.1 9.5 9.5 Inlet 5-10 7.27 3.83 9.00 9.20 9.6 9.6 10.4 10.4 Inlet 5-9 DSCMM 11.57 10.74 11.85 12.97 Inlet 5-8 ACFM Gas flowb DSCFM 408.46 379.18 418.43 457.89 Inlet 5-7 Stack temperature Molecular Moisture Velocity weight »F ft/sec % North South Outlet North 8 South Inlet 5-6 Gas composition 02 C02 CO THC % % PP» ppm (continued) 90.82 79.24 94.61 97.96 96.25 98.32 98.85 93.23 98.17 97.71 100.75 96.29 100.22 97.28 96.59 100.04 99.85 101.90 105.57 107.99 108.82 105.61 98.61 96.51 100.85 100.82 99.20 102.22 98.95 94.93 102.67 100.42 105.23 102.11 104.01 102.82 102.87 102.67 102.40 106.30 �TABLE 19 (continued) Date Test (1980) No. Sampling location North South Outlet North South 353.83 357.30 404.61 416.58 Inletp North South Outletp 324.92 331.75 218.81 Inlet 5-16 11 5-17 12 5-18 13 Inlet North South Outlet 5-19 -PLn ,4 Sample volume DSCF DSCM I-l=t Outlet ACFM Gas flow DSCFM DSCMM Isokinetic rate % 465.32 467.67 455.72 460.24 28.49 28.42 28.35 28.38 11.15 11.69 11.79 11.59 18.79 18.22 99,300 49,200 1,395 '93 'ol 40^83 117,500 58,310 1,651 {oi'<;2 80 < 2 80 < 2 84 < 2 474.80 475.00 451.00 28.27 28.37 28.16 13.47 13.70 14.38 17.25 16.85 39.27 91,430 106,000 43,540 51,350 1,233 1,454 *£•*£ 103.01 r 463.00 28.25 13.91 44.37 119,800 57,360 1,624 92.45 r 465.60 28.36 11.65 44.53 120,200 59,140 1,675 98.36 8.5 8.5 7.9 7.9 9.20 10.3 9.40 10.3 6.20 10.7 10.0 10.0 9.0 6.20 10.7 9.2 102 6.81 12.7 7.2 304 88° 88 98 98 < < < < Velocity ft/sec 2 2 2 2 11.1 11.1 11.8 11.8 10.02 10.12 11.46 11.80 , Moisture q 219.36 North South Gas composition3 Stack 02 C02 CO THC temperature Molecular ppm ppoi °F weight q 240.61 a b c d e f g h i j k 1 m n Average during test period. Sum of the North and South train measurements. Test was run for 350 nin. Test was discontinued because of unsuccessful leak checks after filter replacement. High due to excessive instrument drift. Test ran for only 193 nin due to plant shut down because of a boiler leak. Only 21 of the required 24 points were traversed. Test quality was poor due to crack in the probe. Low moisture obtained because of cracked probe. Sampling time increased from 20 to 25 min per point after 180 min. Test quality was good. Sampling time increased from 20 to 25 min per point after 267 min. Test quality was good. Test was halted one point from completion due to stormy water. Test quality was good. Analyzer taken off line (see d). Due to excessive leak rate in the north tracer, 60% of the sample was collected with the south tracer, 40% with the north. Probe was found with a cracked tip. Based on 8.9% moisture versus 12% moisture for the other tests, it was determined that only the last 10 points were traversed with the broken probe. Test quality was fair. o Results ± 10% due to drift, p Inlet QA test, outlet 1st day cadmium test, q Inlet sample not required for cadmium test, r THC data not required for cadmium test. �TABLE 20. MEANS OF THE MEANS FOR PROCESS DATA, ALL TEST DAYS, CHICAGO NW INCINERATOR, BOILER NO. 2* Parameter Steam flow rate (Ibs/hr) Disc recorder Chart recorder Digital integrator Steam pressure (psig) Feedwater flow rate (Ibs/hr) Chart recorder Digital integrator Feedwater temperature (°F) Combustion air flow rate (ft3/hr) Chart recorder Digital integrator Combustion air temperature (°F) 24-hr process data Standard Mean deviation Flue gas test duration process data Standard deviation Mean 99,000 103,000 99,000 4,500 4,500 3,600 100,000 104,000 100,000 8,100 8,300 10,300 282 4 287 2 99,000 97,000 4,800 5,400 101,000 100,000 8,400 11,000 221 1 221 1 79,000 72,000 2,000 2,600 78,000 70,000 2,700 2,200 663 21 673 23 I.D. fans pressure (inches HgO) 2 .6 0.2 2.5 0.3 F.D. fans pressure (inches HgO) 14 .1 0.4 14.1 0.6 Furnace draft (inches ^ ) 0 Furnace temperature (°F) a 0.23 1,160 From Appendix B. 46 0.06 42 0.22 1,198 0.8 67 �Additional information collected for daily process tables included the times of soot blowing, fuel input to Boiler No. 2, down time on Boiler No. 2, daily barometric pressure and miscellaneous comments concerning the boiler operation. Soot blowing was to follow a set schedule of three times per day, although deviations from this schedule were observed. Barometric pressure was obtained once per day from nearby Midway airport and deviations from typical plant operation were noted from the operator's log book. The measurement of fuel input posed a somewhat more difficult problem. All refuse and residue hauling trucks entering and leaving the incinerator plant were carefully weighed. This facilitated the accurate characterization of overall inputs and outputs. However, there was no accurate way of proportioning these materials between specific boilers for a given period of time. Attempts to determine the fuel burned or ash discharged from Boiler No. 2 were approximations. Chicago Northwest Incinerator maintains inventory sheets listing inputs and outputs from the facility on a weekly basis. Relevant data from these sheets are reproduced in Table 21. The weight of refuse received was measured on scales before and after the refuse trucks released their loads. The volume of refuse received was determined by multiplying the number of truck loads by the volume of each truck (19.5 cubic yards). Density of the refuse was estimated using these two measurements, and is therefore the density of refuse inside the trucks. In order to quantify the amount of refuse burned, the number of loads, or charges, handled by the grab bucket cranes were noted for each boiler. The total number of charges to Boiler No. 2 for daily operations are given in Table 22. To approximate the amount of refuse burned in Boiler No. 2, it was necessary to determine an average weight per charge. When refuse trucks enter the plant, they discharge their contents into a large storage pit. Although the weight of refuse added to the pit is well characterized for each weekly period, the carry-over of material from week to week cannot be accurately measured. Furthermore, this carry-over is quite variable over the length of time being considered. It is necessary to quantify the carry-over in terms of weight, so that the total weight of refuse burned, and hence, the average weight per charge, can be approximated. The calculation of the average weight per charge involves using visual measurements of the pit volume taken at the end of each week. This "pit estimate" can then be used in association with the density of the incoming garbage to approximate the weight of refuse in the pit. The average weight per charge can be determined by the following equation: Average wt per charge _ (pit estimate for previous week - pit estimate + refuse delivered) total number of charges All terms in parenthesis must be expressed as weights. This method, however, has a drawback in that the density in the pit is probably not the same as the density inside the refuse trucks, since the refuse inside the trucks is compacted and is liable to expand somewhat as the trucks are unloaded. 47 �TABLE 21. WEEKLY INVENTORIES OF REFUSE AND RESIDUE AT THE CHICAGO NW INCINERATOR (ALL BOILERS) 4/28/80 to 5/4/80 Refuse received By weight (tons) By volume (cu yd) Density (lbs/yd3) Storage pit condition At beginning of week (% full) At end of week ( full) % Refuse consumed No. charges burned Average weight per charge (Ibs) Total weight (tons) Total volume (cu yd) Residue Fine ash fraction (tons) Fine ash fraction (cu yd) Metal fraction (tons) Metal fraction (cu yd) Total ash (tons) Total ash (cu yd) 5/5/80 to 5/11/80 5/12/80 to 5/18/80 5/19/80 to 5/25/80 6,747 24,490 551 9,152 29,618 618 7,902 26,561 595 8,720 28,778 606 84 65 61 42 65 61 42 42 5,205 2,771 5,710 3,240 5,952 2,812 4,714 3,700 7,212 28,562 9,250 36,634 8,367 33,138 8,720 34,535 2,511 3,100 949 5,423 3,460 8,523 2,500 3,086 750 4,286 3,250 7,372 1,815 2,240 1,514 18,651 3,329 10,891 2,904 3,585 629 3,594 3,533 7,179 Volume reduction thru incineration 70% 80% 67% 79% Weight reduction thru incineration 52% 65% 60% 60% 48 �TABLE 22. CHARGES FED TO BOILER NO. 2 ON A SHIFT BASIS CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATION FACILITY No. of Date, shift charges No. of Date, shift charges No. of Date, shift charges No. of Date, shift charges 4-28, 5-12, 2nd 3rd 99 99 5-19, 2nd 3rd 110 105 2nd 3rd 98 99 5-5, 4-29, 1st 2nd 3rd 100 94 101 5-6, 1st 2nd 3rd 68 112 5-13, 1st 2nd 3rd 100 100 60 5-20, 1st 2nd 3rd 104 118 110 4-30, 1st 2nd 3rd 90 94 101 5-7, 1st 2nd 3rd 99 84 100 5-14, 1st 2nd 3rd 96 5-21, 1st 2nd 3rd 100 106 90 5-1, 1st 2nd 3rd 94 49 98 5-8, 1st 2nd 3rd 81 101 100 5-15, 1st 2nd 3rd 104 106 108 5-22, 1st 2nd 3rd 80 105 100 5-2, 1st 2nd 3rd 100 98 101 5-9, 1st 2nd 3rd 100 98 100 5-16, 1st 2nd 3rd 106 97 110 5-23, 1st 2nd 3rd 107 107 102 5-3, 1st 2nd 3rd 100 102 99 5-10, 1st 2nd 3rd 99 101 100 5-17, 1st 2nd 3rd 112 97 114 5-24, 1st 2nd 3rd 98 105 94 5-4, 1st 2nd 3rd 97 96 12 5-11, 1st 2nd 3rd 102 101 105 5-18, 1st 2nd 3rd 108 104 118 5-25, 1st 2nd 3rd 101 105 107 5-5, 1st 5-12, 1st 103 5-19, 1st 105 5-26, 1st 105 Total for week 1,823 2nd 3rd - 1,754 1,943 49 2,159 �It seems likely that the level of compression would have a more pronounced effect upon the refuse density than the actual characteristics of the refuse. Since the compaction inside the pit is always similar, one would also expect the density in the pit to be reasonably constant. The plant personnel indicated that the typical refuse density was 505 Ib/cu yd. Therefore, this value can be used as an assumed density, and the pit estimates used in the equation: Volume of refuse in pit = P*t estimate ( of tota^volume) x total pit volume % total pit volume = 9,700 cu yd Weight of refuse in pit = volume of refuse in pit x refuse density in pit assumed refuse density = 505 Ib/cu yd Weight of refuse incinerated per week = (weight of refuse in pit at beginning of week - weight of refuse in pit at end of week + weight of refuse delivered) . ,. , total weight of refuse incinerated A Average weight per charge = total number of charges Volume of refuse incinerated = weight of refuse incinerated assumed refuse density The amounts of fine ash and metal fractions produced by the incinerator during the test period are listed in Table 21. It should be noted that these are the amounts leaving the plant during this time period, and are not necessarily the same as the ash being produced during this period. Since no account has been taken of any carry-over from week to week, it can only be assumed the carry-over is similar each week. In order to obtain total ash, the metal and fine ash fractions were summed together. The ash volumes were calculated using the following densities: Density of fine ash fraction = 1,620 Ib/cu yd (960 kg/m3) Density of metal fraction = 350 Ib/cu yd (210 kg/m3) These values were based on previous analyses done by the plant, and have been assumed to be typical. Since all of the combined ash was subjected to a water quench, these weights incorporate a rather large moisture content. However, no better characterization was available. The volume and weight reductions achieved through incineration have been calculated as an indication of how efficiently the boilers were operating. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the refuse used to fuel this plant, it was very difficult to obtain representative samples for laboratory analyses for organic compounds and cadmium. The previous discussion of the approximation of refuse burned in Unit No. 2 reflects an additional problem in previding accurate information for the levels of the analytes introduced as inputs to this combustion source. Both the variabilities of TOC1 and cadmium 50 �and the agreement of cadmium between the inputs and emissions from the plant were highly affected by the difficulty of obtaining representative refuse samples. 51 �SECTION 8 ANALYTICAL RESULTS AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Organics The results of TOC1 determinations in flue gas inlet and outlet samples from the Ames plant are shown in Tables 23 and 24, respectively, along with the recoveries observed for the surrogate spiking compounds. The results for plant background air particulates, ESP ash, bottom ash, coal, RDF, bottom ash quench influent water (cooling tower blowdown), bottom ash quench overflow water, and untreated well water (plant intake water) are shown in Tables 25 to 32. These results, as well as all other results in this report, are shown uncorrected for surrogate recoveries. The coal extracts apparently contained very high levels of hydrocarbons. Hence, the Hall detector used for TOC1 assays required cleaning after only one to two analyses. Hence, TOC1 assays were completed on only six coal extracts. Organic chlorine was not detected by the TOC1 procedure in any of the field blanks, method blanks, or flue gas first impinger extracts. In general, the surrogate recoveries were good in all samples. The recoveries for dg-naphthalene (typically 50-80%) were generally lower than for djg-chrysene (typically 70-100%). This is likely due to the much higher volatility of naphthalene compared to chrysene. Hence, naphthalene losses may be partially attributed to volatility losses during extract concentration. The results of determinations of PAH compounds and additional compounds identified in the composite extracts are shown in Table 33. In addition to PAH compounds, chlorinated benzenes and phenols were identified in some samples. Notably, phenol was detected at parts-per-million concentrations in the coal extracts. Phthalate esters were also identified in RDF and ash samples. As anticipated, phthalate levels were high in the RDF extracts. Low levels of phthalate esters were also identified in the composite flue gas extracts, although the levels were similar to those observed in the flue gas train blanks. The levels of phthalate esters in the train blank ranged from 0.3 to 4 pg/dscm. The results of HRGC/MS-SIM analysis of the composite Ames flue gas outlet extracts for PCBs are shown in Table 34. These results are similar to those obtained by Richard and Junk7 for the Ames Unit No. 7. The primary chlorobiphenyl compounds identified were tetra- through hexachloro-substituted. 52 �TABLE 23. TOC1 AND SURROGATE RECOVERY RESULTS FOR THE AMES FLUE GAS INLET SAMPLES TOC1 Sample volume (dscm) Mass (ng) Cone, (ng/dscm) Surrogate recovery dl2~Chrysene dg-Naphthalene () % () % Test day Date 1 3-2 13.23 3,210 243 2 3-3 17.41 20,000 1,150 63, 85 100, 100 3 3-4 12.38 9,480 766 61, 82 98, 79 4 3-5 14.27 6,480 454 31 33 5 3-6 19.56 18,600 951 57 58 6 3-7 20.79 8,560 412 51 82 7 3-8 19.40 7,110 367 43 60 8 3-9 17.87 7,350 411 44, 48 76, 74 9 3-10 9.18 7,650 833 55 81 10 3-11 22.01 12,400 562 42 63 11 3-12 12 3-13 20.39 11,600 568 59 76 13 3-14 20.57 11,500 559 54 81 14 3-15 15.43 6,320 410 49 87 u> 0 85 Test scrubbed (continued) �TABLE 23 (concluded) TOC1 Test day Date Sample volume (dscm) Mass (n«) Cone, (ng/dscm) Surrogate recovery di2-Chrysene dg -Naphthalene ( W () % 15 8,170 394 120 86 3-18 20.97 22,600 1,080 45 39 17 3-19 20.34 6,390 314 63 60 18 3-20 20.27 13,100 647 54 52 19 3-22 20.16 6,330 314 103 87 20 .p- 21.25 16 Ul 3-17 3-23 18.90 4,780 253 50 55 �TABLE 24. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR THE AMES FLUE GAS OUTLET SAMPLES TOC1 Sample volume (dscm) Mass (ng) Cone, (ng/dscm) Surrogate recovery dg-Naphthalene d^-Chrysene () % () % Test day Date 1 3-2 12.94 2,020 156 53 92 2 3-3 17.89 21,600 1,210 60 78 12 3-13 14.85 4,920 332 59 98 13 3-14 20.37 34,200 1,680 64 76 14 3-15 17.73 4,230 238 24 64 15 3-17 22.62 21,500 948 43 85 16 3-18 21.12 18,100 855 43 84 17 3-19 20.81 21,800 1,050 49 105 18 3-20 21.09 4,330 205 46 89 19 3-22 22.75 2,830 124 35 77 20 3-23 18.71 2,930 157 41 98 3-lla U1 Ul a No flue gas outlet samples collected due to severe weather. �TABLE 25. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES PLANT BACKGROUND AIR PARTICULATE SAMPLES Test Day Date Volume On3) TOC1 (ng) TOC1 (ng/m3) Surrogate Recovery d8 -Naphthalene d^-Chrysene () % () % 1 2 3 4 5 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 500 540 510 550 800 2,930 3,920 3,150 3,190 4,940 5.9 7.3 6.2 5.8 6.2 23 3 24 26 41 85 110 100 96 100 6 7 8 9 10 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 700 600 870 750 830 3,240 3,160 3,460 3,750 5,110 4.6 5.3 4.0 5.0 6.2 56 24 45 39 36 110 73 88 93 93 11 12 13 14 15 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-17 600 960 930 910 910 4,180 3,260 2,980 4,530 3,820 7.0 3.4 3.2 5.0 4.2 48 59 59 32 80 140 130 140 92 79 16 17 18 19 20 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-22 3-23 950 960 1,110 840 1,040 5,090 6,580 4,620 2,690 1,880 5.4 6.9 4.2 3.2 1.8 68 65 73 51 73 110 77 89 120 83 Filter Blank Filter Blank 4,260 2,110 95 45 120 57 Calculated from the sampling time and the flowmeter reading on the Hi-Vol sampler. 56 �TABLE 26. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES ESP ASH SAMPLES Surrogate recovery Test day 0 Date 3-1 Time Hopper code 0300 0430 0830 1230 1630 B A B A A B 2030 1 2 3-2 3-3 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 TOC1 (ng/g) dg-Naphthalene () % d12-Chrysene () % 1.8 36 100 5.9 6.3 5.8 0.3 4.5 5.3 78 38 60 91 61 73 140 140 87 69 73 95 x ' B B A B B B 0030 0430 A B \ f 4.1 57 84 0830 1230 A A \ ] 2.2 59 58 1630 2030 B \ f 1.1 46 88 5.1 8.7 1.1 10.6 5.4 8.0 40 46 71 61 70 71 110 65 110 78 69 90 B 3 3-4 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 B B A B B B 4 3-5 0030 0430 A B J j 2.7 52 98 0830 1230 B B \ ] 8.5 54 90 \ f 4.4 54 71 \ f 3.4 1 100 \ f 2.5 5 83 1630 2030 5 3-6 B 0030 0430 A 0830 1230 B B B B (continued) 57 �TABLE 26 (continued) Test day Date Time Hopper code 5 3-6 1630 2030 B A 6 3-7 0030 0430 A A 0830 1230 A A 1630 2030 TOC1 (ng/g) Surrogate recovery da-Naphthalene di2~Chrysene () % () % 9 3-10 10 3-11 2.4 0 90 3.0 60 98 B B I } 4.0 65 89 2330 0330 B B I 210 9 90 A A 3.7 41 100 A I } 5.2 59 99 2330 0330 0730 1130 1530 1930 A A B B A B 8.1 2.5 1.9 3.2 3.6 6.4 47 53 33 20 34 56 53 83 69 69 66 90 2330 0330 B B } 9.8 52 110 A B } 5.7 57 110 1530 1930 3-9 100 0730 1130 8 28 1530 1930 3-8 2.2 0730 1130 7 I } A A I 2.1 35 110 2330 0330 0730 1130 1530 1930 A A B A A B 3.0 3.8 1.9 0.9 2.9 3.7 54 1 45 1 59 8 120 140 110 110 110 73 B (continued) 58 �TABLE 26 (concluded) Surrogate recovery dg-Naphthalene 12 3-13 13 3-14 22 3-25 A B A B B B 3.2 2330 0330 B B 2.6 60 A A 2.1 103 B B 2.1 100 2330 0330 A A 2.1 130 B B 4.4 38 120 1530 1930 3-12 2330 0330 0730 1130 1530 1915 0730 1130 11 Time 1530 1930 Date TOC1 (ng/g) 0730 1130 Test day Hopper code B A 2.6 69 120 0001 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 A B A A B A 1.7 71 130 59 90 130 �TABLE 27. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES BOTTOM ASH SAMPLES Test day 0 Date 3-1 TOC1 (ng/g) Time Sector code 0105 0530 0930 1330 D B D D D v B J 1730 2130 30.3 31 77 67 85 52 110 0.2 75 68 362 92 110 11.1 30 130 79.0 114 26.3 60.0 52.5 81 52 53 41 57 47 69 21 79 47 84 95 72.0 67 50 22.7 72 92 \ " 13.8 50 96 E A \ 1 66.5 58 89 C B } > 55.0 68 110 0130 0530 0930 1300 1730 2130 D E C C D C 2 3-3 0130 0530 C j A F !• j 1730 2130 D B \ • 1 0130 0535 0930 1300 1730 2130 D E F E A E 0130 0530 C I 0930 1330 B | 1730 2130 F 0130 0530 0930 1330 4 5 3-4 3-5 3-6 130 31 42 57 85 39 43 3-2 0930 1330 65 9.0 13.0 0.6 3.3 1.6 99.5 1 3 Surrogate recovery d8-Naphthalene d12-Chrysene () % () % F 251 J (continued) 60 �TABLE 27 (continued) Date Time 5 3-6 1730 2130 C E 6 3-7 0130 0530 C A 0930 1300 TOC1 (ng/g) Sector code Test day Surrogate recovery dg-Naphthalene di2~Chrysene () % () % 10 3-11 39 81 34.0 19 83 C F I 81.0 38 103 0030 0430 E C I 35.9 65 79 B C I 4.9 63 20 A A I 57.5 54 46 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 B B D D F A 1.3 8.0 0.8 6.2 77 56 12 29 51 6 70 76 46 48 31 49 0030 0430 E E } 3.6 77 63 C F } 92.5 87 120 2030 3-10 51.0 E F I } 1445 1630 9 3-9 90 1630 2030 8 55 0830 1230 3-8 11.6 1730 2130 7 I B 16.4 11 120 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 D A A D D A 5.7 86 53 77 44 79 66 97 87 160 130 130 120 127 5.8 38.6 136 85.5 97.0 316 (continued) 61 �TABLE 27 (concluded) Surrogate recovery d8-Naphlhalene d12-Chrysenc () % () % Test day Date Time Sector code8 11 3-12 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 C D A E E A 57.0 61 120 0030 0430 A A 43.3 62 100 0830 D 76.0 54 110 1630 2030 A F 59 100 0030 0430 F C 32.3 59 80 0830 1230 B B 15.8 51 96 1630 2030 A B 64.5 62 110 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 A D B F B E 14.8 68 70 12 13 22 3-13 3-14 3-25 TOC1 (ng/g) 349 a The accessible portion of the hopper was divided into six sectors which were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. 62 �TABLE 28. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES COAL SAMPLES Date Time 3-1 Test day Feed stream code 0300 0700 1100 1500 1900 2300 A A A B B B 0300 0700 1100 1500 2300 B B A B A 3-2 TOC1 (ng/g) Surrogate recovery d g-Naphthalene 92 4 7 4 5 4 97 97 110 87 92 61 110 96 83 97 59 a Two coal feed lines were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. �TABLE 29. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES REFUSE - DERIVED FUEL SAMPLES Test day 0 Date Time Food stream code8 3-1 0225 0630 1030 1430 B D D A 1430 TOC1 (ng/g) ) ( ( > Surrogate recovery d8-Naphthalene dxa'Chrysene () % () % 3-3 42 61 C 10,800 58 80 1830 2230 2 5,550 B ) B / 29,500 54 160 3 3-4 0230 0630 1030 1430 1830 2230 A A C C A C 5,500 370 19,000 23,600 4,400 2,800 45 75 50 41 66 64 82 120 98 56 120 110 4 3-5 0230 B 480 61 140 1030 1440 D ) D f 5,100 76 150 1830 2250 D \ C J 5,000 71 120 0230 0630 B \ B f 9,500 80 140 1030 1430 A \ c f 13,300 62 110 1830 2230 C \ B f 1,900 55 110 0230 1430 A B 4,250 18,500 77 50 100 110 1830 2230 B t A J 7,050 63 5 6 3-6 3-7 64 170 (continued) �TABLE 29 (continued) Test day Date Time Food stream code8 7 3-8 0130 B 0930 1330 TOC1 (ng/g) Surrogate recovery dg -Naphthalene di2~Chrysene «) «) 22,000 88 98 D\ D j 4,300 68 110 1730 2130 D ] C J 9,900 55 120 8 3-9 0130 B 5,000 71 110 9 3-10 1730 2130 C A 7,350 3,150 64 42 120 68 10 3-11 0130 0530 0930 1330 1730 2130 A C A A D A 4,950 21,100 23,200 8,600 9,550 10,300 73 86 68 35 64 55 150 130 93 120 130 69 11 3-12 0130 0530 0900 1330 1730 2130 D , B D D C C * 19,900 88 130 0130 0530 D) D ] 10,900 66 84 1730 2130 D) C J 8,200 91 98 0130 0530 B\ C J 16,500 77 150 0930 1330 B) C J 4,300 57 84 1730 2130 A) C} 46,300 84 98 (continued) 12 13 3-13 3-14 65 �TABLE 29 (concluded) Test day Date Time Food stream code* 22 3-25 1000 1400 1800 2200 A B C D TOC1 (ng/g) 13,100 Surrogate recovery dg -Naphthalene d12-Chrysene () % () % 83 130 a Four RDF feed lines were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. 66 �TABLE 30. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES BOTTOM ASH HOPPER QUENCH WATER INFLUENT SAMPLES Surrogate recovery dg-Naphthalene d12-Chrysene Date Time TOC1 (ng/A) 1 3-2 2400 239 47 87 3 3-4 0400 271 51 120 5 3-6 1400 441 80 100 8 3-9 2100 339 82 100 10 3-11 0800 369 89 130 13 3-14 0300 576 64 130 Test day 67 �TABLE 31. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES BOTTOM ASH HOPPER QUENCH OVERFLOW WATER SAMPLES Surrogate recovery dg-Naphthalene d^-Chrysene () % () % TOC1 (ng/1) Test day Date Time 0 3-1 0100 > 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 ' NDa'b 90 698 656 680 494 626 528 47 25 44 b NDD 35 28 80 82 120 56 97 92 518 19b 79 50 524 89 1 3-2 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 2 3-3 0100 0500 \ 0900 1300 | 1700 2100 } 706 3 4 3-4 72 76 488 558 274 294 678 0100 0500 0900 1255 1700 2100 64 30 57 51 37. K NDb 28 54 66 50 22 78 96 825 37 98 49 110 1,180 3-6 I | 1700 2100 5 0100 0500 0900 1300 3-5 } 691 38 94 0100 0500 i 301 ND 24 0900 1300 1 427 ND 889 68 55 (continued) �TABLE 31 (continued) TOC1 (ng/1) Surrogate recovery dg -Naphtha lene ffU \ Test day Date Time 5 3-6 1700 2100 I 947 87 100 6 3-7 0100 0500 J 819 2 80 0900 1300 } 866 80 55 1700 2100 | 81 852 98 2400 0400 | 94 863 120 0800 1200 | 74 94 1600 2000 2400 | ? 1,040 ' 71 94 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 776 1,050 984 516 496 376 42 63 53 24, D NDb 120 110 87 140 130 120 0 85 80 605 120 7 8 3-8 3-9 3-10 0400 776C \ fa/ 1,100 Mil Ni/i_ 0800 1200 1600 2000 \ 795 46 100 2400 3-11 | 776C 0 85 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 870 806 778 864 880 728 c 130 110 90 17 57 120 120 86 88 83 (continued) �TABLE 31 (concluded) Surrogate recovery dg-Naphthalene d^-Chrysene Date Time 3-12 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 603 0400 0800 892 1200 1600 916 44 84 2000 2400 613 ND 57 0400 0800 458 34 78 1200 1600 770 42 97 2000 Test day TOC1 (ng/1) 1,060 42 80 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 638 36 110 3-13 3-14 3-25 81 a ND = not detected. b Extract was inadvertently evaporated to dryness. c Samples collected at 0400 and 2400 on 3-10 were inadvertently composited. d This sample was not spiked with the surrogate compounds. e This extract was lost prior to analysis for surrogate recoveries. 70 �TABLE 32. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR AMES UNTREATED WELL WATER TOC1 (ng/JK) Surrogate recovery di2~Chrysene d8 -Naphthalene () % () % Test day Date Time 0 3-1 0200 33 NDa 68 5 3-6 2200 65 65 99 23 3-26 1615 62 66 97 a Extract was inadvertently evaporated to dryness. 71 �TABLE 33. COMPOUNDS QUANTITATED IN SAMPLES FROM THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Concentration Compound Composite day Coal (ng/g) Refuse-derived fuel (ng/g) Plant background air (ng/dscn) Flue gas inlet (ng/dsen) Flue gas outlet (ng/dscn) ESP ash (ng/g) Botton ash (ng/g) Botton ash hopper quench water overflow (|Jg/«) Bottoa ash hopper quench water overflow (Kg/*) Well a water (Mg/» Target PAH compounds Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene 1 2 3 4 5 7,550 900 ,9 15,400 8,500 18,600 1 2 3 4 5 1,570 1,840 1,260 2,120 4,110 1 1,190 1,640 3,320 2 0.29 1,400 940 948 828 296 5 3,210 Pyrene 1 2 3 4 5 1,340 1,960 3,810 1,070 400 ,4 552 436 282 372 Chrysene 1 2 370 425 434 3 4 5 Benzofalpyrene 1 2 3 4 5 Indeno) 1 ,2,3-c,dJpyrene J 2 3 4 5 90 0 1,060 238 1,300 0.32 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.36 984 271 306 198 3 4 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.36 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.29 04 .0 0.37 0.60 03 .8 0.07 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.07 270 420 660 640 200 390 59 57 77 89 100 49 77 78 46 77 70 240 140 87 94 40 97 28 130 220 8SO 480 230 330 320 37 480 21 64 120 19 63 0.2 0.2 0.2 32 250 140 43 500 24 130 10 52 30 46 450 110 96 9.0 64 29 6.0 420 250 66 330 0.3 3.5 28 9.6 2.8 0.3 320 2.7 170 13 28 0.02 (continued) �TABLE 33 (continued) Concentration Compound Composite day Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Coal (ng/g) Refuse-derived fuel (ng/g) 1 2 3 4 5 Plant background air (ng/dscn) Flue gas inlet (ng/dscm) Flue gas outlet (ng/dscm) ESP ash (ng/g) Bottom ash (ng/g) Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow ((Jg/«) Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow (Ug/«) Well water (Mg/*) 3.3 22 4.6 0.09 Additional compounds identified Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1 2 3 4 5 0.07 3.3 1,300 1,200 520 430 1 2 3 4 5 25 79 24 0.07 5 25 0.02 0.01 99 180 110 69 85 OJ Hexachlorobutadiene 1 2 3 4 5 Tetrachlorobenzene 1 2 3 4 5 103 1 2 3 4 5 Pentachlorophenol 0.02 0.07 1,300 24 690 (continued) �TABLE 33 (continued) Concentration Compound Phenol 2,4-DiMthylphenol Composite day 1 2 3 4 5 Coal (ng/g) Fluorene Benz I a ) anthracene Benzofluoranthrene Benzol ejpyrene 3.3 1.3 0.8 1.5 1.8 1,0 000 12,000 280 ,0 23,000 2,0 900 Flue gas inlet (ng/dsn) 4,700 400 ,0 1,0 300 5,100 9,500 1 2 3 4 5 6,400 7,700 300 ,0 6,000 6,200 ESP ash (ng/g) 220 190 380 Botton ash (ng/g) 980 1,600 1,800 360 730 Botton ash hopper quench water overflow (ug/t) Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow (pg/4) Well water (ug/£) 00 .6 0.06 27 8 2,100 1 2 3 4 5 1,400 1,100 1,800 1,800 2,700 1 2 3 3,500 3,100 560 ,0 3,300 7,000 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Flue gas outlet (ng/dsca) 1,000 1,200 1,300 4 5 Naphthalene Refuse -de rived fuel (ng/g) Plant background air (ng/dso) 2,200 1,500 1,500 0.28 0.22 0.32 0.28 0.13 60 0 450 380 320 02 .2 0.32 02 .8 0.13 36,000 470 960 260 1,200 620 1,800 740 650 550 81 300 850 0.17 15 0.02 360 110 29 0.18 0.5 0.14 0.44 0.53 0.55 0.38 261 710 1,000 0.42 0.67 0.63 0.65 0.51 14 120 7.2 9.9 6.5 2.7 12 6.9 0.03 17 1 2 3 4 5 29 (continued) 0.02 �TABLE 33 (continued) Concentration Compound Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Composite day Coal (ng/g) 1 2 3 A 5 650 970 1,600 1,400 1,500 1 2 3 4 5 220 240 560 400 450 Trichlorobenzene Bottom ash (ng/g) Well water9 (fig/*) 0.7 1.0 120 75 10 100 130 20 26 1 2 3 4 5 Dimethylphthalate ESP ash (ng/g) 1 2 3 4 5 j>-Chloro-n~cresol Flue gas outlet (ng/dscm) 1,200 1 2 3 4 5 2 , 4-Dichlorophenol Flue gas inlet (ng/dscn) Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow (fig/I) Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow (pg/Jt) 0.07 Refuse-derived fuel (ng/g) Plant background air (ng/dso.) 1 2 3 Ui 36 77 24 0.04 0.30 3.0 A 5 Diet hylphtha late 730 1 2 3 4 5 9,100 250 1,400 11,000 0.20 11 0.5 2.0 37 16 (continued) �TABLE 33 (concluded) Concentration Composite Compound Di-n-butylphthalate day 4 S Flue gas inlet (ng/dscm) 18,000 14,000 640 ,0 14,000 4 S ESP ash (ng/g) 15 3.0 40 . Bottom ash (ng/g) 4.0 42 12 35 170 32 51 49,000 22,000 1 2 3 Flue gas outlet (ng/dscm) 6.0 1 2 3 4 5 Bii(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Refuse-derived fuel (ng/g) 1 2 3 Butylbenzylphtbalate Coal (ng/g) Plant background air (ng/dscm) 3000 5,0 4,0 400 35,000 22,000 » All extracts fro* these samples were combined for a single composite extract, b Specific isomer not determined. 6.0 3.0 2.0 8.0 90 8 1,200 480 810 Bottom asb hopper quench water overflow (pg/t) Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow (Mg/«) Well water9 (Mg/«) �TABLE 34. CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL ISOMERS IN FLUE GAS OUTLET SAMPLES FROM THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Compound identified 1 Composite day (Concentration, ng/dscm) 2 3 4 6.4 Trichlorobiphenyl Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2.2 3.0 6.4 1.1 4.1 Hexachlorobiphenyl 4.3 Heptachlorobiphenyl 9.8 3.6 10.1 25.0 17.0 2.9 Decachlorobiphenyl 22.0 3.8 11.0 4.5 Pentachlorobiphenyl 5 2.9 Total chlorobiphenyl 5.2 27.0 23.0 PCDDs and PCDFs were not detected in the Ames samples. The detection limit for PCDD and PCDF compounds in the composite flue gas extracts was 0.1 to 0.25 ng/dscm. Cadmium The results for cadmium analysis of samples of fly ash, bottom ash, coal and refuse-derived fuel for test days 11 to 14 and 21 to 23 are presented in Tables 35 to 39. The fly ash samples contained the highest concentrations of cadmium ranging from approximately 1.5 to 11 pg/g, while the cadmium concentration in bottom ash samples varied from approximately 0.5 to 4 |Jg/g. The concentration of cadmium in the coal samples was generally less than 1 pg/g while values of 1 to 5 pg/g were recorded for refuse-derived fuel. In general, the cadmium concentration for all water samples was below the detection limit (0.6 pg/liter) of the analysis method. Table 35 presents the cadmium concentrations for the flue gas outlet particulate samples for test days 21 to 23. The concentrations of cadmium in flue gas particulates for the three test days did not vary markedly. The mean concentration was 25.3 pg/dscm with a standard deviation of 2.7 pg/dscm. 77 �TABLE 35. CADMIUM RESULTS FOR AMES - ESP ASH SAMPLES Test day Date Time Hopper code3 11 12 3/12 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 2330 0330 0730 1130 1530 1930 2330 0330 0730 1130 1530 1930 2330 0330 0730 1130 1530 1930 2330 0330 0730 1130 1530 1930 0001 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0001 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0001 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 B B A A B A A A B B B A B A B B A B A B A B B B B A A B B A A B A A B A A A B A A B 13 14 21 22 23 Cadmium (M8/g) 9.01 10.3 10.8 8.14 9.89 3.67 7.36 8.42 8.16 9.11 9.96 6.78 6.84 8.47 4.39 3.43 8.00 2.88 5.55 2.35 1.94 1.65 2.97 2.93 3.29 2.16 2.16 3.53 7.89 5.69 4.53 5.11 3.36 8.93 9.70 6.41 5.76 5.73 6.86 8.03 9.19 9.70 a Two hoppers were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. �TABLE 36. CADMIUM RESULTS FOR AMES BOTTOM ASH SAMPLES Test day Date Time Sector o code Cadmium (M8/g) 12 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 0030 0430 0830 1630 2030 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 0130 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 0030 0430 0830 1230 1630 2030 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 1200 A A D A F F C B B A B D A A D D A C D A G E A E C C C A A D D B F B E B A C C B C 3.92 1.86 2.24 0.25 1.28 1.66 3.28 2.96 1.90 1.90 1.46 4.36 7.15 0.74 0.78 0.96 0.46 0.62 0.78 0.48 1.08 0.90 1.00 1.02 2.82 0.60 1.64 0.76 1.34 0.78 3.68 3.24 3.76 1.94 2.78 2.00 2.20 2.28 2.84 2.02 2.48 13 14 21 22 23 a The accessible portion of the hopper was divided into six sectors which were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. �TABLE 37. CADMIUM RESULTS FOR AMES - COAL SAMPLES Feed stream code Test day Date Time 12 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/15 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 0600 1000 1400 1800 1800 0200 00 60 1000 1400 1800 2200 0200 0600 1000 1400 1800 2200 0200 0600 1000 1400 1800 2200 0230 0630 1030 1430 1830 2230 0230 0630 1030 1430 1830 2230 0230 0630 1030 1430 1830 2230 13 14 21 22 23 A 8 A B B B B B B A B A A A A A B B B A B A B A B A B B B B A B A A A B A B B A B Cadmium (M8/g) 0.124 0.024 0.068 0.116 4.04 0.043 007 .8 0.219 0.159 0.128 0.176 0.210 0.293 000 .4 0.153 0.055 0.075 0.138 0.027 0.094 0.099 0.367 0.141 0.157 0.104 0.129 0.241 0.090 0.173 0.122 0.045 0.079 0.055 0.084 0.286 0.193 0.109 0.055 0.222 0.166 0.641 a Two coal feed lines were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. 80 �TABLE 38. CADMIUM RESULTS FOR AMES - REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL SAMPLES Test day Date Time 12 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/13 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/14 3/15 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 3/26 0130 0530 1730 2130 0130 0530 0930 1330 1730 2130 0130 1400 1000 1400 1800 2200 0200 0600 1000 1800 2200 13 14 21 22 a Feed stream code D D D C B C B C A C A C A B C D B B B A A Cadmium (Mg/g) 2.84 1.99 2.41 1.14 2.31 2.96 4.85 2.79 2.37 3.68 5.30 2.63 3.71 3.72 2.37 1.73 1.59 1.69 6.26 3.60 0.94 Four RDF feed lines sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. 81 �TABLE 39. CADMIUM RESULTS FOR AMES - FLUE GAS OUTLET PARTICULARS Mass (MS) Cadmium Concentration (Mg/dscra) Test day Date Volume (dscm) 21 3/24 3.69 83.2 22.6 22 3/25 3.48 97.3 28.0 23 3/26 3.93 100.0 25.5 �CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR Organics The results of TOC1 analyses of flue gas inlet and outlet samples from the Chicago incinerator are shown in Table 40 along with the corresponding surrogate recovery data. TOC1 and surrogate results for plant background, air particulates, ESP ash, combined bottom ash (i.e., bottom ash plus ESP ash), refuse, and tap water (plant intake water) are shown in Tables 41 to 45. Organic chlorine was not detected by the TOC1 procedure in any of the field blanks, method blanks, or flue gas first impinger extracts. These results, as well as all other results in this report, are shown uncorrected for surrogate recoveries. In general, the surrogate recoveries were poor. As with the Ames results, dg-naphthalene recoveries (typically 10-50%) were lower than di2~chrysene recoveries (typically 30-60%). Although a portion of the apparent losses may be attributed to difficult sample matrices, the cause of consistently lower recoveries is not known. The results of determinations of PAH compounds and additional compounds identified in the composite Chicago extracts are shown in Table 46. Composite refuse extracts were not analyzed due to extremely high levels of interfering materials and the likely nonrepresentatative nature of the refuse sample collection. A large number of chlorinated benzene and phenolic compounds were identified. Dibenzofuran was identified in the flue extracts. As noted for the Ames samples, only very low levels of phthalate esters were identified in the flue gas blank extracts. Interestingly, the compound specific determinations compare very favorably with the TOC1 results for the same extracts. Table 47 shows a comparison of the TOC1 results for selected composite extracts (i.e., those in which significant levels of chlorinated compounds were identified) calculated from the TOC1 concentrations in the component extracts with those calculated from the sums of chlorinted compounds identified. The percent deviation from the mean for these pairs is 14%. The results of analysis of the composite Chicago flue gas outlet extracts for PCBs are shown in Table 48. In contrast to the results from the Ames extracts, the PCS contents of the Chicago flue gases were largely di- through pentachloro-substituted. The results of HRGC/HRMS analyses of the composite Chicago incinerator extracts for PCDDs and PCDFs are shown in Table 49. The mean recoveries for 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-j>-dioxin and octachlorodibenzo-|>-dioxin through the extract cleanup were 60 and 25%, respectively. Although a number of PCDD and PCDF compounds were identified, trichlorodibenzofurans were found at the highest concentrations. Table 50 shows the results of specific analyses for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin. This compound was detected in all three extracts, although the concentrations measured were substantially less than 1 ng/dscm. No PCDD or PCDF isomers were detected in any blank extracts. 83 �TABLE 40. TOC1 RESULTS AMD SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR CHICAGO NW FLUE GAS SAHPLES TOC1 Test day Date Volume (s. dc) Resin Mass (ng) Particulates Total cone, (ng/dscn) Surrogate recovery diz-Chrysene dg-Naphthalene () I Particulates Resin Particulates Resin (W Flue Gas Inlet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5-4 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-15 5-16 11.10 22.31 20.53 19.89 20.19 18.92 2.8 04 19.52 19.05 20.26 20.22 17,500 33,900 12,300 13,900 22,600 10,700 11,900 11,700 11,000 12,100 33,200 14,400 5,0 220 26,700 21,330 19,700 23,900 1,0 090 36,300 3,0 040 17,400 22,500 Flue Gas 1 2 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5-4 18.20 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 24.82 22.95 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-15 5-16 25.07 21.39 2.9 20 21.51 21.74 21.38 21.91 23.26 1,0 680 69,100 32,700 3900 0,0 3,0 220 6,0 320 4,0 790 3,0 940 19,100 4,0 450 3,0 060 37 80 49 54 38 9 17 30 22 25 92 280 ,0 3,860 1,900 1,770 2,090 1,830 1,110 2,470 2,170 1,460 2,753 38 20 41 62 54 27 16 13 46 27 13 40 19 52 16 48 27 17 36 24 28 13 340 ,6 1,100 7 3,140 1,760 13,500 19 7.720 2,0 400 7,070 590 ,4 400 ,6 200 ,7 3,310 2,540 2,920 1.230 230 ,0 1,490 62 58 45 100 47 56 68 25 41 77 29 Outlet 8,780 28,600 12,000 9,940 6,750 67 140 90 110 100 96 58 89 70 67 140 0 16 5 38 44 6 64 64 18 58 58 0 4 35 77 99 54 120 80 82 44 40 130 23 120 50 40 70 68 66 36 �TABLE 41. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR CHICAGO NW PLANT BACKGROUND AIR SAMPLES TOC1 (ng) TOC1 (ng/m3) Surrogate recovery d8-Naphthalene djg-Chrysene () % () % Test day Date Volume (m3) 2 5-6 660 1,510 2.3 58 45 3 5-7 490 1,400 2.9 67 74 4 5-8 570 1,840 3.2 46 71 5 5-9 590 1,730 3.0 23 55 6 5-10 510 < 30 < 0.1 7 1 7 5-11 590 430 0.7 55 170 8 5-12 390 < 30 < 0.1 0 0 9 5-13 580 540 0.9 34 33 10 5-15 490 890 1.8 26 28 11 5-16 710 1,240 1.7 37 44 5-17 520 760 1.5 11 24 5-19 320 590 1.8 2 66 a Calculated from the sampling time and the flowmeter reading on the HiVol sampler. 85 �TABLE 42. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR CHICAGO NW ESP ASH SAMPLES Test Day TOCI (ng/g) Date Time 0 5-3 0200 0600 1000 1400 1800 2200 1 5-4 0200 0600 1 Surrogate Recovery d8-Naphthalene di2-Chrysene fty \ V fb/ 5-6 41 36 0 44 45 18 68 63 46 80 72 35 59 8 35 1000 1400 2 226 203 68 89 143 54 I « 28 52 1400 62 8 24 ?6 7 39 1800 2200 } 192 58 97 } 49 20 15 1800 2200 5-7 0200 0600 1000 1400 3 } / 95 0 0 4 5-8 0200 0600 1000 1400 1800 2200 370 150 15 14 23 49 60 28 0 18 5 44 83 24 12 7 18 31 5 5-9 0200 0600 1000 1400 1800 2200 130 340 41 210 160 38 40 56 44 37 28 26 28 14 32 21 20 30 6 5-10 0400 0800 1200 111 84 57 37 19 9 32 35 32 (continued) 86 �TABLE 42 (continued) Surrogate Recovery dj2~Chrysene dg-Naphthalene Time TOC1 (ag/g) 5-10 1600 2000 59 65 39 8 40 76 0000 76 23 57 66 21 54 30 38 2000 0000 31 13 0 0400 0800 | 40 36 1200 1600 I « 36 21 2000 0000 | 30 32 0400 0800 \ 65 40 35 1200 1600 6 Date 5-11 Test Day \ 150 30 30 76 26 26 20 12 16 220 203 70 159 < 1 0 52 28 23 0 48 49 25 0 (continued) 7 0400 0800 1200 1600 5-12 8 5-13 9 5-14 \ 108 } 1600 2000 0000 10 5-15 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 I 132 38 37 �TABLE 42 (concluded) Test Day TOC1 (ng/g) Date Time 5-16 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 137 211 78 173 15 154 5-17 0100 0900 1300 1700 2100 12 11 12 88 Surrogate Recovery rig-Naphthalene 22 24 39 50 9 0 14 49 59 57 17 39 26 �TABLE 43. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR CHICAGO NW COMBINED BOTTOM ASH SAMPLES TOC1 Surrogate Recovery d12~Chrysene d8-Naphthalene < 1 18 23 5-3 0300 0700 1100 1500 1900 2300 E E E A < < < < < < 1 1 1 1 1 1 39 33 18 31 56 52 35 26 23 20 21 25 0300 0700 A A \ J < 1 12 0 D 1 < 1 34 7 1500 A < 1 29 52 C A \ / 6 34 32 0300 0700 A E » / < 1 0 26 B E ) J 6 38 58 1900 2300 3 A 1100 1500 2 2300 1900 2300 1 Time 1100 1500 0 Date 5-2 Test day Sector code D B ) f 3 46 52 5-4 5-6 5-7 (ng/g) B 4 5-8 0700 1100 1500 1900 1900 2300 B B D E C B < 1 < 1 < 1 124 < 1 < 1 8 22 19 37 13 0 24 26 20 64 8 0 5 5-9 0300 0700 1100 1500 1900 2300 B C D C B A 7 76 5 3 < 1 38 11 75 48 72 47 85 5 9 11 78 13 10 (continued) 89 �TABLE 43 (continued) Sector code8 TOC1 (ng/g) 7 16 Test day Date Time 6 5-10 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 A 0100 0500 E E I 0900 1300 E D } 1700 2100 B C 0100 0500 E B 0900 1300 A B 1700 2100 B E 0100 0500 D D 0900 1300 C A 1700 E 5-14 1700 2100 A A 5-15 0100 0500 0900 1300 7 8 9 10 5-11 5-12 5-13 Surrogate Recovery dg-Naphthalene d12~Chrysene () % 13 42 34 41 34 33 11 43 34 <l 31 25 } < l 36 36 } <> 8 13 1 28 17 25 I » 37 26 I 57 100 I » 60 12 < 1 28 7 > 2 19 0 A E } 18 34 8 C C \ 2 35 7 E B C E E < 1 < 1 < 1 49 • 3.8 7 8 8 11 12 (continued) 90 �TABLE 43 (concluded) Test day Sector j codea TOC1 (ng/g) Surrogate Recovery dg-Naphthalene d12-Chrysene () % () % Time 5-15 11 Dae 1700 2100 E c\ I < 1 21 5 5-16 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 E C C E B D < 1 26 26 50 44 6 24 6 8 7 6 6 6 7 < < < < 1 1 1 1 The accessible portion of the bottom ash discharge hopper was divided into five sectors which were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. 91 �TABLE 44. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR CHICAGO NW REFUSE SAMPLES 3 0100 0515 0900 1300 1700 2100 A B B B A B 1,780 9,940 0100 0500 A B A 0900 1300 A B A B 2110 1 5-3 1700 2100 0 Time Sector code TOC1 Date 0900 Test day 5-4 5-7 Surrogate recovery d -Naphthalene d12~Chrysene 8 12,300 15 12 12 5 28 15 15 12 0 5 18 15 221 0 0 < 1 0 0 \ f 14 0 0 \ f 1,350 0 0 A < 1 25 0 961 62 778 \ > 4 5-8 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 A B A B A B 84 165 38 583 27 567 8 12 19 9 0 9 4 15 32 26 0 9 5 5-9 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 B A A B B A 1,550 36 5 0 14 2 0 120 5 0 10 0 0 246 41 607 1,670 273 (continued) �TABLE 44 (continued) Test day 6 Sector code Date Time 5-10 0300 0700 1100 1500 1900 2300 B A B A B A 0300 0700 TOC1 (ng/g) Surrogate recovery d8-Naphthalene d12-Chrysene 9 5-13 0 0 B \ A| 599 2 0 B \ B J 95 0 0 0300 0700 B A \ I < 1 0 0 A } 1 389 8 3 1900 2300 5-12 < 1 1100 1500 8 B \ A ( 1900 2300 5-11 0 1 0 6 38 0 1100 1500 7 167 11 54 0 9 0 6 46 0 B B \ f < 1 0 0 0300 0700 A } J < 1 0 0 1100 1500 B \ A I < i o o B A 108 467 < 1 (continued) �TABLE 44 (concluded) TOC1 (ng/g) Surrogate recovery d12-Chrysene d g -Naphtha lene () % () % Test day Date Time Sector code 10 5-14 1500 1900 B A < 1 2,700 0 5 50 10 5-15 0300 0700 1100 1500 1900 2300 A A B B A B 22 8,070 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 68 30 0 0 0 4 68 32 0 0 0 5 5-16 0300 0700 1100 1500 1900 A B A A B 26 < 1 45 < 1 < 1 16 0 0 17 6 15 0 0 1 6 5-17 0000 B < 1 6 0 11 The accessible portion of refuse was divided into two sectors which were sampled according to a randomized selection scheme. �TABLE 45. TOC1 RESULTS AND SURROGATE RECOVERIES FOR CHICAGO NW TAP WATER SAMPLES Surrogate recovery di2~Chrysene dg-Naphthalene /O> \ \ A>/ () % Test day Date TOC1 (ng/£) 5 5-9 < 30 14 16 6 5-10 < 30 0 0 7 5-11 5-14 < 30 < 30 68 12 24 10 95 �TABLE 46. Compound COMPOUNDS QUANTITATED IN SAMPLES FROH THE CHICAGO NV INCINERATOR, UNIT HO. 2 Composite day Plant backbround air particulates concentration (ng/dsca) Flue gas inlet concentration (ng/dscn) Flue gas outlet concentration (ng/dsoi) Combined ash concentration (ng/g) 120 32 28 200 110 340 110 27 18 39 27 51 17 300 140 57 92 91 77 12 Target PAH Compounds Phenanthrene 1 2 3 Fluoranthene 1 2 3 Pyrene 1 2 3 1.0 0.28 0.82 0.18 9.4 7.8 Additional Compound* Idendified 1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene 1 2 3 130 130 18 1 ,4-Dicblorobenzene 1 2 3 96 98 14 1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene 1 2 3 140 120 20 1,2, 3-Trichlorobenzene 1 2 3 140 81 27 48 57 150 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1 2 3 550 380 160 200 220 560 1 ,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1 2 3 490 280 120 190 180 460 Tetrachlorobenzene* 1 2 3 1,400 1,000 1,400 790 630 (continued) ESP Ash concentration (ng/g) �TABLE 46 (concluded) Plant backbround air particulates concentration (ng/dscm) Flue gas inlet concentration (ng/dsm) Flue gas outlet concentration (ng/dscn) 1 2 3 too 39 12 Dichlorophenol' 1 2 3 560 240 190 1 2 3 2,100 140 ,0 1,200 1,900 1 2 3 2,200 1,100 1 2 3 130 64 190 160 430 Dibenzofuran 1 2 3 86 28 23 100 67 140 Dine thy Iphthalate 1 2 3 Hexachlorobenzene Tetrachlorophenol" Pentachlorophenol Diethylphthalate 1 2 3 Butylbenzylphthalate 1 2 3 60 0 1,500 1,100 1,700 83 4.8 50 1 2 3 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 970 600 1 2 3 Di-n-butylphthalate a ESP Ash concentration (ng/g) 240 280 630 Tri chloropheno 1a Combined ash concentration (ng/g) 110 48 260 Compound Composite day Specific isoner not determined. 15 6.1 32 130 47 370 170 230 89 �TABLE 47. COMPARISON OF TOC1 RESULTS FROM DIRECT TOC1 ASSAYS VERSUS CALCULATED TOC1 FROM SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN COMPOSITE CHICAGO NW EXTRACTS Composite day TOCI assay Sum of compounds identified Flue gas inlet 1 2 3 130 mg/hr 88 mg/hr 67 mg/hr 200 mg/hr 110 mg/hr 56 mg/hr Flue gas outlet 1 2 3 97 mg/hr 110 mg/hr 86 mg/hr 120 mg/hr 96 mg/hr 190 mg/hr 98 ng/g 93 ng/g Sample type ESP Ash 98 �TABLE 48. CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL ISOMERS IN FLUE GAS OUTLET SAMPLES FROM THE CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR UNIT NO. 2 Compound identified Composite day (Concentration, ng/dscm) 1 3 2 Dichlorobiphenyl 5.8 6.0 40 Trichlorobiphenyl 7.6 4.3 36 Tetrachlorobiphenyl 4.2 1.5 13 Pentachlorobiphenyl 2.3 1.0 4.5 Total chlorobiphenyl 19.9 12.8 93.5 99 �TABLE 49. CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYCHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND FURANS IN FLUE GAS FROM THE CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR Concentrations (ng/dscm) Total trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 15 12 11 13 2.1 Total trichlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 350 280 270 300 44 Total tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 7.2 5.4 6.2 6.3 0.90 Total tetrachlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 89 84 96 90 6.0 Total hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 14 21 14 16 4.0 (continued) 100 �TABLE 49 (concluded) Concentrations (ng/dscm) Total hexachlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 43 84 59 62 21 Total heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 7.2 7.8 7.7 7.6 0.32 Total heptachlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 7.2 7.2 8.0 7.5 0.46 Octachlorodibeuzo-p-dioxin Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.5 0.39 Octachlorodibenzofuran Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 0.72 0.63 0.46 0.60 0.13 101 �TABLE 50. CONCENTRATIONS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN IN FLUE GAS FROM THE CHICAGO NW INCINERATOR Concentration (ng/dscm) Day 1 0.35 2 0.36 3 0.52 Mean 0.41 S.D. 0.10 Cadmium The results for cadmium analysis of samples of fly ash, bottom ash, and refuse for test days 8 to 14 are presented in Tables 51 to 53. The fly ash samples contained the highest concentrations of cadmium, ranging from 86 to 560 (Jg/8- The concentration of cadmium in bottom ash was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of the fly ash samples. The cadmium content of refuse samples ranged from less than 0.12 to 1.4 (Jg/8- Cadmium was not detected in the tap water from this plant. The concentrations of cadmium in the flue gas outlet samples are listed in Table 54. Also included in these tables are results for the recoveries of spiked samples, which was part of the QA program discussed in the analysis methods. The recovery of cadmium averaged 91% from both the combined ash and the refuse and 114% from the fly ash. 102 �TABLE 51. CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FLY ASH FROM CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 Test day Date Time 9 5/13 0000 0400 5/14 10 5/15 0800 1200 1600 1700 2000 0400 0800 1200 Cadmium (Mg/g) 283 201, 212 209, 217, 222 376 458 391 86.1, 82.3 250 1600 200 225 209, 218 380, 392 419, 425, 440 361 560 Spike recovery () %a 139 109 124, 118, 114 11 5/16 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 306 325, 325 237 250 216 135 12 5/17 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 230 279, 348 289 290 313 328, 323 94 0100 0500 309 326 13 5/18 97 ± 9° Spiked distilled water a 100 Spiked with 10 (Jg total cadmium. b Spiked with 10 pg total cadmium and analyzed with the sample digests. c Mean and standard deviation for eight determinations. 103 �TABLE 52. CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN COMBINED BOTTOM ASH FROM CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 Test day Cadmium (Mg/g) Spike recovery () %3 11 5/13 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 8.20 23.4 8.30, 7.34 36.1, 31.2 15.1 95 61 1700 2100 5.40 30.8, 27.8 88 5/15 0100 0500 0900 1300 1700 2100 15.9, 9.20 31.7 48.8 7.3 17.1 18.5, 49.4 31.7, 60.5 81, 106 0100 0500 0900 1300 2000 2100 10 Time 5/14 9 Date 7.88, 28.7, 6.80 27.8 13.3 10.7, 8.64 12.1 7.5 5/16 12 5/17 0200 0600 1000 1400 1800 2200 5/18 0200 0600 1000 1400 1800 2200 5/19 0200 0600 1000 1400 120 105 6.35 8.00 21.7 4.60 71 3.60 14 67 14.5 10.4 6.00 14.3 13.1, 14.8 17.6 13 98 13.1 46.9 7.85 14.3 93 ± 6C Spiked distilled water a Spiked with 10 pg total cadmium. b Spiked with 10 )Jg total cadmium and analyzed with the sample digests. c Mean and standard deviation for six determinations. 104 �TABLE 53. CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN REFUSE FROM CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR Test day 8 10 11 12 13 14 Date Time 5/12 5/13 5/13 5/13 5/13 5/14 5/14 5/14 5/15 5/15 5/15 5/15 5/15 5/15 5/16 5/16 5/16 5/16 5/16 5/17 5/17 5/17 5/17 5/17 5/17 5/18 5/18 5/18 5/18 5/19 5/19 5/19 5/19 2300 0300 0700 1100 1500 1500 1900 2300 0300 0700 1100 1500 1700 2300 0300 0700 1100 1500 1900 0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 1200 1600 2000 0000 0400 0800 1200 Cadmium (Mg/K) 1.45 0.50, 1.25 0.85 0.28 0.45 0.63 1.07 0.95, 1.02 0.67 0.14 0.85 < 0.12 0.20 1.10, 1.04 1.07 0.83, 0.80 < 0.12 < 0.12, < 0.12 0.63 1.10 0.68 < 0.12 0.18 0.16 0.60 0.57 0.25 1.04, 0.94 0.55 1.25 9.85, 8.44 0.79 8.13 Spike recovery () %3 91 72 95 106 105 94 78 ± 22C Spiked distilled water a Spiked with 10 (Jg total cadmium. b Spiked with 10 (Jg total cadmium and analyzed with the sample digests. c Mean and standard deviation for seven determinations. 105 �TABLE 54. CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN THE FLUE GAS OUTLET PARTICULARS FROM CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 Cadmium Concentration (ng/dscm) Date Volume (dscm) Mass (pg) 12 5/17 6.20 520 84 13 5/18 6.20 1,490 240 14 5/19 6.81 1,850 272 Test day 106 �SECTION 9 ANALYTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS The principal quality assurance indicators used for this study were the recoveries for surrogate compounds spiked into all samples prior to extraction and the results of three interlaboratory comparison studies. SURROGATE COMPOUND RECOVERIES The surrogate recoveries determined for all samples from both plants are summarized in Table 55. As indicated in the previous section, the recoveries observed for naphthalene are generally lower than those for chrysene. Since the compounds of primary interest in this study are less volatile than naphthalene, the naphthalene recoveries likely indicate the maximum losses attributable to volatilization. The chrysene recoveries likely provide a more accurate indication of the recoveries of the principal analytes related to extraction efficiency and general extraction handling. The apparent analytical accuracy and precision as indicated by the recoveries and standard deviations of surrogates observed for each media was likely influenced by the dilution of extracts prior to analysis. Many of the more complex extracts required dilution such that the concentrations of the surrogate compounds in the diluted extracts were near the analytical detection limits. In general, the surrogate recoveries observed for the Ames samples were higher than those observed for the Chicago samples. This is likely attributable, at least in part, to the complexity of the Chicago samples. INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON STUDIES TOC1 Two interlaboratory comparison studies were conducted to check the comparability of TOC1 assay as conducted by SwRI and GSRI. In the first study, selected extracts from the two plants were submitted for TOC1 assay by the other laboratory. A second set of TOC1 extracts was prepared at MRI by mixing several extracts of organic chemicals manufacturing wastewaters. The results of these two studies are shown in Table 56. Although some significant discrepancies are apparent, the data from the two laboratories are generally comparable. 107 �TABLE 55. SUMMARY OF SURROGATE RECOVERY DATA Plant Sample type Determinations Surrogate recovery dg Naphthalene d12-Chrysene () % () % Flue gas outlet 11 47 ± 12 86 ± 12 Flue gas inlet 22 57 ± 24 73 ± 19 Plant background air particulates 21 48 ± 23 98 ± 22 ESP ash 51 44 ± 25 96 ± 22 Bottom ash 51 55 ± 20 85 ± 31 6 90 ± 16 90 ± 18 36 65 ± 15 110 ± 28 Bottom ash hopper quench water influent 6 69 ± 17 110 ± 18 Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow Ames 50 42 ± 32 88 ± 25 44 ± 38 88 ± 17 Coal RDF Well water Chicago Flue gas outlet 11 (resin) 11 (filter) 26 ± 23 29 ± 13 61 ± 37 62 ± 34 Flue gas inlet 11 (resin) 11 (filter) 41 ± 26 32 ± 17 93 ± 28 55 ± 22 Plant background air particulates 12 31 ± 23 51 ± 45 ESP ash 53 26 ± 18 35 ± 22 Bottom ash 51 33 ± 18 21 ± 20 Refuse 51 9 ± 13 10 ± 21 4 24 ± 30 13 ± 10 Tap water a The resin and filter catch portions of the Chicago flue gas samples were spiked, extracted, and analyzed separately for the surrogate compounds, 108 �TABLE 56. RESULTS OF INTERLABORATORY TOC1 ANALYSES TOC1 (ng/extract) SwRI results GSRI results Sample Chicago flue gas outlet (5/15) resin3 Chicago flue gas inlet (5/7) particulate Ames Ames Ames Ames Ames Ames bottom ash (3/7, bottom ash (3/9, flue gas outlet flue gas outlet RDF (3/4, 0230) RDF (3/3, 1430) Synthetic Extract I II III IV a Prepared by SwRI. c Resin and particulate combined. d 11,300 10,900 13,800 12,400, 16,200 Prepared by GSRI. b 1,020 124 4,230 18,100 109,000 215,000 7,300 10,700 7,600 10,400 0130 + 0530)b 2030) (3/15)C (3/18)° 23,000 19,200 39,300 42,800 10,020 31,400 227 91.8 702 443 78,800 181,000 Chicago flue gas outlet (5/12) resin Chicago flue gas outlet (5/9) particulate Chicago flue gas outlet (5/6) particulate Chicago flue gas outlet (5/11) resin 44,500 26,700 39,400 12,000 8,780 47,900 Prepared by MRI. Specific Compound Analysis An interlaboratory study was also conducted using spiked fly ash aliquots spiked with specific compounds. Mixed fly ash from the Ames and Chicago plants was divided into 20-g aliquots. The aliquots were spiked by MRI with six chlorinated compounds and submitted to GSRI and SwRI for analysis by the same extraction, HRGC and scanning HRGC/MS procedures used for the plant samples. Four pairs of duplicate fly ash aliquots were submitted to each laboratory. The results of these analyses are shown in Table 57 along with the surrogate recoveries. Most compounds were identified in the spiked samples by both laboratories. Exceptions were pentachlorophenol in most samples and decachlorobiphenyl in one sample by SwRI. 109 �TABLE 57. INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR THE EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS IN FOUR SETS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE SAMPLES I Compound Spike level (ng/g) II Concentration9 (ng/g) GSRI SwRI Spike level (ng/g) IV III a Concentration (ng/g) SwRI GSRI Concentration (ng/g) GSRI SwRI Spike level (ng/g) 1 ,2-Dichlorobenzeoe 0 NDb ND 585 90, 125 952 , 1,130 2,930 940 , 430 1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0 ND ND 560 100, 170 1,170 , 1,220 4,200 1,660 , 865 Hexaehlorobenzene 0 ND ND 550 45, 65 295 , 150 2,750 790 , 365 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 0 ND ND 2,850 ND, 45 1,040 , 748 570 75 , ND " 112 , ND, ND C tr, tr 535 ND , ND tr , tr 1,230 6,050 , 2,890 Spike level (ng/g) Concentration (ng/g) SwRI GSRI 20,200, 4,410 7,420, 6,300 4,390 700, 1,010 11,700, 10,200 2,800 720, 855 7,660, 8,420 85, 75 170, 103 4,280 355, 840 3,690, 2,040 tr, tr 4,020 ND, ND tr, tr 403, 566 2,450 8,650, 6,800 2,460, 1,280 1,630, 1,680 275 Pentarhlorophenol 0 ND ND 2,680 Decachlorobiphenyl 0 ND ND 490 Naphthalene-da 38, 2 88, 88 25, 40 89 , 88 59 ,30 98, 84 34, 42 101, 89 Chrysene-d,2 49, 23 73, 84 41, 40 88 , 76 50 , 38 75, 71 45, 45 111, 103 425, 970 Surrogate Compound Recovery ( ) * a Concentration values reported for two identical samples prepared by MRI. b ND = not detected. c tr = trace. �PCDD and PCDF Analysis The results of the interlaboratory comparison of PCDD and PCDF analyses conducted on Chicago flue gas outlet extracts by MRI and R. Harless at EPA's Research Triangle Park laboratory are shown in Table 58. Both the qualitative and quantitative results from the two laboratories were quite comparable. There were no qualitative discrepancies. The agreement in quantitation is reasonable, particularly in view of the facts that: (1) the two laboratories utilized different gas chromatographic systems and different selected ion monitoring procedures (computer controlled ion selection by MRI and hardware controlled ion selection by EPA) and (2) that the levels were near the limits of detection. TABLE 58. INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON OF THE LEVELS OF PCDDs AND PCDFs IN COMPOSITE EXTRACTS FROM THE CHICAGO NW INCINERATOR Composite Total mass in sample (ng) EPA3 results MRI results Parameter 14 1 24 2 2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 24 7.0 3 2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 34 9.4 4 Total tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 500 1,200 5 Total tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 360 740 6 Total tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 400 660 7 Total tetrachlorodibenzofuran 5,600 1,640 8 a 2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Total hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,400 280 Calculated from data in Reference 8. 111 �SECTION 10 EMISSIONS RESULTS AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 The TOC1 input and emission rates determined for the Ames plant during the test period are shown in Table 59. These results were calculated from the daily mean levels of TOC1 in coal, RDF, and ash from Section 8 and the mass and volume flow rates from the engineering and process data in Section 7. Since TOC1 is not a conservative parameter, it the mean TOC1 destruction rate is greater than 99%. data indicate that flue gas was responsible for the emissions, 83%. Bottom ash and fly ash contributed tively, of the total emissions. is not surprising that Interestingly, these largest fraction of TOC1 only 11 and 5%, respec- Table 60 shows the input and emission rates for the target PAHs and other compounds identified in the composited Ames extracts. The mass and volume flow data used for the input and emission calculations are averages for the sampling days comprising the composite days. The emission rates for PCBs in Table 61. Only the composited flue PCBs by HRGC/MS-SIM. PCBs may have sions media at concentrations below the Ames flue gas samples are shown in gas outlet extracts were analyzed for been present in other inputs and emisthe limit of detection of scanning HRGC/MS. A summary of the cadmium inputs and emissions for the test days investigated at the Ames Municipal Power Plant is presented in Table 62. The total inputs and emissions represent a good mass balance. CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 The calculated TOC1 inputs and emissions are shown in Table 63. The apparent mean TOC1 destruction rate (97%) is slightly lower than was observed for the Ames plant. However, the difficulty experienced in taking representative samples of raw refuse hinders accurate destruction efficiency determinations. The contribution of flue gases to total TOC1 emissions is remarkably similar, 87% for the Chicago incinerator relative to 83% for Ames power plant. 112 �TABLE 59. TOTAL ORGANIC CHLORINE INPUTS AND EMISSIONS - AHES MUNICIPAL POWER PLAHT, UKIT Nn Inputs Coal TOC1 RDF Date Load feed Feed () 1 ( ) (kg/hr) I 3/2 3/3 3/4 3/5 36 / 3/7 3/8 3/9 3/10 3/11 3/12 3/13 3/14 3/15 3/17 3/18 3/19 3/20 3/22 3/23 86 86 90 91 8 9 87 80 60 83 8* 89 89 87 62 84 91 89 87 84 52 0 13 23 19 2 2 14 20 4 10 24 21 16 24 4 12 17 15 7 11 0 14,600 14,400 1,0 440 15,200 1,0 460 15,200 12,800 1,0 080 14,200 13,700 1,0 600 14,100 13,900 1,0 090 1,0 420 1,0 430 1,0 420 1,0 560 14,100 9,250 Decemin•tions 20 20 20 Mean 83 14 13,800 Standard 11 deviation 7.7 1,700 (gg n/) TOC1 (t/r ».h) Emissions Refuse-derived fuel tOCl TOC1 (kg/hr) (ng/g) (gh) ./r Total TOC1 ( / r « h ) Botto* ash TOC1 (gh) k/r' 5 73 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 72 72 76 73 76 64 54 71 6. 85 8. 00 7. 05 6. 95 2.130 4,290 3,640 400 ,3 2,470 3,180 491 1,530 430 ,4 430 ,2 2,720 4,350 5 5 5. 45 71 417 1,850 5 5 71.5 71 2,930 2,550 78 70.5 4. 63 1,200 1,740 0 (gh) ./r 500 400 5 5 5 (ng/g) tOCl 200 350 250 350 100 20 5 HI) 20 6» 8.4 0 toil 20 100 20,100 9,300 350 ,0 820 ,0 9,900 12,100 500 ,0 530 ,0 1,0 300 1,0 990 960 ,0 2,0 200 42,900 39,900 12,700 3,5 300 2,0 450 38,500 2,500 8,100 5,0 640 8,0 600 26,100 95,700 12 12 4,0 300 4,0 000 12,800 3,0 310 2,0 460 3,0 860 260 ,0 820 ,0 5,0 650 8,0 610 2,0 620 9,0 580 12 5.5 0.55 350 550 450 550 400 500 200 300 550 500 400 550 124 97 36 44 55 33 4.4 38 113 57 156 38 43 53 16 24 22 17 0.88 11.4 67 29 62 21 20 13 13 2,312 11,500 3,0 890 3,0 900 380 62 28 1,570 620 ,0 2,0 880 28,800 150 47 21 Mass (kg/hr) ESP ash TOC1 (dscn/hr) Flue ga«" TOC1 TOC1 Total 1UC1 Percent of ttx.1 e«is»io»» (ng/d.«)_ («s/hr) (a.g/hr) 4 7 2.5 6.5 5.2 2.7 3.1 56 3.5 5.2 2.6 5.6 3.0 7.8 6.2 3.2 3.7 67 4.2 6.2 3.1 3920 0,0 323,800 3800 2,0° 322,500C 3030 4.0° 318,400C 29I.300C 2290; 4,0) 3330 3,0° 341,500C 156 1,210 766 454 951 412 367 411 833 562 48.2 392 251 146 324 131 107 100 278 192 54.4 438 312 168 351 156 191 105 296 257 1 10 17 10 7 14 9 1 4 24 10 1 3 3 1 2 35 4 2 1 89 89 80 87 92 84 56 95 94 75 '20 ,0 ,0 20 ,0 20 ,0 20 ,0 20 200 20 0 ,0 20 200 2^3 3.0 3.8 3.6 3890 2,0 289,300 2840 5,0 3540 2,0 319,100 314,800 3000 2,0 332,200 225.700 332 1,680 238 90 5 855 1,050 25 0 124 157 109 486 61.5 39 0 273 331 6. 56 41.2 35.4 174 511 36 4 2 1 62 95 20 13 ND («/hr) Mass ,0 20 ,200 ,0 20 ,200 ,0 20 ,200 ,0 20 ,0 20 ,0 20 ,0 20 1,200 («/«> TOC1 13 19 19 19 M_rA g>s_ _ 12 12 _ 12 12 7.7 9.2 308,700 616 194 246 11 5 83 14.6 17.4 32,900 425 134 138 10 10 13 a Estimated from Mass Missions data collected during 1978. Douglas Fiscus, Midwest Research Institute, personal conminication. b Flue gas sampled at the outlet of the ESP except where indicated. c Flue gas outlet samples were not collected on this day. The mass emission* and TOCl concentration data are for flue gas inlet samples collected on this day. Flue gas TOCl emissions are corrected for the TOCl to the ESP ash. �TABLE 60. COMPOUNDS QUANTITATED IN THE PRIMARY INPUT AND EMISSION MEDIA FOR THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Inputs Compound Composite day Refuse-derived Coal fuel Input Input Cone, rate Cone. rate ( g h ) (ng/g) («ft/hr) •/r (ng/g) Plant background air Input rate Cone, (ng/dscn) (•R/hr) Flue gas inlet Emission Cone. rate (ng/dse.) («g/hr) Emissions Flue gas outlet ESP ash Emission Emission Cone. rate Cone. rate (ng/dscn) (»g/hr) (ng/g) («g/hr) Botton ash Enission Cone. rate (ng/g) («g/hr) Target PAH compounds Pyrene 110,000 1000 3,0 210,000 110,000 2000 7,0 1 2 3 4 5 1,570 1,840 1,260 2,120 4,110 2,0 300 2,0 600 1,0 800 2,0 800 59,000 1 2 3 1,190 1,640 3,320 900 3,210 17,000 2,0 300 4,0 600 1,0 200 4,0 600 984 271 306 198 1,300 1,200 580 420 1 2 1,340 1,960 3 Fluoranthene 7,550 900 ,9 15,400 8,500 18,600 3,810 4 Anthracene 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 Phenantbreoe 1,070 400 ,4 2,0 000 2,0 800 5,0 300 1,0 400 5,0 800 552 436 282 372 1,500 1,900 530 790 434 1,200 Chrysene Benzo[a]pyrene 1 2 3 4 5 370 425 1,060 238 1,300 1 2 3 4 5 5,400 600 ,0 15,000 3,200 19,000 76 140 200 200 54 390 320 320 37 480 0.17 0.16 0.19 008 .2 004 .2 0.030 59 57 77 89 100 16 18 22 28 28 49 77 78 3,100 4,100 1, 0 80 1,800 296 810 0.05 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.07 70 240 140 87 94 20 78 42 28 26 46 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.05 0.12 0.11 0.17 0.07 220 850 480 230 330 64 280 140 74 90 0.29 0.40 0.37 0.60 0.38 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.28 0.016 0.015 008 .0 0.02 0.4 14 26 24 14 22 0.07 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.07 5 270 420 660 640 200 110 0.32 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.044 0.003 0.29 140 ,0 940 948 828 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.36 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.36 3.5 28 0.76 77 40 97 28 130 110 96 250 66 330 96 12 13 21 64 120 19 63 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Benzo[g,h,i]perylene 1 2 3 4 5 46 10 52 30 1.0 21 17 36 450 160 32 32 74 22 90 9.0 64 29 6.0 420 26 16 1.9 150 0.3 0.90 0.4 3.2 6.0 22 38 6.2 17 2.7 170 0.76 13 3.8 28 6.0 3.3 0.015 13 130 ' 0.09 140 43 500 3.2 99 78 14 180 24 Indeno [ 1 , 2 , 3-c , d Jpy rene 1 2 3 4 5 32 250 13 13 30 8.8 1.0 8.0 9.6 2.8 46 0.3 100 0.96 22 4.6 6.6 1.5 (continued) 58 �TABLE 60 (Continued) Compound Composite day Inputs Refuse-derived Plant Coal fuel background air Input Input Input Cone. rate Cone. rate Cone. rate (ng/g) (mg/hr) (ng/g) (mg/hr) (ng/dscm) (mg/hr) Flue gas inlet Emission rate Cone, (ng/dscm] (mg/hr) 1 Emissions Flue gas ESP ash Bottom ash outlet Emission Emission Emission Cone. rate Cone. rate rate Cone, (ng/dscm) (mg/hr) (ng/R) (mg/hr) (ng/g) (mg/hr) Additional compounds identified Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene 3.3 1 2 3 4 5 1,300 1,200 520 430 25 79 1 2 3 4 5 1.0 24 8.2 24 25 3,500 5,200 980 920 5 1 2 3 002 .08 0.0016 0.02 002 .04 0.07 0.08 1.5 99 180 32 52 110 34 69 0.02 0.01 9.6 6.8 0.07 19 85 24 103 30 6,400 7,700 3,000 6,000 6,200 1,800 2,600 1,000 1,200 1,300 300 400 400 2,100 580 0.010 4 5 Tetrachlorobenzene 1 2 3 5 Pentachlorophenol Phenol 2 , 4-Dinethylphenol 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1,300 3,500 24 690 10,000 12,000 2,800 23,000 29,000 150,000 170,000 39,000 310,000 420,000 7.2 1,500 3.3 1.3 0.8 1.5 1.8 0.46 0.21 0.11 0.23 0.25 4,700 4,000 13,000 5,100 9,500 1,300 1,300 4,000 1,600 2,600 220 260 190 380 230 460 98 640 990 110 260 27 920 1,900 1,700 980 1,600 1,800 360 730 11 8 (continued) 2.5 �TABLE 60 (Continued) Inputs Compound Naphthalene Fluorene Benz [a ] anthracene Benzofluoranthrene Benzo[e Jpyrene Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Trichlorobenzene Composite day Plant Refuse-derived background air Coal fuel Input Input Input Cone, rite Cone. rate Cone, rate (og/g) (•g/hr) (ng/g) («g/hr) (ng/dsca) (•g/hr) 1 2 3 4 5 1,400 1,100 1,800 1,800 2,700 1 2 3 4 5 3,500 50,000 43,000 3,100 5,600 78,000 3,300 45,000 7,000 100,000 710 1,000 620 1,800 740 200 340 190 560 200 0.22 0.32 0.28 0.13 0.037 0.048 0.045 0.017 120 34 0.020 0.073 0.079 0.089 0.052 0.42 0.67 0.63 0.65 0.51 1,600 1,900 712 677 0.040 0.037 0.048 0.045 0.017 0.53 0.55 0.38 600 450 380 320 0.28 0.22 0.32 0.28 0.13 0.14 0.44 20,000 16,000 3 , 0 9 , 0 600 800 25,000 2,200 9,600 24,000 1,500 2,800 39,000 1,500 3,200 1 2 3 4 S 1 2 3 4 5 Emissions Flue gas Flue gas Bottoa ash inlet outlet ESP ash Emission Emission Emission Emission rate Cone. rate Cone. rate Cone. rate Cone, (ng/dsn) («g/hr) (ng/dscn) (•g/hr) (ng/g) (iig/hr) (ng/g) («g/hr) 000 .6 0.11 0.095 0.1 0.070 7.2 3.2 960 260 1,200 3,800 6,600 13,000 3,400 18,000 1 2 3 4 5 650 970 1,600 1,400 1,500 9,500 14,000 22,000 18,000 22,000 1 2 3 4 5 220 240 560 400 450 3,200 3,400 7,700 5,300 6,500 0.17 0.2 0.18 0.22 15 360 110 29 1.5 140 61 9.2 14 17 6.5 2.7 12 6.9 7.7 1.9 0.88 3.6 2.2 29 261 470 8.8 2.3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 190 180 24 98 240 2.2 9.9 650 550 81 300 850 1,200 3,200 1.0 20 24 120 75 10 100 130 6.6 7.2 36 77 24 10.2 26 7.2 (continued) 0.55 12 30 5.5 32 47 �TABLE 60 (concluded) Compound Dime thy Ipht ha late Diethylphthalate Di-n-butylphthalate Butylbenzylphthaalte Composite day 1 2 3 4 5 a Specific isomer not Emissions Flue gas Flue gas Bottom ash inlet outlet ESP ash Emission Emission Emission Emission Cone. rate Cone. rate Cone. rate Cone. rate (ng/dscm) (mg/hr) (ng/dscm) (ng/hr) (ng/g) (mg/hr) (ng/g) (mg/hr) 3.0 0.20 730 1 2 3 4 5 11 0.5 9,100 25 ,000 290 1 ,300 1 ,400 2,700 11 , 0 23 , 0 00 00 18 ,000 49 ,000 14 ,000 61 ,000 6,400 12 ,000 14 ,000 28 ,000 1 2 3 4 determined. 2.0 0.48 26 1.20 37 48 16 5 .1 4.0 42 12 35 170 0.40 16 .8 6.6 11 58 32 3 .2 15 3.0 36 7.2 4.0 9.6 6.0 14 51 59 ,000 110 ,000 22 ,000 46 ,000 1 2 3 4 5 350 ,000 44 ,000 35 ,000 22 ,000 0.30 1 ,600 1 2 3 4 5 5 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Inputs Refuse-derived Plant Coal fuel background air Input Input Input rate Cone. rate Cone. rate Cone, (ng/g) (mg/hr) (ng/g) (nig/hr) (ng/dscm) (mg/hr) 970 ,000 190 ,000 66 ,000 46 ,000 6.0 Ib 28 14 3.0 2.0 8.0 980 7.2 4.8 1,200 480 810 19 9.8 470 260 260 �TABLE 61. FLUE GAS CONCENTRATIONS OF PCBs AND EMISSION RATES FOR THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Total PCBs Concentrations Emission rate (ng/dscm) (mg/hr) Ames composite day 1 5.2 1.4 2 27 9.0 3 23 6.8 4 25 8.2 5 17 4.8 Mean 19 6.0 S.D. 8.8 118 3.0 �TABU 62. CADMIUM INPUTS AKD EMISSIONS - AHES MUNICIPAL POVtR PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Input Test day Date Load () I RDF (I) Mass flow (kt/hr) RDF Coal Cd cone. (MK/I) Cd input (mg/hr) Mass flow (kg/hr) Cd cone. (M8/8) Cd input (mg/hr) Total Cd input (mg/hr) Bottom ash (BA) Mass Cd Cd floo cone. emissions (kg/hr) (mg/hr) (MB/I) Emissions ESP ash (FA) Voluse Cd Mass Cd flow flow cone. emissions (dscm/hr) <m*/hr) (kg/hr) (Ug/g) Flue gas Cd Cd cone. emissions (Uf/dscm) (mg/hr) Total emissions (mg/hr) Percent of total emissions Flue BA FA gas 11 3/12 89 23.5 1.0 390 1,200 9.01 10,800 12 3/13 89 15.3 15.010 0.736 11,050 2,700 2.10 5,670 16,700 400 1.91 760 1,200 8.36 10,030 164,000 13 3/14 87 23.8 13,800 0.135 1,860 4,300 3.16 13,600 15.500 550 2.19 1,200 1,200 8.21 9.850 145,000 14 3/15 3/16 62 3.69 10,800 0.138 0.144 1,490 410 5.30 2,170 360 .6 150 2.41 0.876 360 1,200 1,200 5.43 2.90 6,520 3,480 129,000 21 3/24 85 6.15 14,800 0.149 2,200 970 2.63 2,550 4,750 200 1.36 270 1,200 4.12 4,940 153.000 22.55 3,450 8,660 3 57 22 3/25 84 10.9 14,300 0.112 1,600 1.740 2.88 5,010 6,610 300 2.70 810 1,200 6.34 7,600 148.000 27.95 4,140 12.600 6.5 60 . 5 33 23 3/26 87 15.0 14,400 920 1,200 7.54 9.050 1800 4.0 25.46 3,770 13,700 7 66 27 8 8 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 1,200 6.48 7,780 148,000 61 33 2.2 2,630 11,400 Determinations Mean Standard deviation 550 4,300 0.231 3.320 2.530 2.82 7.130 1.0 050 40 0 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 6 7 83 14 13,900 0.235 3,590 2,420 3.15 6,020 9,620 360 1.96 720 1,420 0.224 3.720 1,510 1.11 4,160 5,540 160 0.64 350 9.5 7.8 7 6 8 25.3 2.70 3,790 11,600 S.5 350 2,650 2.2 4.5 40 6.5 �TABLE 63. Date 5/3 5/4 5/6 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/13 5/15 5/16 5/17 Refuse input Feed TOC1 TOC1 rate cone, input (kg/hr) (ng/g) (8h) •/r 15,800 15,200 20,300 17,300 17,300 18,200 18,400 18,900 16,000 15,800 16,900 16,600 17,200 Mass emissions (dsc»/hr) < 1 < 1 3 2.9 21 21 12 2.2 15 10 6.6 < 1 < 5.5 < 5.3 16 14 87 103 60 11 53 34 24 < 3.6 12 12 . 88,080 93,960 84,600 92,460 72,600 83,820 85,740 86,280 83,340 84,600 99,060 - 1,100 3,140 1,760 13,500 2,070 3,310 2,540 2,920 1,230 2,300 1,490 - 11 11 11 11 Total TOC1 emissions (•g/hr) Percent of TOC1enissions Cooibined ash Flue gas (X) U) . 5 5 9 6 41 18 5 17 25 1.1 3 - . 95 95 91 94 59 82 95 83 75 89 97 - 5,500 5,290 5,490 4,680 4,680 4,920 4,970 5,110 3,470 3,430 3,670 3,600 3,730 13 12 13 17,200 590 9,800 4,500 8.1 35 86,780 3,200 285 327 13 87 Standard 1,440 deviation 1,180 18,700 800 7.6 34 6,830 3,500 327 345 12 12 Mean o Emissions Flue gasa TOC1 TOC1 cone. emissions (ng/dsc«) ("g/hr) Combined ash TOC1 Mass TOC1 emissions flow cone, (8h) ./r (kg/hr) (ng/g) 67,900 1,670 0 8,100 4,500 13,300 2,390 4,350 2,100 < 16 22,800 200 < 17 Deterain- 13 ations ro 4,300 110 0 470 260 730 130 230 130 < 1 1,350 12 < 1 TOTAL ORGANIC CHLORINE INPUTS AND EMISSIONS - CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 a Flue gas collected at the outlet of the ESP. 97 295 149 1,250 150 277 218 252 103 195 148 - 102 311 163 1,337 253 337 229 305 137 219 152 11 11 �The input and emission rates for target PAHs and other compounds identified in the composited Chicago extracts are shown in Table 64. Since the refuse extracts contained very high levels of extracted organics and were very difficult to analyze, composite refuse extracts were not prepared. Hence, the data were not available for the target PAHs and other compounds in the primary input medium for these composite days. The emission rates for PCBs in the Chicago flue gas samples are shown in Table 65. As in the case of the Ames data, only flue gas data was available although PCBs may have been present in other media at low concentrations. The emission rates for PCDDs and PCDFs in the Chicago flue gas samples are shown in Table 66. The mean emission rates for total PCDDs and PCDFs are 3,900 and 38,600 |Jg/hr, respectively. Table 67 shows the flue gas emission rates for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p_-dioxin. The mean emission rate is 34 pg/hr. A summary of the cadmium inputs and emissions for the test days investigated is presented in Table 68. The agreement between the total cadmium inputs and emissions is poor and reflects the problems encountered in obtaining representative samples of the refuse materials and resulting ashes. 121 �TABLE 64. Compound Composite day COMPOUNDS QUANTITATED IN INPUT AND EMISSION MEDIA CHICAGO NV INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 Plant background air Conr. Input rate (ng/dscn) (ng/hr) Flue gas inlet Cone, Emission rate (ng/dscn) (•g/hr) Flue gas outlet Cone. Emission rate (ng/dsc«) (ing/hr) Combined ash Cone. Emission rate (ng/g) (mg/hr) Target PAH compounds Phenanthrene Fluoranthene 1 2 3 1 120 32 28 1.0 11 2.8 2.4 200 110 340 17 9.2 28 004 .4 no 9.8 2.4 1.6 39 27 51 2.2 0.012 27 18 2 3 Pyrene 1 0.28 0.82 0.035 2 3 0.18 008 .0 300 140 57 26 12 4.8 3.4 4.4 8.0 92 91 77 6.6 17 9.4 12 1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene 1 2 3 130 130 18 7.8 12 11 1.6 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1 2 3 96 98 14 8.2 8.2 1.2 1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene 1 2 3 140 120 20 12 10 17 1,2, 3-Trichlorobenzene 1 2 3 140 81 27 12 7.0 2.2 48 57 150 4.0 4.8 12 1,2,4-Trichlo robenzene 1 2 3 550 380 160 46 32 13 200 220 560 17 19 48 1 ,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1 2 3 490 280 120 44 24 10 190 180 460 16 15 40 Tetrachlorobenzene* 1 2 3 1,400 1,000 120 86 40 790 630 68 54 120 1 2 3 100 39 12 1 0 S3 Hexach lo robenzene 470 9.0 3.4 1.0 1,400 110 48 260 38 56 7.8 Additional compounds identified ,_. 78 9.0 4.0 22 (continued) 32 �TABLE 64 (Concluded) Compound Dichlorophenol Trichlorophenol Conposite day 1 2 3 1 2 3 Plant background air Cone. Input rate (ng/dscn) (ng/hr) Flue gas inlet Cone, Emission rate (ng/dscm) (mg/hr) 560 240 190 2,100 970 600 Flue gas outlet Cone, Emission rate (mg/hr) (ng/dscni) 40 20 16 180 82 52 240 280 630 22 24 1,400 1,200 1,900 120 98 160 1,500 1,100 1,700 130 96 140 16 36 8.8 5.8 11 1 2 3 2,200 1,100 600 190 90 52 1 2 3 130 11 64 5.4 190 160 430 Dibenzofuran 1 2 3 86 28 23 7.4 2.4 2.0 100 67 140 DiMthylphthalate 1 2 3 Tetrachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol 1*0 Diethylphthalate 1 2 3 Buty Ibenzy Iphtha late 1 2 3 14 4.8 50 42 400 15 6.1 32 144 54 260 1 2 3 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)- 54 1 2 3 Di-n-butylphthalate a Specific isomer not determined. Combined ash Cone. Emission rate (ng/g) (ng/hr) 130 47 370 1,200 420 3,000 86 83 �TABLE 65. FLUE GAS CONCENTRATIONS OF PCBs AND EMISSION RATES FOR THE CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR UNIT NO. 1 Concentrations (ng/dscm) Emission rate (mg/hr) Composite day 1 20 1.7 2 13 1.1 3 93 7.8 Mean 42 3.5 S.D. 45 3.7 124 �TABLE 66. CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYCHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND FURANS IN FLUE GAS FROM THE CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR AND CORRESPONDING EMISSION RATES Concentrations (ng/dscm) Emission rate 15 12 11 13 2.1 1,300 Total trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 920 1,100 200 Total trichlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 350 280 270 300 44 30,000 24,000 22,000 25,000 4,000 Total tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 7.2 5.4 6.2 6.3 0.90 620 460 520 530 81 89 84 96 90 6.0 7,600 7,200 8,000 7,600 400 14 21 14 16 4.0 1,200 1,800 1,200 1,400 350 Total tetrachlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. Total hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. (continued) 125 �TABLE 66 (concluded) Concentrations (ng/dscm) Emission rate (M8/hr) Total hexachlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 43 84 59 62 21 3,800 7,200 5,000 5,300 1,700 Total heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 7.2 7.8 7.7 7.6 0.32 Total 620 660 660 650 23 7.2 7.2 8.0 7.5 0.46 620 620 680 640 34 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.5 0.39 220 190 240 220 25 0.72 0.63 0.46 0.60 0.13 Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 62 54 40 52 11 heptachlorodibenzofurans Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. Octachlorodibenzofuran Day 1 2 3 Mean S.D. 126 �TABLE 67. CONCENTRATIONS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN IN FLUE GAS FROM THE CHICAGO NW INCINERATOR AND CORRESPONDING EMISSION RATES Concentration (ng/dscm) Day 1 0.35 Emission rate (pg/hr) 3.0 . *"~" i» 2 0^36 30 3 0.52 44 Mean 0.41 34 S.D. 0.10 127 8.0 ^ �TABLE 68. CADMIUM INPUT AND EMISSIONS FROM CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR, UNIT NO. 2 Emissions Date Refuse input Mass Cd feed cone, (kg/hr) (pg/g) 8 5/12 16,000 1.45b 9 5/13 17,500 10 5/15 11 Test day Cd input (gh) •/r Combined ash Mass Cd emissions cone. (kg/hr) (Mg/g) Cd emissions (8h) •/r Volume emissions (dscm/hr) Flue gasa Cd cone. (pg/dscm) Cd emissions (mg/hr) Total Cd emissions (mg/hr) Percent of total emissions •Flue Combined gas ash () X 23,200b 3,470 0.54 9,450 3,800 17.6 66,900 16,900 0.47 7,940 3,670 26.6 97,600 5/16 16,600 0.52 8,630 3,600 14.5 52,200 12 5/17 17,200 0.48 8,260 3,730 12.8 47,700 87,200 285 24,900 72,600 66 34 13 5/18 17,500 0.59 10,300 380 ,0 32,500 97,500 240 23,400 55,900 58 42 14 5/19 2,0 240 60b .2 1500 3,0b 740 ,6 1300 5,0 1050 0,0 273 2,0 740 1040 8,0 85 15 5 7 6 3 3 3 Determinations Hean I™4 ro co Standard deviLation 7 5 8.55 2. 05 6 3 3 3 17,700 0.52 8,920 4,220 16.8 75,000 95,100 266 25,200 103,000 70 30 2,100 0.05 960 1,430 6.3 44,100 7,000 23 2,020 67,600 14 14 a Flue gas collected at the outlet of the ESP. b Not included in determinations of mean and standard deviation. �SECTION 11 STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF PILOT STUDY DATA OVERVIEW This section summarizes the data obtained from the chemical analysis of specimens collected in the pilot study. The chemical analysis was performed in two phases or tiers. In the first tier, the total organic chlorine (TOC1) concentration was measured in nearly all of the specimens collected. Some compositing of specimens was performed before chemical analysis to reduce cost. In the second tier, many more specimens were composited because of the greater expense at this level of analysis. Also, only specimens from selected media were analyzed. For the first tier chemical analysis data, the mean, coefficient of variation (CV) and nominal 95% confidence intervals for the TOC1 concentration are calculated for each sampling location at both combustion sites. The mean and CV are calculated for the concentrations of compounds quantified in the second tier analysis. In addition, the total mass flow rate and its CV are calculated. The mass flow rate is calculated by weighting the measured concentration of the compounds by the total mass flow rate associated with each measurement. The summary statistics are presented below with brief descriptions of the calculation methods. FIRST TIER SUMMARY Total Organic Chlorine For the sampling locations where each specimen was chemically analyzed independently (no compositing) the arithmetic mean (X) was calculated using the equation n X = Z X./n where X. is the TOC1 concentration of the i specimen and n is the number of specimens. The CV is calculated by first calculating the sample variance (S2) 129 �S2 = I (X. - X)2/(n - 1) The CV = S/X. The nominal 95% confidence intervals are calculated by (X - t Q5(df) S/S/n" , X + t Q5(df) where t 05(df) is obtained from tables of Student's t distribution9 and df denotes 'tne appropriate number of degrees of freedom, which is equal to the number of independent chemical analyses minus one. For several media many specimens were collected. To minimize the cost of chemical analysis for these media while retaining sufficient statistical information, a complex compositing protocol was developed for the sample locations where more than one specimen per day was collected. The compositing varied for the samples collected each day. On some days all were composited, on others the two within a shift were composited, and on others none were composited. These locations were fly ash, bottom ash, coal, RDF and OW at Ames and fly ash, combined ash and refuse at Chicago, NW. No compositing was done for the specimens collected at the other sample locations. To modify the calculations for X and S2 to compensate for the compositing, each chemical determination was assigned a weight equal to the number of specimens composited. Then the weighted mean Y was calculated by m m Y = 1 W. Y. / I W. , W i=l x x 1=1 x where Y. is the i chemical determination, W. is the number of specimens composited for the i chemical determination^nd m is the number of chem m determinations. Because I W. = n and, on average, m n I W. Y. = I X., then Y equals X, on average. I w i=l * 130 �To estimate S2 from the composited data, calculate m m 2 Sw = ._- W1 (Y. - Yw )2 /I W. I 2 1 ._- i m where W., Y., Yw, and m are the same as above. Because I W? (Y. - Y )2 i i i i w i=1 n approximately equals £ (X. - X)2 on average, S2 approximately equals S2 on average. Hence the CV (S/X) is estimated by S /Y . The technique above gives a method to estimate X and S2 as if no compositing were done. A theoretical justification of these techniques is given in Appendix C of Lucas et al.1 Tables 69 and 70 display the statistical summary of the TOC1 concentrations measured in the pilot study. Chemical Analysis Measurement Errors To assess the measurement errors in the chemical analysis, a method of standard additions was employed. Known amounts of two surrogate compounds, dg-naphthalene and di2~cnrysene, were added to the composited specimens before the chemical analysis. The mean percent recoveries of the surrogate compounds and their CVs are given in Tables 71 and 72. If the percent recoveries in these tables are indicative of the recovery rate for TOC1, then the concentrations of TOC1 are underestimated. This underestimation would be greater for the specimens from Chicago than those from Ames. However, the summary statistics reported in Table 66 and 67 above are not adjusted for the percent recovery. Biases of this type can affect the true confidence of a nominal 95% confidence interval. For example, in Table 68 the mean percent recovery of the surrogate compounds of the flue gas inlet is 59%. If this indicates a negative bias in estimating the true mean concentration of TOC1 of 41%, the true confidence of the nominal 95% confidence interval can be estimated using Table 73. To calculate the ratio of the bias (BIAS) and standard error (SE), use BIAS/SE = 4l/(49/Vl9) = 3.7 , where 41 is the absolute percent bias, 49 is the CV in Table 69, and 19 is the number of specimens analyzed. Table 73 indicates the true confidence of the nominal 95% confidence interval in Table 66 is less than 6%. Table 73 also includes the impact of other levels of bias (relative to the SE) on the true confidence of a nominal 95% confidence interval. 131 �TABLE 69. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TOTAL ORGANIC CHLORINE CONCENTRATION DATA FROM AMES, IOWA a Media (units) Number of specimens Mean Degrees Coefficient of of variation ( ) freedom % Nominal 95%b confidence interval Gaseous (ng/dscm) Flue gas inlet Flue gas outlet Ambient air 19 11 20 562 632 * 49 85 18 10 (426, 698) (254, 1,010) 90 (89) 88 11 62 8.3 3.6 58.6 4.4 11,900 536 81 183 23 116 50 (49) 50 5 36 (-1.0, 17.6) (2.9, 4.2) (35.1, 82.1) (3.5, 5.3) (8,342, 15,470) 91 6 664 373 70 33 51 5 (570, 760) (231, 514) 54 32 2 (1.4, 107) Solid (ng/g) Fly ash (c) Bottom ash Coal Refuse-derived fuel Liquid (ng/liter) OWd Quench water influent Well water a Number of independent chemical analyses minus one. b Nominal value based on normal probability distribution theory. c Numbers in ( ) are estimates excluding the maximum value of 210 ng/g. This value is 21 times larger than the next largest value. Both sets of summary statistics are included to illustrate the impact of the one extreme value on the estimates. d Bottom ash hopper quench water overflow. * Measured values in field specimens not significantly different from blanks. 132 �Table 70. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TOTAL ORGANIC CHLORINE CONCENTRATION DATA FROM CHICAGO NW Q Media (units) Number of specimens Mean 11 11 (10) 12 2,200 3,220 (2,190) 1.67 72 67 61 93.6 9.9 902 4 30 Nominal 95%b confidence interval Coefficient Degrees of of variation ( ) freedom % Gaseous (ng/dscm) Flue gas inlet Flue gas outlet (c) Ambient air 34 109 ( 36) 64 10 (1,698, 2,702) 10 (862, 5,578) ( 9) (1,330, 3,040) 11 (-.68, 4.02) Solid (ng/g) Fly ash Combined ash Refuse 85 162 251 52 50 50 (71.7, 115.6) (5.8, 13.9) (283.8, 1,520) Liquids (ng/liter) City tap water * 0 Not calculated because there was no variability in the data. a Number of independent chemical analyses minus one. b Nominal value based on normal probability distribution theory. c Numbers in ( ) are estimates excluding the maximum value of 13,500 ng/dscm. This value is 4 times larger than the next largest value. Both sets of summary statistics are included to illustrate the impact of the one extreme value on the summary statistics. 133 �TABLE 71. SUMMARY OF SURROGATE COMPOUNDS PERCENT RECOVERY FOR SPECIMENS FROM AMES, IOWA di2~Chrysene dft-Naphthalene Media No. of analyses Mean % recovery Coefficient of variation ( ) % No. of analyses Mean % recovery Coefficient of variation ( ) % 18 11 56 47 45 25 19 11 71 86 26 14 51 42 6 37 44 55 90 65 56 36 18 22 51 49 6 37 96 85 90 111 24 37 19 25 40 6 2 51 69 66 54 25 1 48 6 3 88 111 88 29 16 20 Gaseous Flue gas inlet Flue gas outlet Solid u> •P- Fly ash Bottom ash Coal Refuse-derived fuel Liquid ow* Quench water influent Well water a Bottom ash quench water overflow. b Specimens that were inadvertently evaporated to dryness were excluded. �TABLE 72. SUMMARY OF SURROGATE COMPOUND PERCENT RECOVERY FOR SPECIMENS FROM CHICAGO, NW Media dg-Naphthalene di2~Chrysene Number Mean Coefficient Number Mean Coefficient of percent of of percent of analyses recovery variation ( ) analyses recovery variation ( ) % % Gaseous Flue Gas Inlet Flue Gas Outlet Ambient Air 11 11 12 37 27 31 84 98 75 11 11 12 74 62 51 48 82 88 53 33 44 26 35 9 68 57 51 52 33 44 36 22 12 61 105 193 3 27 131 3 13 92 Solid Fly Ash Combined Ash Refuse Liquid City Tap Water 135 �TABLE 73. VALIDITY OF CONFIDENCE STATEMENTS FOR SELECTED LEVELS OF BIAS True confidence level* for the x ± 1.96 SE interval a BIAS/SE 0 0.5 0.92 1.0 0.83 1.5 0.68 2.0 0.48 2.5 0.29 3.0 0.15 3.5 0.06 4.0 * 0.95 0.02 Calculated according to the integral of the 1.96 + BIAS/SE ;V e"^ dx -1.96 + BIAS/SE a BIAS/SE is used because the true confidence depends on the relative magnitude of the bias with respect to the SE, not the absolute magnitude. Here, BIAS denotes the absolute average deviation of the estimate from the true value and SE denotes the standard error of the estimate and is equal to the standard deviation (s) divided by the square root of the sample size 136 �Table 74 summarizes the estimates of the CVs (S/X) for both the sampling and measurement (as indicated by the surrogate recovery data) component. One should note that the measurement CVs for Ames are uniformly less than those for Chicago. In fact, for some sampling locations at Chicago NW, the measurement component dominates the total variability giving negative estimates of the sampling component. This is not unexpected for the ambient air and city tap water because at these two locations one would expect the media to be rather homogeneous. However, this is unexpected at the flue gas inlet. SECOND TIER SUMMARY In the second tier of chemical analysis the concentrations of many compounds were measured. Because of the expense at this level of chemical analysis, much compositing of specimens was done before the analyses were performed. At Ames, five pairs of days were randomly selected. For each sampling location, all specimens collected during the pair of days were composited for one chemical determination. This gave a total of five independent chemical determinations in this tier for each sample location from Ames except RDF, where only four chemical determinations were performed. At Chicago, three sets of three days were randomly selected. For the selected sampling locations, all specimens collected during the three days were composited for one chemical determination. This gave a total of three independent chemical determinations in this tier for the selected sample locations at Chicago. To statistically summarize the second tier data, the arithmetic mean (X) and CV (S/X) were calculated for the concentration measurements. Also, to estimate the mass flow rates, the variable Y. was defined as Y. = r. X. ' i i i, where X. is the concentration for the i .chemical determination and r. is the mass flow rate associated with the i chemical determination. The arithmetic mean Y and CV (S/Y) were calculated to summarize the flow rates. In calculating the mean concentrations and flow rates, all trace values were assumed to be zero. This will result in an underestimate of the true values. The number of quantifiable values are also included in the summaries. The magnitude of underestimation resulting from substituting zero for trace values depends upon the number of traces and the levels of quantifiable values compared to the minimum quantifiable level. Because of the relatively few composites measured for each compound, the presence of trace values, and the relative large variability in the data (large CVs), no confidence intervals are included in the data summaries. 137 �Table 74. SUMMARY OF COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION FOR THE PILOT STUDY Media Sampling Ames Measurement Sampling Chicago, NV Measurement Gaseous Flue gas inlet Flue gas outlet Ambient air 25 13 a c 85 c 68 68 87 535 (78) 179 24 38 56 64 143 76 12 114 19 18 194 159 42 84 a Solid Fly ash Bottom ash Combined ash Coal Refuse-derived fuel Refuse Liquid OW Quench water influent City tap water 58 17 38 28 132 a Not calculated because specimen amounts were not significantly different from blanks. b Number in ( ) are estimates excluding the maximum value of 210 ng/g. This value is 21 times larger than the next largest value. Both summary statistics are included to illustrate the impact of the one extreme value on the estimate. c The estimates of these values were negative and were excluded because the CV must be non-negative. * The measurement CVs presented above are a weighted average of the CVs in Tables 68 and 69. They were calculated by CV = (S| + Sf2)^/(X8 + X12), where the subscripts 8 and 12 denote dg-naphthalene and d12-chrysene, respectively. 138 �The second tier chemical analysis data is summarized in Tables 75 through 81. These tables include summaries of the primary input and emissions media at Ames. These are coal, refuse-derived fuel, combustion air, flue gas inlet, flue gas outlet, fly ash and bottom ash. The secondary input and emission media, bottom ash hopper quench water influent, well water, and bottom ash water quench water overflow, were excluded because of the sparsity of the data. These tables also include the summaries for the flue gas inlet and outlet from Chicago. The combustion air, combined ash, and fly ash are excluded because of the sparsity of the data. No second tier chemical analysis was done on the refuse from Chicago. 139 �TABLE 75. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR COMPOUNDS QUAUTITATED IN PRIMARY INPUT MEDIA AT AMES, IOWA Compound Coal Concentration Number olf (ng/g) detectioiis Mean CV (X) Input rate (•g/hr) Mean CV (X) Refuse-derived fuel Input rate Concentration Number of (ng/g) (•g/hr) detections Mean Mean cv (X) CV (X) Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Chrysene 5 5 5 5 Benzo[a]pyrene 0 0 4 1 4 4 1 0 0 0 Dichlorobenzene 0 1,2,4-Trichloro- 0 4 0 2b 41 52 56 57 69 1600 6,0 30,800 28,800 34,600 9,720 43 53 56 57 71 1,030 74 440 411 109 25 200 83 28 200 2,700 202 875 1,180 300 41 200 50 53 200 0.56 0.10 0.65 0.67 0.41 0.10 0.004 44 92 37 42 28 41 224 0.083 0.016 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.066 0.001 48 95 42 45 31 182 224 4C 0 IndenoT.1,2,3c.dj-pyrene BenzoTg.h,!]- 5 11,830 2,180 2,050 2,440 679 Combustion air Input rate Concentration (•g/hr) Nunber of (ng/g) Mean detections Mean CV (X) CV (X) 0.02 224 0.003 224 0. 3d 5 3 5 5 5 5. perylene 863 52 2,650 79 0.006 149 0.0009 145 b 0.004 224 0.0005 224 b 0.01 224 0.002 224 5 1.7 0.25 0.19 0.41 54 30 67 40 0.25 0.037 0.029 0.063 51 33 69 44 5 0.58 19 0.087 24 benzene Hexachlorobutadiene 0 0 2 Pentachlorophenol 0 2 498 Pentachlorobi- 0 2 a 0 4 4 0 10,300 438 126 1,250 133 2 0 phenyl Phenol Naphthalene Flourene Benzo(a] anthracene Benzofluoranthrene 5 5 5 0 15,360 1,760 4,500 5 630 68 8,960 71 0 Acenaphthene 5 5 1,220 374 33 38 17,100 5,220 32 37 4 0 Acenaphthylene 68 34 38 217,800 24,800 63,200 68 35 39 300 166 28 200 28,400 1,220 80 0 164 51 200 5 5 4 0 0 * CV denotes the coefficient of variation and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. a Only trace values were detected, hence no quantification was attempted. b One specimen contained a quantifiable level and one a trace. The trace is always asstned to be zero to calculate the wan c One specimen contained a quantifiable level and three were traces. d Two specimens contained a quantifiable level and one a trace. and CV. �TABLE 76. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR COMPOUNDS QUANTITATED IN GASEOUS EMISSIONS AT AMES, IOWA Compound Flue gas inlet Concentration Number of (ng/g) detections Mean CV ( ) % Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Chrysene Benzolajpyrene Benzojg.h.i]perylene Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Tetrachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol Phenol 2,4-Dinethyphenol Naphthalene Fluorene Benzf a] anthracene Benzofluoranthrene Benzo[e]pyrene Acenaphthylene Trichlorobenzene Emission rate (mg/hr) CV ( ) % Mean Number of detections Flue gas outlet Concentration Emission rate (mg/hr) (ng/g) CV ( ) % Mean CV ( ) % Mean 5 5 5 5 5a 5 0 438 76.4 126 422 8.8 57.4 48 24 55 62 129 72 134 22 39 130 2.6 18 51 25 60 68 125 74 5 5 5 5 5^ 3d 3 309 65.4 68.2 170 0.54 8.2 6.0 54 25 64 67 224 151 154 66 20 20 50 0.15 2.0 1.8 74 28 60 60 224 143 153 3 3 25.8 69.6 125 108 7.8 20 126 108 2 3 1.7 39 142 139 0.50 12 141 140 1 20.6 224 6.0 224 0 ' | - lb 0 1 4.8 224 5 0 7,260 53 5 1 1 974 24 1.4 50 224 224 2 5.4 0 2 0 8.8 224 0 54 5 4 5,860 1,120 30 67 1,780 336 33 63 298 6.8 0.44 53 224 224 5 0 0 486 62 146 58 145 1.1 140 5a 5.6 81 1.7 80 224 1.8 224 2.8 135 1 0 3 5.8 138 27 116 8.7 123 1.4 2,160 * CV denotes the coefficient of variation and calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. a Four specimens contained quantifiable levels and one a trace. All trace values are assumed to be zero when calculating the mean and CV. b One specimen contained a trace. c One specimen contained a quantifiable level and four contained traces. d Two specimens contained quantifiable levels and one a trace. �TABLE 77. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR COMPOUNDS QUANTITATED IN SOLID EMISSIONS AT AMES, IOWA Compound Fly ash Concentration Number of (ng/g) detections Mean CV ( ) % Phenanthrene 5a 0 Anthracene 0 Fluoranthrene Pyrene 0 '1 Chrysene Dichloro1 benzene Phenol 3 0 2,4-Dimethylphenol 2 Naphthalene Fluorene 0 0 Acenaphthene 0 Acenaphthylene 0.2 Emission rate (mg/hr) Mean CV ( ) % Bottom ash Concentration Number of (ng/g) CV ( ) % detections Mean 5 2 4 5 lb 3b 193 31 108 106 34 4.8 102 5 4C 1,094 7.0 137 5a 1 1 5 103 3 0.2 87 61 0.2 71 0.1 0.01 224 224 0.1 0.02 224 224 158 102 190 0.07 137 0.08 Emission rate (mg/hr) Mean CV ( ) % 75 12 40 39 12 1.9 96 169 170 162 224 224 55 167 420 2.7 92 176 146 224 224 55 42 1.5 0.11 25 142 224 224 66 100 183 177 168 224 224 * -Pro CV denotes the coefficient of variation and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. a Four specimens contained quantifiable levels and one a trace. calculating the mean and CV. b One specimen contained a quantifiable level and two a trace, c Two specimens contained quantifiable levels and two a trace. Trace values are always assumed to be zero when �TABLE 78. SUMMARY OF TOTAL INPUT AND EMISSIONS FROM AMES, IOWA Compound Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Chrysene Benzo[a]pyrene IndenoTl,2,3-c,d]pyrene Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Dichlorobenzene 1,2, 4-Trichlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Tetrachlorobenzene Penta chl o ropheno 1 Pentachlorobiphenyl Phenol 2 , 4-Dimethylphenol Naphthalene Fluorene Benz [ a ] anthracene Benzofluoranthrene Benzo[ejpyrene Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Trichlorobenzene Total input rate (mg/hr) CV ( ) % Mean 169,000 31,000 29,700 35,800 10,020 0.066 0.001 0.003 2,650 0.0009 0.0005 nd 1,250 tr 217,800 nd 53,200 64,400 .063 8,960 nd 17,900 5,220 nd 42 53 54 55 69 182 224 224 79 145 224 133 68 89 38 44 71 32 37 Total emission rate (mg/hr) cv (%) Mean 141 32 60 89 12.2 2.0 nd 1.8 2.4 12 nd nd nd nd 2,390 339 188 1.5 nd 1.7 1.8 0.11 25 8.7 nd denotes not detected, tr denotes trace. * CV denotes coefficient of variation and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. 143 62 66 115 79 219 143 153 178 140 31 63 55 224 80 224 224 66 123 �TABLE 79. SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR COMPOUNDS QUANTITATED IN GASEOUS EMISSIONS FROM CHICAGO Compound Number of detections Phenanthrene Fluoranthene Pyrene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene Tetrachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Dichlorophenol Trichlorophenol Tetrachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol Dibenzofuran * Flue gas inlet Emission rate Concentration (mg/hr) (ng/g) Mean CV ( ) % CV ( ) % Mean Number of detections 3 3 3 3 60 52 166 93 87 98 75 70 5.4 4.6 14 8.4 90 98 76 71 3 3 3 0 3 69 69 5.9 69 Flue gas outlet Emission rate Concentration (»g/hr) (ng/g) Mean CV ( ) % Mean CV ( ) % 217 39 87 53 31 10 18 3.3 7.5 52 33 10 0 3 93 69 8.0 69 0 3 83 68 7.1 69 3 85 66 6.9 64 3 363 54 30 55 3 327 62 28 62 3 297 63 26 66 3 277 57 24 60 3 957 49 82 49 3 940 43 81 43 3 50 90 4.5 92 3 139 78 12 80 3 3 330 1,220 61 64 25 105 51 64 3 3 383 1,500 56 24 33 126 54 25 3 1,300 63 111 64 3 1,430 21 122 19 2 65 101 5.5 101 3 260 57 22 55 3 46 77 3.9 76 3 102 36 8.5 31 CV denotes the coefficient of variation and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. �TABLE 80. SUMMARY OF FLUE GAS EMISSIONS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL ISOMERS FROM AMES, IOWA Emission rate (mg/hr) CV ( ) % Mean Compound Concentration (ng/dscm) cv (%) Mean Dichlorobiphenyl nd Trichlorobiphenyl 1.5 185 0.48 189 Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2.9 63 0.94 64 Penta chlo rob ipheny 1 9.0 87 2.8 80 Hexachlorobiphenyl 5.1 104 1.7 104 Heptachlorobiphenyl 0.6 224 0.2 224 Decachlorobiphenyl 0.6 224 0.2 224 19.4 46 6.1 47 Total Chlorobiphenyl CV denotes the coefficient of variation and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. 145 �TABLE 81. SUMMARY OF FLUE GAS EMISSIONS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, DIBENZO-£-DIOXINS, AND DIBENZOFURANS FROM CHICAGO NW Concentration (ng/dscm) cv (%) Mean Compound Emission rate (mg/hr) cv (%) Mean Dichlorobiphenyl 17.3 114 4.4 113 Trichlorobiphenyl 16.0 109 4.1 108 Tetrachlorobiphenyl 6.2 96 1.6 95 Pentachlorobiphenyl 2.6 68 1.6 67 Total chlorobiphenyl 42.1 105 10.7 104 Total trichlorodibenzo-j>-dioxins 13 16 1.1 19 300 15 Total trichlorodibenzofurans Total tetrachlorodibenzo-p_-dioxins 6.3 27 11 14 0.53 15 Total tetrachlorodibenzofurans 90 7 7.6 5 Total hexachlorodibenzo-£-dioxins 16 25 1.4 25 Total hexachlorodibenzofurans 62 33 5.3 32 Total heptachlorodibenzo-£-dioxins 7.6 4 0.65 4 Total heptachlorodibenzofurans 7.5 6 0.64 5 Octachlorodibenzo-£-dioxin 2.5 12 0.22 12 Octachlorodibenzofuran 0.60 22 0.05 21 * CV denotes the coefficient of variation and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean. 146 �REFERENCES 1. Lucas, R. M., D. K. Melroy, "A Survey Design for Refuse and Coal Combustion Process," from Research Triangle Park to EPA/EED/OTS/Washington, DC, EPA Contract No. 68-01-5848, June 1981. 2. TRW Environmental Engineering Division, RTW, Inc., "Pilot Test Program, Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7," from TRW, Inc., to EPA/IERL/ ORD, Research Triangle Park, NC, under EPA Contract No. 68-02-2197, April 1980. 3. Bakshi, P. S., T. L. Sarro, D. R. Moore, W. F. Wright, W. P. Kendrick, and B. L. Riley, "Pilot Test Program, Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Boiler No. 2," from TRW Environmental Engineering Division to EPA/ IERL/ORD, Research Triangle Park, NC, under EPA Contract No. 68-022197, June 1980. 4. Federal Register. 41(111), 23060-23090, 1976. 5. Stanley, J. S., C. L. Haile, A. M. Small, and E. P. Olson, "Sampling and Analysis Procedures for Assessing Organic Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources in Exposure Evaluation Division Studies," from Midwest Research Institute to EPA/OPTS/Washington, DC, under Contract No. 68-01-5915, Report No. EAP-560/5-82-014, August 1981. 6. Lustenhouwer, J. W. A., K. Olie, and 0. Hutzinger, "Chlorinated Dibenzo£-dioxins and Related Compounds in Incinerator Effluents: A Review of Measurements and Mechanisms of Formation," Chemosphere, 9, 501, 1980. 7. Richard, J. J., and G. A. Junk, "Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Effluents from Combustion of Coal/Refuse," Environmental Science and Technology, 15, 1095, 1981. 8. Memorandum from R. Harless, Analytical Chemistry Branch, ETD, IERL/RTP to Dr. A. Dupuy, EPA/Toxicant Analysis Center, "Collaborative Analysis for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p_-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Combustion Source Extracts," August 10, 1981. 9. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1980, 507 pp. 147 �APPENDIX A TRW FIELD TEST REPORT FOR THE AMES MUNICIPAL ELECTRIC SYSTEM. UNIT NO. 7 148 �PILOT TEST PROGRAM AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT UNIT NO. 7 TRW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION TRW, INC. 28 April 1980 EPA Contract .68-02-2197 EPA Project Officer: Michael C. Osborne Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 149 �CONTENTS Figures Tables iv 1. Introduction 2. Summary 2.1 Sampling and Analysis 2.2 Process Data 2.3 Continuous Monitoring Data 1-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-23 3. System Description 3.1 Boiler Description ..... 3.2 Electrostatic Precipitator 3-1 3-1 3-12 i 4. Sampling Locations. . 4-1 5. Sampling 5.1 Gas Sampling . 5.2 Solid Sampling 5.3 Liquid Sampling -. . 5.4 Hi Volume Sampler 5.5 Quality Assurance 5.6 Sampling Train Background 5.7 Sample Recovery 5.8 Problems Encountered During Recovery 5-1 5-1 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-8 5-8 6. Calibration 6.1 Method Five Calibration Data 6.2 Instrument Calibration 6-1 6-1 6-3 7. Technical Problems and Recommendations 7.1 Problems 7.2 Recommendations 7-1 7-1 7-1 Appendices A. B. C. D. Continuous Monitoring Data Field Data Sheets Solid and Liquid Sampling Schedule. Process Data Sheets It 150 , •. A-l B-l C-l D-l �FIGURES Number 2-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 6-1 Page Oxygen in the gas before and after the air preheater. . . . 2-31 Layout of plant site 3-2 Flow diagram for unit #7 at Ames Municipal power(piant. . . 3-4 Schematic of Ames Municipal power plant boiler 17 3-7 Solid waste recovery system 3-11 Unit #7 flow diagram and measurement locations 4-2 Cross section of stack showing traverse point locations . . 4-3 Inlet duct - showing port locations 4-4 Inlet traverse point locations 4-5 ESP inlet sampling train 5-2 Stack sampling train 5-3 EPA Method 5 particulate sampling train 5-4 Ambient air sampler , 5-7 Calibration equipment set-up procedures 6-4 iii 151 �TABLES Number 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-7 2-8 2-9 3-1 Daily Organic Sampling Summary Daily Data Summaries 24 Hour Process Data for the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 Test Duration Process Data for the Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 Daily Production and Consumption at Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 Heat Content of Fuels Used at the Ames Municipal Power Plant During Sampling Period Continuous Monitoring Data Excess Air Readings Air Preheater Continuous Monitoring Data Boiler Design Data 3-2 Design Specification for Raymond Bowl Pulverizers 3-3 3-4 Fan Design Performance 3-8 Predicted Performance Characteristics of Unit #7 at Ames Municipal Power Plant 3-9 Performance Characteristics of the American Standard ESP. . 3-13 Sampling Locations 4-1 2-4 2-5 2-6 3-5 4-1 1v 152 2-2 2-12 2-14 2-17 2-24 2-25 2-27 2-29 2-30 3-3 3-5 �1. INTRODUCTION This document describes the sampling and monitoring activities at the Ames Municipal Power Plant, boiler unit No. 7. The sampling and field measurement work performed was part of an overall pilot scale test program sponsored by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances in cooperation with the Office of Research and Development, of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The ultimate objective of the pilot scale test program is to develop an optimum sampling and analysis protocol to characterize polychlorinated organic compounds which may be emitted in trace quantities through conventional combustion of fossil fuels and refuse. The genesis of the program is an industrial study by Dow Chemical Company and two groups of European investigators reporting emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and biphenyls (PCB) from stationary conventional combustion sources. The immediate objective of the sampling and field measurements program (for a fossil-fuel 17% RDF-fired utility boiler) is the specification of procedures and equipment to obtain sufficient multimedia samples for the subsequent analytical protocol, and to satisfy the program statistical design requirements. In this respect, the TRW Environmental Engineering Division of TRW, Inc., was one of three contractors participating in the overall EPA program. These contractors, their key individuals and respective roles are: 1. Research Triangle Institute Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Statistical design of the overall test program Mr. R. M. Lucas, Task Manager 2. TRW Environmental Engineering Division, TRW, Inc. Redondo Beach, California Acquisition of samples and field measurements Mr. B. J. Matthews, Project Manager 3. Midwest Research Institute Kansas City, Missouri Laboratory analysis of all field samples Dr. C. L. Haile, Task Manager 1-1 153 �The sampling was oriented toward acquiring multimedia samples for organic compound analysis by Midwest Research Institute (MRI). Compounds of particular interest included: i Benzo [a] pyrene Chrysene Pyrene Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene Fluoranthene Benzo [g_5h.»l] perylene Phenanthene Anthracene In addition, MRI is to make a determination of total organic chlorine emissions from the acquired samples. Potentially, selected samples are to be analyzed for dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls. Instrumentation for on-line combustion gas stream monitoring was part of the test program. In addition, utility boiler process information (including RDF data) was also gathered. This information together with the monitoring data were acquired to assist in evaluating and interpreting chemical analysis results. This report contains all the field data for the Ames Municipal Power Plant pilot test program conducted in March 1980. Data provided include the following: • Chlorinated hydrocarbon collection using a modified EPA Method 5 train and Method 5 sampling methodology, • Gas velocities using EPA Method 2, • Continuous monitoring for CO^, CL, and CO and THC, • Particulate collection for inorganic analysis utilizing EPA Method 5. • Process data. The test program followed was described in the Pilot Test Program, Ames Municipal Power Plant, Unit No. 7 site test plan. Deviations from this program are documented and explained in their respective sections of this report. 1-2 154 �2. SUMMARY 2.1 Sampling and Analysis The field test activity took place from February 25, 1980 to March 28, 1980. All required tests were completed and all recovered samples were sent to Southwest Research Institute (SRI)'for analysis. MRI had subcontracted this part of their assignment to SRI. A summary of tests conducted including any significant commentary is presented in Table 2-1. A summary of the reduced data on a daily basis as calculated from the field data sheets is presented in Table 2-2. Data listed are corrected to standard conditions, i.e., 20°C and a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches mercury. Sampling and calibration procedures are described in Sections 4, 5 and 6. Hourly data is provided in the appendices. Appendix A contains continuous monitoring data; Appendix B contains field data; and Appendix C contains the solid and liquid sampling schedule. 2.2 Process Data Process data was monitored on an hourly basis. A summary of the averaged daily process data is provided in Table 2-3. The process data was also averaged for the time duration of actual testing performed. This data is presented in Table 2-4. The process data gathered indicated that the operating conditions fluctuated in patterns related to the amount of electricity generation demand placed on the boiler, and on the type of fuel being burned to meet that demandT~ Overall fluctuation consisted of two components. The first component was the Daily variation - the load peaked in the afternoon and fell a minimum before dawn. The second type of variation was caused by sudden operational changes, which was due to reduced power generation for various reasons such as the buying of cheaper power from a private utility, or the reduction in flow of RDF to the boiler. 2-1 155 �TABLE 2-1. DAILY ORGANIC SAMPLING SUMMARY Date Test 1980 No. Sampling locations 3/2 Inlet North Test started at 1120 and ran for 520 minutes. Low volume collected due to high leak rate at end. Volumes corrected for leak rate. If leak occurred over the entire test period then, at worst case, the results are 50% low. Test quality fair. (Port 13 to be dropped due to absence of flow). Inlet South Test started at 1125 and ran for 520 minutes. Low volume collected trying to stay within 12 hour time limit. Test quality good. (Port 1 to be dropped due to absence of flow.) Outlet Ports 2 and 3 Loss of 3 hours start due to freezing of pumps. Stopped test 360 minutes into test due to freezing of impingers. All of Port 3 traversed and only 1/2 of Port 2 - low volume collected but test quality is good due tp the evenness of flow in stack. Outlet - Ports 1 and 4 Started at 1200, ran for 390 minutes - stopped due to freezing of impingers and equipment - low volume due to stoppage - impingers backed up due to freezing of impinging solutions. Resin in Impingers 1 and 2 also due to freezing. Test quality fair. Hi Volume Sampler Test started at 1115 and off 1939. Continuous monitors Started at 1300 hrs and off at 1930 - lost start time due to gas conditioner being frozen. Unable to maintain heat line temperature due to cold weather and moisture condensing in heat line possibly scrubbing hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon results low. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon fair. Inlet North Dropped port 13 from test. Test started at 0925 and ran for 550 minutes. At 250 minutes nozzle was found to be facing in the wrong direction, reversed nozzle direction continued test. Particulate catch and size distribution will be approximately 25% low. No effect on Battelle trap. Switched to smaller diameter nozzle to maintain vsokinetic flow rate. Test quality for participate fair, for gas good. Inlet SOIR.. Test started at 0945 and ran for 550 minutes. Switched to smaller diameter nozzle to maintain isokinetic flow rate. Test quality good. Dropped port 1 from test. 1 Ul I\J 3/3 Test comments Test quality good. �TABLE 2^1. (Continued) Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/3 Outlet Ports 2 and 3 Test started at 0945 and ran for 480 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1 and 4 Test started at 0945 and ran for 480 minutes. Test quality good. Hi Volume Sampler Started at 1032 ended at 1915. Test quality good. Test comnents Continuous Monitors Started at 0930 ended at 1900. Test quality good except hydroCarbon values being low and hydrocarbon quality fair. Test started at 0905 and ran 417 minutes. At 75 minutes Battelle trap plugged and replaced with new one. At 250 minutes Battelle trap replaced due to leak and points (total of 2) retested. Switched to 10 minutes a point traverse rather than 25 minutes to complete test. All 3 Battelle traps should be composited due to lower volume sampled during 10 minute/ point traverse. Test quality fair - total volume 50% of required. Test started 0900 ran for 550 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 2 and 3 Ports 1 and 4 Test started 0938 ran for 15 minutes. Cancelled due to snow and icy conditions. No samples retained. Hi Volume Sampler ro i co Inlet North Inlet South 3/4 Started at 0930 ended at 1800. Filter covered with snow. Test quality fair due to snow blanket. \ Continuous Monitors Gas conditioner frozen until 1230. Started at 1230 ended at 1800. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon results fair. 3/5 Inlet North Test started 0900 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0900 and ran for 550 minutes. Test quality good. �TABLE 2-1. (Continued) Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/5 Outlet - All Points Cancelled per instructions of EPA until 3/13/80. Hi Volume Sampler Test Comments Started at 1025 ended at 1940. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Started at 0945 ended at 1150 am. Stopped due to freeze up of lines:Test quality good for data collected. Inlet North Test started at 0850 and ran for 770 minutes. At 11 minutes Into test Battelle trap plugged and was replaced. Test restarted from beginning. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0840 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Hi Volume Sampler 3/6 Test started at 0852 and ended at 2220 Hrs, Test quality good,. Continuous Monitors Only inlet tested due to outlet freeze up. Test started at 1230 and ended 2045. Two hours late start and shut down 2 hours early to overlap sampling time. Test quality good. Hydrocarbons still fair. V3 3/7 Inlet North Test started at 0930 and ran for 770 minutes. Due to increased amount of water collected, impingers needed changing and during changeout resin flowed into first impinger. Trap replaced and test resumed. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0850 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Hi Volume Sampler Test started at 1038 and ended at 2225. Construction welding going on nearby. Test quality expected to be good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 1315 hrs and shut down at 2100 hours. Overlap of Inlet test. Test quality good. Hydrocarbons fair. �TABLE 2-1. (Continued) Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/8 Inlet North Test started at 0855 and ran for 770 minutes. 10 minute power failure no problems caused by this. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started 0840 and ran for 770 minutes. 30 minute power failure on this side - no problems. Probe broken at end of test during removal from port. Approximately 2% of probe catch lost. Test quality good. HI Volume Sampler Test started at 1335 and ended at 2330. Test quality good. Test Comments Continuous Monitors Test started at 1215 and ended 2030 hrs. Data not taken at inlet during 1300 hrs. to 1400 hours due to change out of probe filters. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. Test started at 0900 and ran for 770 minutes. Point 8D was run for 70 minutes to correct sampling time lost on point 11A not being sampled after nozzle change. Test quality good. Test started at 0830 and ran for 770 minutes. Changed to larger nozzle to maintain 1sok1net1c flow rate. Due to severe leak, that occurred during last portion of test, this test 1s questionable. HI Volume Sampler 8 Inlet North Inlet South 3/9 Test started at 0908 and ended at 2320 hrs. Test quality good. IM cn Test started at 1245 and ended at 2320 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. 3/10 Inlet North Test started at 0825 and ran for 140 minutes. Probe found to be broken and test restarted, no samples retained. Restarted at 1155 ran until 1745. Test stopped, with only 1/2 the duct traversed, due to cold, freeze ups and power failures. Resin, cyclone, filter, 1st impinger saved. Test quality fair. Inlet South Test started at 0810 ran for 515 minutes. Power failures and freeze ups happening cancelled test with the North side. No solutions retained from South due to H20z backup Into all impingers - resin, cyclone and filters retained. Test quality fair. �TABLE 2^1, (Continued) Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/10 Hi Volume Sampler Test Comments Test started at 1050 and ended at 2235 hrs. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 1130 am and ended at 1730 hours. Stopped with inlet. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon fair. Test started at 0825 and ran 770 minutes. Battelle trap replaced at 220 minutes. 2nd Battelle trap resin broke through and was replaced. 3 Battelle traps used. Test quality good. Test started at 0830 and ran for 770 minutes. Filter clogged and replaced. Test quality good. Hi Volume Sampler 10 Inlet North Inlet South 3/11 Test started at 0920 and ended at 2375 hrs. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 1200 and ended at 2030 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon fair. o\ ro o i o> 11 QA Test Test cancelled after 240 minutes - a leak was found at one of the probe tips-unable to repair and no sample had been drawn through the train. Hi Volume Sampler 3/12 Test started at 0955 stopped at 1955. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 0830 stopped at 1430 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon fair. 3/13 12 Inlet North Test started at 0915 and ran for 770 minutes. Power failures occurredno effect on test. Filter changed due to clogging. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0835 and ran for 770 minutes. Power failure occurred no effect on test. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 1210 and ran for 560 minutes. Lost startup due to freezing of equipment and traps - thawing took 1-2 hours. Test quality good. �TABLE 2-1. (Continued) Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/13 Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 1125 and ran for 296 minutes. Stopped due to continual freezing of train components. One port completely traversed. Only 16 minutes of the second. Test quality - fair to poor. H1 Volume Sampler Test started at 0950 and ended 0130. Test quality good. 12 Test Comments Continuous Monitors Test started at 1145 and ended at 1845 hours. Test quality good. Hydrocarbons fair. 3/14 13 Inlet North Test started 0845 and ran for 770 minutes. Filter clogged and was replaced. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0840 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 0945 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 1010 and ran for 560 minutes. Probe broken during port change - replaced and test continued. Test quality good. Hi Volume Sampler Test started at 0905 and ended at 2355 hrs. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 0900 and ended at 2045 hrs. No data from 1330 to 1515 hrs due to feeeze up. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon fair. 3/15 14 Inlet-North Test started at 0909 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0905 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 0958 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 1025 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. HI Volume Sampler Test started at 0850 and ended at 2341 hrs. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 0845 and ended at 2000 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. �TABLE 2-1. (Continued) Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/17 Inlet North Test started at 0849 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0900 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 1000 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 1010 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. HI Volume Sampler Test started at 0926 and ended at 0020 hrs. Test quality good. 15 Test Comments Continuous Monitors Test started at 1030 and ended 2015 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. Test started at 0900 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Test started at 0930 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 0940 and ran for 560 minutes. Probe broke during port change - switched to 5 ft glass probe to traverse first 6 points of second part. After 10 ft probe of ports 2 and 3 had been recovered and cleaned, it was sent to the stack to finish remaining 2 points of ports 1 and 4. Test quality good. HI Volume Sampler ro oo Test started at 0939 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 16 Inlet North Inlet South 3/18 Test started at 1033 and ended 0200 hours. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 0845 and ended at 1945 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. 3/19 17 Inlet North Test started at 0859 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Inlet South Test started at 0843 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 0945 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. �TABLE 2-1. Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/19 Outlet Ports 1 & 4 17 H1 Volume Sampler (Continued) Test Conments Test started at 0940 and ran for 560 minutes. Test started with 5 foot probe until new 10 ft arrived. Finished Test with 10 ft probe. Test quality good. Test started at 1006 and ended at 0120 hrs. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 0845 and ended at 1915. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. Test started at 0905 and ran for 770 minutes. Filter clogged and was replaced. Test quality good. Test started at 0914 and ran for 770 minutes. At 1850 hrs. Battelle trap froze and was thawed with warm water. Leak developed in Teflon heat line • retarded leak rate with Teflon tape but leak was still 0.11 cfm. At 2250 Battelle trap froze up and was replaced. It was later found that the filter had separated from the housing and participate had gotten down to the Battelle first. Both filter and trap were replaced and points were retraversed. Test quality good.to fair. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 1000 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 0930 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality good. HI Volume Sampler 18 Inlet-North Inlet South 3/20 Test started at 1117 and ended at 0540 hrs. Test quality good. ro i <o Continuous Monitors Test started at 1130 and ended at 2030 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. 3/22 19 Inlet North Test started at 0947 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality is good. Inlet South Test started at 1001 and ran for 770 minutes. replaced. Test quality is good. Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 1000 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality is good. Filter clogged and was �TABLE 2-1. Date Test 1980 No. (Continued) Test Comments Sampling Locations 19 Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 1030 and ran for 560 minutes. Test quality is good. Hi Volume Sampler 3/22 Test started at 1422 and ended at 0415 hrs. Test quality is good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 1145 and ended 2115 hrs. CO drift problems. CO taken off line until 1445 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. Test started at 0927 and ran for 990 minutes, lower plant out put. Increased time due to Test started at 0935 and ran for 990 minutes lower plant output. Test quality good. Increased time due to Outlet Ports 2 & 3 Test started at 1005 and ran for 640 minutes, Increased time due to lower plant output. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1 & 4 Test started at 1027 and ran for 640 minutes. Increased time due to lower plant output. Impinger 3 backed up into impinger 2 - not saved. Test quality good. Hi Volume Sampler Test started at 1034 and ended at 0350. Test quality good. Continuous Monitor 20 Inlet North Inlet South 3/23 Test started at 1100 and ended at 0800 hrs. Electronic source balancing problem on CO analyzer. Analyzer (CO) taken off line. No outlet data gas conditioner not in cycle mode. Test quality good for inlet, hydrocarbon data fair. . _. Blank Blank test started at 1200 and ran for 60 minutes at temperature. quality good. Outlet Test started at 1110 and ran for 192 minutes. Test quality good. Hi Volume Sampler Off line Continuous Monitors Test started at 1030 and ended at 1530 hrs. Outlet only for inorganic sampling. No CO on line. Test quality good hydrocarbon data fair. ro 3/24 21 - QA Test to outlet stream. Test quality good. Test �TABLE 2-1. (Continued) Date Test 1980 No. Sampling Locations 3/25 Inlet North and South - QA Test Test started. No solids or liquids taken for QA. QA test only. Test scrubbed, no samples saved because nozzle was in wrong direction and test would not be duplicate. Outlet Ports 1,2, 3 and 4 Test started at 1120 and ran for 192 minutes. Test quality good. 22 Test Comments Continuous Monitors Test started at 1115 and ended at 2106 hrs. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. Hi Volume Sampler 3/26 23 Test started at 1030 and ended at 2320 hrs. Filter covered with coal dust. Test quality fair. Inlet North QA test started at 1510 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Inlet South QA test started at 1515 and ran for 770 minutes. Test quality good. Outlet Ports 1,2, 3 and 4 Test started at 0922 and ran for 192 minutes. Test quality good. Continuous Monitors Test started at 1100 and ended at 0830 hrs. No outlet data due to failure of gas conditioner to switch to outlet stream. Test quality good. Hydrocarbon data fair. �TABLE 2-2. DAILY DATA SUMMARIES Gas Composition Sample Volume Data (1930) 3-2 Test No. 1 Sampling Location ""« ES ouu. £ 3-3 2 North* ""«' Out,e, 3-4 3 £$ SouthD «g '- ££ Ou,.e, 3-6 4 5 Inlet North South 0,,,,e, CT> ro i ro 3-7 6 Ou,,e, 3-8 7 s^ln Oullet 3-9 ">"« South' £$ feu.. 3-10 9 10 11 9.95 7.15 6.32 624 29.01 2935 29.30 29.31 33.55 28.09 2? 59 2479 132673.22 116016.35 141428.G2 154523.14 7654988 70423.17 86285.62 95704.38 334.31 311.78 320.93 30992 4.4S 4.48 6.34 6.34 12.79 12.79 11.31 11.31 1800 13.00 1500 1500 -^2 <2 <2 <2 6383 8901 8620 9399 173.544 126.934 212.049 101.519 324.358 307.313 4.92 3.60 6.01 288 9.19 870 839 8.59 781 7.97 7.45 7.48 29.34 29.32 2941 29.39 2931 29.31 37.78 4?.94 46.61 37.16 26.00 26.10 149381.62 169792.93 184280.23 146887.30 162012.17 162637.08 85761.77 95782.34 108410.17 86004.68 94569.98 90037.93 351.55 37336 234.83 369.90 3-12.38 33694 4.38 4.33 4.33 433 5.87 5.87 13.80 13.80 1380 13.80 12.44 12.44 12.00 12.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 9573 6098 107 14 9633 9033 184.208 252.780 5.22 7.16 7.43 9.48 2956 29.30 4S.10 43.72 173312.05 9C6B4.71 172866.82 96380.09 Test Scru 3bod Test Scrut>bed 370.46 352.55 4.43 4.43 14.41 14.41 17.00 17.00 <2 <2 95.59 92.25 256.375 246.727 7.28 6.99 8.14 9.03 29.49 29.38 43.20 41.09 97049.64 17080285 162455.25 92751.96 Test Scrul )bed Test Scrutibed 361.09 349.23 4.41 441 14.56 14.5G 18.00 18.00 <2 <? 9143 104.10 367.648 323.174 10.41 9.15 893 9.72 29.28 29.18 42.92 43.48 169692 43 102970.06 9729597 171937.31 Mot Test cd Not Test ed 363.83 347.46 4.35 4.35 13.79 13.79 1800 1800 <2 <2 9728 90.54 363.684 365.424 1044 10.35 18.32 9.18 28.14 29.27 43.61 44.01 17242559 8743205 173994.36 99965.91 Not Tesi ed Not lest >xl 351.00 335.86 4.59 4.59 13.92 13.92 16.00 16.00 <2 <2 10593 99.65 351.419 333.613 995 9.45 956 9.75 29.19 29.16 3962 3928 85266.27 156073.06 155327.60 86179.64 Not Tested Not Test cd 377.55 359.83 4.79 4.79 1360 1360 2800 28.00 <2 <2 1C3M 105.53 74.033 234.807 121.924 140223 2.10 8.35 3.45 397 7.79 8.05 778 8.02 29.19 29.16 29.20 2917 3027 30.38 36.43 27.38 119C9800 7132576 120108.29 67223.13 144173.75 82977.48 108274.04 64436.72 Not Tcsi od Not Tested 31683 364.73 344.23 315.88 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 2500 25.00 25.00 25.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 95.60 9851 106.23 B0.56J 130811 193613 3.70 548 859 17.13 2931 28.25 45.23 43.77 17885320 103205.95 17304512 92980.29 Not Tcsi ed Not Test ed 352.C9 33065 3.7 3.7 139 13.9 25.00 2500 <2 <2 8884 £958 39-5091 3fa300C 11.16 1085 6.98 8.40 29.49 29.iO 45.63 44.20 18061964 01867.66 174783.47 99143.40 No! Tesi i:d Not Test ed 37475 356.59 4.7 47 13.5 13.5 22.00 22.00 <2 <2 97 17 10529 •*• 361.78 340.61 339.44 315.08 3.34 3.34 5.17 5.17 1556 15.56 13.97 13.&7 21 00 21.00 1800 1800 <2 <2 <2 <2 102 3S 10?.23 7? 72 91.73 «J N s :;f Out* 3-13 5.80 7.43 606 688 £« '-• ££ Out,e, 3 12 204.617 262.517 214098 243024 «*« """ ££ Ou,,et 3-11 Velocity «ps 2l3 NorthF 8 """ Ouu, S i £«" Gas Flow dscfm Isokinelics X Test Scrubbed Test Scrubbed Not Tested Not 1 esled JM 12 THC ppm Molecular Weight £\ """ CO ppm Moisture % £« ""« s^ii; CO? X M3 >2< ""*< £S $ SCF »3! Outlet 35 Stack Temp °F Ga« Flow acfm 350.455 369 B24 158.9M 3.~,5 290 9.92 10.47 4.50 10.35 8.63 8.54 7.10 937 2953 2954 29.56 29.28 42.45 41.41 2585 2658 163079.96 164036 17 161102.3'J 165622.22 93473.48 93628.05 9514681 98426.04 �TABLE 2-2. (Continued) Gat Composition Sample Volume Dale (19801 Tetl No. 3-14 Sampling Location 13 SCF M3 374.335 352.110 367.772 351.364 10.60 ""« i% ou,,., ST.!: 276.767 268.37 31913 307.00 — 555 ou,,., s^ """ £2 <*«•• 2*3 3-15 3-17 3-18 14 15 16 — ££ o- ffi 3-19 17 Inlet nlet Outlet 3 20 18 3-22 19 to North Eoulh «»» — ££ *- % «- £* OutM 3-23 20 JM ,„, , '"'" North Scum out* £« 3-24 21 Outlal 3-25 22 Intel ""* South 1.2.38.4 — ££i Outlet 3-26 23 ">"• ££ Oiillrl A 8 C 0 E F G H 1 J K L 1.2.3&4 1.2.3&4 Moisture % Molecular Weight Gn Velocity Ipt Gai Flow acini Flow dscfm " 43.48 41.49 24.34 24.84 171904.76 164048.73 151720.16 154819.20 94404.58 91011.47 83869.92 86429.91 Stack Temp 02 « CO? % CO ppm THC ppm Isokineties \ 38468 375.70 365.94 358.75 3.70 14.81 14.81 13.18 13.18 2800 28.00 30.00 30.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 101.27 10720 9980 96.74 68088.12 67307.85 75394.82 76705.48 368.23 357.65 319.42 356.65 6.31 6.31 12.59 12.59 10.G7 10.67 2200 22.00 19.00 19.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 102.11 10867 10405 9683 14.40 14.40 2200 2200 22.00 2200 <2 <2 <2 <2 10685 9909 107.18 95.48 23.00 2300 2400 24.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 10017 10807 9982 93.81 <2 <2 <2 <2 10721 97.16 10103 9262 OF 9.67 9.70 9.60 9.50 2931 7.83 7.60 9.04 8.69 814 7.68 7.88 7.83 29.27 2832 2909 29.10 30.85 2996 20.00 2131 121975.44 118444.95 12466269 132801.77 359800 390.474 406855 391.B36 10.19 11.06 11.52 11.10 8.83 8.17 8.71 8.43 29.35 2944 29.21 29.25 41.89 42.84 26.01 2727 1G'j622.66 169381.86 162117.20 169966.05 91774.43 9721069 93334.49 98183.52 371.23 348.41 354.56 34531 3.73 373 543 543 1200 309.159 3/1 .197 392.686 353.252 10.45 9.36 8.73 8.62 9.09 29.29 29.37 29.24 29.18 ! 43.06 41.89 27.12 2560 170259.70 165639.94 169022.81 159531.72 92573.11 93691.77 96719.62 91103.75 381.96 35496 360.06 357.50 3.82 14.39 382 1439 5.42 5.42 1300 41.87 4342 26.75 26.92 165560.57 171695.37 166699.92 167752.85 88914.41 95341.29 9108057 94194.67 36028 361.53 373.12 365.94 9.97 10.42 9.95 1052 11.12 1000 29.30 29.14 29. IS 12.90 13.00 14.40 1440 530 5.30 13.00 13.00 24.00 7400 26.00 2600 350.96 342.65 338.12 312.81 3.80 3.80 6.00 6.00 13.80 13.80 12.50 12.50 22.00 22.00 17.00 17.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 92.21 10431 9509 97.71 94207.94 90821.39 95997 17 9954908 348.64 34209 340.00 33060 360 300 14.70 14.20 12.70 12.70 38.00 38.00 3800 38.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 105.17 85.42 104 10 9903 C3470.17 58005.38 58763 10 74046.56 364.41 355.41 354.13 338.13 6.00 6.00 9.70 9.70 1260 L 12.60 10.00 10.00 <2 <2 <2 <2 10354 11599 11045 10266 365.47 5.4 132 <2 10372 13.2 <2 101.06 <2 <2 <2 10524 11843 106.64 968 10.60 10.21 10.28 8.59 29.29 29.37 29.03 29.24 347.892 368079 356.204 388.522 985 10.42 10.09 11.00 8.31 7.86 7.79 8.44 29.33 2939 29.29 29.21 42.13 42.11 74.63 2G.91 1665/0.31 166487.56 153481.74 18772585 94786.10 96189.05 90622.79 97760.61 363.462 348597 402.144 401.160 10.29 29.36 4165 2941 11.39 11.36 B.54 8.07 8.61 8.23 29.19 29.24 33.63 26.26 26.81 164688.40 156677.09 163656.04 167077.26 33G.525 330.733 301.612 368.976 9.53 9.37 8.54 12.74 973 10.17 5.87 2926 28.69 28.82 2928 28.65 27.28 16.63 19.70 113282.76 107773.49 103679 07 122765.69 8.16 837 837 360 9.90 1044 9.B7 5.31 5.31 3.60 349.709 368.751 374.299 360578 8.68 370 5.30 5.30 130.420 3.69 9.53 29.15 25.76 Blank H un Blank R llll 160547.70 90172.96 122.788 3.48 9.92 2910 24.58 153166.31 8/02b.45 356.40 5.4 326 820 344.976 138673 926 977 9.17 9.09 37.23 37.40 ?6.42 1472C0.78 147872.05 16467985 81800.81 8073346 93244.39 380.80 382.45 364.38 6.00 1260 926 29.13 29.14 20,24 600 3.03 12.60 13.70 Test Scru •bed With.312no»le With .250 nozzle changed to maintain flow With.312nozzle With .237 nozzle changed In maintain (low No sampl3 ietaim.il XViih .no nozzle Wuh .310 nozzle changed 10 maintain How With .240 nozzle With .309 nozzle changed to maintain flow Hesulls questionable dlM> lo l"dteak'ate Teu. .miti'ied due to cold weather. Sample laved Monitor not woiking 4.80 �TABLE 2-3. 24 HOUR PROCESS DATA FOR THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 3-2-80 Date Mean 3-3-80 Mean a Mean a Mean o Mean o Mean 5.19 4.93 31.9 29.72 4.76 4.44 31.7 28.88 5.55 5.30 30.5 28.24 7.51 7.21 27.85 25.66 6.01 5.79 252.2 36.49 268.8 284.87 56.59 289.58 48.47 279.79 56.73 274.8 74.9 Steam pressure (psig) 857.7 4.16 852.71 4.66 850.63 5.95 848.54 5.61 847.33 7.22 Steam temperature (°F) 899.63 8.53 890.1 891.46 14.63 895.6 10.97 895.33 9.89 Feedwater flow rate (1000's Ibs/hr) 261.17 37.94 278.38 71.65 290.79 52.98 300.42 46.6 291.7 54.23 Feedwater temperature (OF) 366* 7.38* 380.81 2.14 389.7 7.63 382.8 17.36 377.5 Fuel feed rate 1 (1000's Ibs/hr) 2 31.7 32.2 7.07 31.93 31.69 31.03 31.81 5.37 32.45 33.53 6.09 35.38 32.15 Fuel oil (gallons/hr) 4.6 OO Excess air X 22 3-9-80 o 31.58 29.25 Steam flow rate (1000's Ibs/hr) ro a 3-8-80 30.1 7.31 32.04* 0.98* Gross Met Mean 3-7-80 3-6-60 30.19* 2.8* 26.25* 1.51* MU o 3-5-80 3-4-80 71.48 24.01 7.32 2.1 22.08 8.28 20.33 2.35 20.17 3.92 22.21 o5.31 5.12 239.33 61.67 178 46.7 850.21 5.21 851.04 6.08 854 12.3 891.8 893 12.93 888 15.5 286.33 76.82 251.4 62.96 181 59.3 21.03 378.75 26.6 360.2 25.81 338 24.0 1.53 31.65 33.6 32.03* 28.17 1.17* 24.8 23.7 5.75 3.75 2.5 2.9 4.6 Mean 20.9 18.9 15.19 8.23 6.3 25.25 6.25 5.4 4.2 11.2 25.48 10.9 34 12.6 44 1.6 ID fans amps 46.42 1.1 45.75 2.15 46.04 1.76 46.75 1.11 46.2 1.6 46.46 2.41 45 1.72 ID fans pressure (psig) 5.15 O.B9 5.67 1.40 6.17 1.14 6.09 1.04 6.08 0.89 6.06 1.4 5.21 1.07 4.2 0.76 FD fans amps 30.29 1.12 29.91 1.79 29.54 1.41 30.46 1.35 30.3 1.5 30.67 1.79 29.44 0.97 28 1.5 FO fans pressure (psig) 4.26 0.77 3.94 1.13 4.32 0.78 4.32 1.06 4.5 1.3 4.54 1.41 3.54 1.03 3.1 1.05 Furnace draft (psig) 0.60 0.20 0.59 0.18 0.59 0.15 0.62 0.15 0.6 0.13 0.63 0.12 0.53 0.10 0.59 0.092 Flue gas temp (°F) Boiler exit ESP inlet 9.78* 647* 318.5* 6.69* 688* 17.51* 687* 341* 9.19* 3.16* 695* 6.67* 345.5* 1.58* 688* 340* 6.3* 0* 699* 342* 3.94* 4.22* 662* 327* 10.33* 8.23* 629* 305* 20.2* 21.2* Ambient temperature (OF) 16.06 7.58 27.39* 10.39* 24.08 6.81 7.63 5.22 19.79 9.19 24.58 4.29 28.17 4.99 37 7.5 Ambient pressure Inches Hg 29.34 0.18 28.89* 0.11* 28.88* 0.06* Z9.17 0.08 29.04 0.1 28.97 0.048 29.01 0.06 * Hot basted on 24 hour readings 1 2 Based on tachometer type gauge Based on weight type gauge 28.89 0.097 (Continued) �TABLE 2-3. 3-10-80 Date Mean o 3-11-80 Hean . o (Continued) 3-13-BO 3-12-80 Hean o Hean o 3-14-60 Mean a 3-15-80 Mean o 3-18-80 3-17-80 Mean o Mean o 29.1 26.7 8.77 S.43 30.8 28.0 6.10 6.20 31.2 27.1 6.26 7.99 31.2 28.3 6.11 6.16 30.5 28.0 6.25 6.01 21.7 19.6 5.95 5.68 29.5 27.2 7.74 7.58 31.8 29.3 3.84 3. 65 Steaa flow rate (1000's Ibs/hr) 254 80.2 277 62.8 255 94.0 268 82.2 270 62.8 186 55.06 259 76.1 283 40.0 Stead pressure (pslg) 853 9.1 ass 6.24 855 5.8 853 8.6 852 7.0 850 8.6 850 5.3 850 6.3 . Stea« temperature (°f ) 892 11.5 894 11.2 893 11.0 893 12.2 894 12.5 888 11.1 892 9.4 890 16.2 Feedwater flow rate (1000's Ibs/hr) 266 83.1 277 78.5 279 80.2 286 71.0 281 61.3 194 54.0 268 74.5 295 38.1 Feedwater temperature (OF) 362 34.9 372 23.6 370 25.2 371 23.4 371 21.8 330 69.4 367 26.3 375 11.7 Fuel feed rate 1 (1000's Ibs/hr) 2 28.8 31.2 9.03 29.1 30.3 7.08 30.5 31.0 7.13 31.9 33.4 9.81 30.4 30.7 6.64 24.2 24.0 6.6 30.9 31.2 7.23 32.0 31.6 3.84 Fuel oil (gallons/hr) 4.17 Excess air I 24 12.9 20 5.1 20 5.9 23 9.8 24 11.3 39 12.5 26 13.3 21 3.6 ID fans i«ps 45 2.5 46 3.1 46 1.8 46 1.5 45 1.5 42 4.0 46 1.6 46 0.98 5.8 0.77 MU Gross Net 11.25 2.08 12.08 37.9 3.75 2.92 2.50 ID fans pressure (pslg) 5.4 1.32 6.0 1.18 6.2 1.20 6.0 0.91 5.9 1.01 4.3 0.81 5.0 1.00 FD fans amps 30 1.3 30 1.1 28 6.2 30 1.5 29 1.5 28 1.4 30 1.6 30 1.0 FD fans pressure 4.0 1.18 4.6 1.12 4.4 1.46 4.2 1.20 3.7 1.12 3.0 1.00 4.1 1.09 4.1 0.97 Furnace drift (pslg) 0.60 0.036 0.58 0.024 0.61 0.042 0.63 0.024 0?62 0.044 0.74 0.092 0.59 0.074 0.59 0.1 Flue gas te»p (°F) Boiler exit ESP Inlet 685* 340* 5.3* 0* 664* 323* 37.3* 27.1* 675* 327* 31.1* 14.6* 686* 324* 37.5* 20.1* 669* 326* 30.2* 16.0* 625* 295* 27.3* 20.2* 669* 319* 48.9* 21.3* 676* 326* 24.0* 9.5* Ambient temperature 27 7.5 25 7.9 30 1.6 28 2.6 37 12.6 51 11.2 34 4.9 49 12.8 Ambient pressure inches Hg 28.91 0.195 29.14 0.061 28.88 0.08 28.89 0.13 29.11 0.02 28.98 0.10 29.09 0.04 29.06 (Continued) (psig) 0.07 �TABLE 2-3. Date 3-19-80 Mean a 3-20-80 Mean o (Continued) 3-22-80 Mean a 3-23-80 Mean o 3-25-BO 3-24.80 Mean o Mean o 3-26-80 Mean a 31.0 27.2 5.01 6.96 30.6 26.8 5.88 7.68 29.4 27.1 5.16 4.95 18.1 16.2 1.98 1.80 29.7 27.4 7.77 7.55 29.5 27.2 7.54 7.21 30.5* 27.7* 6.17* 6.29* Steam flow rate (1000's Ibs/hr) 277 52.1 273 59.8 260 51.3 153 16.2 264 73.5 262 71.9 258 79.1 Steam pressure (psig) 853 7.0 851 5.0 853 7.4 852 5.7 858 4.9 852 4.8 854 4.4 Steam temperature (°F) 888 12.1 891 12.3 891 11.8 884 10.0 891 11.2 892 10.7 890 16.6 Feed water flow rate (1000's Ibs/hr) 287 50.6 222 US. 4 270 50.5 162 17.8 273 72.5 272 71.4 283 61.6 Feedwater temperature 375 16.5 372 16.8 365 18.9 325 7.1 367 25.4 364 27.6 369 20.9 Fuel feed rate 1 (1000's Ibs/hr) 2 31.1 31.4 5.74 33.6 34.4 7.06 31.3 31.1 8.32 20.8 20.4 1.71 32.3 32.8 8.26 31.8 31.8 7.66 29.6 31.9 7.16 Fuel oil (gallons/hr) 4.17 Excess air t 20 5.9 27 7.7 22 3.8 42 11.0 25 10.8 27 14.3 22 4.8 10 fans amps 45 1.3 46 1.8 45 1.7 42 0.7 46 2.2 46 1.6 45 1.3 ID fans pressure (psig) 5.7 0.85 5.9 0.9 5.3 0.9 3.8 0.22 6.1* 0.27* 5.7 1.14 5.6 1.24 FO fans amps 29 1.5 29 6.4 29 1.5 27 0.6 29 1.7 30 1.3 29 1.5 3.9 1.37 HU Gross Net 33.33 26.67 20.4 1.67 28.33 20.4 FD fans pressure (psig) 3.9 1.18 4.8 1.32 4.1 0.99 2.3 0.3 4.1 0.92 4.2 0.84 Furnace draft (psig) 0.6 0.10 0.6 0.09 0.59 0.1 0.59 0.057 0.53 0.07 0.57* 0.11* 0.53 0.09 Flue gas tenp (°F) Boiler exit ESP inlet 666* 328* 30.2* 15.9* 681* 324* 32.8* 12.7* 659* 320* 30.4* 12.2* 599* 280* 3.9* 0* 660* 322* 36.1* 23.1* 670* 323* 31.6* 2.03* 664 315 37.1 16.6 Anblent temperature (OF) 56 9.3 44 9.2 04 5.9 37 1.6 36 1.0 38 6.3 40 4.1 Ambient pressure inches Hg 28.81 0.09 28.92 0.085 29.04 0.134 28.97 0.04 29.04 0.08 29.17 0.024 29.17 0.05 �TABLE 2-4. TEST DURATION PROCESS DATA FOR THE AMES MUNICPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Date 3-2-60 Hean 3-3-80 a Hean 3-4-80 a 3-5-80 a Mean 3-6-80 o 3-8-80 3-7-80 o 0800 to 2300 Hean o 0800 to 2300 Hean o 0800 to 2300 1100 MM 31 NS 2.31 34.8 32.3 0.3 0.3 35.2 32.7 0.3 0.2 35.0 32.6 0.2 0.2 34.6 32.2 0.8 0.8 35.3 32.8 1.0 1.0 31.3 NS 29 2.2 2.1 Steam flow rate 1000' s Ibs/hr 278.2 21.5 315.9 5.2 324 3.0 319.1 3.8 315.4 10.3 322.8 11.9 275.6 23.7 Steam pressure psig 859.5 3.5 852.1 4.0 850.5 3.5 850.5 3.5 848.8 6.2 852.2 4.5 851.9 7.3 Steam temperature F 903.6 6.4 902.5 6.2 900.5 3.5 902.3 6.8 897.8 10.2 895.1 12.1 895.3 12.2 288.5 24.1 Gross Net 0900 to 1900 0900 to 1900 Hean Duration of Test to 2100 0900 to 2000 Hean Feedwater flow rate 1000's Ibs/hr 24.6 321.8 5.8 325.5 9.1 328.1 6.0 325.4 11.7 336.5 Feeduater temperature °F j__ 287.5 13.6 NS NS 381.3 2.3 390.5 6.1 394.1 3.0 388.8 3.4 390.1 6.9 375 7.3 Fuel feed rate (coal) 34.9 2.6 36.2 2.1 34.3 0.8 35.5 3.0 35.4 1.5 35.7 5.5 32.1 1.1 Excess air X 22.1 1.6 18.3 4.7 20.1 1.8 18.7 1.3 18.9 1.4 19.3 1.1 19.5 1.0 ID fans amps 47.3 0.5 46.9 0.8 47.2 0.4 47.2 0.4 47.1 0.6 47.9 0.9 46 0.8 ID fans pressure psig 5.6 0.8 6.6 0.4 7.0 0.2 6.7 0.2 6.5 0.6 6.9 0.3 5.84 0.5 0.6 30.0 0.3 Fuel oil gallons/hr FD fans »nps 30.8 1.2 30.8 0.8 30.4 0.5 30.9 0.7 31.2 0.8 31.8 FD fans pressure psig 4.6 0.8 4.5 0.7 4.7 0.3 4.4 0.6 5.2 0.8 5.3 0.7 4.1 0.7 Furnace draft psig 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.07 0.62 0.11 0.57 0.1 0.65 0.07 0.5 0.07 Flue gas temp (°F) Boiler exit ESP inlet NS NS HS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Ambient temperature °F 23 3.1 NS NS 24.2 3.6 10.9 4.1 25.3 5.4 26.9 3.2 30.1 4.9 0.04 29.05 0.02 Ambient pressure Inches Hg NS - Not Sufficient Data 29.22 0.09 NS NS 28.85 0.03 29.23 0.01 28.98 0.05 28.94 (Continued) �TABLE 2-4. (Continued) Sampling Day 3-10-80 3.9.80 Hean o Hean a 3-11-80 Hean o 3.12-80 Hean o 3.13.80 Hean a 3.14.80 Hean a 3.15.80 Hean o 3-17-80 Hean o 21.0 19.1 5.14 4.94 35.0 32.3 0 0.04 35.0 32.4 0 0.09 35.5 32.8 0.58 0.61 35.0 32.4 0 0.10 34.4 31.8 1.12 1.11 19.6 18.2 6.59 6.56 34.8 32.4 0.24 0.62 Steam flow rate 177 46.6 310 5.0 320 5.5 325 0 320 0 309 14.5 182 66.8 312 3.8 Steam pressure 849 2.3 858 5.6 857 4.7 855 0 855 3.2 855 5.7 851 3.7 853 3.8 Steam temperature 892 12.2 896 11.9 898 8.6 905 5.8 899 5.1 896 12.3 889 12.5 895 8.4 13.8 184 64.2 321 4.8 HH Gross Net Feedwater flow 47.8 323 3.5 330 3.2 332 5.0 330 0 Feedwater temperature 340 21.9 390 0 388 2.6 390 0 385 1.4 384 3.1 336 24.9 383 2.5 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000' s Ibs/hr 25.2 6.04 36.3 2.27 33.8 1.18 35.1 0.25 38.6 2.82 34.4 2.03 23.0 7.34 35.1 1.71 Fuel oil gallons/hr CD 188 319 6.25f NA 4.17f NA 11.25t NA 12.08t NA 2.08t NA 3.75t NA 37.92f HA 2.92f HA Excess air 34 12.1 16 0.8 18 18 18 1.1 17 1.5 41 14.1 18 1.6 41 4.8 46 0.6 ID fans amps 44 1.9 47 0.9 47 1.0 0.7 48 2.9 0.6 47 0.5 46 0.8 0.30 6.4 0.50 4.0 0.80 S.S 0.82 ID fans pressure 4.2 O.B1 6.2 0.25 6.8 0.29 7.4 0.48 6.4 FD fan amps 28 1.8 30 0 30 0.5 30 0 31 0.51 30 0.7 28 1.5 30 0.51 FD fan pressure 2.9 1.01 4.8 0.36 5.3 0.45 6.0 0.71 4.9 0.71 4.2 0.86 2.7 1.00 4.7 0.60 Furnace draft 0.59 0.078 0.61 0.033 0.58 0.024 0.60 0.071 0.63 0.015 0.62 0.047 0.70 0.035 0.58 0.071 Boiler flue gas temp 632* 18.6* 686 5.3 688* 13.7* 690 11.6 709 11.1 685 15.0 618 30.4 695* 35.6* ESP Inlet temperature 309* 16.9* 340 0 340* 0* 335 0 335 1.4 334 1.8 289 21.3 331* 2.2* 4.2 37 4.7 0.048 29.12 0.030 Ambient temperature 42 4.4 22 1.6 31 4.0 30 0.5 30 1.5 46 5.8 10 •Ambient pressure 28.82 0.023 28.96 0.091 29.11 0.053 28.85 0.022 28.92 0.123 29.11 0.018 28.92 Sampling duration 8:30A-10:11P 8:10A-5 :33P 8:25A-10:35P 9:10A-1 :15P 8:35A-9 :47P 8:40A-10:55P B:49A- 10:25P 9:05A- 10:06P (rontlnued) . �TABLE 2-4. Sampling Day 3-18-80 Mean HU Gross Net Steam flow rate a 3-19-80 Mean 0 (Continued) 3-20-flO Mean 3-22-80 a Hean 0 3-23-80 Hean 34.0 31.4 1.90 1.91 33.0 30.4 4.30 4.15 31.8 28.8 5.45 5.42 29.4 26.9 6.93 6.66 18.5 16.6 307 19.5 297 44.1 281 57.6 260 66.3 155 o 1.51 1.36 3-24-80 Hean 3-26-80 3-25-80 0 o Hean 34.6 32.2 0.48 0.57 2.5 311 5.8 851 34.8 32.7 0.29 0.76 11.9 311 855 Hean o 35.0 32.5 0.6 0.6 3.0 310 0.9 4.8 852 2.7 Steam pressure 6.8 853 3.8 851 7.5 856 894 11.1 888 13.9 892 12.5 889 13.6 886 7.7 899 11.8 892 9.6 902 14. B 318 20.5 307 44.1 292 55.8 270 66.2 156 38.2 321 4.8 324 2.4 327 3.9 Feedwater temperature 383 4.2 382 12.7 372 19.8 365 25.7 328 7.9 384 2.5 384 2.5 380 0 Fuel feed rate Coal (1000's Ibs/hr) 113 852 Feeduater flow W 6.0 Steam temperature to 851 4.8 33.3 33.2 7.92 21.4 1.28 33.1 1.03 33.8 0.50 35.1 2.84 2.26 32.6 6.16 8.20 33.5 Excess air 20 1.8 19 6.0 24 3.4 26 13.0 38 10.6 16 1.7 18 1.0 18 0.6 ID fans amps 46 0.5 45 0.9 46 2.4 45 1.3 42 0.6 48 1.0 48 0 46 0 ID fans pressure 6.2 0.46 4.5 0.99 5.8 1.09 5.4 1.02 3.8* 0.24* 6.2 0.17 4.8 1.82 6.6 0.34 FD fan amps 30 0.4 30 1.5 30 1.9 30 1.6 27 0.4 30 0 30 0 30 0 FD fan pressure 4.4 0.61 4.4 1.01 6.5 6.60 4.1 1.14 2.3 0.36 4.5 0.10 4.8 0.51 4.7 0.80 Furnace draft 0.60 0.107 0.60 0.109 0.81 1.019 0.61 0.056 0.58 0.057 0.52 0.093 0.59 0.075 0.53 0.065 Boiler flue gas temp 687* 7.8* 686* 8.6* 695* 15.9* 679* 9.8* 598* 4.6* 674 U.I 676 U.I 689 16.0 0 325 3.5 Fuel oil gallons/hr ESP inlet temperature 330* 3.6* 338* 2.5* 330* 4.8* 328* 2.6* 280* 0* 335 0 335 4.2 37 1.5 37 1.5 44 0.8 43 2.6 0.078 28,98 0.024 29.05 0.012 29.16 0.018 29.17 0.041 Ambient temperature 58 6.8 62 6.3 42 6.2 42 Ambient pressure 29.02 0.056 28.75 0.042 29.03 0.106 28.95 Sampling duration 9:OOA-U:25P * Hot a total time man. 8:43A-12:07A 9:05A-4 :25A 9:47A-2 :12A 9:27A-2 :10A 11:10A-3:47P 11:20A-3:46P 9:22A-2 :06P �Unit No. 7 generally operated between a range of 16 to 35 MW gross, (refer to daily process data tables provided in Appendix D). Production over 35 MW placed considerable wear on the unit, and was avoided whenever possible. Production under 16 MW introduced instability and the possibility of large transient swings in operating conditions. Usually the boiler was operating close to one of these limits. It operated at 35 MW during peakloads because the load of the serviced community was over 35 MW. Production was reduced to 16 MW when off-peak power could be bought more cheaply from neighboring utilities. Examination of Table 2-3 indicates that the daily mean of gross electrical output (24 hour basis) is typically between 29 and 32 MW due to boiler operation at full output for a large portion of the day. In fact, the hourly readings provided in Appendix D indicate that output is rarely below 35 MW between the hours of 8 AM and 10 PM or longer. During non-peak hours, the boiler operated between 16 and 25 MW, depending on load and the amount of power being purchased from neighboring utilities. Comparison of the daily cycles of power production with the standard deviations (24 hour basis) given in Table 2-3, indicates that the standard deviations range between 5 and 7 for days representative of typical operation. Values not lying in this range are indicative of abnormalities such as the buying of cheaper power through the peak hours, or unusually high off-peak loads. The standard deviations in Table 2-3 show that these abnormalities happen most often on weekends, especially Sundays. Weekday operation is fairly consistent, due to uniformly high loads and the resultant high cost of power. Net power output follows identical trends, since the pov/er demand of the auxiliary equipment associated with Unit No. 7 is fairly constant. Fuel consumption varied directly with the amount of electricity produced. Of the three types of fuels used in Unit No. 7 (coal, RDF, and fuel oil), coal was used in the largest quantities. The amount of RDF burned was limited to approximately 17% in terms of the total heat produced. This was because RDF, due to its lower heating value, cannot sustain sufficient temperatures to maintain required boiler efficiency and steam quality. Also, RDF requires a longer residence time in the boiler for complete combustion, and this places another physical restriction on the amount of RDF in the fuel mixture. Fuel oil is used sparingly, and only as an igniter to insure flame continuity dur2-20 174 �ing soot blowing. Different firemen have different procedures for its use, and the large variations in fuel oil consumption shown in Table 2-3 are more related to operating practices than to what was happening in the boiler. The continuous supply of RDF to the boiler during the test was found to be unreliable. Practical experience during the test indicated that RDF supply was very unreliable. The RDF conveyors which feed Unit No. 7 were prone to jamming and required frequent maintenance. Often the RDF supply ran out because the solid waste recovery plant was experiencing mechanical problems, or had run out of refuse to process. Out of 23 days of sampling, only on 6 was RDF burned continuously. On 15 days RDF was burned part of the time, and on 2 days it was not burned at all (refer to Appendix D). The means and standard deviations for coal consumption given in Table 2-3 follow those of the gross electrical output. This indicates that coal consumption is closely related to electrical output, as expected. However, these daily averages mask out one important effect. Referring to the tables in Appendix D, one can see that the amount of coal burned depends on whether there is RDF in the mixture or not. All other things being equal, the flow of coal will always go up or down, depending on whether RDF is being removed or introduced into the mixture, respectively. 2.2.1 Operating Parameters Data for the steam cycle in the boiler are also listed in Table 2-3. Examination of the data indicates that the steam and feedwater flow rates fluctuate in a daily cycle, with means and standard deviations following the gross electrical output. However, the values for steam temperature and pressure remain fairly constant. The feedwater temperature also varied. It was higher on days of high electricity production, and lower on days of low production. Excess air is one of the most important parameters for describing conditions inside the combustion chamber. Unit No. 7 is designed to operate at about 20% excess air. Data in Table 2-3 indicates that on the average this is true. However, the hourly data (refer to Appendix D) indicates wide fluctuations. Excess air tended to increase as the boiler load decreased. 2-21 175 �This was possibly due to the operater not decreasing the intake air with the reduction in fuel supply. On nearly each night the excess air reading was greater than 50% (the maximum readable value on the meter). The standard deviations of the mean excess air values indicate no direct relationshop to the deviations of gross power output. Consequently, excess air is not a function of power output alone. Unlike most other parameters, the excess air setting was subject to the whim of the operator, and changes from work shift to work shift could have introduced important variations. The induced and forced draft fan measurements listed in Table 2-3 are of limited significance , since they did not respond to increases in production with greater airflows and correspondingly greater current consumption. The furnace draft data indicated little or no correspondence to any of the other measured data. Most of the flue gas and ESP inlet temperature readings were incomplete as they did not cover the entire 24 hour day. Most of this information was recorded during peak operation, and may therefore be considered representative for peak operation conditions. Both the flue gas and ESP inlet temperatures decreased during off-peak periods. Routine activities such as ash removal and soot blowing was performed at times designated in the test plan. RDF was observed to have a substantially higher ash content than coal, and this characteristic was reflected by longer ash removal periods, and more periodic soot blowing. Both activities decreased substantially when RDF was not being burned. 2.2.2 Test Duration Data Table 2-4 contains means and standard deviations for all of the parameters given in Table 2-3 on a test duration basis. They are derived from the same hourly data given in Appendix D, but the averages are taken over shorter periods of time than the 24 hour means discussed previously. These values are included only to indicate what operating conditions existed during the hours of each test. They are not, however, indicative of overall boiler performance. For instance, some tests were performed only over peak hours. These means would be indicative only of peak conditions, and the corresponding standard deviations would be very small, since the parameters remained fairly constant during this period. 2-22 176 �2.2.3 Daily Production and Consumption Data Table 2-5 contains information recorded by the power plant on a daily basis. The total gross and net power production was recorded directly from meters inside the plant. The total steam produced divided by the gross power production gave a good indication of boiler efficiency. Separate meters are used for measuring the water used for ash removal and the total input to the evaporators. The days of highest sluice water use corresponded with days of prolonged use of RDF in the fuel mixture. The evaporators eventually feed into the working fluid cycle of the boiler, and gave a fair indication of make-up water required, except that there was a water reclamation system attached to the boiler. Hence, these values indicated new input to the system, but did not account for total make-up water requirements. Most of the fuel types were very accurately measured. Coal was measured through a weight integrating system, and fuel oil was similarly measured through a volume integrating system. However, no accurate measurement of the RDF was -possible. The values listed were derived from volumetric readings and a very rough measurement of the RDF density, taken once every shift. The Btu contribution of each fuel was then calculated by doing calorimetric analyses. This was done periodically, and the values used for the duration this test program are given in Table 2-6. By summing the Btu contribution of each fuel, a value for total heat production can be found. This value was then divided by either the gross or net electricity production to express thermal energy as it related to the power production of the day. 2.3 Continuous Monitoring Data Table 2-7 presents the daily averages of 02, C02, CO, and total hydrocarbon monitoring on approximate test duration basis. Occasionally the continuous monitors were allowed to run longer than the actual test, but the data can still be considered to be representative of the test duration. Hydrocarbon values were always found to be lower than 2 ppm, the sensitivity limit of the instrumentation used. 2-23 177 �TABLE 2-5. DAILY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION AT AMES MUNCIPAL POWER PLANT, UNIT NO. 7 Power Production (kwh) Thermal Energy* (Btu/kwh) Oil (gallons) Sluice Uater for Bottoa and Fly Ash Removal (gallons) Uater Input to Evaporator (gallons) Fuel Consunptlon Steam Production (Ib/kwh) Iowa Coal (Ibs) Colorado Coal (Ibs) RDF* (Ibs) Date 681 000 623 902 11 186 12 210 9.57 339 9 8 8 432 712 0 60 250 000 8 300 ' 3-3-80 709 000 648 682 11 296 12 346 9.59 418 330 342 270 113 000 160 340 000 9 000 3-4-80 761 000 700 072 11 396 12 388 9.53 412 290 351 210 226 800 70 320 000 2 200 3-5-80 759 000 698 461 11 697 \2 711 9.73 434 538 370 162 192 375 60 380 000 6 800 3-6-80 740 000 679 858 11 693 12 728 9.50 432 0% 339 504 213 200 90 450 000 9 200 3-7-80 735 000 674 470 11 652 12 697 9.64 427 127 378 773 130 BOO 100 320 000 2 500 3-8-80 648 000 590 057 11 602 12 742 9.54 358 286 317 720 168 460 130 360 000 1 120 3-9-80 494 000 443 496 11 524 12 836 9.47 301 888 267 712 26 000 150 314 908 8 500 3-10-80 00 Net 3-2-80 ro I £ Gross 693 000 635 037 10 955 11 985 9.54 486 980 262 220 81 200 100 386 716 6 300 3-11-BO 739 000 678 629 11 440 12 458 9.57 334 328 392 472 229 600 270 403 172 5 800 3-12-80 750 000 688 456 11 348 12 362 9.62 408 980 334 620 229 075 290 413 644 3 500 3-13-80 742 000 681 889 11 S44 12 562 9.68 432 270 368 230 144 075 50 422 620 9 100 3-14-80 729 000 668 119 11 537 12 588 9.51 412 440 324 060 230 400 90 . 41B 132 0 3-15-80 508 000 457 939 11 434 12 684 9.50 322 448 253 352 22 050 910 335 104 5 700 3-17-80 699 000 639 942 11 170 12 201 9.59 412 335 337 365 97 650 70 396 000 11 100 3-18-80 759 000 696 494 10 855 11 829 9.52 417 010 341 190 154 874 60 473 000 15 200 3-19-80 748 000 682 596 10 794 11 829 9.51 414 315 338 985 134 816 100 477 000 6 000 3-20-80 753 500 689 205 11 368 12 388 9.56 445 392 379 408 63 700 490 320 000 7 300 3-22-80 706 000 647 644 11 077 12 075 9.55 410 520 335 880 92 000 640 250 000 5 400 3-23-80 426 000 382 263 11 311 12 605 9.49 269 610 220 590 0 800 180 000 16 600 490 300 000 4 500 Gross Net 3-24-80 710 000 650 039 10 841 11 841 9.61 629 920 157 480 51 600 3-25-80 700 000 642 Oil 11 080 12 081 9.52 610 880 152 720 93 000 680 430 000 4 000 3-26-80 726 000 664 973 10 949 11 954 9.60 612 960 153 240 134 970 40 540 000 18 500 •This Is only a rough Measure of RDF weight. This value is derived from the average Btu content of each fuel. �TABLE 2.6, HEAT CONTENT OF FUELS USED AT THE AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT DURING SAMPLING PERIOD Heat Content for each Fuel Type niiM-nnn Dur 1on ^ Test Iowa Coal (Btu/lb) Colorado Coal (Btu/lb) RDF (Btu/lb) Fuel Oil (Btu/gallon) 3-2-80 thru 3-16-80 8946 10,556 5587 138,603 3-17-80 thru 3-26-80 9035 10,298 6128 138,603 2-25 179 �Fluctuations in the 02, C02, and CO levels are usually indicative of process conditions in the boiler. The means for these components at Ames were fairly uniform, as can be seen from Table 2-7. The only unusual days were March 9, 15, and 23, as evidenced by high 02 levels and low levels of C02 and CO. From Table 2-4, it can be seen that these were days of low electrical output and correspondingly high levels of excess air. Furthermore, these were the only days that were typical in this regard. Although excess air was monitored in the plant's control room, it has also Been calculated on a theoretical basis for comparison using the following expression 02 - CO/2 % excess air = 1QO x 1 4 N'2 - (02 - CO/2)] ^6 where the. gaseous components are expressed as percentages. The results of these calculations are given in Table 2-8, along with the values of excess air measured in the control room. The calculated values are consistently smaller, and the same anomalies appear (i.e., large values on the 9.th, 15th, and 23rd). In this case, the measured values are larger because these were taken after the air preheater to the boiler. Evidently, there is some air leakage in the preheater. 2.3.1 Air Preheater Leakage Oxygen in the flue gas at the inlet and outlet to the preheater was monitored on March 8, 1980 to determine air preheater leakage. Continuous monitoring results are presented in Table 2-9. The oxygen readings were also plotted and are shown in Figure 2-1. Examination of the plots in Figure 2-1 indicates that the increases and decreases in oxygen at the boiler exit are closely followed by similar increases and decreases in oxygen at the ESP inlet which is located downstream of the boiler. Since the variable oxygen readings at the inlet and outlet were taken on an intermittent basis, at 15 minute intervals, it was difficult to relate the data points at the boiler exit and the ESP inlet on a same time basis. However, from the graph the similar trends of the two curves can be easily observed. 2-26 180 �TABLE 2-7. CONTINUOUS MONITORING DATA Sampling Location Date (1980) °2 (*) Mean o Mean 2 (t) o CO (ppm) Mean o THC (PP«) a Mean ESP Inlet ESP Outlet 4.6 6.3 0.34 0.53 12.7 11.4 0.44 0.53 17.9 16.5 1.61 1.57 <2 <2 . Inlet Cutlet 3-3 4.4 5.8 0.55 0.65 13.7 12.5 0.63 0.67 12.4 10.7 1.54 1.16 <2 <2 - Inlet Outlet 3-4 4.4 6.1 0.35 0.17 14.4 13.0 0.36 .19 16.7 14.7 0.75 .89 <2 <2 - Inlet 3-5 4.4 5.6 0.66 0.83 14.6 13.4 0.58 .36 18.3 27.8 1.22 10.14 <2 <2 . Inlet Outlet ro 3-2 3-6 4.3 0.29 13.9 DATA TAttN FOR INLET ONLY 0.37 16.7 2.30 <2 - Inlet Outlet 3-7 4.6 5.9 0.32 0.27 13.9 12.8 0.35 0.28 16.4 14.7 1.50 1.63 <2 <2 - Inlet Outlet 3-8 4.3 4.8 0.30 0.40 14.0 13.6 0.30 0.39 27.6 28.4 0.85 2.29 <2 <2 _ Inlet Outlet 3-9 7.1 8.8 1.23 1.38 11.6 11.0 1.22 1.24 24.7 22.6 1.82 2.31 <2 <2 _ Inlet Outlet 3-10 4.0 5.6 0.30 0.19 13.9 12.4 0.30 0.14 24.5 24.9 1.51 1.04 <2 <2 Inlet Outlet 3-11 4.7 5.8 0.28 0.23 13.6 13.2 0.48 0.51 22.4 21.2 1.88 1.29 <2 <2 _ Inlet Outlet 3-12 4.4 5.6 0.29 0.33 14.0 13.8 0.43 0.56 22.1 22.3 1.75 3.77 <2 <2 _ Inlet Outlet 3-13 3.3 5.2 0.30 0.57 15.6 14.0 0.33 0.96 20.7 18.4 0.90 1.03 <2 <2 _ Inlet Outlet 3-14 3.7 5.3 0.40 1.03 14.8 13.1 0.47 0.74 27.7 29.9 4.21 16.56 <2 <2 - (Continued) �TABLE 2-7. (Continued) Sanpl 1 ng Location Date (1980) o2 (%) Mean o co2 Mean THC (ppm) CO (ppm) (X) a Mean a Mean a Inlet Outlet 1.56 1.87 12.6 10.7 1.45 1.67 22.0 18.7 2.03 2.01 <2 <2 - 3-17 3.7 5.4 0.47 0.32 14.4 12.9 0.62 0.33 21.5 20.0 1.73 1.41 <2 <2 - Inlet Outlet 00 6.3 8.4 Inlet Outlet i-- ro 3-15 3-18 3.8 5.4 0.33 0.30 14.4 13.0 0.46 0.40 23.3 23.7 1.18 9.62 <2 <2 Inlet Outlet 3-19 3.8 5.3 0.58 0.47 14.7 13.2 0.72 0.47 23.6 26.2 1.84 17.55 <2 <2 - Inlet Outlet 3-20 4.1 5.9 0.29 0.25 14.3 12.8 0.41 1.11 20.1 17.4 2.21 1.70 <2 <2 - Inlet Outlet 3-22 3.6 5.4 .34 .29 14.2 12.6 .35 .46 38.3 37.7 25.81 22.61 <2 <2 - Inlet Outlet 3-23 5.9 8.8 1.09 .75 12.7 10.1 1.08 .74 NOT OPERATING <2 <2 _ Inlet 3-24 _ I Inlet Outlet 3-25 Inlet Outlet 3-26 H • .24 H H <2 _ 13.8 13.1 .71 .26 H H M <2 <2 - M .87 4.9 13.7 DATA TAKEN FOR INLET ONLY .73 M N <2 - DATA TAKEN FOR OUTLET ONLY 5.4 .24 13.2 4.4 5.4 .83 .23 �TABLE 2-8. EXCESS AIR READINGS Excess A1r %] Excess Air %2 3-2-80 3-3-80 26.7 22.1 25.5 18.3 3-4-80 25.8 20.1 3-5-80 25.9 18.7 3-6-80 3-7-80 3-8-80 3-9-80 3-10-80 24.9 27.2 24.9 49.4 22.6 18.9 19.3 19.5 34 16 3-11-80 3-12-80 3-13-80 3-14-80 3-15-80 3-17-80 3-18-80 3-19-80 3-20-80 3-22-80 3-23-80 3-24-80 3-25-80 3-26-80 27.9 25.7 18 18 18 17 41 18 20 19 24 26 38 16 18 18 Date o 18.2 20.8 41.7 20.6 21.4 21.4 23.5 19.9 37.8 NA 25.6 29.5 Based on continuous monitoring data from the ESP inlet Control room readings 2-29 183 �TABLE 2-9. AIR PREHEATER CONTINUOUS MONITORING DATA Boiler Ex1t/Preheater Inlet Time %o2 % co2 CO ppm THC ppm 1430 4.237 13.926 28 ESP Inlet/Preheater Outlet 0.42 % rn % LU2 CO ppm THC ppm 4.593 13.784 29 0.1 4.975 13.542 28 0.22 4.544 13.668 29 0.20 4.901 13.520 27 0.19 5.207 12.43 26 0.21 4.879 13,538 26 0.15 4.153 14.246 28 0.18 5.141 13.574 26 0.18 4.359 13.902 28 0.04 4.959 13.564 27 0.25 4.397 13.946 28 0.11 4.401 13.558 36 0.18 27.58 0.304 4.71 13.61 28. 1 0.168 0.114 0.34 0.43 2. 7 0.059 1445 4.094 1500 14.222 27 0.49 1515 3.741 1530 14.414 28 0.45 1545 4.637 1600 13.678 28 0.37 1615 4.083 1630 14.304 28 0.41 1645 4.089 1700 13.972 26 0.22 1715 1730 v 4.198 14.154 27 0.18 1745 1800 4.192 13.740 26 0.23 1815 1830 4.295 13.976 28 0.19 1845 1900 3.937 14.154 29 0.22 1915 1930 4.742 13.492 28 0.26 1945 2000 4.632 13.566 28 0.21 2015 Mean 4.24 13.97 0.30 0.30 0.9 %o2 2-30 184 �Figure 2-1. Oxygen 1n the gas before and after the air preheater 2-31 185 �Air preheater leakage is defined as the ratio of the difference between the amount of flue gas out of the preheater and the amount of flue gas into the preheater to the amount of flue gas into the preheater. In order to estimate this leakage average values for oxygen for the inlet and outlet from the monitored data were used. Based on an average oxygen reading of 4.24 percent at the preheater inlet and 4.71 percent at the outlet an air preheater leakage of 2.9 percent was calculated. It must however be noted that during this period the boiler load averaged approximately 88% and the RDF heat input to the boiler was approximately 20 percent. Air preheater leakage will vary with the steam load and type of fuel fired. 2-32 186 �3.0 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The coal-fired utility boiler tested was the No. 7 unit at the Ames Municipal power plant. The power plant is owned and operated by the city of Ames. Three boiler units, 5, 6, and 7, at the power plant have been modified to burn solid waste as a supplemental fuel with coal. Boilers 5 and 6 are Stoker-fired boilers and boiler No. 7 is a pulverized coal suspension fired boiler. Under normal operating conditions only unit No. 7 is used. Units Nos. 5 and 6 are operated only under peak demand conditions or when unit No. 7 is down. The power plant is located within the city limits of Ames, Iowa. Ames is approximately 54 Km (34 miles) north of Des Moines. The Ames Municipal power plant layout is shown in Figure 3-1. 3.1 Boiler Description Boiler No. 7 was designed to burn coal or natural gas as the primary fuel. It is a tangentially fired, pulverized coval, balanced draft, Combustion Engineering unit, rated at 175000 kg/hr (385,000 Ib/hr) of steam. The generator is rated at 35,000 KW, gross. Unit No. 7 has been operating since June 1968. However, modification to burn refuse derived fuel (RDF) was made in 1975. Boiler No. 7 specification data is provided in Table 3-1 and a flow diagram of unit No. 7 is given in Figure 3-2. As shown in Figure 3-2, coal from the plant stockpile is fed to two Raymond Bowl Mill pulverizers. Air preheated to about 340°C (650°F) by the combustion gases is supplied to the pulverizers to dry the coal, and to convey the pulverized coal to the burners. Pulverizer air preheat is necessary to prevent pulverizer to burner blockage which can be caused by wet fuel. Design specifications of the Raymond Bowl Mill pulverizer are provided in Table 3-2. Pulverized coal entrained in 15 to 20 percent of the total combustion air is conveyed to the individual burner nozzles which direct the coal and primary air into the combustion chamber. Combustion air is supplied to the boiler unit by a Westinghouse forced draft fan. The combustion air drawn 3-1 187 �1 BAND 5i!FT 1. CUD 1 HOUSE I STREET IS METERING STATION Q COOLING CZ3 FUEL Oil STOXACE POWER PLANT NO. 2 TOWER CLEAR WELL ASH COOLING 'SILO O I TOWER r ELECTROSTATIC 1'RKCIPITATOR UNIT NO. 7 ADDITION jn] n LJ; -I ID co co cEj UATF.R PLANT I nro COVERED ENTRY I TRANSFORMER STACK DWELL NO. 3 CO C O A L S T 0 R A C I Figure 3-1. Layout of plant site A R E A �TABLE 3-1. BOILER DESIGN DATA Description Slzt Dtslgn pressure, psl 108S Total effective heating surface sq ft Boiler 16550 Furnace EPRs 6200 Superheater - Convection zone 5200 Radiant zont 1800 Economizer None Regenerative A1r Heater 67200 A1r Preheating Coll 5070 Furnace Volume, cubic feet 27300 Furnace width and depth by 19'-ir C to C of tubes, ft Furnace design pressure, in H^o positive 8" KG Total weight complete. Ib 2,340,000 Water required to fill boiler and water walls to operating level, gal Appro*, 17,900 U.S Gallons Inside diameter and thickness of steel drum 66" DIA - 4 | " x 2 | • | | Overall length of steam drum Appro*. 27' - 0* Drum head thickness, In lifting weight of drum safety valves 2 1/4" 66" 0 Drum • 85000 LBS Manufacturers, type, number and sizeof drum safety valves Consolidated Two (2) 3" I1757A Manufacturer, type, number and stze of blowdown valves Two C21 sets 2- Yarwey 6968-81 Tubes 1n furnace Size and thickness Water well tube spring, In C to C Furnace exit first row tube spring. In C to C 2 1/2" 0,D, x .180 3" all wells 9* (finishing superheater} NO SA 26 9" Are tubes staggered? Material Number Tube spring In C to C Tubes 1n Boiler Size and thickness Material Tube spring C to C (1n) Number - IN LINE - 192 Assemblies (Finishing superheater) 2 1/2- O.D. x ,12 SA -192 3 3/4" Transverse 1472 Water walls - 10 to 1 Circulation ratio, minimum 3-3 189 �BOILER FEED PUMP SPRAY WATER DESUPERHEATER FEEDWATER FIRST STAGE PRESSURE INTEGRATOR STEAM JET AIR EJECTOR COAL TEMPERATURE FEED WATER IN BLEED STEAM' <A> I | FEED WATER HEATER FEED WATER HEATER UNTREATED -WELL WATER a COMBUSTION ENGINEERING PULVERIZER STEAM GENERATOR REFUSE DERIVED FUEL AIR HEATER 'LEAKAGE ATI.AS BIN T TEMPERATURE FLUE GAS IN NDUC-D RAFT AN VOLUMETRIC FLOW DENSITY COOLING TOWER SLOWDOWN AMBIENT AIR OVERGRATE (RDF ONLY) UNIT NO 7 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR TEMPERATURE AIR IN FORCED DRAFT FAM UNDERCRATE AIR (RDF ONLY) SEAL _ WATER TEMPERATURE AIR OUT FLY ASH PRIMARY AIR TO PULVERIZER BOTTOM ASH COMBUSTION AIR Figure 3-2. Flow diagram for unit #7 at Ames Municipal power plant �TABLE 3-2. DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR RAYMOND BOWL PULVERIZERS DESCRIPTION SIZE Pulverizers Manufacturer's Model No. C. E. Raymond No. 613 No. of pulverizers Two (2) Type and size Bowl Mill Weight including driver Approx. 98500 LBS each journal assembly Weight and dimensions of largest piece requiring removal for maintenance 3 x 4 x 4 ft 3900 LBS. Minimum stable firing rate, Ib per hr each of specified coal 8000 LBS/HR Maximum firing rate, Ib per hr of specified coal each 32000 LBS/HR @ 60 GR 17.1235 M Maximum turndown ratio Pul. - Burner Combination 4 to 1 Maximum horsepower input required 265 each Shaft Incl. Exhauster Primary air temperature, F. For the specified coal 651 Max. allowable 750 Maximum boiler load with one pulverizer in operation with specified coal, no gas firing, Ib per hr 250,000 3-5 191 �by the forced draft fan is obtained from the 9th floor of the power plant building (refer to Figure 3-3). Design specifications for the forced draft fan are provided in Table 3-3. The burners are designed to admit controlled quantities of additional air through separate air ports surrounding or built into the fuel nozzle. In the combustion chamber, the combustible matter reacts with oxygen of the air to release thermal energy at temperatures exceeding 1100°C (2000°F). The walls of the combustion chamber are lined with water-filled tubes which absorb thermal energy and generate steam. The water tubes are filled with liquid or vapor, depending on pressure and temperature conditions. Heat transfer in the combustion chamber cools the combustion gases. The cooler combustion gases flow from the combustion chamber to the superheater where further heat transfer and gas cooling occurs. The superheater is a combination Radiant-Convection type with 13 tube rows and 26 steam passes on the primary side and 26 tube rows and 52 steam passes on the secondary side. The maximum design temperatures in the superheater are: steam side - 350°C (primary), 485°C (secondary); gas side - 1150°C (primary), 1050°C (secondary); and outside metal surface - 470°C (primary), 545°C (secondary). Steam superheat is necessary for thermodynamic efficiency and also to prevent steam condensation which would damage the blades of the steam turbine. Combustion gases from the superheater normally flow to the economizer section where heat is transferred to the boiler feed water. However, the No. 7 unit has no economizer and flue gases from the superheater flow to the air preheater,, then to a cold-side electrostatic precipitator via an induced draft fan (refer to Table 3-3) out through the stack. The regenerative air heater has an effective heat exchange surface area of 67200 sq ft. Combustion gases enter the air heater at texperatures of 370° to 400°C (700 to 750°F) and exit at temperatures of 135° to 150°C (280 to 300°F). Air temperature entering the air heater ranges from 35° to 50°C (100 to 120°F) and exit temperatures range from 315° to 335aC (600 to 640°F). Performance characteristics for unit No. 7 provided by the manufacturer are given in Table 3-4. 3-6 192 �GAS OUTLET OJ ^ Figure 3-3. Schematic of Ames Municipal power plant boiler No. 7. �TABLE 3-3. FAN DESIGN PERFORMANCE Forced Draft Fan Manufacturers name Model No. Westinghouse #4054 Blade type Air foil Operating speed, rpm Air inlet temperature, °F Air flow (100% load), Ib/hr Air flow (100% load), ft3/min Fan static pressure, psi Static efficiency (100% load), % 1180 80° 422,696 99,934 0.28 54.6 167.1 Power required, Kw Induced Draft Fan Manufacturers name Model No. Blade type Operating speed, rpm Air inlet temperature, °F Westinghouse #4073 Air fovil 885 279 482,653 153,900 0.26 52.3 249.9 Air flow (100% load), Ib/hr 3 Air flow (100% load), ft /min Fan static pressure, psi Static efficiency (100% load), % Power to fan shaft, Kw 3-8 194 �TABLE 3-4. PREDICTED PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNIT #7 AT AMES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT. FUEL COAL Evaporation Feedwater Temperature Superheater Outlet Temperature Superheater Outlet Pressure Superheater Pressure Drop Gas Drop, Furnace to Econ. Outlet Ib/hr F Gas Drop, Econ. Outlet to A.H. Outlet "wg F F F F F "wg F % Gas Temp. Entering Air Heater Gas Temp. Leaving Air Heater, Uncorr. Gas Temp, Leaving Air Heater, Corr. I-1 t»> 10 I Ul to Air Temp. Entering Air Heater Air Temp. Leaving Air Heater Air Press, at F.D. Fan Ambient Air Temperature Excess Air Leaving Economizer F psig psi "wg Ib/hr % Fuel Fired - Coal 0 9506 BTU/J Efficiency 216,000 375 905 900 30 0:85 2.00 705 281 265 119 598 5.10 80 22 28,600 87.99 COAL 360,000 428 905 900 75 1.85 4.35 732 296 279 101 633 7.75 80 22 45,600 87.28 COAL 385,000 433 905 900 85 2.15 4.90 743 297 280 99 635 8.70 80 22 48,500 87.21 Superheat steam temperature control range is from 216,000 to 385,000 Ib/hr. The fuel specifications on which the above are based are as follows: F.C. V.M. Ash Moist. 37.10 32.27 13.51 17.12 100.00% HHV (as fired) 9506 BTU/# �Unit No. 7 generally burns a mixture of Iowa coal, Colorado coal, and refuse derived fuel (RDF). The ratio of the two types of coal in the mixture varies. However, during the test program a 55 to 45 percent ratio of Iowa and Colorado coal was maintained in the pulverized coal mixture. Approximately 20 percent of the total fuel fired is RDF and 80 percent pulverized coal. Coal is stored in the coal yard in two separate piles. Front-end loaders are used to move the coal to the transport conveyor feeding the storage bunker. Coal is alternately moved to the conveyor and is overlayed in the bunker prior to the coal dropping into the pulverizer. This mixing of coal is done on a weight basis and has proven satisfactory to the plant in maintaining the proper blend. RDF is produced at a separate Ames city facility located approximately two blocks away. All of the RDF produced is pneumatically conveyed to a storage bin (Atlas bin) 25 m (85 ft) in diameter with a holding capacity of 454 Mg (500 tons). The RDF is fed from the Atlas bin at the required rate (8.5 tons/hr maximum) and pneumatically conveyed to the RDF burners. There are two RDF burners located approximately 61 cm (24 inches) below the coal burners at opposite corners of the firebox. The location of the RDF burners is shown in Figure 3-4. The by-products of combustion are stack gases and ash. With pulverizedcoal firing, all of the burning is accomplished in suspension with the result that about 80 percent of the ash remains in the flue gases. Due to the utilization of REF to supplement coal as fuel, modifications were made to the boiler. Grates were installed in April 1978 to assist in the combustion of RDF. Prior to the installation of the grates, RDF burning in suspension was not very effective, and substantial portions of the RDF dropped unburnt into the bottom ash hopper. Deposited ash and slag in the boiler furnace bottom are removed at least 3 times per day. An average of 758,000 liters/day (200,000 gallons/day) of sluice water (raw well water) is used to remove the solid waste from the furnace bottom. This waste is then drained to a holding pond where the ash is dredged out. The water from the holding pond percolates through the soil eventually into the nearby Skunk river. Any overflow from the holding pond 3-10 196 �BOILER NO. 5 BOILER NO. 6 VO CO . Section CC From Atlas Bin South Figure 3-4. Solid waste recovery system �is also absorbed by the river. Also deposited in the holding pond is the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) fly ash. The fly ash from the ESP hoppers is pneumatically conveyed (3 times per day) to the bottom ash hopper drain system which transports it to the holding pond. The dredged ash is stored on site in piles. Make up water for the boiler is obtained from the city water supply. Boiler feedwater is processed by water softeners and deaerators and treated with caustic soda, phosphates and hydrazlne to prevent scaling and corrosion. Tannin is also added to maintain particles in suspension. Normal operation of the boiler is 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. The boiler is scheduled to be offline once per year for 10 to 14 days for various types of maintenance. 3.2 Electrostatic Precipitator Flue gases from the air heater are treated in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for the removal of particulate matter. The ESP in unit No. 7 is an American Standard Model 371. It is a wire/plate type with rappers and is designed to handle 4900 m /min (175000 cfm) of gas at an average inlet dust loading of approximately 9.27 gm/m (4 gr/scf). The ESP has 4 cell units with 2 fields and 8 insulator compartments. Performance characteristics for the ESP are given in Table 3-5, The collection system of the ESP has an effective surface area of 2030 m (21840 sq ft) with 28 gas passages having a space of 23 cm (9 inches) each. The collecting surface area rappers are of the electric vibrator type 2 and the maximum collecting surface area rapped at one instant is 113 m (1215 sq ft). Total hopper capacity is 48 m (1700 cubic feet) with overall dimensions of 5.2 m x 6.8 m x 18.1 m (17' x 22.5' x 59.5'). 2 The electrical system of the ESP requires a maximum operating voltage of 45 KV. Power requirement at maximum demand is 83 KVA and the total connected load is 61 KW. There are 8 electric vibrator type high voltage rappers and two rectifiers. The two rectifiers are rated at 45 KV each. The primary voltage is approximately 260 volts at the inlet field and 200 at the outlet field. The primary current is approximately 52.0 amps at the inlet field and 34 amps at the outlet field. The secondary voltage and 3-12 198 �currents average 34.0 KV, 35 ma and 29.0 KV, 80 ma at the Inlet and outlet fields respectively. The spark rate averages around 120 per minute at the inlet field and 145 per minute at the outlet field. TABLE 3-5. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN STANDARD ESP Performance at 385,000 Ib/hr load, coal fuel Gas to ESP cfm Gas to ESP, Ib/hr Gas Temp °F 167,000 510,000 300 Inlet dust loading, gr/cf Outlet dust loading, gr/cf Efficiency, % Gas velocity, fpm Pressure drop, in, H20 Time of gas contact, sec. 3-13 199 3.7 0.074 98 266 0.5 2.94 �4. SAMPLING LOCATIONS All sampling locations are identified in Table 4-1 Figure 4-2 is a cross sectional schematic depicting the tions at the stack. Figure 4-3 is a horizontal view of ing port locations, and Figure 4-4 is a cross sectional let depicting the traverse point locations. and Figure 4-1. traverse point locathe ESP inlet showview of the ESP in- The continuous monitoring probe was located on the North side of the ESP inlet duct prior to the gas sampling ports and at a depth of approximately 4 feet. At the stack,the monitoring probe was alternated between ports 2 and 3 and at a depth of 4 feet. These two ports were also used for the gas sampling trains. TABLE 4-1. SAMPLING LOCATIONS Solid Sample Locations 1 - Blended Coal 2 - Refuse Derived Fuel 3 - Bottom Ash 4 - Fly Ash Gaseous Sampling Locations 5 - ESP Inlet 6 - Stack 10 - Hi Volume Ambient Air Sampler Liquid Sample Locations 7 - Untreated Well Water 8 - Seal Uater 9 - Cooling Tower Water 4-1 200 �BOILER FEED PUMP SPRAY WATER DESUPERHEATER FBIiUWATKK FIRST STAGE PRESSURE 1LNTEGRATOR STEAM JET AIR EJECTOR COAL TEMPERATURE [FEED WATER IN GRAVIMETRIC SCALE BLEED STEAM- FEED WATER HEATER FEED WATER HEATER O COMBUSTION ENGINEERING STEAM GENERATOR .£> I i- ro TEMPERATURE FLUE GAS IN INDUCED DRAFT FAN AIR HEATER LEAKAGE AT1JVS BIN REFUSE DERIVED FUEL STACK (6 SAMPLI > UNTREATED -WELL WATER PULVERIZER N> O1 __J VOLUMETRIC FLOW DENSITY COOLING TOWER BIX)WDO«JN AMBIENT AIR OVERGRATE (RDF ONLY) Unit NO. 7 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR TEMPERATURE AIR IN FLY ASH FORCED DRAFT FAM UNDERGRATE AIR ( (RDF ONLY) SEAL WATER TEMPERATURE AIR OUT PRIMARY AIR TO PULVERIZER BOTTOM ASH COMBUSTION AIR HI VOLUME SAMPLER Source: Compliance test report data prepared by Iowa State University Engineering Research Institute personnel under the direction of Dr. J. L. Hall, et al. from tests conducted during Sept. 1978. Figure 4-1. Unit 7 flow diagran and measurement locations. �SAMPLING PLATFORM T * 't' • 4.0 ft 1 i f i t ' " I ,, A in. PORT •CAPPED WHEN NOT SAMPLING '',<,>!,>' ,'>; r ' , >, "> |66 —.0 CONCRETE WALL NOT TO SCALE SAMPLING POINTS TRAVERSE DISTANCE FROM POINT OUTSIDE EDGE OF STACK NUMBER CM IN POINT DISTANCE FROM OUTSIDE EDGE OF STACK CM IN 1 38.2 97.03 5 59.4 150.88 2 42.8 108.71 6 66.4 168.66 3 47.8 121.41 7 75. 190.75 4 53.2 135.13 8 87.8 223.01 Figure 4-2. Cross Section of stack showing traverse point locations, 202 4-3 �Figure 4-3. Inl«t Duct - Showing Port Locations 4-4 203 �CONTINUOUS MONITORING PROBES Traverse Point Number Traverse Point Location From Outside of Nipple Centimeters Inches 1 22 53.9 2 34 83.3 46 112.7 58 142.1 Figure 4-4. Inlet Traverse Point Locations 4-5 204 �5,0 SAMPLING This section includes information on the sampling program conducted at the Ames facility. Any changes or pertinent comments are included in this section. 5.1 Gas Sampling The flue gas sampling at the Ames facility was performed at the electrostatic precipitator inlet and at the stack. Sampling for organics was to be performed for fourteen consecutive days with an additional three days sampling for particulate cadmium. However, due to extreme weather conditions the program was modified to collect nine inlet and outlet gas samples. Sampling for organics was accomplished concurrently at the inlet and outlet utilizing two modified method 5 trains (Figures 5-1 and 5-2) at both sampling locations. Inorganic cadmium was only sampled at the stack and utilized one standard Method 5 train, Figure 5-3. The sampling crew collected a ten m (10 + 1 m ) sample by extracting the flue gas at a rate approximating the flue gas velocity. The particulate matter was collected in a cyclone and on the filter media. The gas stream was passed through an XAD-2 resin trap to absorb the organic constituents, and through an impinger system to condense any moisture present in the gas. Parameters such as temperatures, pressures, and gas volumes were monitored throughout the sampling period. The sample fractions were recovered from the sampling trains and turned over to an MRI representative. The outlet (stack) sampling position was sampled with no change to the sampling plan while the ESP inlet sampling was modified. • ESP Inlet During the initial tests, it was found that the outermost ports exhibited little or no flow. At one point of the traverse, the velocity head (AP) was negative while the next point indicated positive AP, thereby cancelling each other. It was therefore recommended that these two outer ports be dropped from the test. The recommendation was accepted and implemented as part of the test program. 5-1 205 �FILTER HOUSING HEATED LINE THERMDncTER CYCLONE FLASK t-o O o> cn i ro OVEN BOX STAND BY-PASS VAL\€ ORIFICE THERMOMETERS VACULM GAUGE R9 NAIN VALVE D.RY TtST Figure 5-1. \. AIR TIGHT PU1P ESP inlet sampling train VACUUM LINE �xX"'FILTER HOUSING THERH3T€TER CYCLONE FLASK OVEN BOX STAND BY-PASS VALVE ORIFICE THERMDMETERS VACUUM GAUGE \ DRY TEST • fHTER AIR TIGHT PIMP Figure 5-2. Stack sampling train 5-3 207 VACULM LINE �12 Figure 5-3. EPA Method 5 particulate sampling train 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) Calibrated nozzle Glass lined probe Flexible teflon sample line Cyclone Filter holder " Heated box Ice bath Impinger (water) Impinger (water) Impinger (empty) Impinger (silica gel) Thermometer 5-4 208 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) Check value Vacuum line Vacuum gauge Main value Air tight pump Bypass value . Dry test meter Orifice Pitot manometer Potentiometer Orifice manometer S type pi tot tube �5.2 Solid Sampling During each test day, four solid streams: coal, precipitator ash, bottom ash, and refuse derived fuel (RDF) were sampled six times per day following a schedule set up by Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The sampling was coordinated between RTI, the sampling crew and power plant personnel. The schedule provided the basis for collection of unbiased samples by obtaining a random selection from the multiple sources available for sampling. This approach was taken to avoid any cyclic biases which might have been present in the daily operation of the power plant. The samples and their sampling frequencies were: • The coal samples were taken from the feed line leading from the storage bunkers into the gravimetric feeders supplying the coal pulverizers. A metal scoop was used to remove the sample from the feed line and transfer it to the sample containers. • The precipitator ash was removed and collected from the bottom of the precipitator hoppers. A metal scoop was used to remove the sample from the access pipe and transfer it to the sample container. The hoppers were pneumatically evacuated after each sample was taken. A visual inspection was made to insure complete evacuation of ash from the hoppers. • The bottom ash samples were collected from the base of the furnace. These samples were collected wet with a high solids content from the furnace floor prior to sluicing out the ash by plant personnel. The ash doors were open during the washing procedure and the ash sample was scooped up in a teflon line pan and transferred to the sample container with teflon lined forceps before the furnace floor was washed with water to remove the ash. To provide representative samples of ash, as distributed over the entire rectangular base of the furnace, the area of the furnace floor was divided into an equal-area grid system. The samples were scooped from a specific grid area as provided by Research Triangle Institute each time a sample was taken. • The RDF samples were taken from the feeders in the Atlas bin prior to being pneumatically conveyed to the boiler furnace for firing. The material was placed into sample containers from a specific feeder and returned to the recovery area for labeling. Protective clothing was worn within the feeder area and plant personnel were notified when entering and leaving the area. 5.3 Liquid Sampling Three liquid streams were sampled during the course of the test program: cooling tower blowdown, well water, and bottom ash seal water (overflow water). Liquid streams which did not have continuous flows, were 5-5 209 �allowed to purge for three minutes prior to obtaining samples. Sample containers were rinsed three times with sample liquid prior to being filled with that liquid. The streams sampled and frequency of sampling were as follows: • Seal water was sampled twice per shift, for a total of six samples per 24 hour period. • Cooling tower blowdown was sampled once per day. • Three well water samples were collected over the testing period. Appendix C contains the time frequency schedule utilized by members of the solid and liquid sampling team. 5.4 Hi Volume Sampler To monitor the ambient air background, a high volume ambient air sampler (Figure 5-4) was used. It was placed on the roof of the Ames facility to obtain a representative background utilizing outside ambient air rather than sampling air inside the building that could have been contaminated or influenced by the combustion process. 5.5 Quality Assurance A quality assurance sample was also taken of the final test day. To collect the quality assurance sample, two sampling trains were placed at the same point in the same port at the inlet of the ESP. No traversing was performed. Both trains were run at the same isokinetic rate for the same duration as a normal test day. Also during the Q/A day, solids and liquids were collected as in a normal test day. 5.6 Sampling Train Background To obtain the train background (blank) an entire sampling train, including resin trap filter and impinger solutions was set up at the ESP inlet. The train was taken to normal operating temperatures and allowed to remain at these temperatures for one (1) hour. All train components were recovered as a normal run and all sample blanks were given to an MRI representative. 5-6 210 �HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLER FLOW PROBE \MODEL 230 HIGH VOLUME CASCADE IMPACTOR - OPTIONAL MANOMETER OR ROTAMETE: MODEL 310/310A/310B CONSTANT FLOW CONTROLLEF \ FLOW [ADJUSTMENT LINE CORD Figure 5-4. Ambient air sampler 5-7 211 �5.7 Sample Recovery Upon completion of the ESP and stack sampling, the sampling equipment was brought to the laboratory area for recovery. Each sample train was kept in a separate area to prevent sample mixup and cross contamination. The dry powder in the cyclone, probe, and heated flexline was collected in the cyclone catch bottle. After this collection procedure, the individual sample train components were recovered per the following: • Probe was wiped to remove all external particulate matter near probe ends. • Filters were removed from their housings and placed in proper container. • After recovering dry particulate from the nozzle, probe, heated teflon line, cyclone, and flask, these parts were rinsed with distilled water to remove remaining particulate. They were subsequently rinsed with B & J acetone and cyclohexane and put into a separate container. All rinses were retained in an amber glass container. • Sorbent traps were removed from the train, capped with glass plugs, and given to an on-site Midwest Research Institute (MRI) representative. • Condensing coil, if separate from the sorbent trap, and the connecting glassware to the first impinger was rinsed into the condensate catch (first impinger). t First and second impingers were measured, volume recorded and retained in an amber glass storage bottle. The impingers were then rinsed with small amounts of distilled water, acetone and cyclohexane. These rinsings were combined with the condensate catch. Rinse volumes were also recorded . • Third and fourth impingers were measured, volume recorded and solutions discarded. • Silica gel was weighed, weight gain recorded and regenerated for further use. To preserve sample integrity, all glass containers were amber glass, with Teflon-lined lids. 5.8 Problems Encountered During Recovery t If the temperature of the probe, flexline, or oven box was not sufficient (4 250°F) to prevent moisture from condensing, the particulate would cake on the inner walls and become very difficult to remove. 5-8 212 �• Due to the cyclohexane not readily evaporating and adhering to the inner walls, the flex lines and probe liners gave the appearance of being clean when in reality they were still wet and masked any particulate that remained on the walls. Therefore, all components must be thoroughly dry before a visual inspection can be made. If the initial rinses do not remove all the particulate, then brushing with additional water rinses is required to clean the walls. This is then followed with acetone and cyclohexane rinses. 5-9 213 �6,0 CALIBRATION This section describes the calibration procedures used prior to conducting the field test at Ames Municipal Power. tion equipment and how it was set up. 6.1 Figure 6-1 shows the calibra- Method Five Calibration Data 6.1.1 Orifice meter calibration. The orifice meter calibration is performed using a pump and metering system as illustrated in Figure 6-1(a). The dry gas meter with attached critical orifice is run at various orifice flows for a known time. After each run the volume of the dry gas meter, meter inlet/outlet temperatures, time, and orifice setting is recorded. The orifice meter calibration factor is derived by solving the equation. Aura Am? " 0.317 A H Pb (T d + 460) r (Tw L + 460) 6n2 V w ~ ^ J where AH = Average pressure drop across the orifice meter, inches Pb = Barometric pressure, inches Mercury Tj = Temperature of the dry gas meter, °F Tw - Temperature of the wet test meter, °F 0 = Times, minutes Vw s Volume of wet test meter, cubic feet The AH@ yielded is utilized to adjust the sampling train flow rate by regulating the orifice flow. 6.1.2 Dry gas meter calibration. Meter box calibration consists of checking the dry gas meter for accuracy. The dry gas meter with attached critical orifice is connected to a wet test meter (see Figure 6-1 (b) below) and run at various orifice flows for a known time. After each run wet and dry gas meter volumes, temperatures, time, and orifice readings are recorded. Utilizing the equation v _ Vw Pb (Td+460) " Vd (Pb+AH) (TW + 460) 6-1 214 �where V = Volume correction factor Vw a Volume of wet test meter, cubic feet Pb * Barometric pressure, inches Mercury Td s Temperature dry gas meter, °F Vd = Volume of dry gas meter, cubic feet AH a Average pressure drop across the orifice meter, inches H20 T. = Temperature of wet test meter, °F w a volume factor which compares the dry gas meter with the wet test meter is obtained. * 6.1.3 P1tot tube calibration. Pi tot tubes are calibrated on a routine basis utilizing two methods. The type S pi tot tube specifications are illustrated and outlined in the Federal Register, Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources, [40 CFR Part 60], Reference Method 2 (refer to Figure 6-1(c)). When measurment of pitot openings and alignment verify proper configuration, a coefficient value of 0.84 is assigned to the pitot tube. If the measurements do not meet the requirements as outlined in the Federal Register, a calibration is then performed by comparing the S type pitot tube with a standard pitot tube (known coefficient of 1.0). Under identical conditions, values of AP, for both S type and standard pitot tube are recorded using various velocity flows (14 fps to 60 fps). The pitot tube calibration coefficient is determined utilizing the following equation, Pitot Tube Calibration = (Standard Pitot Tube XrAP reading of std. pitot j 1/2 -, L Factor (CP) Coefficient) AP reading of S type pitot The coefficient assigned to the pitot tube is the average of calculated values over the various velocity ranges. 6-2 215 �6.1.4 Nozzle diameters. The nozzle diameters were calibrated with the use of a vernier caliper if the nozzle showed excessive wear or was considered not fit for use, it was discarded. 6.2 Instrument Calibration Manufacturers recommended calibration procedures were used with the following gases which had an analytical accuracy of +_ 1%: SCOTT CO 812 ppm C02 11.94% 02 4.98% Propane 34.4 ppm in Nitrogen Balance Zero and Calibration adjustment were made prior to the start of the test day. Zero drift checks were made at the end of each test period. Data was recorded every fifteen minutes thus providing two data points per hour for each sampling position. 6-3 216 �r,r* Central Vi*t» \remeftiurt 7. flnf Control Vat** Come Coni'fi Vj vi\ lunptnlun T, I Tt.Tpcniv't T. OfUe* in '•?• '.H WMTtalMdff Figure 6-1(a) Orifice meter calibration XiV-r;.;-!f Pump CXi C* Uc«r Uignchstie Gtuft Figure 6-1(b) Dry gas meter calibration. X* TopYtiw Figure 6-1(c) Equipment used to calibrate pi tot tubes Figure 6-1. Calibration equipment set-up procedures 6-4 217 �7,0 TECHNICAL PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This section describes some of the problems encountered during the Ames test program and recommends a solution to these problems, 7.1 Problems • Construction of weather shelters was not completed on schedule causing a one day delay, • Because of extreme cold weather additional heaters had to be supplied to both the stack and monitoring truck. This resulted rn additional power requirements and caused approximately a half day down time for installation of power switches. • Cpld weather also effected the following: 11 heat lines did not maintain temperature causing moisture to condense and possibly act as a scrubber for hydrocarbons. Therefore, hydrocarbon data are considered only fair. 21 The gas conditioner would freeze restricting sample gas flow to the monitoring equipment. This created data gaps during the test period, 31 Solutions in the sampling trains would freeze causing the test to be shortened or scrubbed. 4). Cyclohexane would freeze at the temperatures encountered at the sampling locations because it has a freezing point higher than water, • Three instruments malfunctioned due to electronics failure or change. These instruments were: 11. Infrared Industries C0/C02 analyzer. The CO section would not maintain calibration and was removed from the system. It was replaced with the Beckman CO analyzer. 2} Beckman 0« analyzer. Detector malfunctioned and was replaced with backup Og analyzer. 3). Beckman CO.Analyzer. Energy source went out of adjustment and could not maintain calibration. No other replacement was_available, as a result, 2 days of CO data were not recorded. 7.2 Recommendations The only significant problems that occurred at the Ames facility were caused by severe weather conditions. In the future, the testing should preferably take place in a warmer environment, during the warmer time of the year or heated constant temperature shelters should be provided. 7-1 218 �MUCCSS OATA «JKS MUIIICIPAI pout* PLAIIT uUlT mfl. 7 •Not based on 24 hr daU Oat* 3-2-80 Tin* W IA I2N 2* 3A 4A SA 6A 7A 25 Srois Net 9A IOA 2t 24 28 23.1 11A 12N IP 29 30 30 4P 2P 3P SP 29.S 27.2 29 ' 29 26. » 26.6 6P 7P 8P 23S 21S 210 208 Siena pressure pslg 8SS •SO 858 Steam temperature F 900 B9S 895 FeedMter flM rate 1000 's Ibs/hr 250 232 lOf IIP 34 33 30 38.19* 2.«* 26.25* 310 310 312 270 2S2.2 36.49 860 4.16 26.1 26.6 27.6 27.6 220 240 2SO 260 26S 270 27S 260 260 260 280 310 ISS 860 8SS 860 860 860 860 860 860 850 860 860 860 860 860 890 89S 89S 910 910 900 890 910 90S 910 910 910 90S 900 900 -900 22S 220 220 205 230 240 250 270 27S 280 270 26S 26S 275 290 320 322 360 360 370 370 370 37S 36S 370 370 28 27. S 27. S 26 27 29 33. S 33 34 34 32 33 33 33. S 36 38. S 38.6 8SS 850 900 860 220 20S 28. S 27. S 9 34 I9S 208 Mean 35 201 222 Feedwater temp F 19.6 Fuel feed rate (coal) 32 1000's Ibs/hr 37831.4 76454.1 Fuel gauge readings 5788.7 gals/hr Fuel oil •Of 9P 32 29.5 27.1 350 Steam (loo rate 1000' s Ibs/hr VO 8A •60 860 •57.7 900 882 899 899.63 8. S3 330 320 289 261.17 37.94 366* 86S 7.38* 37. S 33.6 38.8 Coal Oil 7.07 4 '6 bcess air 1 18 20 22 22 25 21 21 28 22. S 20 21 22 22 24 24 22. S 22 21 23 20 19 24 23 '21 22 2.1 I.D. Fans amps 45 45 45 46 46 45 45 46 45 4S 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 47 46.42 1.1 29 30 30 29 30 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 32 32 32 33 32 31 30.29 psig FO Fans amps 1.12 0.77 Furnace draft pslg 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.15 0.8 0.65 O.M Ambient temp °F 8 8 Ambient pressure inches Hg 29.54 29.52 29.SI Comments 8 1 7 29.87 29.47 7 7 29.46 29.44 S 0.7 0.7 O.S 0.8 O.S 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 63S 300 0.3 Flue MS boiler e»lt Temp *F ESP Inlet 640 320 640 320 640 320 645 320 660 320 660 320 660 320 640 32S 12 18 19 22 23. S 26 29.36 29.31 29 25 9 29.41 29.4 29.39 29.38 29.38 Soot Blog •attorn Ash Removal and FU Ash Removal Start Finish - 2.30A, 6.00A. 9.48*. 2.12P. 6.0SP. 10. ISP 0.7 0.6 O.S 0.7 650 320 .ISP 26 27 26 23 22 19 29.24 29.2 29.19 29.1S 29.14 29. IS 29.13 RDF Density Mo «OF Fired 19 O.SS 0.60 8.20 647* 318. S* 0.98 9.78* 6.69* 1 1 18 It .06 7.S8 29.12 29.11 29.34 0.18 �PROCESS DATA AMES MUNICIPAL POhO P1ANT Mill NO. 7 •Not based M 24 kr data Oate 3-3-80 Tlae MM Gross Met 12N 1A 2A 3A 4A SA 6A 7A IA M IDA ' 14.75 12.15 IS 12.5 15 12.4 34.25 31.65 11A IP 2P 3P 4P 5P 34.5 12.0 IS 12.5 35 12.4 35 12.6 34.5 12.0 34.5 32.0 12N 7P BP » 10P UP Mean 35 32.5 15 12.6 15 32 .« 15 12.6 M 11.5 31 28.6 30.1 12.04* o.«* 100 271 268.8 71.48 6P a 7.11 29 12 1 1 18 18.5 18.5 27 29 Steaa flew rate 1000* s Ibs/hr 240 95 ISO 155 155 155 240 265 120 10 1 315 315 116 10 1 11 1 120 118 310 15 1 115 US 115 Steaa pressure pslg 860 850 ISO ISO 850 ISO 860 850 850 855 855 860 855 850 850 ISO 145 ISO BSD 855 850 855 865 850 852.71 4.66 Steaa teaperaUre °f 195 820 820 900 89S 890 885 900 900 910 900 910 900 900 900 910 910 900 900 900 890 882 880 865 890.1 24.01 FeedMter MOD rate 1000' s Ibs/hr 255 160 240 270 335 130 330 325 320 320 310 320 315 120 320 325 126 325 328 114 278.18 71.65 180 380 180 310 180 380 IBS US 185 380 380 180 180 HO 180 378 180.81 2.14 21. S 32.7 33.0 39 39 38.5 40 36 16.5 34.0 13.0 3S.O 35.0 16.1 36.9 1 34.7 34.5 11.6 12.0 Coal Oil 31.93 31.69 4.6 7.32 14 16 20 16 22.08 1.21 45 45.75 2.15 1.40 108 16S 160 160 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000' s Ibs/kr Fuel gauge reading RDF 10.5 10.5 18215.9 76M2.1 5716.1 21.6 21.1 21.5 Excess air t 21 33 Feedxater teap °F 39 36 36 1 1 18 SysUa 1 dm 3. 24P m Systea 1 on 1.,47P Systea A started 10.S1A System 1 started11.10P No RDF IB 19 24 22 18 17.5 20 17.5 20 27 15 IS 10 I.D. fans aaps 46 39 43 41 43 43 46 47 48 48 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 46 46 46 46 46 46 1.0. fans pressure pslg 5.5 2.5 3.0 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.0 5.0 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.67 27 30 30 32 32 31 32 30 10 10 31 32 30 31 30 31 11 10 30 29.91 F.O. fans aaps 31 26 27 27 27 F.O, fans pressure 4 II . 2.1 2.2 2.5 0.7 0.6 0.61 0.55 0.6 Furnace draft psl9 0.6 0.9 0.51 O.S 0.55 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.65 0.3 O.S 0.65 0.6 700 0.59 0.11 700 688* 17. SI* 0.5 0.65 0.7 0.55 0.5 0.7 700 Flue gas teaperature OF 700 710 660 660 680 680 690 24 31 36 37 31 39 41 42 42 27.19* 10.39* 28.85 28.81 28.8 28.8 21.76 28.75 28.75 28.76 28.8** 0.11* Aablent teaperature 17 17 17 1 1 18 1 1 19 19 20 Aabtent pressure inckes Hg 29.09 29.05 29.01 29.00 28.98 28.95 28.91 28.91 28.91 28.86 Coaaents 1.79 1.13 nt? wWP- tatl Start - 1 WYlOP Flnlsk - 2.2SA. 6.0SA, 10.0OA. 2.4SP. 6.05P. 10.40P * Start - 12.5M. 10*05A. 9.SSP RDF Density - 5 Ibs/cu ft �PMCESS MTA AMES MMICIPAl POMM HJUH UN IT «0. 7_ •tot ktsed ea f 4 kr dlti Oete 3-4-M 12H TbM 1A 2A M 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 15.5 1S.S 35.5 27 25 21 23 23 23 23 26 21.2 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.2 24.1 26.7 31 31 Steia flow rite 1000' s Iks/kr 235 190 190 190 190 190 235 ZIZ 125 Steui pressure psij 850 840 •40 •SO •45 855 MS 845 Steia t overture °f MO MS •80 IBS 865 880 MS 900 feedwtter flow rite 1000'i los/kr 250 202 201 201 205 205 238 280 26.6 22.6 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.2 27.5 33.5 M 10 FeedMter Uap °F NJ 11A 12» IP 2P IP Fuel feed rite (coil) 1000 's Iks/kr Fuel gtuge readings fillons/kr fuel all RBF 35.5 11.0 35.0 12.5 35.5 32.9 IS 1 1 35.0 12.5 320 125 120 125 120 860 850 855 845 •55 910 900 90S 900 900 130 305 325 380 Gross Net o 10A 380 34.5 36.0 4P SP . 6P 7P •P 9P 35.0 35.0 12.6 1S.O 12.6 15.0 12.6 35.0 32.5 12 10P IIP Hem 29.7 5.19 4.93 320 280 2M.U S6.S9 •SS ISS 865 150.63 5.95 •90 900 MS 191.46 14.63 340 332 330 285 290.79 52.98 400 400 400 390 380 389.7 7.63 35. 2 34.6 34.3 35.3 35. 1 30.5 Coil 31.03 31. H 2.9 5.37 15.0 12.5 325 325 330 125 325 325 130 125 850 850 845 •SS •SO 850 ISO •55 900 90S 900 90S 900' 895 895 945 140 32S 325 330 330 325 115 330 330 385 390 390 380 390 385 390 395 400 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.5 34.5 33.0 14.0 32. SS 12. S 11590.7 77221.1 $7(7.9 on On Excess llr S 19 25 22 20 26 22 20 IS 20 18 23 22 19 20 10 18 20 23 19 1.0. fin taps 45 43 43 41 43 43 45 46 47 47 48 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 1.0. fins pressure a 4 .9 . 29 28 FO fins pressure psfo, « • 1C Furnice drift pslg 0.5 0.4 27 27 27 31 4* 31 19 20 19 20 20.11 2.35 48 47 46 46.04 1.76 t.•« ij 1 28 28 temper Jture 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.6 O.S 30 30 10 30 30 30 31 31 31 30 30 30 29 28 28 lotto• Ask ind Fly Ask »anvil i Stirt - 1.30A. 5.30A. 9.30A. 1.30P. 5.30P. 9.30P Flnisk - 2.0SA. 6.10A. 10.00*. 2.10P. 6.OOP. 10.2SP 0.6 0.7 0.65 O.S 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 680 340 700 340 670 340 680 340 680 340 690 140 690 340 695 340 31 30 29.54 11 1 . 11 * 1.41 28 27 27 26 26 26 26 26 25 22 28.84 28.85 28.86 28.86 28.83 28.83 28.11 28.82 28.83 0.6 Soot «««• 18 17 0.72 IS 28.89 21.91 28.94 0.60 12 0.67 0.7 10 9 0.515 0.15 617* 341* 0.7 695 340 28.84 32 O.S 690 350 Aaklent pressure tnckes Hj Coanents 30 31 .3 0 .7ft /• Flue gis teap „ taller °F ESP Inlet °F feblent 30 31 C 3 .£ •> f| 28 19 47 « FO fins laps Of . 31.51 21.25 3S.S 33.0 9.19* 1.16* 24.08 6.81 21.96 ». 91 28.99 28.88- 1 0.06* �PROCESS MTA AJCS MUNICIPAL mat PUNT UNIT NO. 7 . Dite 3-5-80 •Not Used an 24 kr d>u Tl«e 12H M 2A 29 26.8 26.5 24.6 26 23.9 22 20 21. S 22 19.S 22.1 Stean fl<M r«te 1000' t Ibs/hr 260 245 225 185 186 Steui pressure pstg 85S 840 850 840 850 MM Gross Net 3A 4A SA 6A 11* 12N IP 2P 3P 4P SP <P 7P 8P 9P Keen a 35 32.7 35 32.5 36 32. < 35 32.7 36 32.7 34.6 32.0 35 . 32. T 35 32.7 36 32.7 35 32.6 36 32.7 36 32.5 35 32.6 36 32.7 32 29.7 31.9 29.72 4.76 4.44 320 315 320 315 315 320 315 325 325 320 320 320 322 325 320 300 289.58 48.47 850 850 850 850 845 850 845 855 855 850 850 855 850 850 850 830 848.54 6.61 ' 885 885 900 880 895.6 10.97 340 336 330 307 300.42 46.6 8A 30 28 32 29.7 35 32.6 188 280 29S 850 850 845 9A 5teu tenpertture °F ' 890 890 885 870 900 895 900 910 910 905 900 890 900 906 910 905 • 910 895 265 245 250 200 205 200 290 298 330 330 330 340 330 315 325 330 330 325 330 330 Feedwter to* °F ISJ 880 895 FeedMter flan rite 1000' s Ibs/hr O 10P IOA 7A 390 36S UP 3*0 348 345 345 380 380 400 400 395 395 390 395 395 395 395 395 390 390 390 385 390 375 382.8 17.36 Fuel feed rite (ciul) 29. S 28.9 HMO's Ibs/br 38982.6 Fuel 9tuge readings 775*9.7 (9>no«s/kr) fuel oil 5788.6 RDF 22.5 19.1 23.4 19.5 36.1 37.4 41 40. S 40.5 37 37.8 34 35 33 32 33 33.6 33.9 32.6 33.2 33.2 32.0 Coil 6.09 on 32.46 33.53 2.5 Eicess ilr S 20 20 20 30 28 31 20 16 17 It 18 19 19 21 19 18 18 20 19 19 18 18 19 21 20.17 3.92 10 f«*s ops 46 46 45 45 45 44 48 48 48 48 47 48 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 47 47 46 46.75 1.11 10 fans press pslg S.S 7 6.7 fO f«HS MpS 29 FD fins press pslg 4.0 Furuce draft pslg 0.5 S.20A •10.20A RDF Destined 28 28 28 28 32 31 32 32 31 32 31 31 31 30 30 30 31 31 32 31 31 31 30.46 1.36 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.65 0.65 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.45 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.45 0.6 0.62 0.164 695 345 700 345 700 345 680 345 690 346 690 345 695 350 700 345 700 345 700 345 695* 345.5* 6.67* 1.58* 1 4 6 7 8 10 12 14 15 15 7.63 5.22 1.06 Flue *»» teaperiture toiler exit ESP Inlet tabieat ta*p DF Acbtent press Inches Hg Coflttnts 1.04 30 2 4 4 2 29.00 29.03 29.04 29.07 29.08 29.10 29.11 29.13 2 2 1 lotto. Ash fnd Fl» As h RoM»il Surt - rioA. 5.30*. 9 30*. 1 JOP. S 30P. 9.30P ' Finis* - 2. ISA. 6.10A. 10.00A. 2. OOP. 6. OOP . 9.S6P 1 15 14 13 12 10 9 29.13 29.22 29.24 29.24 29.24 29.24 29.24 29.22 29.23 29.22 29.22 29.22 29.23 29.23 29.23 29.23 29.17 Soot tlo.il SUrt - , 10A, 7P RDF density - 5 Ibs/cu ft. 5 Ibs/cu ft, 5 Ibs/cu ft 0.08 �PHC£SS MIA AMES nmncipAi POME* PUWT mi IT to. 7 on •lot tased 24 kr diti tote 1-6-80 Ttw NU trass Net 1A 12N 2A 1A 4A SA 6A 24.5 28 22 22 21. S 21. S 7A 8A 1 1 9A 1 .S 1 10A 11A 35 35 1 . 1 1 12.6 32. S 12K IP 35 35 Hal* • 11.5 12.6 12.5 21.6 120 120 120 110 282 279.71 S6.73 850 MS 845 850 850 850 650 855 850 810 836 847.13 7.22 900 890 910 905 • 90S 890 895 •85 BBS wo 880 895.33 11 . 1 130 130 330 130 130 325 130 330 140 10 1 312 290 211.7 54.23 390 395 390 390 310 185 385 190 190 390 180 377.46 21.03 1 1 36.5 38 36 16 16.4 35.6 36.5 15.1 34.0 1. 18 15.18* 12.15 1.53* 305 325 320 120 120 840 •SO 840 840 BIO 848 850 858 855 840 855 855 855 aao aao 890 900 •90 891 890 900 920 900 900 900 900 FeedMtw f lew rite 1000's Ibs/hr 271 200 196 198 204 15 1 230 292 120 315 330 335 Feeduiter tea? °F ' UP 32 12.6 310 SteM t taper* ture °F LO cn 35 120 285 Steu pressure psil rO IS 12.5 12.6 215 171 338 18 1 338 16 1 340 390 380 185 15.5 35 10P 320 12.6 182 390 15 If 32.6 22. S 30.6 180 16 35 M> 120 11.6 181 390 7P 12.5 11.7 IBS 35 6P 12.6 20.1 185 390 SP 115 20.2 255 36.5 4P 120 25.7 14.5 12.1 Fuel feed rite (out) 28.8 19406.3 1000's Ibs/hr 77980.7 Fuel iiy|t re*dl*fi tillMS/hr fuel oil Srti.2 MF 3P 11.17 28.88 21.5 11.7 SUU flou r«te 1000's Ibs/hr NJ o 2r 35 12.5 390 34 14 IS IS Ul i Oil S.5S $.30 1.75 S.40A System 8 off 8 .00AM only 1 conveyor 6.00A SysUB 1 on 9 .flOAN both conveyors on Excess itr X 21 36 30 34 34 12 28 15 17 20 21 18 20 16 19 21 18 20 18 11 20 18 19 19 22.21 10 fins ops 45 44 44 43 44 44 44 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 47 48 47 48 48 46 46 46.17 1.55 * IM A •• U.ta>9 10 fins press psl9 S C .B I .V FurMce drift psil 29 28 28 28 29 28 28 30 30 30 32 30 31 31 31 32 31 •J C 0.5 32 32 32 31 11 10.29 1.41 ta I.K 0.4S 0.8 0.9 0.65 0.8 0.8 0.7 tafcieot tMp "f 9 7 6 Aabtent press Inchts Hg 29.22 21.21 29.17 6 a 10 12 29.14 29.14 29.12 29.11 29.09 | 8otUB Ash iM1 FIvAsI• «e*»v<, t Mf Stirt I.Jo*. ! Finish - 2. ISA. 6.30A. I0.12A. 2.05P. 6. ISP . I1.21P 12 0.6 0.6 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.6 0.4 0.7 690 340 700 340 680 340 680 340 690 340 690 340 690 140 690 340 690 140 13 0.5 0.7 680 140 0.7 Flue 9is tecnp °F toiler eiit ESP inlet CoBiMts 32 31 C FO fins mfi 6.30 16 20 22 25 26 26 29 32 12 30 30 28 27 25 24 11.79 1.19 28.18 28.95 28.94 28.93 28.95 28.95 28.97 28.97 28.97 28.97 21.04 0.015 29.08 29.06 29.06 29.03 At 10.10* ESP hoppers duxn for repilrs 28.91 28.93 Soot 810M Stirt - LISA. 10 O?». 7. IIP 0.51 0.61 0.60 0.62 0.60 5.0 Ibs/cu ft . 4.0 Ibs/cu ft. 4 Ibs/cu ft 0.13 688* 340 •OF density - 0.61 6.32* 0 �PROCESS DATA AMES MUNICIPAL POUEt PLANT UNIT NO. 7 •Not Used on 24 hr diu Dite 3-7-80 I2H Tine Sross 20 Net HU 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 20. S IS 15 13.2 13.3 6A 9A 7A 8A 26 24 30 27.7 36 33.5 36 10A 36 11A UP X 32.6 3$ 32.5 32 29.6 30.5 7.51 28.24 7.21 IP 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 8P 9P 3S.S 33.6 33.0 36 31.6 36 33.4 36 33.4 35 32.6 35.5 33.1 35 32.$ 35 32. S 35 32.5 36 Hun a IOP 12N 18.2 20 11.2 18.6 21 19.2 Ste> flow rite 1000's Ibs/hr 170 169 170 177 128 128 210 280 325 330 330 326 330 326 325 325 328 325 325 327 325 320 318 280 274.8 74.1 Steu pressure psls 945 845 850 840 840 850 850 855 855 8S5 860 855 BS5 855 855 850 850 850 840 850 850 850 855 850 850.21 5.21 Stein tanperiture "f 878 890 896 900 910 912 905 885 890 875 880 895 900 891.8 15.19 Feedwater flow rite 1000' s Ibs/hr 178 175 175 336 322 288 286.33 76.82 Feeduiter leap °f MO 340 Fuel feed rate (out) 1000' s Ibs/hr Fuel gauge readings 91! Ions/tor fuel oil 19.0 20 3 9801. S 78357.1 5790.1 Excess lir 1 40 ID fins Mps 43 90S 843 885 885 900 33.5 33.5 340 340 390 395 870 895 900 185 145 135 225 280 335 340 340 340 320 315 355 378 400 400 20 25.5 17. 6 18.8 32.5 35.0 42 42.5 17 47 37 50 50 21 16 20 21 19 18 20 20 20 42 43 44 42 42 46 47 49 49 48 48 48 48 48 7 7 7 42.5 41.5 RDF 905 900 900 340 345 340 340 350 338 340 335 345 395 395 395 390 390 395 385 385 382 385 385 375 373.75 26.6 41.5 37 36 35.5 35.5 35 25.3 25.7 31. 6 34.9 33.6 31.2 Coil Oil 31.65 8.23 33.6 4.2 20 16 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 25.25 11.2 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 47 45 46.46 2.41 7.5 7 7 7.2 7.0 7.2 7.1 6.6 6.0 6.06 32 32 32 31 32 32 32 32 31 30 30.67 1.79 0.71 0.64 0.51 0.70 0.53 0.66 0.63 -12. SOP RDF Restirted ID fins press pstg FD fins mips 28 FD fins press pslg 2.0 Furnlce drift pslg 0.55 1.4 28 28 28 27 28 30 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 5 5 5 5 5 0.6 0.8 0.85 0.6 0.6 0.25 0.55 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.65 700 350 705 350 700 340 705 340 69S 340 695 340 695 340 695 340 700 340 700 340 26 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 29 29 28 28 24.58 4.2* 28.97 28.95 28.91 28.92 28.92 28.92 28.92 28.92 28.91 28.88 28.92 28.97 Flue 915 two °F toiler Kit ESP Inlet Ambient te*f °F 21 21 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 22 26 Anbient press Inches Hg 29.02 29.02 29.02 2».02 29.03 29.02 29.01 29.00 29.00 28.99 28.99 29.00 28.99 COMMItS kottOB Ash ind Fly Ash tauvil Stirt - I.JOA, 5.30A. 9.30A. 1.16P. 5. SOP. 9. IOC Stirt - 3:20*. ll"2A. 7,.20P 699* 342« ROf density . 4 IbS/cu ft, 4 Ibs/cu ft 0.12 3.94* 4.22* 0.04* �PROCESS MU AMES MUNICIPAL fOHUL PLANT UNIT W. 1 •Nut based « 24 kr dtu D»U 3-8-80 12* Tine 1A 2A 3A 4A $A 6A 20 18.2 23 21.2 1$ 13.1 1$ 13.1 2P 3P 4P $P 6P 7P 8f 9P IIP Mean 30.$ 28.0 29.$ 27.2 28 2S.7 31 26.7 32 29.5 32.$ 30.2 3$ 32.6 3$ 32.6 33 30.* 32 21.7 31 28.6 27.8$ 25.66 6.01 $.79 124 23$ 260 27$ 28$ 280 27$ 250 240 26$ 280 290 31$ 317 303 278 262 239.33 61.67 850 650 850 83$ 8$$ 8$$ 8$$ 850 850 84$ 850 850 850 8$0 860 8$$ •SO 870 851.05 6.08 8W 890 900 900 90$ 910 870 88$ 89$ 900 910 900 89$ 89$ 900 870 88$ 90$ 893 12.93 13$ 134 130 24$ 270 280 290 29$ 290 270 2$$ 280 29$ 300 328 33$ 318 28$ 280 251.4 62.96 310 30$ 30$ 18.2 2*5 170 16$ 16$ 19$ 12$ 12$ 860 850 84$ 850 850 850 89$ 900 882 900 »00 860 FeedHiter flew rate 1000' s Ibs/hr 2?$ ISO 17$ 17$ 203 Feedmter twp °F ro i IP 121 31.$ 29.2 Steia teMpenture F Ln -vl 11* 32.$ 30.1 Steia pressure pstg O 10A 29.$ 31.$ 27.1 29.2 20 18.2 Stem flOH rite 1000's Ibs/hr N> 9A 27 2$ 20 37$ 340 330 32$ 34$ Sross Net 8A 23.$ 21.7 30.$ 28.3 W 7A • 10P o • 1 17 3* 10 fins MPS 4$ 44 10 fins press pslg $.6 30 21 370 370 370 370 370 380 37$ 380 38$ 38$ 38$ 380 380 370 360.2 25.81 33.0 33.$ 31.0 31.$ 31.$ 30.$ 31.$ 31.0 31.6 33.4 33.2 33.$ 31.3 31.0 CM! 32.03* 1.17* 28.17 $.4 -No KOF 4 AM 01 -9 AM ROF an 3.$ FO fins net 370 34.0 on Excess llr 1 360 32.$ Fuel feed rite (coil) 30.5 40212.$ 1000's Ibs/kr 78752.0 Fuel gauge readings (Ullons/nr fuel all $7*1.1 Mtf 0.56 30 33 $0 $0 $0 21 20 20 19 19 20 21.$ 21 19 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 2$. 48 10.9 42 43 44 42 42 42 47 47 47 47 46 46 46 4$ 46 4$ 46 46 47 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 1.72 28 28 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29.$ 30 30 30 30 31 30 30 30 29.44 0.97 $ FurMCe drift pslg 30 4 3 3 3 4.$ $ $.0 4.3 4.$ 4.2 3.7 3.0 3. $4 1.03 0.51 0.$ 0.$$ 0.$ 0.62 0.61 O.S3 0.10 662* 327« 10.33* 8.23* 1.07 0.$ 0.3$ 0.32 0.6 0.6$ 0.64 Flue «as imp °F laller exit ESP Ulet 0.6 0.$ 0.6 0.$ 0.3$ 0.6 O.t$ 0.$ 0.6 0.$ MO 320 0.3 660 330 660 330 670 330 670 340 660 320 660 320 660 320 660 320 680 340 JUbient ten* °F 27 26 26 26 24 24 21 21 20 21 24 26 28 29 31 34 34 3$ 3$ 34 33 33 32 32 28.17 4.99 tafcieat press Inches Hg 28.92 28.92 28.92 28.93 28.93 28.94 28.97 28.96 28.98 29.03 29.04 29.06 29.0$ 29.04 29. 06 29.05 29.07 29.0$ 29.07 29.07 29.0$ 29.0$ 29.07 29.0$ 29.01 0.06 fnnMfnlT Kft finlsk SUrt - Ash Md Fly Ask teaov.l 4.30*. B.JO*. 12.30P. 4.30P. 8.30P 12.$$*. S.IOA. 9.00A, LOOP. 5. OOP. 9. SOP SUrt - S.20*.°ll.30A. 8P RDF density per shift 4 Ibs/cu ft. 3 Ibs/cu ft. 4 Ibs/cu ft �PROCESS MTA /WSMMICIPALPMER PLANT UNIT NO. 7 DatE 3-9-80 •Not based on 24 hr data Tlae tU 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 28.0 25.4 26.5 24.2 26.0 24.0 25.0 23.1 25.0 23.1 15.0 13.1 15.0 13.2 15.0 13.3 15.0 13.2 25.0 23.0 25.0 23.1 26.0 24.6 247 225 220 215 212 170 122 121 130 212 210 225 12M Gross Net Steaa flan rate 1000's Ibs/hr 10A HA UP Mean a IP 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 8P 9r 26.5 24.3 27.0 24.7 26.5 24.3 25.5 23.4 16.5 14.5 16.0 IS.O 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.2 20.9 18.) 5.31 S.12 230 230 225 220 135 130 131 131 131 135 135 135 178 46.7 12.3 12N 10P Steaa pressure pslg 860 885 890 855 870 865 845 850 850 850 845 850 650 850 845 850 845 845 650 850 850 850 854 895 900 880 885 835 880 690 900 895 900 905 860 895 900 900 900. 900 885 890 895 675 885 885 888 15.5 260 240 235 228 22S 205 125 130 130 220 230 235 240 245 235 230 140 140 142 142 142 146 142 144 181 59.3 Feeduater teap °F O 1 OO 850 880 Feednater flow rate 1000's Ibs/hr rO to O* 840 Steaa teaperature °F 375 360 360 353 350 335 300 300 310 360 360 360 355 360 370 360 320 325 320 320 320 320 310 315 338 24.0 fuel feed rate (coal) 1000's Ibs/hr Fuel gauge readings Fuel oil 33. S 29.5 29.2 24.0 27.5 25. 0 19.1 18.3 17.5 31.0 31.5 31.0 30.7 32.0 30.5 30.5 19.5 19.0 19.3 19.3 19.0 19.8 20.0 19.3 24.8 23.7 6.25 NA NA Oil 405 590 S.75 790815 579 240 4.4SA- RDF -NO RDF Excess air S 20 17 20 25 27 40 >50 >50 >50 26 20 22 28 20 22 22 47 47 46 46 46 43 45 45 34 12.6 ID fans aaps 45 44 44 44 44 42 42 42 43 46 46 46 46 46 45 44 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 44 1.6 FD fan aaps 30 28 30 28 28 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 1.5 FD fan pressure 4.2 Furnace draft pslg 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.40 0.42 0.65 0.63 0.58 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.67 0.61 0.62 0.59 0.092 600 640 640 640 650 640 640 640 600 600 629* 20.2* 265 310 320 320 310 320 320 320 280 280 29 30 38 40 43 44 45 45 46 46 46 43 42 26.85 28.84 28.83 28.80 28.80 28.79 28.82 26.81 28.82 28.62 28.82 28.82 teller 1.05 flue gat ESP Inlet teap °F Aabtent teap °F 31 31 30 28 27 26 26 Aablent pressure Inches Kg 29.07 29.05 29.04 29.02 29.01 29.00 28.96 28.94 Comments lot tea and Fli> Ash Re•oval 27 28.69 28.88 SOOt BlOMI SUrt 4.30A. 11.SO*. 8.03P ROF density - 4.0 tbs/cu ft 305- 40 21.1* 3) 38 37 7.5 28.81 28.78 28.69 O.D97 �PROCESS MIA AMES MMICtMl POME* PLANT UNIT NO. 7 Date 3-10-4)0 •mil based M 24 ar data Tlae MM I2M Sross 1A lf.0 14.0 135 Net Steaa flow rate 1000- « Ibs/fcr U.O 2A ' 3A 14.0 li.O 14.1 U.O 135 137 4A 15.0 16.0 14.1 134 134 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10A IP 2P 3> 4P 16.0 14.1 U.O 14.2 2».0 26.6 33.5 30.* 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.1 35.0 32.3 15.0 12.4 35.0 12.4 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.3 15.0 32.1 li.O 32.1 35.0 32.1 130 130 250 310 320 310 310 310 310 310 310 300 310 11A 12N 5P 6P 8I> 9P 35.0 12.1 35.0 32.4 15.0 32.2 35.0 12.1 35.0 12.4 29.1 a.; 8.77 8.43 305 305 311 11 1 307 270 254 80.2 9.1 7P 10P UP Mean • Steaa pressure psli 850 850 ISO 850 850 850 860 835 860 860 860 860 865 860 860 845 855 855 850 855 862 845 825 853 •93 880 891 888 IBS 880 882 900 898 902 90S 904 870 885 902 900 890 904 890 900 895 895 900 860 892 11.5 Feeduater flow rate 1000' i Ibs/kr 144 14S 14S 134 140 146 140 235 320 320 325 325 330 325 320 320 325 320 320 320 320 325 330 300 266 83.1 Feeduater teap °F rO N> •SO Steaa teaperatura °F 315 315 315 310 308 305 340 380 390 3*0 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 380 380 380 380 380 380 M2 34.9 Fuel feet rate (CM!) 1000' s Ibs/kr Fuel gauoe readings 19.5 20.0 20.0 17.1 14.5 25.7 37.0 38.0 38.0 38.5 36.5 37.0 37.0 36.5 32.0 33.0 33.6 34.1 34.0 33.0 35.8 31.9 9.03 Coal on 28.8 11.2 4.17 Fuel oil 310 19.6 17.0 40* 538 713 541 S7»l§0 ao RDF RDF- M M -Start ROF at 3.I2P Excess air I 44 4* 42 46 44 42 43 16 18 16 16 It 16 16 17 14 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 12.9 10 fans aaps 42 42 42 42 42 41 41 46 47 47 48 48 47 47 48 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 45 45 2.5 t.O 6.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.7 7.6 5.9 5.4 1.32 28 28 28 28 27 27 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 30 32 30 30 1.3 0.40 0.65 O.S7 0.60 0.65 0.65 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.61 0.55 0.55 0.65 680 690 690 690 680 680 680 680 690 690 10 fans pressure pslg 3.6 FO fins aaps 28 FO fan pressure psti 2.3 Furnace draft psig 0.60 1.18 0.43 0.58 •0.60 •oiler flue (as teap 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 36 36 36 38 38 38 38 33 26 23 22 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 Aabient pressure Inckes Hg 2S.74 28.72 28.70 28.6) 28.68 28.69 28.69 28.67 28.74 28.79 28.87 28.94 28.97 29.02 28.90 29.02 29.05 29.06 29.13 29.15 29.16 29.17 Cnaaentt aottoa an* Flf Ask Reao»al Start - 12. MA, 4.30A. I.30P. 4.27P. 8.10P FUtsk - 12.50A. 5.00A. 4.1W. 5.42P. lO.JOf Soat How* Surt • 4^6A. 11. lo»- i OOP ROF density • 4.0 Ibs/cu ft 21 20 5.3« 340* 340 35 0.036 685* Aafctent leap °F ESP Inlet taw *F 0.60 0.0* 27 20 19 29.18 29.19 28.91 7.5 0.195 �PROCESS DATA AMES NMICIPAL POME»PUU(T UNIT NO. 7 ant 3-ii-ao •Not based on 24 hr data lime 12H 1A 2A 3A 4A Gross Net 30.0 27.5 22.0 19.8 21.0 19.0 20.6 18.5 20.5 18.5 Stew flow rtte 1000' s Ibs/hr 260 200 170 171 Stet* pressure pslg 845 855 850 Stew temperature °F 900 870 880 Feedwtter flow rtte 1000' s Ibs/hr 276 230 Feeduater te»p "f 370 360 Fuel feed rtte (cotl) 1000' s Ibs/hr Fuel gauge retdlngs 29.1 21.5 HI o 1 «J 0 Fuel oil ROT 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10A 20.5 18.4 20.5 18.5 30.0 27.5 34.0 31.4 35.0 32.2 35.0 32.4 171 170 170 260 305 310 315 320 850 860 840 855 865 850 850 855 885 893 aao aao 900 910 900 910 185 185 185 194 185 272 315 330 325 330 330 330 330 330 360 380 390 390 15.6 16.5 18.0 17.0 25.0 34.5 35.0 36.5 18.5 IP 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 8P 9P 10P UP 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.6 35.0 32.5 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.4 31.0 18.4 30.8 28.0 6.10 6.20 320 320 315 315 320 320 320 328 325 330 325 290 277 62.8 855 855 855 855 855 855 855 860 860 860 870 860 860 855 6.24 905 890 885 906 900 900 895 905 900 900 890 880 880 894 11.2 330 330 338 325 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 325 300 277 78.5 390 390 385 390 390 390 390 385 385 385 385 385 380 372 23.6 35.0 34.0 33.0 33.0 32.5 32.8 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 30.8 Coal 21.1 30.3 7.08 11A 12N 35.0 35.0 32.3 32.4 35.0 34.0 on 412 375 797 281 579 490 Net* o NA 11.25 NA Excess tlr t 20 26 30 22 25 35 30 20 19 19 17 16 17 18 20 17 18 • 17 17 17 18 17 17 17 20 5.1 ID hns wps 46 44 42 44 44 44 33 46 46 48 48 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 46 3.1 6.0 1.18 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 30 30 1.1 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.58 0.024 664* 37.3* 10 ftns pressure pslg 6*0 3.8 4.6 FO ftn taps 30 28 28 Furiuce drtft pslg 0.60 0.55 0.58 0.55 0.60 0.63 660 680 686 680 690 700 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 323* 27.1* 24 28 30 32 32 33 33 33 34 33 32 32 32 32 25 7.9 29.11 29.08 29.06 29.05 29.08 29.08 29.08 29.08 27.06 29.06 29.14 0.061 0.60 0.60 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.55 620 600 600 660 670 700 700 280 ESP Inlet tt»f "f 280 280 280 320 340 340 16 15 15 15 15 17 20 Aibient imp °F 17 17 Agilent pressure Inches Hg 29.19 29.19 29.19 29.20 29.21 29.21 29.20 29.20 29.17 Cownts 0.60 700 0.54 615 0.58 taller flue aas te-pOF 16 Button and Fly Ash Removal Start - 12.30*. 4.30*. 8.29A. 12.30P . 4.30P. 8.23P Finish - 1.10A. 5.30A. 9.15A. 1.39P. 5.15P. 9.5SP 0.60 0.55 29.21 29.18 29.15 29.14 29.19 Soot Blow Start - 4. 30A.~11.AOA. 8.10P. 11 .OOP ROF density - 4 ,0 Ibs/cu ft. 4.0 Ibs/cu ft. 4.0 Ibs/cu ft �PROCESS PATA AMES MUNICIPAL MUCH PLANT UNIT NO. 7 Date 3-12-80 •Not based «« 24 kr data 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A «A 7A 6A 9A 21.0 19.0 21.0 19.0 21.0 19.0 20.5 11.4 21.0 19.0 21.0 18. » 29.0 26.6 32.5 10.0 34.5 31.8 35.0 12.1 16.0 11.1 36.0 1 . 11 Steam flo« rate 1000'i Ibs/kr 165 180 180 170 175 175 250 291 310 325 325 Steam pressure psig 850 850 850 640 850 650 860 860 850 855 Steam temperature °F 880 890 880 880 690 880 900-890 885 910 Feeduater flan rate 1000' s Ibs/kr 190 190 190 190 190 195 270 290 320 FeedMiter temp °F 340 320 320 320 340 340 160 380 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000's Ibs/kr Fuel gauge readings 19.0 17.2 20.1 19.3 17.5 19.0 10.0 32.8 Tim* HU O ' 12N Cross Net Fuel oil IP 2P 3P 4P SP 6P 7P 8P 9P 15.0 12.1 35.0 32.2 35.5 12.9 35.5 32.9 15.5 32.9 36.0 31.5 16.0 11.4 3S.O 12.4 15.0 12.1 15.0 12.4 15.0 12.4 32.0 19.5 11.2 27.1 6.26 7.99 325 325 325 325 325 325 130 325 125 320 10 1 120 260 255 94.0 655 855 855 855 865 855 855 855 860 660 660 660 870 650 655 5.1 900 910 900 910 900 900 895 900 890 890 870 680 905 890 691 11.0 335 335 135 335 325 330 330 335 335 338 15 1 350 10 1 126 290 279 80.2 380 380 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 365 385 185 380 380 360 370 25.2 35.6 38.0 35.0 35.0 15.6 35.0 35.0 34.5 34.5 33.5 34.0 15.2 36.3 11.5 33.4 32.8 Coal Oil 30.5 7.11 31.0 NA 12.01 NA 10A 11* I2N 10P 416 106 (00 7SS 579 760 •OF UP Nean a 7.45A only 1 conveyor 9. 00* botn conveyors on Excess air S 30 30 30 30 29 27 20 19 19 16 19 15 18 22 15 14 16 14 15 15 16 20 14 24 20 10 fans amps 44 41 43 43 42 43 45 45 46 47 47 47 46 48 47 46 46 46 47 47 48 46 47 45 46 1.1 IP fans pressure 4.1 4.8 4.« 3.8 5.3 4.0 5.6 6.4 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.8 7.4 7.2 6.5 6.0 6.2 1.20 27 27 27 27 27 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 11 32 11 31 30 26 6.2 0.64 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.54 0.60 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.55 0.55 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.70 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.61 0.042 toller flue gas temp °F 620 605 640 675 680 700 700 700 680 680 680 690 700 700 675* H.I- ESP Inlet temp °F 295 300 320 320 324 325 335 335 335 335 340 140 340 340 127- 14.6* FD fan amps 27 FD fan pressure psig 1.6 Furnace draft psig 0.64 1.46 Ambient temp °F 31 30 Ambient pressure Inches Hg 29.03 29.00 28.48 Comments 5.9 30 30 30 30 26.96 28.94 28.94 31 31 26.97 28.96 lottom and Flv Ask « emoval Start - 12.30*. 4.20A. 8.30*. 12.3SP . 4. SOP. 7.0UP flnlsk - I2.55A. 5.03A. MSA. 1.4SP . S.20P. I.20P 31 31 31 30 30 30 1 0 12 31 29 29 26.92 28.89 28.88 28.85 28.84 28.83 28.60 28.79 28.78 26.76 28.62 Soot 8IOM Start - 4.20*. It. 00*. ,7.25P 29 28 27 26 26 1 0 1.6 28.82 28.82 26.82 28.62 28.82 28.66 0.079 RDF density - 4 .5 Ibs/cu ft. 4.0 Ibs/cu ft �PROCESS MIA AMES MUNICIPAL KMCR PLANT UNIT NO. 7 Date 3-13-80 •Not baud on 24 hr data 1A 2A 27.0 24.6 20.0 17.9 20.0 Stea* flax rate 1000' s Ibs/hr 240 165 12N Tine 1*1 Cross Net 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 20.0 18.0 21.0 18. 0 20.0 18.0 IB. 9 29.0 26.6 32.0 19.5 16.0 35.0 13.4 32.2 15.0 32.4 165 165 162 170 260 295 330 320 IP 2P IP 4P 5P 6P 7P 8P 9P 35.0 32.3 15.0 35.0 32.3 3 2 . 4 15.0 12.5 35.0 32.6 35.0 32.5 15.0 12.4 15.0 32.4 15.0 32.4 15.0 32.4 15.0 32.3 15.0 32.4 13.0 30.4 11.2 28.1 6.11 6.16 320 120 120 120 120 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 290 268 82.2 IDA 11A 12N 10P UP Mean o Steaai pressure pstg 850 830 850 850 835 835 865 850 860 855 855 855 855 855 855 855 855 850 860 860 860 850 860 660 851 8.6 Steu temperature °F 885 860 895 895 885 865 895 890 915 895 900 905 900 905 900 905 900 900 900 895 890 890 880 890 891 12.2 Feednater flon rate 1000' s Ibs/hr 250 120 125 180 182 190 263 300 110 330 10 1 330 110 310 330 310 130 310 310 10 1 330 10 1 10 1 100 286 71.0 Feeduater teap °F 180 330 325 325 325 330 365 370 380 380 385 385 IBS 385 385 385 385 385 185 185 185 185 385 180 171 23.4 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000' s Ibs/hr Fuel gauge readings 26.1 16.7 20.1 19.6 21.0 20.5 30.1 33.4 41.5 40.5 40.0 40.0 40. S 40.5 41.0 15.6 14.8 14.0 16.8 15.4 11.2 11.9 9.81 33.4 NA 2.08 NA Fuel oil 16.5 41.5 15.4 Coal Oil 419 922 804 395 580 050 7.15A only 1 conveyor 7.40A both conveyors 8.3SA- RDf 9.05P Syste* •A" off 9.25P System "A" on -Start RDF at4.0BP Excess air f 20 >50 18 39 18 38 18 17 14 16 17 18 18 18 18 18 16 17 19 18 18 20 17 23 23 9.8 ID fans amps 45 42 44 43 44 44 45 46 48 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 46 46 47 46 46 47 46 46 46 1.5 FD fan aups 29 27 28 27 28 28 29 30 31 10 11 JO 10 11 11 31 11 10 31 10 31 31 11 10 10 1.5 FO fan pressure psig 3.1 0.62 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.61 0.62 0.65 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.68 0.63 0.024 620 620 605 640 660 680 700 700 700 695 700 700 705 710 720 725 720 720 725 675 686* 37.5* 280 280 280 310 320 130 330 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 135 335 315 135 335 26 25 25 24 24 25 26 29 30 31 31 31 31 31 11 31 31 29 29 29 28.79 28.78 28.79 28.79 28.79 28.77 28.76 28.76 28.80 28.80 28.86 28.88 28.87 28.91 28.97 29.03 29.07 29.08 29.10 29.11 29.11 28.89 0.127 0.66 0.70 0.60 frailer flue gas teap °f ESP Inlet ump "f Anbient temf "t 26 26 Avbient pressure Inches Kg 28.82 28.81 28.80 Cowents 26 Bottoa and fly Ash Removal SUrt - 12.30A. 4.28A. B.10A , 3. OOP. 4.35P. 8.30P , 10.30P Finish - l.OSA. 5.12A. 9.26A. 3.50P. 5.20P. 9.35P. 10.44P Soot Blown Start - 4.07A RDf density - 4.5 Ibs/cu ft, 4 .0 Ibs/cu ft 0.66 324- 27 28 20.12.6 �PMCtSS DAI* MKS NMIC1ML NUEt PLANT UNIT NO. 7 Date 3-14-80 •Nat •tied on 24 hir dltl 12H Tie» 1A 2A 1A 6A 7A 8A 9A 35.0 12.7 US 165 165 177 300 315 320 840 850 MS MS 860 855 900 900 890 860 895 900 90S 180 180 180 176 185 180 300 370 315 335 335 335 330 335 380 30.7 20.8 18.8 18.2 19.3 19.9 20.3 31.3 35.0 35.0 35. 0 269 165 166 Steu pressure pslg MS MS MS Stem temperature °F 885 MS Feedmter flow rite 1000' s Ibs/hr 275 FeedMter teap °F Fuel feed rite (coil) 1000' t Ibs/hr Fuel 9«H9e railings Fuel ell «DF Excess ilr X 424 007 808 295 590 100 18 12N IP 2P 3P 4P 5* 6P 7P 8P »P 10P IIP Neu a 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.2 3S.O 32.3 35.0 12.4 35. 0 31.8 32\4 29.2 34.0 31.4 15.0 32.1 1S.O 32.4 14.0 11.2 32.0 29.4 10.0 27.4 10.5 28.0 6.25 6.01 310 315 115 315 315 115 310 283 300 305 317 305 280 260 270 62.8 860 850 860 ass ass 855 ass 850 850 850 ass 850 850 870 840 852 7.0 905 900 900 900 910 900 900 895 895 880 900 900 900 860 900 894 12.5 330 325 325 325 125 320 320 120 120 290 310 330 345 315 295 280 281 61.3 380 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 3M 380 380 380 390 385 180 180 171 21.8 34.0 36.5 36.0 36.5 34. S 33.0 32.0 31.0 38.0 32.6 35.0 30.S 32.4 Coil Oil 20.0 20.0 18.0 It.O Cross Net HA 10A 21.0 33.0 19.8 30.5 20.0 17.8 Ste*a f low r<te 1000' s Ibs/hr rO CO 5A 20.0 20.0 18.0 17.9 31.0 28.4 MM 4A 30.4 30.7 1.75 NA NA 15.0 35.0 12.1 32.4 6.64 7.35A only 1 conveyor 7.4SA both coiweyors on 43 >50 43 42 39 36 IB 13 15 15 18 16 16 18 18 17 19 18 17 20 16 IS 24 24 11.3 48 47 47 45 45 45 1.5 ID fens ups 45 43 43 43 43 43 43 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 45 45 FD f» ups 30 27 27 27 27 27 27 30 30 30 311 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 30 32 31 30 29 30 29 1.5 FO fin pressure pslg 4.0 2.9 2.0 1.8 FurMce drift pslj 0.59 0.61 0.7) 0.68 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.7S 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.70 0.60 0.62 0.044 615 620 600 630 660 680 685 685 690 665 680 680 685 690 680 690 715 700 690 650 660 669* 30.2* 290 290 290 315 330 335 335 335 335 335 135 15 1 335 335 130 335 335 335 315 130 320 326* 16.9* 21 21 21 21 21 26 34 40 42 49 48 50 52 54 53 51 49 46 42 41 40 37 29.13 29.13 29.11 29.11 29.16 29.11 1.01 taller flue «is te-p<>F EiP Inlet leap 21 1.12 Aablent teap °F 23 27 Anblent pressure Incus Mi 29.11 29.11 29.11 29.12 29.12 Convents 29.13 29.13 29.13 29.12 Bottom end fit Ash Neaonil SUrt - I2.27A. 4.28*. I.82A. 12.30P, 4.30P . 8.30P FUlsh - l.OOA. 5.10A. 9.25A. I.52P. S.OOP . 9.5SP 0.60 0.58 29.11 29.10 29.10 29.10 0.«2 29.09 29.09 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.13 SOOt 8 0 I 1 M SUrt - 4.10A, 11.20*. 8.481' RDF density - 4 .5 Ibs/cu ft. 4 .5 Ibs/cu ft 12.6 0.019 �PROCESS DATA AXES MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT UNIT NO. ? Date 3-15-80 •Hot based aa 24 hr data 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 29.0 2C.6 19.0 17.0 24.5 22.4 24.0 22.0 24.0 21.9 24.0 22.0 24.0 22.0 24.0 21.6 28,0 25.8 30.0 27.2 31.5 28.9 31.0 28,4 Steaa flov rate 1000's Ibs/hr 245 159 212 201 201 205 205 207 240 260 280 Steaa pressure pslg 835 830 835 850 850 875 855 850 850 855 Steaa teaperature °F 890 880 890 880 905 885 885 885 905 900 Feedwter f low rate 1000's Ibs/hr 256 170 220 210 208 215 215 215 245 FeedMter teap °F 370 335 355 3SS 355 155 355 155 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000's Ibs/hr Fuel gauge readings 29.6 19.0 24.8 30.1 29.4 10.4 Tlae HU 12N Cross Net CO N3 Fuel on 27.3 19.5 IP 2P 3P 11.0 28,4 16.5 14.4 17.0 15.0 16.0 14.0 282 278 135 118 855 858 855 845 905 860 895 895 265 285 291 281 155 365 375 378 11.5 31.5 35.0 34.4 10A 5P 6P 7P 8P 9P 10P UP 16.0 14.0 16.0 14.0 16.0 14.3 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.3 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.2 16.0 14.2 21.7 19.6 135 135 135 135 135 135 U5 115 135 186 850 850 850 845 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 8.6, 900 895 895 885 880 890 890 870 880 880 888 11.1 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 140 145 145 194 54.0 375 330 325 325 315 315 120 320 320 320 320 120 330 69.4 11.5 19.5 19.0 19.0 17.0 18.0 18.2 18.1 18.5 19.0 18.8 18.1 24.2 24.0 6.60 UN 11A 4P Coal on 427 756 430 705 811 911 814 720 580 190 581 100 Mean o 5.95 5.68 55.06 37.92 HA HA Midnight readings, 3-15-80 No ROF RDF Encess air I 24 50 30 29 39 38 36 30 24 19 20 20 21 >50 >50 >50 >50 >SO >SO »50 >50 »50 >50 >50 39 12.5 10 fans aaps 45 41 44 43 44 45 44 45 45 46 46 46 46 42 42 41 31 31 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 4.0 10 fans pressure pstj 5.7 28 28 27 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 10 30 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 1.4 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.82 0.90 0.78 0.81 0.72 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.72 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.74 0.60 0.60 0.74 0.092 660 600 600 600 600 625* 27.3* FD fan aaps 30 FO fan pressure psl9 4.3 Furnace draft pslg 0.61 Holler flue gas teap OF 0.88 630 640 640 615 645 650 680 670 600 605 610 610 600 595 305 ESP Inlet teap °F Aablent teap °F 40 40 19 Aablent pressure Inches Hg 29.16 29. M 29.1229.11 38 305 305 110 310 120 325 325 325 290 285 285 275 270 275 275 275 275 275 38 38 35 14 40 48 55 60 62 64 64 65 65 64 61 59 56 54 54 51 51 29.08 29.05 29.07 29.44 29.04 29.03 29.00 29.02 28.96 28.92 28.88 28.87 28.89 27.89 28.90 28.90 28.90 28.90 28.87 28.87 28.48 8ottoa and Fly Ash Reao»al Start - l.OOA. 4.28A. 8.30A. 12.39P. 4.37P. 8.30P Finish • I.27A. 5.00*, 9.03*, 1.15P. 5.OOP. 9.0SP Soot BlQMi Start - 3.58*. 10.30*. 8.40P RDF density - 1.5 Ibs/cu ft 295* 20.211.2 0.098 �PROCESS MIA IS MUNICIPAL POME*. flMT UNIT JO.. 7 •Not based on 24 nr data Bate 3-17-80 12M Tie* 1A 2A 3A 4A SA 6A 7A 8A 9A 16.0 14.0 16.0 14.0 16.0 14.0 16.0 13.9 16.0 14.0 28.0 25. 9 32.5 29.8 34.8 32.3 35.0 32.3 3S.O 33.2 130 130 130 130 IX 265 270 310 310 315 10A 11A 4f SP 6P 7f 8P 9f 34.5 33.8 34.5 31.9 34.5 31.9 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.3 30.5 27.» ' 29.5 27.2 7.74 7.S8 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 320 320 260 259 76.1 IP 2P 35.0 33.2 34.5 31.7 34.5 31.6 315 310 12N 10P UP Mean a * NU Gross 28.0 Net Steam flan rate 1000' s Ibs/br 243 160 Steaa pressure pslg 845 840 850 850 •SO 850 •SO 850 835 855 855 855 855 850 850 850 •SO •SO 860 860 850 •SO 850 850 •50 5.3 Steam teeperature °F 890 •80 890 880 870 900 890 885 900 900 900 910 900 880 895 900 900 900 890 900 890 890 880 890 •92 9.4 FeeAuter flon rate 1000' s Ibs/kr 255 188 140 140 141 140 140 265 2S6 320 315 320 320 326 320 320 320 315 320 315 330 330 320 270 268 74.5 Feedueter teap °F N) 25. S 22.0 20.0 365 340 320 320 320 320 320 375 380 380 380 380 380 380 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 380 367 26.3 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000' s Ibs/kr Fuel gauge readings Fuel oil 32.4 22.0 18.6 19.4 17.6 18.9 18.9 34.5 39.6 36.5 36.6 37.5 38.0 35.0 34.5 33.5 34.0 33.0 33.4 36.8 35.2 33.5 29.6 on Coal 30.9 31.2 2.92 7.23 HA NA 434 476 818 349 581 370 tIO:10A7 No «OF- MFEicess air X 22 35 >50 1.0. fans aaps 46 1.0. fans pressure F.O. fan aaps 30 27 27 F.O. fan pressure pslg 3.8 3.1 0.42 0.64 0.59 >50 44 44 No Ulf 11:05A 19 >50 46 21 42 48 17 47 18 48 17 20 46 47 -Start WF at 1 :40P 21 17 47 46 18 46 16 46 16 18 16 46 46 20 18 16 24 26 13.3 47 47 46 45 46 1.6 2.1 Furnace draft pslg 43 >SO 4.8 44 43 >50 33.5 46 1.00 27 27 27 30 27 32 30 31 30 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 30 30 0.65 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.69 0.58 0.55 0.60 0.63 0.60 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.70 600 600 600 645 670 680 785 695 700 695 665 675 675 0.50 280 280 280 320 320 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 335 32 31 31 31 30 29 29 29 29 29 32 36 36 41 41 42 42 42 41 Aablent pressure Inches Ng 29.04 29.04 29.03 29.03 29.05 29.05 29.05 29.06 29.12 29.10 29.14 29.11 29.10 29.10 29.08 29.09 29.08 29.08 29.13 29.16 29.16 0.52 0.70 335 32 0.70 lotto* and Fly Ask la•oval 1:3SP. 10:OOP Soot llOMi 39 0.074 48.9* 319« 0.54 0.59 669* 0.44 685 Aabient teap °F ESP Inlet leap °F Finis* - 6:OOA, 1.6 1.09 toller flue gas teap Coaaents 30 21.3- 34 4.9 36 34 34 29.15 29.14 29.14 29.09 0.043 �PROCESS DATA AMES tUIICIPAl POHE* PIAIIT UH1T HO. 7 •Not b»ed on 24 kr diU Dite 3-18-80 1A 2A 3A 4A SA 6A JA BA 9A IDA I1A 12M IP 2P 3P 4P SP 6P 7P 8P 9P 10P HP 29.0 Z6.6 27.0 24.9 26.5 24.4 25.5 23.4 25.5 23.4 25.5 23.5 27.0 24.8 31.0 28.6 35.5 32.8 36.0 33.4 35.5 33.1 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.5 35.0 32.5 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.5 33.0 30.6 32.5 30.1 32.0 29.4 35.0 32.2 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.4 32.0 29.3 29.0 26.4 31. « 3.84 29.3 3.65 Stew flo« rate 1000* s Ibs/kr 240 230 230 222 220 220 240 275 31S 325 320 320 320 320 31S 315 300 295 295 319 315 310 285 251 283 40.0 Steal pressure pslg 845 835 850 855 840 850 850 850 855 860 855 855 855 850 850 850 850 845 B45 855 850 855 835 855 850 6.3 835 880 870 885 685 90S 910 900 875 900 900 910 900 900 880 BBS BBS 880 895 900 BBS 890 16.2 251 295 324 335 330 338 330 330 330 330 305 310 300 330 325 311 300 260 295 38.1 11.7 Tim Ml Gross Net 12M Nun o SteM teaperiture °F 895 90S 885 FeedMter flow rile 1000' s Ibs/kr 250 245 241 240 235 240 FeedMter teap °F 365 360 360 355 355 355 360 370 380 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 380 380 380 385 385 385 380 370 375 Fuel feed rite (coil) 1 0 ' s Ibs/kr 00 Fuel Muoe reidlngs Fuel olT «OF 30.1 31.1 438297 822 025 581 440 27.0 24. S 28.4 23.9 28.2 32.5 39.5 38.0 36.0 34.5 35.5 35.5 33.5 35.0 33.0 32.0 31.1 32.6 32.7 32.5 31.2 29.3 Coil on 32.0 3.84 31.6 HA 2.50 NA Excess ilr 25 33 23 18 26 25 20 19 18 20 20 17 22 19 23 20 20 19 20 IB 16 IB 20 21 21 3.6 1.0. fins ops 45 45 44 44 44 44 44 45 47 46 46 46 46 47 46 46 46 45 46 46 46 46 47 45 46 0.98 1.0. fins pressure pslg 5.3 F.O. IMS UPS 29 30 29 27 28 28 28 30 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 30 30 30 30 30 29 30 1.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.1 0.97 0.65 0.57 0.45 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.75 0.53 0.55 0.50 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.65 O.SI 0.59 0.098 625 625 635 650 695 695 695 68S 680 680 695 700 690 690 690 680 680 680 675 676* 24.0* 305 305 310 320 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 335 330 330 330 335 335 330 320 326" 9.5- 34 34 34 34 37 44 51 56 62 61 64 65 66 64 62 59 55 54 50 49 12.8 29.13 29.13 29.12 29.12 29.13 29.10 F.D. fin pressure pslg 3.6 4.4 2.6 Furnice drift pslg 0.6S 0.45 0.69 teller flue gis teap °F ESP Inlet teap °f Aablent teaperiture 33 33 33 Aabtent pressure Inckes Hg 29.14 29.14 29.14 29.14 fnearnts 1:50 P both connectors on 7:15 A only 1 connector 33 ppttoa tek Mid fly tefc jeaovil SUrt - 2:10A. 5:40A. 10:30A. 2:OOP. C:17P. 9:52P Finis. 6:OOA. 11:20*. 2:32P. 7:3SP. 10:1SP 0.60 49 29.09 29.09 29.09 29.08 29.02 29.02 28.99 28.98 29.00 2 . 0 28.96 28.96 28.96 28.95 2 . 6 0.071 90 90 Soot iloxn Stirt - 2:35A. 10:25A, 6:30A RDF density - 3.5 Ibs/cu ft. 4.0 Ibs/cu ft. 3.5 Ibs/ cu ft �PROCESS DATA MKS MMicirAi taut nun UNIT * 0. 7 •Not btud M 24 r deU 1 DtU 3-19-80 I2M Ttae Ml Cross U 2A 3* 4A SA M 2P 3* 4P 5P <P 7P 8P » 31.0 28.3 35.0 32.2 35.0 34.5 32.4 32.0 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.S 35.0 32.0 35.0 32.6 35.0 32.6 35.0 32.6 31.0 28.6 33.0 30.1 36.0 33.1 35.5 32.6 35.5 32.7 32.0 29.2 23.0 20.8 31.0 27.2 t.K 2O8 243 292 314 315 310 310 315 320 320 320 320 280 292 340 320 319 290 190 277 52.1 170 845 ISO 860 860 85S 850 845 855 855 855 855 855 845 845 845 865 860 860 850 853 7.0 8M 885 895 900 895 910 900 885 894 900 900 902 900 860 880 870 875 BBS 880 875 888 12.1 225 220 250 295 322 31S 325 325 325 326 325 328 325 295 305 349 345 325 295 200 287 50.6 355 350 360 395 380 385 385 38S 385 385 385 385 385 385 380 395 390 390 385 350 375 16.5 22.4 30.4 30.4 33.6 34.5 34.0 34.0 33.0 33. 5 39.5 39.0 39.0 31.0 33.5 35.0 33.3 33.9 31.6 19.5 31.1 31.4 4.17 5.74 M M 20 5.9 45 1.3 5.7 0.65 29 1.5 7* M 9A 1 M 11A 27.0 24.1 12N IP 10P UP 21. 0 U.O 2S.S 23.4 Stt» flo* r«U WOO1 s Ibs/br 175 220 215 212 Steal pressure pstg MS 855 850 845 Stetei temperature °F 875 885 8»5 885 Feeduiter flow r<U 1000' • Ibs/hr IBS 232 225 235 FeedMter leap °F 340 3M 360 355 Fuel feed rile (CM|) 1000's Ibs/kr fuel 9*uge reeding* Fuel oil 18.3 23.4 442 234 «2S i » S81 SOO Encess «lr I 40 24 1» 20 24 22 20 16 15 17 IS 18 16 18 19 17 17 22 18 18 12 15 18 32 I.D. fus «ps 43 43 43 44 43 43 44 45 46 46 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 45 46 46 45 46 45 43 I .0. fMis pressure pi 19 4 F.D. fUS UPS 27 Net hO O OJ I (Jl —• 25.0 2S.O 24.0 2S.O 22. « 22.f 21.8 22.8 205 29.S 30.2 24.2 Coal Oil 1-.10P'a 28 28 28 28 28 30 30 . 29 30 30 31 30 32 • 31 32 30 30 30 29 30 29 26 2 8 1. 18 psl« FUTMCC dreft pslg 0.70 O.tO 0.50 0.5* 0.52 ilS taller flue g*s teap 620 0.72 0.67 0.69 0.5S 0.54 0.70 0.80 0.62 0.61 0.64 0.63 0.50 0.68 t20 630 650 680 685 690 675 675 680 690 685 700 695 305 300 300 310 320 335 335 340 335 335 340 340 340 340 ' 48 45 45 45 43 43 43 44 SO 59 62 62 66 68 68 69 68 Aefclent pressure Inches Hg 28. »S 28.95 28.93 28.93 28.93 28.88 28.87 28.88 28.88 28.05 28.83 28.79 28.77 28.76 28.73 28.72 28.71 28.71 28.73 0.50 0.61 0.65 0.30 340 48 0.59 lotto Md Fly Asli «e«ovil SUrt - 1:SOA. S:0SA. l6:JOA. 1:10P. t:30P. 9:25P flalU - 3:2SA. 5:SM. 11:0&A. I-.3SP, 7:54P. 10:00f> SUrt - 3:iU. IDilSA . 6:45 P 0.60 0.101 66«* 0.61 tafclent te«p °F ESP Inlet °F Coaeents o S.Ol •'SUrt •Of .t 4:10P No WF e .• 28 Neui 30.2- 328* 68 15.9* 65 61 58 59 55 56 9.3 28.73 28.73 28.73 28.73 28.73 28.81 0.088 KDf dtensity - 4.0 Ibs/cu ft. 4.0 Ibs/cu ft �PROCESS MIA AMES MUNICIPAL MUt« PLANT UNIT NO. 7 •Not based M 24 hr data Oat* 3-20-80 Tlw NU Cross Nit Stea> HIM rat* 1000's Ibs/hr 12H 22.0 I9.a 190 1A 22.0 19. a 190 2A 22.0 19.6 190 3A 4A SA 6A 21. S 21. S 19.2 19.3 22.0 19.7 24.0 21.8 175 180 188 200 7A IP 2P V 4P Sf> V 7P 8f> 9P 10P UP 35.0 32.5 35.0 32.4 35.0 32. S 35.0 32.6 35.0 32.0 36.0 32.2 3S.O 32.3 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.2 33.5 31.1 29.$ 27.1 30.6 26.1 S.88 7.68 320 11A 320 320 120 315 315 319 319 319 319 300 260 273 59.8 12N M 9A 27.0 24.2 34.5 31.7 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.5 35.0 32.0 35.0 32.5 240 315 315 320 320 10A 0 MM* Staa> pressure psig O 1 —• 00 850 840 850 850 850 850 850 855 855 860 855 855 850 ass ass 850 855 8SO 855 850 850 860 851 6.0 880 900 880 860 880 890 890 895 90S 910 870 880 900 905 910 900 895 895 895 885 885 890 900 891 12.3 200 200 200 195 210 200 210 250 320 325 330 335 330 325 328 325 325 330 325 325 340 330 305 275 222 115.4 Feed»eter tup °F cr> 840 ago Feeduater flow r»te 1000's Ibs/hr (0 CO 840 Uu> teiperaturt °f 350 350 350 350 340 340 360 360 380 385 385 382 382 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 380 370 372 16.8 20.0 24. S 29.8 Fuel feed rite (coal) 16.9 24.0 24.6 32.4 26.0 1000-s Ibs/hr 444 122 450 244 I Futl eauoe readings 829 315 833 406 1 Mdnlgkt readings . 3-20-80 Fuel oil sai 600 582 090 | IDF 2:3M-No RDF 38.1 38. 0 39.0 37.2 37.0 37.0 36.6 37.0 37.0 39.6 39.6 40.1 41.6 39.0 36.5 Coal 33.6 34.4 NA Oil 20.42 HA Excess air I 35 40 42 40 40 36 25 24 22 22 20 19 23 21 22 21 23 21 21 21 20 26 24 32 27 7.7 1.0. fans anps 44 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 47 47 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 46 1.8 1 .0. fans pressure psll 5.0 F.D. fans aups 28 F.D. fans pressure psig 0.54 toller •F V) 0 .w 28 28 27 28 28 29 29 32 31 31 30 30 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 31 30 29 4.S 0.80 O.M 0.40 flue gas IMP 0.60 615 0.78 620 0.70 625 0.68 630 0.53 695 6.4 1 . 19 J* 0.55 0.60 0.70 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.60 0.55 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.093 705 710 670 680 690 700 700 705 710 715 720 680 685 680 680 681* 32.8- 295 ESP Inlet °F 295 300 320 325 325 330 330 330 330 335 335 335 330 330 330 330 330 330 315 324« 12.7« 46 47 44 43 43 42 42 42 44 46 51 52 51 50 45 44 44 42 42 39 44 9.2 28.95 28.93 28.92 28.93 28.97 28.92 0.086 M>«ent teap °F 50 50 46 taktent pressure Inches Hg 20.72 28.72 28.82 28.82 28.83 28.86 28.90 28.90 28.94 28.96 Counts 7.06 No ROF 3.5 Furnace draft psig 11:OOA 11:35* 34.0 46 !»"?• ft"* Ash «« ' « 5S>t HoMn 28.96 28.96 28.97 Start - 3:MA.'10:lSA, 7:10P KOF density - 3.5 Ibs/cu ft 28. 98 28.97 28.99 29.01 29.03 29.03 �MOCESS DATA AlCS HJHIClrAl fOMt» M.AOT UNIT • . 7 0 •hot kased M 24fcrdata Date 3-22-80 1A 2A 1A 4A SA 6A 7A •A 9A 10A 11* 12* If 2P » V SP 6P 7P sp gp 10P UP 22.0 19.9 22.0 19.1 22.0 19.S 22.5 20.4 21.0 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.0 20.8 23.0 20.8 29.0 26.1 32.0 29.7 34.0 31.6 34.0 31.4 34.5 12.0 34.0 11.4 32.5 30.1 12.0 29.6 12.0 29.6 11.0 10.6 13.0 10.1 15.0 12.1 14.5 11.1 14.5 11.7 32.0 29.3 30.0 27.4 29.4 27.1 5.16 4.9S Stew flan rate 1000's Ibt/hr 188 188 188 190 195 200 195 195 255 288 110 320 110 107 285 280 285 290 295 312 110 110 285 265 260 Sl.l Stew pressure pslg 850 850 860 860 850 850 860 850 868 850 850 880 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 050 850 850 850 850 851 7.4 12M Tin. m Gross Net MM* . Stew twperature °F 890 900 890 870 870 870 880 900 90S 900 900 910 890 890 900 905 900 900 890 890 900 880 880 880 891 11.8 FeedMter flOH rate lOOO's Us/nr 200 200 200 210 210 200 205 200 263 293 110 115 320 115 300 295 295 300 102 322 110 325 295 265 270 50.5 Feedwter twp °F 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 365 175 380 385 176 380 380 380 380 180 380 185 380 380 180 365 365 18.9 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1 0 ' s Iks/nr 00 Fuel gaimi readings Fuel ill •OF 19.3 453 901 •36 954 582 768 21.2 19.4 20.8 20.3 18.0 25.0 2B.O 32.0 35.5 36.1 16.0 38.5 35.5 37.0 38.0 19.0 18.5 40.2 4. 05 40.1 38.6 31.5 Coal 11.1 8.12 11.1 M 26.67 NA Excess air I 27 27 27 25 27 27 26 25 17 22 21 1.0. fws aaps 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 45 46 1.0. fans pressure pslg 4.6 F.O. fans aups 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 29 30 30 20.2 on 12: UP F.O. fans pressure pslg 3.0 06 .8 0.44 30 15 30 18 30 19 30 18 20 20 20 20 20 19 " 22 1.1 46 46 46 46 46 46 45 45 I.I 30 30 30 31 31 31 30 30 29 1.5 4.1 31 21 18 46 19 0.99 0.59 0.101 659* 30.4- 1.0 Furnace draft pslg • No ROF 0.40 ESr Inlet °F Ambient tenp °F 16 34 Ambient pressure Inches Hg 29.21 29.21 29.21 29.17 34 31 31 Finish 0.70 0.47 0.45 0.65 0.60 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.65 0.50 0.58 610 615 640 660 685 700 680 675 670 675 670 680 300 300 315 320 330 310 130 330 330 125 325 325 33 34 33 35 16 38 40 44 45 46 50 50 50 29.18 29.18 29.15 29.14 29.11 90 29.08 29.05 29.02 29.00 2 . 8 28.97 28.96 2 . 6 28.87 28.87 28.87 28.87 28.87 2 . 4 0.134 88 89 29.18 29.18 lotto* and Fly Ask Kenoval Comments 0.60 300 0.74 0.68 610 0.40 •oiler flue gas leap •F Soot lloun 0.55 0.56 0.65 0.58 0.62 0.65 120* 46 •OF density - 3.5 Iks/cu ft, 4.5 Iks/cu ft 41 41 41 39 19 12.2* 40 5.9 �PROCESS DATA AMES MUNICIPAl POWER PLANT uHIT NO. 7 •mot based on 24 kr data Date 3-23-80 12* 10P IIP a Men IP 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 17.0 15.4 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.3 17.0 15.4 17.0 15.4 17.0 15.4 20.0 18.3 20.0 1S.O 20.0 18.0 20.0 18.0 20.0 17.9 20.0 18.0 18.1 16.2 1.98 1.80 144 144 144 144 142 144 144 168 168 168 168 168 168 153 16.2 845 850 850 855 850 855 855 855 860 860 860 860 860 860 852 5.7 885 895 890 890 880 890 890 895 eao 890 870 880 880 880 884 10.0 150 150 165 150 151 150 150 150 180 180 180 180 180 180 162 17.8 320 325 320 320 320 320 320 320 325 330 340 330 330 330 340 325 7.1 19.8 19.6 21.0 21.0 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.5 19.5 22.0 22.6 22.9 23.0 22.6 22.2 Coal Oil 20.8 1.71 20.4 M 33.33 M >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 41 40 29 29 26 26 26 28 '42 11.0 43 43 43 42 42 42 43 42 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 0.7 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 25.0 22.4 17.0 15.0 17.0 15.0 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.1 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.2 17.0 15.4 SUM flax rate 1000' s Ib/kr 210 145 144 144 144 144 145 145 142 142 143 Steam pressure pslg 850 840 850 850 845 850 850 850 845 850 Steam temperature °F 880 880 890 850 880 890 880 880 890 900 Feeduatcr flow rate 1000 's Ibs/kr 220 162 155 155 152 150 150 150 150 150 FeediMter teap °F 340 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000' s Ibs/kr Fuel gauge readings Fuel oil RDF 26.2 19.5 457 717 840 602 583 406 19.6 19.5 19.5 19.6 19.0 20.2 19.4 Excess air X 19 >60 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >5fl 1.0. fans aaps 44 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 1.0. fans pressure pslg 4.0 4.0 4.0 F.O. fan aaps 29 28 28 27 27 F.O. fan pressure f>sl| 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.2 Furnace draft pslg 0.54 0.60 0.64 0.58 0.54 TIM NU w • oo g » ftp Gross Net IDA 11A 12N No RDF 0.22 27 28 27 27 27 27 27 28 27 27 27 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 0.6 0.67 0.60 0.64 0.58 0.51 0.56 0.60 0.40 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.57 0.60 0.55 0.56 0.59 0.057 600 600 600 600 605 590 600 600 600 595 595 599* 3.9« 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280* 0* 37 3) 40 38 37 1.6 Boiler flue gas teap ESP Inlet °F Ambient teap °F 40 39 41 Ambient pressure inches Mg 28.87 28.96 28.95 28.94 28.93 28.92 28.92 28.99 28.98 28.98 29.01 Comments _•<""• and Fly Ask Removal 39 37 36 36 36 $S't»!9-? 36 36 Start - 2:30A. 11:15*. 7:OOP 36 38 38 40 37 36 36 36 36 36 28.99 28.97 28.97 28.96 28.95 28.96 28.96 29.00 29.00 29.01 29.01 29.01 29.01 28.97 0.036 RDF density - No ROF �PMCESS DATA UK HJMIClfM KMtR PtANT UNIT NO. 7 Date 3-24-80 •Not based on 24 hr data Time 12M 1A 2A 3A 5A 4* 6A •7A 8A 9A 10A 11A 3S.O 32.4 35.0 32.6 35.0 32.4 310 310 305 4P SP if M.S 33.8 3S.O 32.S 3S.O 32.4 3S.O 32.5 3S.O 32.$ 35.0 32.S 15.0 32.S 310 310 310 US 320 320 IP 2P 3P M.5 32.0 35.0 32.6 310 315 12N 7P 10P UP 3S.O 32. S 15.0 32.4 32. S 30.0 29.7 27.4 7.77 7.55 318 318 318 290 264 73. S 4.9 8P 9P Moan a 20.0 18.0 20.0 18.0 18.0 16.0 17.0 1S.O 17.0 1S.2 17.8 IS. 2 17.0 15.2 30.0 27.3 3S.O 32.3 Steam flox rate 1000' s Ibs/hr 16S 165 ISO 148 148 148 148 260 3IS Steam pressure pslg 860 860 860 ato 860 860 860 860 860 855 855 840 850 860 850 860 860 ass 860 860 860 860 860 860 868 Steam temperature °F 880 900 880 880 900 890 880 890 890 9W 904 900 890 890 900 91S 880 890 890 900 860 890 890 aw 891 11.2 FeedtMter flon rat* 1000's Ibs/hr 180 180 160 160 164 15S 155 270 323 320 320 312 315 32S 320 325 320 320 328 328 332 330 328 290 273 72. S Feednater temp °F 340 340 330 330 330 320 320 3 0 3 0 380 380 380 380 385 385 385 385 385 38$ 390 390 385 390 380 367 25.4 Fuel feed rate (coal 1000's Ibs/hr Fuel gauge readings Fuel oil 22.8 22.8 20.2 19.4 20.3 19.0 20.1 33.7 37.5 37.0 37.0 M.5 32.0 33.0 33.0 M.5 33.4 39.5 41.1 42.8 42. S 41.7 40.6 37.0 Oil 32.3 8.26 32.8 NA 20.42 NA Ml Cross Net 460 266 842 955 S84 200 Coal to ROF at 10:27A NO ROF RDF- 4:10P- No ROF Encess air I 28 29 45 45 41 46 45 24 19 20 18 19 17 18 17 14 1 8 19 18 19 19 19 17 19 25 10.8 1.0. fans amps 42 43 43 43 42 42 43 46 47 47 47 46 48 48 48 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 43 46 2.2 1.0. fans pressure pstg 6.1 27 F.O. fans amps 27 27 F.O. fan pressure 2.3 3.0 O.SS 0.57 0.27* 27 27 27 27 29 31 30 30 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 29 1.7 0.92 ps1« Furnace draft psig 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.68 670 685 700 685 600 toiler fuel gas temp 59S 595 655 680 0.38 0.62 0.47 0.62 0.50 0.40 O.SS 0.5$ 660 670 680 680 685 0.55 0.50 0.50 O.SS 0.48 0.073 36.1* 322* 0.40 O.S3 660* O.S2 23.1* •f 280 280 280 335 330 330 33S 335 335 335 335 335 33$ 33S Ambient temp °F 36 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35 35 36 38 38 38 38 37 37 37 36 36 35 36 1.0 Ambient pressure Inches Kg 28.96 28.96 28.96 28.96 28.96 28.96 28.96 28.96 28.99 26.98 29.01 29.02 29.04 29.01 29.06 29.06 29.06 29.08 29.13 29.13 29.13 29.18 29.18 29.18 29.04 0.079 ESP Inlet temp °F tottM andFly Ash Remove 1 Comments Start finis. - Soot 81lMl *OF density - 4.0 Ibs/cu ft >:3SA. 2:06P. �PROCESS DATA *KS HUHICIPM. POMER It All I UNIT NO. 7 Date 3-25-80 •Hot based on 24 hr data 1* 2A 3A 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 22.0 19. S 18.0 16.2 18.0 16.2 18.0 16.2 18.0 16.2 18.0 16.2 18.0 16.1 28.0 25.8 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.2 180 148 148 150 155 155 155 250 317 12H TIM Ml Gross Net Steaei flow rate 1000' s Ibs/hr 7P 8P 9P 10P IIP 35.0 36.0 32.3 32.5 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.5 35.0 32.S 35.0 32.5 25.5 23.7 312 312 312 311 312 312 313 252 12N IP 2P 3P 4P 35.0 32.5 35.0 35.0 32.5 32.6 35.0 32.6 34.0 31.4 34.5 32.1 35.0 32.3 315 318 315 315 310 308 312 10* 11* 5P 6P Mean 0 29.57.54 27.27.21 262 71.9 Stean pressure pslg 860 850 850 850 850 850 860 840 860 855 855 855 855 855 845 850 850 850 850 850 810 850 853 850 852 4.8 Steaei temperature °F 870 890 880 880 880 880 880 890 900 905 900 900 880 890 900 900 900 900 900 905 882 900 900 880 892 10.7 Feedwater flow rate 1000's Ibs/hr 210 158 160 160 160 325 324 320 280 272 71.4 Feeduater te«p °F 340 320 382 382 382 380 364 27.6 160 165 250 325 320 325 325 325 320 325 324 320 320 320 318 385 380 385 385 383 383 383 383 34.0 34.0 34.0 35.7 48.3 38.7 320 320 320 320 320 360 380 380 380 380 Fuel feed rate (coal) 21.9 21.0 1000's Ibs/hr 464 277 Fuel tauge readings 846 818 Fuel oil 584 690 RDF 21.0 21.4 21.5 21.5 21.5 33.9 34.7 35.3 33.0 33.0 33.0 Excess air S 38 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >SO 22 22 19 20 18 IB 19 19 17 16 17 15 IB 17 15 18 18 . 27 I.D. fans aups 43 45 43 44 45 45 45 46 48 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 45 46 1.0. fans pressure ps'9 3.8 5.0 F.O. fans taps 28 28 F.D. fan pressure PSl9 3.0 Furnace draft pslg 0.53 •Start RDF at 7:40* do RDF 37.5 39.0 30.0 31.8 7.66 Coal 31.8 Oil 28.33 N* M 10:OOP system ••" OFF 8:00* . 3-26-80 10:22P Systea T ON 4:OSP reduced RDF flow until 14.3 1.6 1.14 28 28 28 28 28 30 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 32 31 31 29 30 1.3 0.84 0.90 0.52 0.55 0.60 0.49 0.67 0.61 0.55 0.63 0.63 690 685 690 700 690 665 670 680 685 35 32 Aefclent pressure Inches Hg 29.18 29.18 29.18 29.18 31 31 280 310 330 330 330 330 335 335 335 335 335 29 33 34 36 42 44 43 44 45 46 46 29.18 29.18 29.18 29.22 29.21 29.18 29.19 29. IB 29.17 29.15 29.14 29.14 29.12 29.15 29.14 31 29.18 lotto* and Fir*sh Removal Start - 1:OUA . 5:00*. 9:00*. 1:01P, 5:OOP. Finish 9:45*. MSP. 5l43P. 0.50 O.SO 0.40 0.57* 0.108* 335 31 610 280 ESP Inlet teap °F Actlent te*p °F 0.57 695 605 31 0.60 0.57 640 0.43 toiler flue gas teem Co**ents 39.939.5 7:OOP. 9:05P 7:40P. 9: SOP Start - 275SA. "11:35*. 7:OOP RDF 670* 31.6* 323" 46 density - 3.5 Ibs/cu ft. 4.0 Ibs/cu ft 45 2.03' 38 6.3 45 43 41 40 29.15 29.15 29.15 29.15 29.17 0.024 �o PROCESS OATA AMES MUNICIPAL POHER P1ANT 1 1 NO. I *! •Hot based o» 24 br data Date 3-26-80 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10A 11A 12N IP 2P 3f 4P 21.5 19.5 21.5 19.5 21.5 19.S 21.$ 19.5 21.5 19.5 21.5 19.5 30.0 17.5 34.5 31.8 34.5 31.S 36.0 33.4 34.5 32.0 35.0 32.5 34.5 32.0 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.5 35.0 32.5 -180 180 1M 180 180 180 178 270 317 316 310 310 310 310 312 310 310 Stew pressure pslg 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 860 860 855 850 850 855 850 855 855 Stew teaperatur* °F 880 860 890 880 890 890 890 900 900 900 910 900 900 880 920 902 Feedxater flox rate 1000- s Ibs/kr 190 190 190 195 190 190 190 270 327 323 328 328 320 330 328 324 322 FeedHiter teap °F 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 3BO 385 380 380 380 380 380 385 385 385 385 385 Fuel feed rate (coal) 1000* s Ibs/hr Coal gauge readings Fuel otl (gallons/hr) ROF 19.0 19.0 18.5 468 170 850561 585 370 Reduced ROF flau 21.0 18.7 19.4 19.4 25.2 34.4 35.1 35.0 33.5 33.0 34.0 40.0 34.0 34.5 33.6 33.5 34.2 Eicess air s 34 28 30 27 27 28 27 20 19 18 18 19 18 18 19 19 19 17 20 20 19 20 1.0. fans aaps 44 44 44 44 44 44 42 45 47 47 46 46 46 46 46 48 46 46 46 46 46 46 l.D. fans pressure pslg 3.8 F.D. fans aaps 27 27 27 27 28 27 27 30 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 30 F.D. fan pressure pslg 2.0 1.9 Furnace draft psig 0.34 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.72 0.60 0.49 0.43 0.60 0.45 04 .8 0.55 0.58 0.52 0.49 0.60 0.52 0.65 toller flue gas top 620 630 620 600 600 600 605 665 690 695 700 700 700 665 680 690 690 690 700 700 ESP Inlet teap °F 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 320 330 325 320 325 325 325 330 330 330 325 325 /tab t Mt teap °F 38 36 36 35 35 35 35 34 34 36 40 40 45 44 45 45 45 45 43 Aabient pressure inches Hg 29.21 29.21 29.21 29.20 29.20 29.20 29.23 29.23 29.23 29.23 29.23 29.19 29.17 23.15 29.12 29.11 29.12 29.11 29.12 29.10 12N Tlae M Gross Net Stew flau rat* 1000* s Ibs/kr ro U* 22.0 20.0 tottoaand Coaaents Start Finish - i Reaova1 .10P. 7P 8P 9P 10P IIP 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.4 35.0 32.2 35.0 32.3 35.0 32.3 32.0 29.3 30.$* 6.17* 27.7* ».»* 31t 312 312 315 312 312 290 258 79.1 855 860 860 860 860 860 850 850 864 4.4 - 910 880 890 890 840 880 890 880 890 16.6 327 325 325 330 322 322 305 283 61.6 385 385 385 385 369 20.9 33.5 34.0 34.9 33.4 Coal on 29.6 31.* 1.67 7.16 NA NA 20 20 22 4.8 46 45 45 1.3 30 30 30 29 1.5 0.60 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.53 0.092 665 675 680 670 664 37.1 325 325 325 325 320 315 16.6 43 42 40 39 38 40 4.1 29.14 29.14 29.14 29.14 29.17 006 .4 No ROF 1:30»——- Start RDF at 2:12P 8 0 * resuae noraal RDF fl ow :0 9:5SA. 2.48P. 6P SP Soot Rloun Start - 27fO». 11.-45A. 7:05P RDF density - 3.5 Iks/cu ft. 3.0 Ibs/cu ft Moan • �APPENDIX B TRW FIELD TEST REPORT FOR THE CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR. UNIT NO. 2 242 �PILOT TEST PROGRAM CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR BOILER NO. 2 P, S. Bakshi, T. L. Sarro, D, R. Moore, W. F. Wright, W. P. Kendrick, B. L. Riley TRW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION TRW, INC. EPA Contract 68-02-2197 EPA Project Officer: Michael Osborne Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 243 �CONTENTS Figures iii Tables Acknowledgment iv v 1, Introduction 2, Summary . , , . , , 2.1 Sampling and Analysis. , , . , 2.2 Process Data , 2.3 Continuous Monitoring Data , , 3, Riant Description .,, 3.1 General Description. , . , , 3.2 Detailed Descriptions, . . , , , . . , , , , , 4, Sampling Locations. , , . , , , , , . , , , , , 5, Sampling, , , , „ , . , , . . , , , , , , , . , . , 5.1 Gas Sampling , . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , . 5.2 Solid Sampling , , , . , , . , , , , , . , , , , . . . 5.3 Liquid Sampling. , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . . . 5.4 Hi Volume Sampler. . , . , . . , , . , , 5.5 Quality Assurance , 5.6 Sampling Train Background, . , , , , , ,.. 5.7 Sample Recovery , ,., 5.8 Observations During Recovery , , , , , . t , , , , . . 6, Calibration , , 6.1 Method Five Calibration Data ,.... 6.2 Instrument Calibration 7, Technical Problems and Recommendations, 7.1 Problems . . . , , , 7.2 Recommendations, , 1-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-25 3-1 3-1 3-3 4-1 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-6 5-7 6-1 6-1 6-4 7-1 7-1 7-1 Appendices A. B. C. D. Continuous Monitoring Data, . , . , , , . . . , , , , . . . Field Data Sheets , Sample Inventory Sheets ,,.,.,,.,,... Process Data ,,.,., n 244 A-l B-l Crl D-l �FIGURES Number Page 3-1 3-2 Layout of plant site Flow diagram of Chicago Northwest Incinerator 3-2 3-4 3-3 Combustion air and flue gas system 3-11 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 Flow diagram and measurement locations Outlet sampling position Top view of ESP inlet showing port locations Cross sectional of ESP inlet showing traverse point locations Sampling train EPA Method 5 particulate sampling train Ambient air sampler Calibration equipment set-up procedures 4-2 4-3 4-4 5-1 5-2 5-3 6-1 m 245 4-5 5-2 5-3 5-5 6-3 �TABLES Number 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 Daily Sampling Summary Daily Data Summary 24 Hour Process Data for the Chicago Northwest Municipal Incinerator, Unit No. 2 Means of the Means for 24-Hour Process Data, All Test Days, Chicago Northwest Municipal Incinerator 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 Test Duration Process Data for the Chicago Northwest Municipal Incinerator, Unit No. 2 Weekly Inventories of Refuse and Residue at the Chicago Northwest Municipal Incinerator (All Boilers) Charges Fed to Each Boiler on a Shift Basis Chicago Northwest Incineration Facility Down Time Expressed as Lost Furnace Hours for the Entire Chicago Northwest Incineration Facility 2-9 2-10 3-1 4-1 page 2-2 2-9 2-13 2-15 2-16 2-18 2-19 2-26 Continuous Monitoring Data Means of Percent Oxygen Taken by Control Room Gauge and 02 Analyzer for Test Duration 2-27 Characteristics of Chicago Northwest Incinerator Sampling Locations 3-3 4-1 iv 246 2-28 �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This sampling and field measurement work was performed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Contract No. 68-02-2197. The program was sponsored jointly by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances in cooperation with the Office of Research and Development (ORD) of the EPA. The ORD-sponsored portion of the program was directed by Mr. Michael C. Osborne, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances sponsored portion of this study was directed by Mr. Martin Hal per, Washington, D.C. Three contractors participated in the overall test program, namely, TRW Inc., Midwest Research Institute (MRI) and Research Triangle Institute (RTI). TRW Inc. was responsible for the field testing; MRI had responsibility for the sampling analysis;and RTI had overall responsibility for the statistical design of the test program. Many individuals contributed to the sampling, testing, data reduction and report preparation for this study. Mr. Birch Matthews had overall responsibility for this program at TRW Inc. He was assisted in his management activities by Dr. Chris Shin and Mr. Don Price. The Field Team Leader was Mr. Dave Moore and the field sampling team members were Mr. J. Berger, Mr. M. Drehsen , Mr. 0. Gordon, Mr. W. Kendrick, Mr. J. McReynolds, Ms B. Riley, Mr. T. Rooney, Mr. D. Savia, Mr. B. Wessel and Mr. W. Wright. The Process Engineers were Mr. P. Bakshi and Mr. T. Sarro. The Chicago Northwest Incinerator personnel who provided significant assistance in completing the study were: Mr. Emil Nigro, the Supervising Engineer of the city of Chicago, Bureau of Sanitation; Mr. Stanley Oenning, the Chief Operations Engineer at the plant; and Mr. Gerry Golubski, Plant Chemist. In addition, there were numerous other plant personnel who provided assistance during the field testing. Their efforts are greatly appreciated and their contribution is hereby acknowledged. v 247 �1.0 INTRODUCTION This document describes the sampling and monitoring activities performed at the Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Boiler No. 2. The sampling and field measurement work was part of an overall pilot scale test program sponsored by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances in cooperation with the Office of Research and Development, of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The ultimate objective of the pilot scale test program is to develop an optimum sampling and analysis protocol to characterize polychlorinated organic compounds which may be emitted in trace quantities through conventional combustion of fossil fuels and refuse. The genesis of the program is an industrial study by Dow Chemical Company and two groups of European investigators reporting emissions of polychlorincted dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and biphenyls (PCB) from stationary conventional combustion sources. The immediate objective of the sampling and field measurements program is the specification of procedures and equipment to obtain sufficient multimedia samples for the subsequent analytical protocol, and to satisfy the program statistical design requirements. In this respect, the TRW Environmental Engineering Division of TRW, Inc., was one of three contractors participating in the overall EPA program and was responsible for the acquisition of samples and measurements in the field. The sampling was oriented toward acquiring multimedia samples for organic compound analysis by Midwest Research Institute (MRI). Compounds of particular interest included: Benzo [a] pyrene Pyrene Fluoranthene Phenanthene Chrysene Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene Benzo [g,h,i] perylene Anthracene In addition, MRI is to make a determination of total organic chlorine emissions from the acquired samples. Potentially, selected samples are to be analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls. 248 �Instrumentation for on-line combustion gas stream monitoring was part of the test program. In addition, Incinerator process Information was also gathered. This Information together with the monitoring data were acquired to assist In evaluating and Interpreting chemical analysis results. This report contains all the field data for the Chicago Northwest Incinerator pilot test program conducted in May 1980. Data provided Include the following: t Chlorinated hydrocarbon collection using a modified EPA Method 5 train and Method 5 sampling methodology. • Gas velocities using EPA Method 2, • Continuous monitoring for C02, 02, and CO and THC, • Part1culate collection for inorganic analysis utilizing EPA Method 5. • Process data. The test program followed was described in the Pilot Test Program, Chicago Northwest Incinerator, Boiler No. 2, site test plan. Deviations from this program are documented and explained in their respective sections of this report. 1-2 249 �2.0 SUMMARY 2.1 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS The field test activity took place from April 30, 1980 to May 23, 1980. All required tests were completed and all recovered samples were sent to Gulf South Research Institute (GSRI) for analysis,. MRI had subcontracted this part of their assignment to GSRI. A summary of tests conducted including any significant commentary is presented in Table 2-1. A summary of the reduced data on a daily basis as calculated from the field data sheets is presented in Table 2-2. Data listed are corrected to standard conditions, i.e., 20°C and a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches mercury. Sampling and calibration procedures are described in Sections 4, 5 and 6. Hourly data is provided in the appendices. Appendix A contains continuous monitoring data; Appendix B contains field data; and Appendix C contains sample inventory sheets supplied by GSRI. 2.2 PROCESS DATA For every day of inlet or outlet testing, a 24 hour record of process data was obtained. This information is provided in the daily process data sheets in Appendix D. Most of this data was obtained from instrumentation in the control room. The parameters considered important to the operation of Boiler No. 2, and for which instrumentation was available include steam flow rate, steam pressure, feedwater flow rate, feedwater temperature, combustion air flow rate, combustion air temperature, % oxygen, I.D. fan pressure, F.D. fan pressure, furnace draft, and furnace temperature. No data were available for steam temperature, excess air, or the power consumption of the fans. A chart recording instrument located in the control room provided continuous instantaneous readings for steam flow rate, feedwater flow rate, and combustion air flow rate. These were read directly from the instrument in 1000's of pounds per hour, 1000's of pounds per hour, and 1000's of cubic feet per hour, respectively. These are given in Appendix D under the heading "chart recorder" for each of the three parameters. 2-1 250 �TABLE 2-1. DAILY SAMPLING SUMMARY Date (1980) 1 Inlet-North Test started at 0835 hours and ran for 350 minutes. Low volume was obtained. Test was discontinued because of unsuccessful leak checks after filter replacement. Test started at 0835 hours and ran for 193 minutes. Low volume was obtained. Battelle trap also appeared to plug up and was therefore changed. However, this did not occur during remaining tests. Filter blockage also occurred probably due to filter oven temperature not being hot enough (250°F). At 1600 hours the plant had to shut down due to boiler leaks. Test quality was fair. Outlet-North i ro Sampling locations Inlet-South 5/4 Test No. Test started at 0825 hours and ran for 404 minutes. No significant problems occurred. Test quality was good. Test started at 0820 hours and ran for 375 minutes. No new leak rate was obtained at filter change. New filter housing was found to be warped which caused the leak problem. Test quality was good. Sample was lost due to the wind blowing the filter out of the filter holder. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Outlet-South to Hi Volume Sampler 5/6 Continuous monitors Inlet-North Inlet-South Outlet-North Test comments Test were Test were with both Test Test were started at 1230 hours and ran for 525 minutes. There no significant problems. Test quality was good. started at 1230 hours and ran for 525 minutes. There no significant problems. Test was inadvertently stopped only 21 of the required 24 points traversed. However, gas volume and particulate collections were sufficient. quality was good. started at 1235 hours and ran for 500 minutes. There no significant problems. Test quality was good. �TABLE 2-1. Date (1980) 5/6 Test No. Sampling locations Outlet-South Hi Volume Sampler 5/7 ro ro m i ro co Continuous monitors Inlet-North Inlet-South Outlet-North Outlet-South Hi Volume Sampler 5/8 Continuous monitors Inlet-North Inlet-South Outlet-North Outlet-South (Continued) Test comments Test started at 1230 hours and ran for 500 minutes. Probe was found to be cracked at the end of test. However, based on a moisture calculation of only Z% (vs. 12% in other test), it appears that the probe cracked during the first 280 minutes. The probe was switched and the test continued an additional 200 minutes. Test quality was poor as only air was sampled for 50% of the test. Test started at 1311 hours and was stopped at 2325 hours, Test quality was good. Test quality was good. Test started at 0835 hours and ran for 420 minutes, No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0837 hours and ran for 480 minutes, No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0930 hours and ran for 500 minutes, No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0955 hours and ran for 500 minutes, No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 1215 hours and was stopped at 2000 hours. Test quality was good. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0845 hours and ran for 420 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0832 hours and ran for 480 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0930 hours and ran for 500 minutes. Low moisture obtained because of cracked probe. Test started at 0925 hours and ran for 500 minutes, No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. �TABLE 2-1. Date (1980) 5/8 Test No. Sampling locations HI Volume Sampler Continuous monitors 5/9 Inlet-North Inlet-South ro ro Ul u> Outlet-North Outlet-South HI Volume Sampler Continuous monitors 5/10 (Continued) Inlet-North Inlet-South Test comments Test started at 1015 hours and was stopped at 1910. Test quality was good. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. CO readings were suspect, refer to 5/9/80 continuous monitoring data. Test started at 0820 hours and ran for 480 minutes. After 180 minutes the sampling time was increased from 20 to 25 minutes per point to collect sufficient sample volume. Boiler was operating at lower load conditions during this period. Test quality was good. Test started at 0805 hours and ran for 542 minutes. After 267 minutes the sampling time was increased from 20 to 25 minutes per point. (See Inlet-North above). Test quality was good. Test started at 0905 hours and ran for 500 minutes. Test quality was good. Test started at 0920 hours and ran for 500 minutes. Test quality was good. Test started at 0915 hours and was stopped at 1850 hours. Test quality was good. CO was exhibiting drift problems due to exhausted dessicant. Dessicant was therefore replaced. Previous days (5/8/80) data were suspect as CO dropped to lower level after dessicant changeout. Test quality was good. Test started at 0815 hours and ran for 420 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0810 hours and ran for 480 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. �TABLE 2-1. Date (1980) 5/10 Test No. Sampling location Outlet-North Outlet-South Hi Volume Sampler N> 5/11 Continuous monitors Inlet-North Inlet-South Outlet-North Outlet-South (Continued) Test comments Test started at 0915 hours and ran for 480 minutes. No problems were encountered. However, test was halted one point from completion due to stormy weather. There was little effect on test data. Test quality was good. Test started at 0840 hours and ran for 550 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 1100 hours and was stopped at 1900 hours. (Problems due to wind were encountered but the sample was not destroyed). Results were fair to good* CO was taken off line due to span and balance problems. Remaining data were good. Test started at 0828 hours and ran for 462 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good (changed sampling time to 22 minutes per point for inlet trains prior to starting test). Test started at 0934 hours and ran for 528 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Excessive number of filters were used during this test day for both inlet trains. Test started at 0900 hours and ran for 360 minutes. Due to excessive amount of time needed to correct malfunctioning equipment, the north train was utilized for only 20 points instead of the normal 25 points. Total volume sampled for north and south trains was 20 nr. Test quality was good. (Changed sampling time to 18 minutes per point prior to start of test). Test started at 0915 hours and ran for 540 minutes. South train traversed 30 points (see comments for Outlet-North train for 5/11/80). No problems were encountered and test quality was good. �TABLE 2-1. (Continued) Date (1980) 5/11 5/12 Test No. Sampling locations 7 Hi Volume Sampler 8 Continuous monitors Inlet-North Inlet-South Outlet-North Outlet-South ro i Hi Volume Sampler Ul t_n 5/13 9 Continuous monitors Inlet-North Inlet-South Outlet-North Outlet-South Hi Volume Sampler Test conments Test started at 1014 hours and was stopped at 1930 hours. Test quality was good. CO was still off line. Backup unit was ordered but had not arrived. Remaining data quality was good. Test started at 0840 hours and ran for 462 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0837 hours and ran for 528 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 1040 hours and ran for 450 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0854 hours and ran for 450 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 1243 hours and was stopped at 1840 hours. Test quality was good. No CO data was being monitored. Remaining data was good. Test started at 0833 hours and was down at conclusion of test quality was good. Test started at 0815 hours and quality was good. Test started at 0832 hours and quality was good. Test started at 0818 hours and quality was good. Test started at 0912 hours and Test quality was good. ran for 472 minutes. Boiler for grate cleaning. Test ran for 528 minutes. Test ran for 450 minutes. Test ran for 450 minutes. Test was stopped at 1820 hours. �TABLE 2-1. (Continued) Date (1980) Test No. Sampling locations 5/13 9 Continuous monitors CO was still off line, however remaining data was good. 5/15 10 Inlet-North Test started at 0805 hours and ran for 464 minutes. Test quality was good. Test started at 0803 hours and ran for 528 minutes. Test quality was good. Test started at 0840 hours and ran for 450 minutes. Probe was found with a cracked tip. Based on 8.9% moisture vs. 12% moisture for the other tests, it seems only the last 10 pts. were traversed with broken probe. Test quality was fair. Test started at 0820 hours and ran for 450 minutes. Test quality was good. Test started at 1110 hours and was stopped at 1840 hours. Test quality was good. New CO analyzer came on line. Test quality was good. Inlet-South Outlet-North Outlet-South ro i HI Volume Sampler 5/16 11 Continuous monitors Inlet-North Inlet-South Outlet-North Outlet-South Test comments Test started at 0830 hours and ran for 462 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0924 hours and ran for 528 minutes. Final leak rate was not obtained, however the data was corrected by subtracting out the last two unknown points (35 cu. ft.). This caused little effect on the final outcome of the test. Test quality was good. Test started at 0808 hours and ran for 450 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0828 hours and ran for 450 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. �TABLE 2-1. Date (1980) 5/16 5/17 Test No. Sampling locations 11 Hi Volume Sampler 12 Continuous monitors Inlet-North and South Outlet-North and South Blank Hi Volume Sampler ro i CO 1-0 Ul Continuous monitors -J 5/18 13 Outlet-North Hi Volume Sampler Continuous monitors 5/19 14 Outlet-North and South Hi Volume Sampler Continuous monitors (Continued) Test comments Test started at 0306 hours and was stopped at 1910 hours. Test quality was good. THC data reading was high (300 ppm) between 1000 hours and 1030 hours due to temporary shortage of garbage in chute. Test started at 0928 hours and ran for 500 minutes. QA test was performed simultaneously at Inlets on the north and the south. Test quality was good. Test started at 0815 hours and ran for 250 minutes. This was the first day for the cadmium test. Test quality was good. Test started at 0820 hours and ran for one hour at 250°F. Test quality was good. Test started at 1028 hours and was stopped at 1835 hours. Test quality was good. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0820 hours and ran for 250 minutes. For the cadmium test the outlet was only tested. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0800 hours and was stopped at 1305 hours. Test quality was good. The outlet was only tested and no THC data was recorded since it was not required for the cadmium test. Test quality was good. Test started at 0810 hours and ran for 250 minutes. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. Test started at 0800 hours and was stopped at 1300. Test quality was good. No problems were encountered. Test quality was good. �TABLE 2-2. DAILY DATA SUWWRY Gas Composition^' Samplt Volume Dm (1980) Tert No. Sampling Location 1 5-6 2 5-7 3 00 5-8 5-9 4 5 5-10 6 5-11 7 5-12 8 ""« o"'*' ""«< Ou "« ""« Ou <"< °«««< ""« £2 £2 22 22 S3 22 *2S 22 22 O""" 5-4 £2 '•"«< °— '"•« *""•< °"<"' £2 £2 2SL rf 22 £2 "? THC ppm Stock Temperature *F Molecular Weight Moisture 177® 172 156 156 <2 <2 <2 <2 459.47 444.88 432.76 451.27 28.26 26.52 28.33 28.41 11.66 9.S7 11.56 10.87 ACFM DSCFM IMMCH wtlc Raw • % 20.17 21.27 36.40-39.33 50332.218 61074.783 49138.650 53102.715 24952.931 31543.243 25074.591 26754.698 90.82 79.24 94.61 97.96 12.24 12.03 12.47 2.95 20.62 18.42 38.21 40.60 51452.853 52895.304 51588.415 54822.866 25077.734 26217.875 25528.869 29782.359 96.25 98.32 98.85 93.23 28.34 28.36 28.39 28.41 13.43 13.26 12.88 12.75 19.90 21.23 38.70 38.87 49665.946 24406.919 61306.230 '30511360 49556.634 24144.057 52477.069 25634.970 98.17 97.71 100.75 96.29 445.36 460.60 454.20 464.32 28.57 28.50 28.82 28.47 11.27 11.85 8.60 11.60 19.34 19.96 38.39 41.69 48268.522 57305.160 51835.952 56292.592 24418.162 28349.017 26693.503 2773X316 100.22 97.28 96.59 100.04 <2 <2 <2 <2 423.77 460.80 449.64 437.76 28.30 28.20 28.17 28.24 14.14 14.94 15.46 14.89 17.71 V 17.31 32.99 32.48 44193.534 49705.623 44544.600 43856.604 22187.466 23679.562 21337.899 21431.687 99.85 101.90 105.57 107.99 . <2 <2 <2 <2 452.59 457.63 448.92 452.28 28.37 28.34 28.50 28.33 13.62 13.83 11.94 13.40 18.12 17.86 35.43 39.50 45257.690 51267.447 47837.327 53339.650 21770.430 24476.323 2357X100 25751.431 108.82 105.61 98.61 96.51 . <2 <2 <2 <2 463.29 462.48 462.53 447.47 28.19 28.15 28.37 28.30 13.86 14.24 12.91 13.52 19.12 18.51 38.99 38.13 47760.487 53212.640 42103.978 61760.300 22877.439 25400.444 20345.095 30126.657 100.85 100.82 99.20 102.22 <2 <2 <2 <2 456.24 468.33 44X84 452.88 28.40 28.38 28.41 28.42 12.57 12.79 12.21 12.08 17.58 19.11 36.73 39.17 43898.069 54933.801 49586.850 52884.900 21492.745 26479.880 24703.730 26093.924 98.95 94.93 102.67 100.42 CO ppm GMFlow SDCF Nm? 256.837 135.203 317.860 324.144 7.27 3.83 9.00 9.20 11.2 11.2 11.3 11 J 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.7 408.462 379.181 418.430 457.890 11.57 10.74 11.85 12.97 9.6 9.6 10.4 10.4 10.1 10.1 9.5 9.5 159 159 171 171 <2 <2 <2 <2 459.04 445.78 442.00 451.04 28.53 28.56 28.45 29.58 324.361 400.656 403.319 407.071 9.19 11.34 11.42 11.53 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.7 IBS 185 189 189 <2 <2 <2 <2 445.55 431.46 459.04 457.78 331.522 370.826 427.497 457.496 9.39 10.50 12.11 12.96 9.9 9.9 10.4 10.4 9.6 9.5 8.9 8.9 142 142 169 169 <2 <2 <2 <2 342.697 367.809 371.551 383.750 9.77 10.42 10.52 10.87 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1 10.5 10.5 10.7 10.7 61 61 59 59 320.564 347.607 367.971 412.061 9.08 9.84 10.42 11.87 8.8 8.8 9.4 9.4 10.3 10.3 9.7 9.7 344.803 378.495 299.617 459.634 9.76 10.72 8.49 13.02 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 316.551 373.034 376.483 391.172 8.96 10.56 10.66 11.06 8.7 8.7 10.4 10.4 9.7. 9.7 9.0 9.0 * r % Velocity ft/sec �TABLE 2-2. (Continued) G n ixMnpoiilion^1 9 Outlet Inlet 5-15 10 Outlet Inlet 5-16 11 ro rwiti«t i i-jfi) Inler*' 5-17 12 5-18 13 5-19 14 Outlet . Moisture •F <2 <2 <2 <2 466.61 468.65 457.16 453.52 28.19 28.19 28.25 28.20 14.57 14.52 14.10 14.54 <2 <2 <2 <2 465.43 458.88 459.56 463.68 28.29 28.27 28.88 28.24 13.60 13.75 8.89 14.22 <2 466.32 467.67 466.72 28.49 28.42 North South North South 306.728 364.161 366.284 388.729 8.74 10.31 10.37 11.01 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.1 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.8 North South North South 338.450 376.856 377.441 396.275 9.59 10.67 10.69 11.22 9.4 9.4 9.7 9.7 Il l 98 98 North South North South 353.833 357.302 404.610 416.675 10.02 10.12 11.46 11.60 11.1 11.1 11.8 11 J 8.6 8.6 7.0 7.9 88 98 M <a North South 324.920 331.750 9.20 9.40 10.3 10.3 10.0 10.0 80 80 <2 <2 218.810 6.20 10.7 9.0 84 <2 . North South Velocity ft/sec Isokinetic Rale ACFM OSCFM 16.42 17.82 36.85 39.39 41015.923 51223.782 49744.800 19294.229 24032.783 23723.700 105.23 107.11 104.01 iaos 17.67 35.47 3&49 45076.682 50795.373 47889.900 51958.800 21919.803 24835.199 24697.316 25113.412 102.87 102.67 102.40 11.15 11.69 ia79 46930.228 -23389.304 2S8Z3.208 101.23 93.06 MM ii'-9 2*27 28.37 13.47 13.70 *7lf 17.25 16.85 n!ilJi?nfi nifwum 474.80 476.00 461.00 28.16 14.38 39.27 Iff8297 43045.650 48387.834 20524.938 23013.917 l?i"? 97.56 102.20 106035.080 51352.600 103.01 \ © 219.36 North South GaaFlow Molecular Weight Nm3 Outlet Inlet THC ppm SOCF Outlet® Inlet "P CO ppm OtOlNM Inlet Stack 02 I 5-13 Sampling Location "- Test No. wjopp Date (19801 Sample Volume 6.20 10.7 9.2 102 © 463,00 28.25 13.91 44.37 119798.300 57360.170 92.45 6.81 12.7 7.2 304 (!) 465.60 28.36 11.66 44.53 120233.700 69137.720 98.36 © 240.61 Test period average High due to excessive instrument drift Analyzer taken off line (see© ) Due to excessive leak rate in the north train. 60% of sample was collected with south train, 40% with the north Results t 10 ppm due to drift Inlet QA Test, Outlet 1st day Cadmium Test Inlet sample not required for Cadmium Test THC data not required for Cadmium Test �These three parameters were also monitored by means of integrating counters. Each numerical reading multipled by 150 yielded the amount of steam in pounds, the amount of feedwater in pounds, or the amount of combustion air in cubic feet. These numbers have been included in the tables in Appendix D in terms of 1000's of pounds or 1000's of cubic feet. The differences of these numbers were also calculated on an hourly basis to determine flow rates from these quantities and are listed under "digital integrator" in Appendix D. Each integrator reading is assumed to have been taken at the end of the hour in question. For instance, the 5 PM reading represents the hour ending at 5 PM, as opposed to the hour beginning at 5 PM. This was necessary in order to maintain consistency, especially in the case of the integrator differences. The difference between the 5 PM integrator reading and the 4 PM integrator reading represents the flow occuring between 4 PM and 5 PM, and therefore is a 5 PM flow measurement, according to this end-of-the-hour convention. Further, the digital counters recycle occasionally. Since the counters have six digits, the largest possible number is 999,999 x 150 * 1000 or 150,000. It must also be noted that even a 5 minute delay in taking a reading introduces a substantial error in the hourly value. Finally, these integrator values were the only readings not routinely taken by plant personnel on a 24 hour basis. As a result, large gaps exist in this data. Averages were taken over these periods whenever possible. The steam flow rate was also recorded on a continuous basis. This was done by an ink pen recorder located outside the control room. The recorder plotted instantaneous steam flow values on graph paper. Hourly values were recorded from these sheets, and are presented in Appendix D under the heading "disc recorder". Although this instrument may have been very accurate, the operators were not always careful at aligning the paper discs. The erratic nature of steam production at the plant was easily observable from these plots. Oscillations of an amplitude of 30,000 Ibs/hr and a frequency of 6-10 cycles per hour seemed typical. A sample plot is provided in Appendix D. 2-11 260 �Steam pressure, combustion air temperature, % oxygen, I.D. fan pressure, F.D. fan pressure, furnace draft, and furnace temperature were all noted from pointer gauges in the control room. The combustion air temperature was actually a measurement of the flue gas leaving the boiler and entering the economizer. The sensor for % oxygen was located on the ESP side of the economizer. It must also be noted that the furnace draft and I.D. fan meters were actually measuring a vacuum. Other information contained in the daily process data tables includes times of soot blowing, fuel input to Boiler No. 2, down time on Boiler No. 2, a daily barometric pressure and miscellaneous comments concerning the boiler operation. According to plant procedure, soot blowing should have always occurred at 3 AM, 11 AM, and 7 PM every day, but deviations from this schedule were often observed. Fuel input is usually expressed as crane loads, or charges of refuse. In only one instance was natural gas burned to start up the boiler. The amount of gas burned is reported in cubic feet, but the actual measurement involved reading a numeric counter and multiplying by 3.5. Down time is expressed as lost burning time, and was available by consulting plant records. The barometric pressure was obtained once a day from nearby Midway airport. Comments listed on the process sheets (refer to Appendix D) were derived from the operator's log book or by discussing plant conditions first-hand with the operators and firemen on duty. 2.2.1 24-Hour Data The means and standard deviations of the parameters included in the daily process sheets were calculated on a 24-hour basis for every day of testing. This information has been presented in Table 2-3. On some days Boiler No. 2 did not operate for the entire 24 hour period. For these days, data was not available on a 24 hour basis, consequently values have been calculated based on available information. Also, since the integrator differences were often averaged over long periods of time, it did not seem appropriate to provide standard deviations in these instances. A qualitative observation from Table 2-3 indicates that the plant operation is very uniform over a time average of one day. According to the daily process sheets, no strong diurnal variations occurred. This is not to say that large variations did not exist. Shorter averaging times (less 2-12 261 �i ;-3. a to* "Bctss »i« rw TH cmmo mimsi micim WI«««TI».I»IT •». z D»t« 5-4-80 5-6-8D 5-J-SU 5-8-80 5-9-80 5 M>-*0 5- 11-80 5-12-89 5-13-80 5-15-80 5-16-80 5-17-80 N«M " DUc Reorder (Ibt/hr) Chart Recorder (ll»/hr) Digital Integrator (tfas/hr) SteMrrttttire (pitg) KMOOO* 108000* 100000* 11389.3 9358.6 M 91000* 102000* 91000* 30891.2 11827.8 M FeedMter le^er*t«r« 1>F) Cn*«tfo« Mr Flo- 3 late Chart Recorder (ft /hr) Digital Integrator (ftVhr) Conbustlofi Atr Tei^erature (*F) Veneni 0>ygen 103000 »JOO» 99000 13078.3 11804.8 R» 102000 106000 103000 1T545.0 8801.8 M HMOOO 104000 WJOOO 10309.1 M9S7.8 M 100000 WOOD 102000 11262.9 14320.8 M 94000 104000 98000 10490.6 I42D5.S Rft 95000* tOtOBO* 100000* 14826.7 13869.7 RM 9COOQ 102000* 97000 97000 98000 47000 97N.9 1255.0 M M3000* 102000 100000 9330.3 94C5.0 M V2000* •HOW 99088 I395O.9 I3S76.9 m 92000 90000 93800 18800.6 19195.7 M t.O 270* 4.9 284 6.8 784 7.6 2H 6.' 7R5 «J8 783 4.4 282* 7.S 6.1 782 7.0 285* 4.9 284 4.7 277 5.3 9486.8 M 104080* 86000* 793S.6 M 103000 99000* 17740.4 Rft 96000 98000 16606.7 M M3000 102000 10908.6 M 101000 102000 12171.4 A* 102000 180000 13«68.4 Rft 102000 97000 13660.4 M 96000* 99000* K224.4 Nt 96000* IOODDD 9785.0 M 93000 95000 98)6.3 UK 99000 W2OOD* 17032.) » 103800 14676 .0 87000 13947 .9 277* 3.0 ?22* 3.2 220 1.0 720 0.6 220 0.8 271 1.4 270 f.l 221 2.1 270* 8.6 221 0.9 220 O.C 221 771 0.9 770 0.76 87000* 75000* 3010.4 M 79000* 74000* S369.7 M 77000 70000 4505.8 M 8 MHO 73000 S070.5 M 77008 70080 7494.8 M 79000 77000 7979.9 R* 17000 71000 4iB5.l « 77000 69000 46B5.C RA 78000* 70000* 4486.0 « 78000* 72000 5348.0 RH 87000 74000 S7S3.4 W 82000 73080 5«93.7 M 80000 72000 43K.9 m BIOOB 79000 9279.8 M 6S8* 126.3 681 642 26. t 662 27.3 67D 615 38.9 653 651* 71.5 660 66C 73.0 «51 25.8 67S 31.2 V*.I* 21.7 ln . tt.B* 5.0 10.5 306.0 1209 39.4 1.5C \ZA 1.6 U.I t.55 (t.O 20.1 \A\ U.I t.JB 11.1 77.4 1.M 66S* 49.7 M.7* 2.M 1168* 108.7 283 983'.B 9367.3 m 5-19-80 o 98000* 97000* m* 284 8868.5 99*9.8 M PteM 283* Fec«Wt«r F!M flat* Chart Recorder (Ita/hr) Digital Integrator (Ibi/hr) 59.4 »3000 W8000 107000 5-M-80 • 11.1 1.35 13.5 3S.4 2.13 MM 8.93 1. 12 •MOO M.I m 1.50 nooo 12.6 * 1.20 MjO »?0 Fwnace Te^wrater* (f) 1178* * Does not raprtimt fall 24-hB«r period NJ ON ro *1.2 1096* RK • Rot JlpproyrUtt 71.0 IH? 72.7 1189 107.8 1164 77.3 1203 186.4 1)60 «8.l 1170 65.S 1112 60.8 1204 78.« 1207 «.6 1081 99.0 2-13 �than an hour) would indicate large swings, and this is reflected in the large standard deviations for steam production in Table 2-3. This was due to the intermittent nature of fuel feed to the boiler. However, these production swings did not depend on time of day or day of week. Consequently, it was possible to calculate means and standard deviations over a large number of test days. This has been done for all of the test days (refer to Table 2-4). An examination of data in Table 2-4 indicates that the standard deviations are smaller than most of the standard deviations in Table 2-3. Although variations may be expected to decrease over longer averaging times, this would not be true if certain days had significantly different modes of operation. The aforementioned therefore indicates that the Chicago Northwest Incineration facility operates in essentially the same mode 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, although instantaneous swings in steam production do occur continuously over short time intervals (less than one hour). 2.2.2 Test Duration Data Means and standard deviations have been calculated on a test duration basis for all of the test days. This information has been provided in Table 2-5. The discussion on diurnal variations pertaining to the 24-hour data also pertains here, although the standard deviations should, in general, be smaller due to the shorter period of time being considered. An examination of the data in Table 2-5 bears this out. None of the data in Table 2-5 appears particularly anomalous. No significant variation in steam production occurred from day to day indicating a rather consistent fuel feed rate during the duration of the tests. Some days exhibited wider variations as reflected by higher standard deviations, particularly on the 19th of May, The variation of feed water flow does not corelate well with the variation in steam production. The operating parameters seemed to fluctuate rather independently, without any pronounced impact on other aspects of plant operation. 2-14 263 �TABLE 2-4. MEANS OF THE MEANS FOR 24-HOUR PROCESS DATA, ALL TEST DAYS, CHICAGO NORTHWEST MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR. Parameter Steam Flow Rate (Ibs/hr) Disc Recorder Chart Recorder Digital Integrator Steam Pressure (psig) Feedwater Flow Rate (Ibs/hr) Chart Recorder Digital Integrator Mean a 99,000 103,000 99,000 282 4,516.8 3,577.0 4.02 99,000 97,000 4,822.7 5,445.5 221 0.7 79,000 72,000 2,016.4 2,593.3 663 21.2 Feedwater Temperature (°F) Combustion Air Flow Rate (ft /hr) Chart Recorder Digital Integrator Combustion Air Temperature (°F) % Oxygen 11.8 1.23 I.D. Fans Pressure (inches H20) 2.6 0.22 F.D. Fans Pressure (inches H20) 14.1 0.38 Furnace Draft (inches H20) 0.23 Furnace Temperature (°F) 1,160 2-15 264 .061 41.5 �UBXE 2.-, . UST DUMIHBI mass D*U rot rat CHICAGO miMCSi mnicirni Date 5-4-80 5-6-80 S-7-M 5-8-80 5-9-80 5-10-80 "*an StewFlw **t* Disc R«cor4er (Ita/hr) Chart *«C«ntor (lb»/hr) Dljltal InteyHOr (Ibt/hr) StM«Pr«wrc (Bilg) F *ctjrt*»«iXV(IH/hO Bt.ltll iHtefritor (m/V) FertMtcr tv-twratw-c (T) CvtwsttM Air Flo. lite Chart Recorfer (rtVhr) Olfltal Integrator (ftVhr) Cnatasttwi Air Te-veratwe (T) Percent 0*rf*« FBTMCC TtJV«ratvrc (*F) • SOME data points tr* mi**l*i 96000 103000 91000 HH46.3 11319.2 W 98000 104000 104000 17676.4 7H6.1 M W7000 1IB8O 108006 286 7.4 286 7.0 288 95000 90000 7SS9.3 M 104000 100000 7146.1 M M8000 183000* 22J 3.6 221 2.1 87000 7MMO 3770.1 M 79000 74000 701 724 K -* 1M9 26.2 '-*' 45.8 »•' T20S Ne«n 17509.6 12878.7 * 110000 11)000 113000 8165.6 3500.0 IN 103000 112000 MKOBO 12202.5 16465.8 M 99000 109008 WWOO 11121.8 12)01.8 M 4.1 284 6.1 290 8.0 288 6.) 284 S.S 285 5.0 8738.6 M 9SOOO H2000 24494.9 M 114000 I MOOT 4I8S.6 M tMOOO WS008 18C09.6 M 107000 KKOOO 1)64 JJ M 103000 H3000 KH43.5 M 220 1.5 220 0 271 1.7 221 14 222 3.1 4743.4 M 77000 690OD 4101.0 M 80000 73000 3503.2 M 77000 67000 3492.1 Hft 79000 70008 8350.6 M 76000 69000 MM.* M 76000 7 1000 5186.5 M 31.4 6TB 33.2 646 29-* 676 28.5 611 27.1 G92 653 18.9 S9.9 »•* 1275 '•" 52.4 "•* 1189 '-u 71.8 220 *•' 1290 9 '•** 67.9 tt -° 12(75 2 n - 100.6 94 1264 21.6 1.64 M.S 97000* tOSOOO 105000 5- 1?-BO • 110000 111000 104000 '-14 63S6.1 9)42.8 « S- 1 1-80 • M.S I19S 11BB6.0 MH22.0 HA 1.83 121.2 ttun S- 11-80 « 96000 10 WOO KXDOO* 284 102000 WOOOO* 220 77000* 68000* 672 11.1 UN Ncln 1)785.7 N319.4 M 95000 94000* 100000 6.8 287 6687.5 IN 98000* 104000 0.* 220 5669.5 IN 77000* 70000 38.8 S- IS 80 • 657 1.42 48.1 11.2 1188 II2'6.) 3*11.1 M 3.5 8292.6 M 0 U74.7 M 23.1 1.32 73.8 HCM 5- 16-80 • 95000 99000 92000 287 93000 9)000 220 88000 72000 647 14.0 1129 10 MB. 8 7153.6 M 3.3 10972. > M 0 H43.4 M 28.7 1.01 64.7 5- 17-80 • NCM 10)000 106000 94000 289 104000 84000222 81000 67000 671 9.8 12)8 Plean 8533.4 879S.2 IW 5-18-80 a HTOOO 106000 104000 Mean 11604.6 33M.6 M 79000 82000 7 NOD 23741.7 3Q7H.J HI 2.9 288 2.4 281 2.5 8266.4 M 108000 117000 5000.0 M 80000 7 WOO 1789S.S M 0.9 221 1.2 222 1.0 SHOO 69000 2500.0 M 4313.S -ft 75.8 l.ZS 62.6 80000 73000 690 D.9 1269 0 M 8.2 37.5 68.1 645 1.64 13.1 T019 W • MH Appropriate hJ Ul 5- 19-80 • 2-16 1.11 134.1 �2.2,3 Meekly Refuse and Residue Inventory All refuse and residue hauling trucks entering and leaving the incinerator plant were carefully weighed. This facilitates the accurate characterization of overall inputs and outputs. However, there is no accurate way of proportioning these materials between specific boilers for a given period of time. Any attempt to determine the fuel burned or ash discharged from Boiler No. 2 can only be an approximation. Chicago Northwest Incinerator maintains inventory sheets listing inputs and outputs from the facility on a weekly basis. Relevant data from these sheets have been reproduced in Table 2-6. The weight of refuse received was measured on scales before and after the refuse trucks released their loads. The volume of refuse received was determined by multiplying the number of truck loads by the volume of each truck (19.5 cubic yards). Density of the refuse was estimated using these two measurements, and is therefore the density of refuse inside the trucks. In order to quantify the amount of refuse burned, the number of loads, or charges, handled by the grab bucket cranes were noted for each boiler. A total number of charges are listed in Table 2-7. The charges delivered to Boiler No. 2 are given in the daily process data sheets on a shift basis. These are provided in Appendix D, To approximate the amount of refuse burned in Boiler No. 2, it is necessary to determine an average weight per charge, since the number of charges fed into this boiler are known (Appendix D). The method for doing this, however, is not entirely obvious. When refuse trucks enter the plant, they discharge their contents into a large storage pit. Although the weight of refuse added to the pit is well characterized for each weekly period, the carry-over of material from week to week cannot be accurately measured. Furthermore, this carry-over is quite variable over the length of time being considered. It is also significant, as the pit is sometimes over half full, corresponding to roughly 5000 cubic yards of refuse. It is necessary to quantify the carry-over in terms of weight, so that the total weight of refuse burned, and hence, the average weight per charge, can be approximated. This can be done by 3 different methods. 2-17 266 �TABLE 2-6. WEEKLY INVENTORIES OF REFUSE AND RESIDUE AT THE CHICAGO NORTHWEST MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR (ALL BOILERS). 4/28/80 to 5/4/80 5/5/80 to 5/11/80 5/12/80 to 5/18/80 5/19/80 to 5/25/80 6,746.65 24,490 551 9,152.34 29,618 618 7,902.34 26,561 595 8,720.21 28,778 606 84 65 61 42 65 61 42 42 5,205 5,710 5,952 4,714 2,771 7,212 28,562 3,240 9,250 36,634 2,812 8,367 33,138 3,700 8,720 34,535 2,511 3,100 2,500 3,086 1,815 2,240 2,904 3,585 Metal fraction (tons) Metal fraction (cubic yards) 949 5,423 750 4,286 1,514 18,651 629 3,594 Total ash (tons) Total ash (cubic yards) 3,460 8,523 3,250 7,372 3,329 10,891 3,533 7,179 70% 80% 67% 79% 52% 65% 60% 60% Refuse Received By weight (tons) By volume (cubic yards) Density (lbs/yd3) Storage Pit Condition At beginning of week (% full) At end of week (% full) Refuse Consumed # charges burned Average weight per charge (Ibs) Total weight (tons) Total volume (cubic yards) Residue Fine ash fraction (tons) Fine ash fraction (cubic yards) Volume Reduction thru incineration Weight Reduction thru incineration 2-18 267 �TABLE 2-7. CHARGES FED TO EACH BOILER ON A SHIFT BASIS CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATION FACILITY Unit No. 1 Unit No. 2 Unit No. 3 88 101 101 27 89 35 -78 75 38 94 101 101 97 33 27 62 20 94 36 101 98 99 100 94 101 90 94 101 94 49 98 100 98 101 100 102 99 97 96 12 -- 101 100 101 89 97 94 99 94 95 45 93 98 95 96 102 96 97 98 93 101 100 Total for week 1398 1823 1984 Date, Shift 4-28, 4-29, 4-30, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2-19 268 Unit No. 4 Total 287 300 302 210 287 219 193 273 264 132 285 299 294 294 235 225 258 215 283 149 201 0 5205 �TABLE 2-7. Date, Shift 5-5, 2nd 3rd 5-6, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-7, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-8, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-9, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-10, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-11, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-12, 1st Total for week Unit No. 1 Unit 106 83 102 104 70 37 14 . 101 (Continued) • • • No. 2 Unit No. 3 -._ 68 112 99 101 86 103 107 111 98 77 102 102 101 101 101 98 52 101 103 102 99 104 84 100 81 101 100 100 98 100 99 101 100 102 101 105 103 83 97 101 101 98 100 100 101 101 100 102 103 101 102 100 1860 1754 2096 Unit No. 4 2-20 269 Total 207 169 205 279 293 234 181 298 259 304 300 301 299 302 298 253 303 308 304 306 307 0 5710 �TABLE 2-7. (Continued) Date, Shift 5-12, 2nd 3rd 5-13, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-14, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-15, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-16, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-17, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-18, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-19, 1st Total for week Unit No. 1 Unit No. 2 Unit No. 3 39 97 102 104 98 100 98 94 99 99 100 100 60 --96 98 99 100 104 103 236 295 302 308 261 100 96 102 200 194 292 106 105 107 104 106 108 106 97 110 107 106 no 85 108 320 318 321 324 220 330 98 118 112 97 114 112 98 108 334 293 340 106 75 -- 108 104 118 109 105 124 -- 105 110 323 284 242 215 1943 2194 108 38 112 no 1815 Unit No. 4 no 2-21 270 0 Total 5952 �TABLE 2-7. (Continued Unit No. 1 Unit No. 2 Unit No. 3 5-19, 2nd 3rd 5-20, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-21, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-22, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-23, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-24, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-25, 1st 2nd 3rd 5-26, 1st „ 103 110 105 104 118 110 100 106 90 80 105 100 114 105 106 100 108 103 104 Total for week 416 Date, Shift 104 120 __ — -68 21 -__ — -__ — — __ — — -— 107 105 2139 107 107 102 98 105 94 101 105 2-22 271 Total 224 313 314 338 218 203 210 246 183 88 82 107 100 104 104 100 92 107 101 104 108 102 100 2159 Unit No. 4 212 200 211 211 202 190 212 195 205 213 209 205 0 4714 �The first method involves using visual measurements of the pit volume taken at the end of each week. This "pit estimate" can then be used in association with the density of the incoming garbage to approximate the weight of refuse in the pit. Then the average weight per charge can be determined by the following equation: Average wt per charge (pit estimate for previous week - pit estimate ~ + refuse delivered) * total number of charges All terms in parenthesis must be expressed as weights. This method however has a drawback in that the density in the pit is probably not the same as the density inside the refuse trucks, since the refuse inside the trucks is compacted and is liable to expand somewhat as the trucks are unloaded. The second method is essentially the same as the first, but a different assumption is made for pit density. It seems likely that the level of compression would have a more pronounced effect upon the refuse density than the actual characteristics of the refuse. Since the compaction inside the pit is always similar, one would also expect the density in the pit to be reasonably constant. In principle, this is the method applied by the plant personnel, but in practice it is not consistently used by them. It has been found from plant operational experience that a density of 505 Ibs/yd is typical of the pit contents. Therefore, this value can be used as an assumed density, and the pit estimates used in the equation as before. The third method circumvents the problem of pit estimation entirely. Assuming that every charge constitutes a full load of the crane grab bucket, the weight of the charge can then be estimated by multiplying the maximum volume of the bucket by an assumed density. The maximum volume of the bucket is five cubic yards. The primary disadvantage of this method is that any inaccuracy in the density is directly reflected in the average weight per charge. In this report the second method was chosen as the most appropriate, and the values for total refuse consumed and average weight per charge were tabulated (refer to Table 2-6 ). A constant, assumed pit density (assumed in method 2) was preferred to a variable "measured" density of method 1. 2-23 272 �Furthermore, a "bad" density assumption will cause smaller errors in the first and second cases than in the third case. The second method can be summarized as follows: Volume of refuse in pit = pit estimate (% of total volume) X total pit volume 100 total pit volume = 9700 yd3 Weight of refuse in pit = volume of refuse in pit X refuse density in pit assumed refuse density = 505 Ib/yd Weight of refuse incinerated per week = (weight of refuse in pit at beginning of week - weight of refuse in pit at end of week + weight of refuse delivered) Average weight per charge = total weight of refuse incinerated total number of charges Volume of refuse weight of refuse incinerated incinerated - assumed refuse density The amount of fine ash and metal fractions produced by the incinerator during the test period are listed in Table 2-6 . It should be noted that these are the amounts leaving the plant during this time period, and are not necessarily the same as the ash being produced during this period. Since no account has been taken of any carry-over from week to week, it can only be assumed the carry-over is similar each week. In order to obtain total ash, the metal and fine ash fractions were summed together. The ash volumes were calculated using the following densities: Density of fine ash fraction = 1620 Ibs/yd Density of metal fraction = 350 Ib/yd3 These values are based on previous analyses done by the plant, and have been assumed to be typical. Since all of the combined ash was subjected to a water quench, these weights incorporate a rather large moisture content. However, no better characterization was available. The volume and weight reductions achieved through incineration have been calculated as an indication of how efficiently the boilers were operating. 2-24 273 �The ash produced by each boiler can be estimated by either of two ways. First, by estimating the number of hours each boiler was down, the total number of operating hours can be found, and an approximate ash production rate per boiler operating hour can be calculated. All necessary information concerning boiler down hours is presented in Table 2-8. Alternatively, by knowing the number of charges fed to the boilers in a weeks time, an approximate ash production rate per charge of refuse can be calculated. A distribution of charges fed to each boiler on a shift basis is presented in Table 2-7. 2.3 CONTINUOUS MONITORING DATA Table 2-9 presents daily averages of 02, C02, CO, total hydrocarbons, and ambient temperature as monitored by continuous data logging instrumentation over test duration periods. Hydrocarbon values were consistently lower than the instrument sensitivity of 2 ppm. Most of the data indicates very little variation except for the CO values. The rapid change between May 8, 1980 and May 9, 1980 was due to instrument drift, which places doubt on the validity of the previous data also. The CO analyzer was taken off line, and a new one replaced on May 15, 1980. The high CO value on May 19, was due to unusally high moisture in the fuel on this day. Moreover, the operators did not compensate for the wet feed by changing boiler condition. They were reluctant to change conditions because a new supply of dry feed was anticir pated. The high moisture content in the fuel probably inhibited combustion and made burning less efficient. This is reflected in higher 02, lower C02, and higher CO concentration as compared to those on normal operating days. In Table 2-10, values of percent oxygen measured in the control room and by TRW continuous monitoring instrumentation are compared. The control room readings were observed to be higher than the 02 analyzer readings on all days except one. This is unusual since the readings should be identical. In any event, the 02 analyzer should either yield identical or higher readings, because the sample was obtained further downstream and any leakage in the duct would tend to increase the 02 level of the gas stream. This discrepancy could be due to offset instrument calibrations. It must be noted that the 02 analyzer indicating lower readings was calibrated (for zero and span) prior to the start of testing and also after the testing concluded for each test day. The control room oxygen analyzer was calibrated once a week. 2-25 274 �TABLE 2-8. DOWN TIME EXPRESSED AS LOST FURNACE HOURS FOR THE ENTIRE CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATION FACILITY Unit Unit No. 2 Unit No. 3 Unit No. 4 Total 16 0 0 1 8 0 15 9 5 0 0 7 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 32 41 43 24 39 40 ~57~ ^T3~ T- T5S~ 2~4T~ 0 5 13 2 0 5 0 24 12 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 48 41 37 28 0 0 24 24 24 24 29 24 25 38 0 168 231 5 0 0 0 6 0 11 0 5 16 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 29 29 40 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 ~22~ "22" ^r T58~ 2l3~ 10 0 8 18 23 24 24 24 0 0 0 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 24 24 0 0 0 1 0 24 24 24 34 32 42 47 48 49 48 Total for week 131 0 1 168 300 Total 235 73 8 672 988 Date 4-28-80 4-29-80 4-30-80 5-1-80 5-2-80 5-3-80 5-4-80 Total for week 5-5-80 5-6-80 5-7-80 5-8-80 5-9-80 5-10-80 5-11-80 Total for week 5-12-80 5-13-80 5-14-80 5-15-80 5-16-80 5-17-80 5-18-80 Total for week 5-19-80 5-20-80 5-21-80 5-22-80 5-23-80 5-24-80 5-25-80 No. 1 1 8 0 1 Total possible hours • 2688 Hours lost » 36.8% 2-26 275 24 32 24 35 �TABLE 2-9 . Sampling Location oz (») Date (1980) CONTINUOUS MONITORING DATA co2 Mean a Mean CO (pom) (*) a THC (ppm) Mean o Mean a *nb1ent Temperature (°C) Mean o ESP Inlet ESP Outlet 7.4 7.7 1.07 0.82 172 156 32.76 25.38 <2 <2 24.7 2.36 5-6 9.6 10.4 1.43 1.37 10.1 9.5 1.34 1.20 163 171 20.92 25.04 <2 <2 15.5 5.45 5-7 9.4 9.4 1.06 1.78 9.8 9.7 0.96 1.51 185 198 17.28 44.88 <2 <2 11.6 1.10 Inlet Outlet I 1.38 0.90 Inlet Outlet N> 11.2 11.3 Inlet Outlet ro 5-4 5-8 9.9 10.4 1.98 1.81 9.5 8.7 1.B1 1.43 142 169 51.32 90.54 <2 <2 10.0 1.21 Inlet Outlet 5-9 7.9 8.1 1.09 1.62 11.0 10.7 0.96 1.37 78 71 38.76 38.66 <2 <2 14.1 1.98 Inlet Outlet 5-10 8.8 1.36 <2 18.4 3.56 1.74 10.3 9.7 1.38 9.4 Inlet Outlet 5-11 9.8 9.8 1.18 1.58 9.5 9.5 1.06 1.05 <2 <2 16.7 1.77 Inlet Outlet 5-12 9.6 10.4 1.11 1.69 9.7 9.0 0.89 1.42 <2 <2 12.4 0.66 Inlet Outlet 5-13 9.7 9.6 1.67 1.42 9.6 9.8 Inlet Outlet 5-15 10.2 9.6 1.51 1.47 Inlet Outlet 5-16 11.1 11.8 Inlet Outlet 5-17 Inlet Outlet 5-18 Inlet Outlet 5-19 1.54 Instrument Malfunc. tion ., <2 H n N M .38 .14 " " <2 <2 11.6 5.60 9.4 9.7 .38 .18 112 98 36.01 25.70 <2 <2 15.6 2.71 1.39 1.32 8.5 7.9 .18 .16 88 98 61.92 75.58 <2 <2 16.3 1.19 10.3 10.7 0.90 1.36 10.0 9.0 0.75 1.17 80 84 29.61 27.26 <2 <2 12.8 1.23 Kl_«. 12.0 1.34 0.93 not Required 10.7 u_a. HOt Required 13.0 0.96 12.7 1.86 n^+ . n-.*- -. taken for outlet only 0.35 102 9.2 —• 18.71 taken for outlet on 1 y 304 1.69 7.2 184.86 �TABLE 2-10. Testing Date 5-4 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 MEANS OF PERCENT OXYGEN TAKEN BY CONTROL ROOM GAUGE AND 0« ANALYZER FOR TEST DURATION Control Room (%) 16.4 10.1 10.3 11.5 9.2 12.0 9.8 10.3 11.1 11.2 14.0 9.8 10.9 13.1 2 Analyzer Difference (ESP inlet) (%) (Control Room Analyzer) 11.2 9.6 9.4 9.9 7.9 8.8 9.8 9.6 9.7 10.2 11.1 10.3 10.7 12.7 2-28 277 5.2 0.5 0.9 1.6 1.3 3.2 0.0 0.7 1.4 1.0 2.9 -0.5 0.2 0.9 �3.0 PLANT DESCRIPTION Chicago Northwest Incinerator is located south of W. Chicago Avenue between the tracks of the Chicago and North-western Railway on the west and Kilbourn Avenue on the east. The principal building of the complex is the Incinerator, a multi-storied structure of reinforced concrete with dimensions of 330 feet by 180 feet and with a maximum height of 79 feet from grade to the main floor. The lowest part of the structure is the floor of the refuse storage pit, approximately 37 feet below grade. To the south of the Incinerator Building and connected to it by the residue conveyors enclosure is the Ash Discharge Building. To the north is the Incinerator Office Building which also houses the maintenance shops. Two stacks each 250 feet in height are located east of the Incinerator Building. The electrostatic precipitators and the induced draft fans are situated between the Incinerator Building and the stacks. The Chicago Northwest Incinerator layout is shown in Figure 3-1. The general characteristics of the Chicago Northwest Incinerator are listed in Table 3-1. 3.1 General Description Refuse is delivered to the dumping pit of the plant by trucks which back into position above the refuse pit. From the refuse storage pit, crane grapple buckets pick up the refuse and dump it directly into the four furnace feed hoppers. The furnace feed hoppers open into feed chutes which feed automatically onto the stoker grates of the four furnaces. The grates operate with a reverse-reciprocating action producing an initial downward movement of the refuse and then an upward movement. This combined movement results in a tumbling action. The motion of the grates, an underfire grate jet action, and overfire air jets above the grates all combine to promote highly effective burn-out and complete oxidation of the furnace gases. The hot furnace gases travel through five boiler passes enroute to the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Approximately 110,000 pounds of steam is generated by each of the four boilers. In passing through the boiler, the 3-1 278 ' �WEIGF STATION ^STACKS CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR ASH REMOVAE EQUIPMENT INCINERATOR 286 REFUSE STORAGE PIT I IN) 330' TIPPING FLOOR AREA VO SERVICE STATION PARKING AREA Figure 3-1. Layout of plant site �TABLE 3-1. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICAGO NORTHWEST INCINERATOR Number of incinerator units Number of refuse cranes Number of chimneys Refuse pit capacity Capacity of each crane bucket Average heating value range of refuse Capacity: Refuse Steam Generation Furnace temperature Stack gas temperature Gas cleaning equipment Precipitator efficiency Precipitator outlet grain loading 4 3 2, each 250 feet high 9,700 cubic yards 5 cubic yards 5,000 BTU/lb 1,600 tons/days 440,000 Ibs/hour 1,500° - 2,000°F 450°F 4 electrostatic precipitators 972 0.05 grains/std. cu. ft. gases are reduced in temperature to approximately 450°F. The residue from the grates and the fly ash collected by the ESPs are dumped into the ash discharger. The discharger which is partly filled with water quenches the ashes and via residue conveyors transferred to the ash building. The ashes are then screened. Salvageable metals are sold for reuse. The remaining ashes are taken from the ash building by trucks and used in construction projects or places as sanitary landfill. A line diagram of the Incinerator is presented in Figure 3-2. 3.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS 3.2.1 Refuse Handling Mixed refuse from domestic sources 1s brought to the incinerator plant in collection trucks, each truck has a capacity of 5 tons or 25 cubic yards. The refuse averages 400 pounds per cubic yard. The refuse varies considerably in consistency and moisture content over a period of time and 3-3 280 �r TRUCKED REFUSE FEED MATER AIR COOLED CONDENSERS UPSCALE REFUSE DELIVERY PIT EH i REFUSE FEED HOPPER I BOILER OVERFIRE •> COft€RCIAL STEAM STEAM DRUMS INTAKE FAN i. • BOILER HOPPER FLY ASH (ECONOMIZER] 1 HOPPER 1 AIR hO 00 S T A C K 1 HOPPER i f f ASH DISCHARGE HOPPER STOKER GRATES COMBINED ASH SIFTING GRATES I FORCED DRAFT FAN HEAVY METALS Figure 3-2. Flow diagram of Chicago Northwest Incinerator FINE ASH �this condition is reflected in the changeable calorific (heat) content of the refuse. Trucks are weighed over scale platforms. After weighing these trucks are directed to eleven stalls in front of the refuse storage pit. After depositing their load the trucks leave the building through doors in the south end. Refuse items that are too large to be handled through the charging hopper and feed chute (such as mattresses, upholstered furniture, etc.) are removed. Bulky metal objects from the storage area are removed by trucks. The refuse storage pit has a storage capacity of 9,700 cubic yards or 1,940 tons or sufficient "fuel" to last 29 hours when the four incinerators are operating normally. This necessitates refuse collection on six days of the week. However this is not always possible due to various reasons such as unfavorable weather etc. At such times auxiliary gas firing is utilized to meet steam demand and to keep the furnaces from cooling down. The refuse is removed from the pit by one of three transfer cranes. These cranes are overhead, high speed, two-girder, single trolley, travelling, grab bucket cranes each of 8.5 tons capacity handling mixed refuse from the storage pit to the furnace charging hoppers. An auxiliary hoist of 2.5 tons capacity is provided on each of the end cranes and mounted on crane trolleys. Each crane bucket has a 5 cubic yard capacity and is a fourline, line-type grapple. All crane components are electric motor driven under control of an operator in a cab suspended from the bridge and located so as to permit the operator to see the bottom of the refuse storage pit as well as the charging hoppers. The cranes are capable of performing a maximum of 29 cycles per hour per crane including an allowance of approximately 20 percent for rehandling refuse and other interruptions. The cranes span 44' - 8" center to center of rails and the crane runaway is 286' - 0" in length. Crane operations are manually controlled from within each respective crane cab. Each refuse transfer crane was initially equipped with solidstate computerized weighing systems to record the amount of material charged into the hoppers by each crane and also record into which hopper the material is charged. Due to various problems the use of the solid state systems was abandoned and now the number of times the refuse is charged into the hopper 3-5 282 �is monitored manually by the crane operator. of 5 cubic yards capacity. 3.2.2 Each charge is assumed to be Refuse Burning The plant has four incinerators each having a nominal burning capacity of 400 tons per 24 hour day. Each incinerator has a charging hopper, feed chute, hydraulic powered feeders and stoker (manufactured by Josef Martin, Germany), boiler, economizer and fly ash hoppers. Draft throught the furnace (boiler) is provided by forced draft fans, overfire air fans and induced draft fans. Refuse in the charging hopper of each incinerator flows by gravity from the hopper to three stoker feeders through a feed chute, the lower portion of which is water cooled. Near the bottom of each charging hopper is a hydraulic powered pivoted type gate normally open but closed when the feed chute is empty of refuse. The charging hopper gates are manually controlled through operation of a four-way valve on the charging floor. The stoker feeders at the bottom of the feed chute push the refuse into the stoker by the reciprocating action of their hydraulic powered rams. The stokers of each incinerator are assembled with three runs or sections and have a sloping activated surface consisting of 17 rows of grate steps. The grate sections incline from the hortizontal at an angle of 26°, the lower end being at the rear. The stoker is of the reverse acting, reciprocating grate type. Alternate lateral rows of grate steps have controlled continuous reciprocating action with the moving grate steps pushing in reverse direction to the flow of refuse. This action moves a portion of the burning refuse under the unignited material and thereby effects an agitation and blending of the whole burning mass. Combustion air entering from below the grates cools the grates, helps to agitate the burning refuse and supplies the oxygen which produces a maximum burn-out in the shortest length of grate travel. Although the spacing between the grate bars comprises less than two percent of the total grate area, it is still possible for small siftings or ashes to find their way through the grate. These ashes are handled by the automatic sifting discharge which extends underneath the air plenum chambers serving the stoker. At regular intervals high pressure air is 3-6 283 �directed through the siftings channel, driving the siftings into the ash discharges. In order to obtain maximum burn-out, the depth of the refuse bed is controlled by automatic discharge or clinker rollers located at the end of the grate. As the residue reaches this point it is dumped into the Martin ash discharger where it is immediately quenched in water. The residue, following quenching by means of a hydraulic powered ram is pushed up an inclined slope which permits draining. This produces a residue of less than 15 percent moisture, and permits dry type conveying. In addition to quenching, the ash discharger also serves as a water seal for the furnace. This seal prevents infiltration of air into the furnace which is under negative pressure. Each refuse burning boiler is provided with two gas burners suitable for use with natural gas. They are automatically controlled and have an electric ignition. 3.2.3 Residue Handling The residue leaving each incinerator ash discharger passes through a hydraulically operated bifurcated chute to one or the other of two residue conveyors. These apron type conveyors travel at a rate of 17 feet per minute and have a capacity of 35 tons per hour. Only one conveyor operates at a time and extends horizontally past the four incinerators. It discharges its load onto rotary screens and storage hoppers in the Ash Discharge building. The electric motor driven rotary screens separate material larger than 2 inches in diameter from smaller sized material. Hydraulic power operated diverting chutes are provided to direct the flow of residue away from the rotary screens and into a bypass hopper. Material from the hoppers is removed from the plant by motor trucks. The weight of the residue leaving the plant is measured and recorded at the weighing station. The residue conveyors also receive and transport stoker grate siftings and fly ash accumulations from the boiler hoppers, economizer hoppers, and the electrostatic precipitators. Stoker grate siftings collect in six hoppers under each of three stoker grate sections. The siftings are conveyed 3-7 284 �to the residue conveyors through automatically controlled, pneumatic cylinder actuated ash dampers to ducts connected to the residue discharge (drop) chute. Boiler fly ash is collected in four hoppers and the front two hoppers discharge to the stoker grates through ducts equipped with pneumatic cylinder actuated pendulum dampers. The rear two hoppers discharge to the residue discharge chute through a common connecting pipe equipped with slide gate and an electric motor driven rotary valve. Fly ash from the economizer hoppers passes through a common pipe connected to the discharge end of the conveyor handling fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator. The two fly ash hoppers located under each precipitator discharge ash onto a drag conveyor which transmits the fly ash into the incinerator building onto a conditioning conveyor. This conveyor discharges into the residue discharge chute. Water is mixed with the fly ash in the conditioning conveyor. The fly ash handling system is designed for continuous operation and the various devices are actuated from controls on the stoker panel. The control of residue handling equipment is manual. 3.2.4 Steam Supply Refuse with a calorific value of approximately 5,000 BTU per pound at the rate of 400 tons per day is used to generate 110,000 pounds per hour of steam at 250 psig. Each boiler has the capacity to produce up to 135,000 pounds/hour of steam. The stokers and boiler heating surfaces are designed to receive refuse of up to 6,500 BTU/lb. The allowable design of the stoker grate loading is 65 Ibs/sq.ft. per hour and thus the average stoker heat release is 325,000 BTU per hour/sq.ft. of projected grate area. The boilers are convection, water well, natural circulation types with economizers. Each boiler has 19,776 sq.ft. of heating surface and is designed for a 300 psig working pressure. Steam produced in the boiler accumulates above the water surface in the steam drum and leaves the drum through double row of tubes connected to the saturated steam header outside of and supported on the boiler steam drum. From the saturated steam header the steam flows to the main header and then through branch lines to turbines driving fans and pumps, export lines and 3-8 285 �high pressure condensers. Steam at reduced pressure is also used for heating various systems such as water chiller absorption units, office buildings, low pressure condensers, etc. When the steam produced in the plant is more than that required for operating the steam turbine equipment, heating purposes or export, the excess quantity "spills over" to the high pressure condensers located on the roof of the incinerator building. From the condensers the condensate flows to the deaerating feed water heater, the rate of flow being automatically controlled and modulated to equal the rate of condensation. The requirements for make-up to replace steam condensate lost or wasted are met by using softened water. The water softening unit includes duplex softening units containing synthetic type zeolite resin, a salt storage tank, a brine measuring tank, electric motor driven brine pumps and interconnecting piping. It has a nominal flow rate of 260 gpm and a maximum rate of 480 gpm. From the feedwater heater, water flows by gravity to the inlets of the boiler feed pumps. There are four pumps, each having a nominal capacity of 400 gpm. The pumps are multi-stage, horizontal, centrifugal type. These pumps transmit the water to the boilers. Each boiler has a continuous blowdown system with water drawn from the steam drums. The blowdown pipe lines from the four boilers extend to a single flash tank. Fla>sh steam is returned to the deaerating feedwater heater at 5 psig. From the heat exchanger the blowdown water flows to an underground concrete blowdown tank where the water cools before overflowing to a sewer. 3.2.5 Combustion Air and Flue Gas The incinerator stokers are designed to utilize 67,200 scfm of primary air (introduced under the stoker grates) at 18 inches w.c. and an overfire air (secondary) flow of 16,800 scfm at 15 inches w.c. Overfire air is introduced into the furnace to reduce stratification of gas and thus provide more complete combustion of the gases. The air enters through the front and rear water walls. The underfire air is discharged into several compartments under the stoker grate. The compartments are provided with dampers which are individually adjustable by manual operation of regulating stands 3-9 286 �located on the stoker operating floor. During the burning of refuse a constant air pressure is maintained under the stoker grates by means of automatic pneumatic controls. Combustion air combines with the burning refuse to generate heat and raise the temperature of the flue gas to as high as 2000°F. At rated burning capacity and based on 50 percent excess air (dry) the flue gas flow rate at 550°F is estimated to be 142,300 acfm. The flue gas passes upward through the furnace, through the boiler passes and finally through the economizer to the electrostatic precipitator. As it passes through the boiler it transfers heat to the water. At the inlet to the electrostatic precipitator the temperature is reduced to approximately 500°F because of the above heat exchange. During the passage of the flue gas through the boiler passes and economizer the heavier fly ash particles drop out. Hoppers are provided below the boiler and economizer for the collection of the drop out material. The plate type electrostatic precipitators (ESP) (one for each incinerator) have a series of vertical collector plates between which are suspended the charging electrodes. The ESP's are designed for an inlet grain loading of 1.6 gr/scf (70°F and 29.92 in Hg) and an outlet grain loading of 0.05 gr/scf with a collection efficiency of 97 percent. The gas velocity through the ESP is around 3 ft/sec. From the precipitator the flue gas passes through a breaching continuation to the inlets of the induced draft fans and then through the 250 ft. stacks to the atmosphere. A line diagram of the combustion air and flue gas system is provided in Figure 3-3. 3-10 287 �FRESH AIR BOILER INTAKE A I i FURNACE STORAGE ro go 00 to i —i FURNACE ROOM "pTf A I I FORCED DRAFT FANS OVERFIRE AIR FAN STOKER Figure 3*-3. Combustion air and flue gas system �4.0 SAMPLING LOCATIONS All sampling locations are identified in Table 4-1 and Figure 4-1. Figure 4-2 is a schematic depicting the traverse point locations at the stack. Figure 4-3 is a top view of the ESP inlet showing port locations, and Figure 4-4 is a cross sectional view of the ESP inlet depicting the traverse point locations. The continuous monitoring probe was located on the South side of the ESP inlet duct utilizing one of the gas sampling ports and at a depth of approximately 4 feet. At the outlet, the monitoring probe was alternated between ports 2 and 3 and at a depth of 4 feet. These two ports were also used for the gas sampling trains. TABLE 4-1. SAMPLING LOCATIONS Solid Sample Locations 1 - Refuse derived fuel 2 - Fly ash 3 - Combined ash Gaseous Sampling Locations 4 - Hi volume ambient air sampler 5 - ESP inlet 6 - ESP outlet Liquid Sample Locations 7 - City tap water 4-1 289 �TRUCKED REFUSE BOILER FEED WATER AIR COOLED CONDENSERS REFUSE DELIVERY PIT LECTROSTATld PRECIPITATOR BOILER OVERFIRE AIR ASH STOKER GRATES DISCHARGE HOPPER COMBINED ASH SIFTING GRATES FORCED DRAFT FAN HEAVY METALS Figure 4-1. Flow diagram and measurement locations �OUTLET - FRONT V I E W (CONTINUOUS M O N I T O R I N G PORTS) • • • • • (PARTICULATE SAMPLING PORTS) OUTLET - TOP V I E W 60" u. 1 1=1 2 K- U 3 U 4 •H •108" SAMPLING POINTS - Traverse Point OUTLET Distance from Outside Edge of Nipple No. In. Cm. 1 11.5 29.21 2 17.5 44.45 3 23.5 59.69 4 29.5 74.93 5 35.5 90.17 6 41.5 105.41 7 47.5 120.65 7 53.5 135.89 9 59.5 151.13 10 65.5 166.37 Figure 4-2. Outlet sampling position 4-3 291 �Figure 4-3. Top view of ESP inlet showing port locations �71" 60" EL 60" DUSTCAKE SAMPLING POINTS - INLET Traverse Point No. Distance from Outside Edge Nipple No. In. Cm. 1 11.5 2 15.375 29.21 39.05 3 19.625 49.35 4 23.875 28.125 32.375 36.625 40.875 45.125 49.375 60.64 71.44 82.23 93.03 103.32 114.62 53.625 57.375 136,21 145.73 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4-4. 125.41 Cross sectional of ESP inlet showing traverse point locations. 293 4-5 �5.0 SAMPLING This section provides information on the sampling program conducted at the Chicago Northwest Incinerator (CNI). 5.1 GAS SAMPLING The original test plan called for sampling to be performed on Boiler No. 1. However, upon arriving at the test site, this unit had been taken off line for repairs. As all four (4) units at the Chicago Northwest facility are identical, the sampling effort was switched from unit 1 to unit 2. The flue gas sampling was performed at the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) inlet and at the duct leading from the precipitator to the stack. The stack was common to two boiler units and for this reason, no testing was performed at the stack level. Sampling for organics was to be performed for fourteen consecutive days with three additional days for sampling of inorganic cadmium. Due to boiler down time and equipment malfunction, only eleven organic samples were taken. Sampling for organics was accomplished concurrently at the inlet and outlet utilizing two modified Method 5 trains (refer to Figure 5-1) at both sampling locations. Inorganic cadmium was only sampled at the stack and utilized one standard Method 5 train, Figure 5-2. The sampling crew collected a ten m 3 (10 +_ 1 m 3) sample by extracting the flue gas at a rate approximating the flue gas velocity. The particulate matter was collected in a cyclone and on the filter media. The gas stream was passed through an XAD-2 resin trap to absorb the organic constituents and through an impinger system to condense any moisture present in the gas. Parameters such as temperatures, pressures, and gas volumes were monitored throughout the sampling period. The sample fractions were recovered from the sampling trains and turned over to an MRI representative. 5.2 SOLID SAMPLING During each test day, 3 solid streams: precipitator ash, combined ash, and refuse derived fuel (RDF) were sampled six times per day following a schedule set up by Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The sampling was coordinated between RTI, the sampling crew and plant personnel. The 5-1 294 �XX X FILTER HOUSING THERMOf-ETER DRY TEST • fKTER AIR TIGHT PUMP Figure 5-1. Sampling train 5-2 295 �figure 5-2. EPA Method 5 particulate sampling train 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) Calibrated nozzle Glass lined probe Flexible teflon sample line Cyclone Filter holder Heated box Ice bath Impinger (water) Impinger (water) Impinger (empty) Impinger (silica gel) Thermometer 5-3 296 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) Check value Vacuum line Vacuum gauge Main value Air tight pump Bypass value . Dry test meter Orifice Pitot manometer Potentiometer Orifice manometer S type pi tot tube �schedule provided the basis for collection of unbiased samples by obtaining a random selection from the multiple sources available for sampling. This approach was taken to avoid any cyclic biases which might have been present in the daily operation of the power plant. The CNI sampling plan did not call out specific sampling protocol for the RDF. At a meeting prior to the start of testing, it was decided that the RDF would be sampled 6 times during the course of the day. The sample was taken directly from the charge hopper, utilizing a post-hole digger and alternating grab spots across the hopper. At the conclusion of RDF sampling, one days collection (6 samples) was shredded, mixed and stored in an amber glass jar. MRI had purchased a large leaf mulcher to do the shredding. TRW performed the shredding of the sample provided by GSRI 5.3 LIQUID SAMPLING Only one liquid stream (city water) was sampled at the incinerator facility. The sampling was performed by GSRI. The sampling protocol and frequency of sampling will be supplied by GSRI in their report. 5.4 HI VOLUME SAMPLER To monitor the ambient air background, a high volume ambient air sampler (Figure 5-3) was used. It was placed on the roof of the Chicago Northwest Incinerator facility to obtain a representative background utilizing outside ambient air rather than sampling air inside the building that could have been contaminated or influenced by the combustion process. 5.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE A quality assurance sample was also taken of the final test day. To collect the quality assurance sample, two sampling trains were placed at the same point in the same port at the inlet of the ESP. No traversing was performed. Both trains were run at the same isokinetic rate for the same duration as a normal test day. Also during the Q/A day, solids and liquids were collected as in a normal test day. 5.6 SAMPLING TRAIN BACKGROUND To obtain the train background (blank) an entire sampling train, including resin trap filter and impinger solutions was set up at the ESP inlet. The train was taken to normal operating temperatures and allowed to 5-4 297 �HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLER FLOW PROBE \MODEL 230 HIGH VOLUME CASCADE IMPACTOR - OPTIONAL MANOMETER OR ROTAMETE: MODEL 310/310A/310B CONSTANT FLOW CONTROLLEF FLOW iJUSTMENT LINE CORD Figure 5-3. Ambient air sampler. 5-5 298 �remain at these temperatures for one (1) hour. All train components were recovered as a normal run and all sample blanks were given to an MRI representative, 5J SAMPLE RECOVERY Upon completion of testing, the sampling equipment was brought to the cleaned laboratory area for recovery. Each sampling train was kept in a separate area to prevent sample mixup and cross contamination. The individual sample train components were recovered per the following: • Dry particulate in cyclone r cyclone flasks were transferred to cyclone catch bottle. t Probe was wiped to remove all external particulate matter near probe ends, • Filters were removed from their housings and placed in proper container, • After recovering dry particulate from the nozzle, probe, cyclone, and flask, these parts were rinsed with distilled water to remove remaining particulate, They were subsequently rinsed with B & 0 acetone and cyclohexane and put into a separate container. All rinses were retained in an amber glass container, t Sorbent traps were removed from the trainl capped with glass plugs, and given to an on-site Midwest Research Institute (MRI; representative, • Condensing coil \ if separate from the sorbent trap, and the connecting glassware to the first impinger was rinsed into the condensate catch (ftrst impinger). • First and second impingers were measured, volume recorded and retained in an amber glass storage bottle. The impingers were then rinsed with small amounts of distilled water, acetone and cyclohexane. These rinsings were combined with the condensate catch. Rinse volumes were also recorded. • Third and fourth impingers were measured, volume recorded and solutions discarded. • Silica gel was weighed, weight gain recorded and regenerated for further use. To maintain sample integrity, all glass containers were amber glass, with Teflon-lined lids. 5-6 299 �5.8 OBSERVATIONS DURING RECOVERY 0 The first day setup of impingers did not include ^Og, as the shipment had not been delivered from the manufacturer. • Many filters that were supplied for the particulate catch, had the identification number stamped in blue ink on the top; or, particle gathering side. • Some Battelle Traps were packed with too much glass wool. (As a result, flow rate was somewhat restricted.) The probe and oven box did not remain hot enough to keep the cyclone and flask dry. For the first few days of testing, the cyclone had moisture on the inside walls, so no dry particulate could be collected. • On 5/10/80, the wind blew the Hi Volume Air sampler cabinet over. The cabinet had to be moved to a less exposed area nearer the building. • On 5/5/80, 5/8/80, and 5/9/80 yellow residue was noted in the teflon line connecting the back of the filter housing to the front of the Battelle cooling coil. When the teflon line was rinsed with acetone, the rinse turned to reddish-brown. • When the filters were not kept completely dry throughout the particulate test period, the filter paper would stick to the rubber gasket and was very difficult to completely remove. t A reddish color remained on the inlet filter backing plates on 5/8/80 and 5/15/80. The color washed off with water, and the rinse was discarded. § The inlet glass transition tubes connecting the probe to the cyclone, had to be wrapped in an attempt to keep moisture and particulate from dropping out and depositing on the walls. • All parts were inspected for cleanliness after the water and acetone rinses, but before the cyclohexane rinse. Cyclohexane does not rapidly evaporate and gives any part rinsed with it the appearance of being clean. In reality the parts were still wet and masked any particulate that remained on the walls. 5-7 300 �6.0 CALIBRATION This section describes the calibration procedures used prior to conducting the field test at Chicago Northwest Incinerator facility. Figure 6-1 shows the calibration equipment and how it was set up. 6.1 METHOD FIVE CALIBRATION DATA 6.1.1 Orifice Meter Calibration The orifice meter calibration is performed using a pump and metering system as illustrated in Figure 6-1 (a). The dry gas meter with attached critical orifice is run at various orifice flows for a known time. After each run the volume of the dry gas meter, meter inlet/outlet temperatures, time, and orifice setting is recorded. The orifice meter calibration factor is derived by solving the equation. AHia - 0.317 A H - Pb (Td + 460) AH@ + 460) e n 2 —TO- ] r (Tw C where AH = Average pressure drop across the orifice meter, inches H20 Pb Td Tw e Vw = = = = = Barometric pressure, inches Mercury Temperature of the dry gas meter, °F Temperature of the wet -test meter, °F Times, minutes Volume of wet test meter, cubic feet The AH@ yielded is utilized to adjust the sampling train flow rate by regulating the orifice flow. 6.1.2 Dry Gas Meter Calibration Meter box calibration consists of checking the dry gas meter for accuracy. The dry gas meter with attached critical orifice is connected to a wet test meter (see Figure 6-1 (b) below) and run at various orifice flows for a known time. After each run wet and dry gas meter volumes, temperatures, time, and orifice readings are recorded. Utilizing the equation: 301 �v . Vw Pb (Td +460) Vd (Pb + AH)(t + 460) TT.6 w where V = Volume correction factor Vw = Volume of wet test meter, cubic feet Pb = Barometric pressure, inches mercury Td = Temperature dry gas meter, °F Vd = Volume of dry gas meter, cubic feet AH = Average pressure drop across the orifice meter, inches H20 TW = Temperature of wet test meter, °F a volume factor which compares the dry gas meter with the wet test meter is obtained. 6.1.3 Pi tot Tube Calibration Pitot tubes are calibrated on a routine basis utilizing two methods. The type S pitot tube specifications are illustrated and outlined in the Federal Register, Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources, [40 CFR Part 60], Reference Method 2 (refer to Figure 6-1(c)). When measurement of pitot openings and alignment verify proper configuration, a coefficient value of 0.84 is assigned to the pitot tube. If the measurements do not meet the requirements as outlined in the Federal Register, a calibration is then performed by comparing the S type pitot tube with a standard pitot tube (known coefficient of 1.0). Under identical conditions, values of AP, for both S type and standard pitot tube are recorded using various velocity flows (14 fps to 60 fps). The pitot tube calibration coefficient is determined utilizing the following equation, Pitot Tube Calibration = (Standard Pitot Tube X rAP reading of std. pitot J -il/2 L Factor (CP) Coefficient) AP reading of S type pi tot The coefficient assigned to the pitot tube is the average of calculated values over the various velocity ranges. 6-2 302 �tttgnchstic Gtupe Figure 6-1(a) Orifice meter calibration Figure 6-1(b) Dry gas meter calibratipn fcunf Wftcrc 7m or filer Ti/t* Wou/tf £f WAen Too View Figure 6-1(c) Equipment used to calibrate pi tot tubes Figure 6-1. Calibration equipment set-up procedures 6-3 303 �6.1.4 Nozzle Diameters The nozzle diameters were calibrated with the use of a vernier caliper. If the nozzle showed excessive wear or was considered not fit for use, it was discarded. 6.2 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION The manufacturer's recommended calibration procedures were used with the following gases: Zero gas: Nitrogen, high purity dry grade (99.997%) Union Carbide Co., Linde Division Calibration gas: Carbon monoxide 798.5 +_ 0.8 ppm Carbon dioxide 11.93 ±0.01% Propane 39.6 + 0.04 ppm Oxygen 5.03 ± 0.005% Nitrogen Balance (all gases contained in one cylinder) Scott Environmental Technology Inc. Specialty Gas Division Zero and Calibration adjustment were made prior to the start of the test day. Zero drift checks were made at the end of each test period. Data was recorded every fifteen minutes thus providing two data points per hour for each sampling position, or four data points per hour for a single sampling position 6.4 304 �7.0 TECHNICAL PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This section describes some of the problems encountered during the Chicago Northwest Incinerator test program and recommends a solution to these problems. 7.1 PROBLEMS • Electrical outlets were not installed on schedule (lost time 1 day). • One of the tubes in Boiler No. 2 developed a leak. The boiler had to be shutdown for repairs. This caused a delay of one day. • The boiler grates malfunctioned and required cleaning. This resulted in down time of one day. • Sampling equipment malfunctions caused further delays. This was due to: 1) Difficulty in containing leaks during equipment operation. 2) Failure of oven box heaters. 3) Drift problems of the Beckman 865 CO analyzer. The analyzer had to be taken off line and subsequent inspection by manufacturer indicated that the stationary shutters were knocked out of alignment. This resulted in the loss of 4 days of CO data before a replacement was obtained. 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Most of the above problems frequently occur in the field and should be considered normal during the course of a major field effort. The instrument problem may have been caused during shipment. Perhaps, stronger shipping containers should be used in the future. 7-1 305 �REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 4. T,tie and subntie . '•- Rtno-n NO. | 3. ''L-r.iptent's Arc;e*3'un No 2. i 560/5-83-004 i •' ' : Comprehensive Assessment of Specific Compounds Present in Combustion Processes. Vol. 1.-Pilot study of Combustion Emissions Variability. 7 Au-hcriM Clarence" Ha lie and JoTfn Stanley (MRI) Carter Nulton (SWRI) William Yauger, Jr. (GSRI) 0. Performing O-,;.iniz,ition Name and Acdress 5, Report Date June 19_83__ 6. ! a. Performing OrRanizanori Rept. No I I 10. Proiect/TaskAVork Unit No. ! - Midwest Research Institute 425 Volker Blvd. Kansas City, MO 64110 Task 3 ; 11. Conlract(C) or C r a r . t ( G ) No. i'c> - . 68-01-5915 ! (G) 1C*. Spon c ,orrii? Or^ani* .itii'n Namf and Address 13. Type of Report & Period C o w e r e d Field Studies Branch, EED.TS-798 US EPA 401 M St. SW Final _ . 1 i _ _ _ 14. Washington, DC 20460 IS. Supolcrrent.iry N c t e s F.W. Kutz, Project Officer D.P. Redford, Task Manager is. Abstract (urn,:-200 words) xhis pilot study was conducted as a prelude to a nation wide survey of organic emissions from major stationary combustion sources. The primary objectives of the pilot study were to obtain data on the variability of organic emissions from two such sources and to evaluate the sampling and analysis methods. These data are used to construct the survey design for the nationwide survey. The compounds of interest are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated aromatic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated di-benzofurans (PCDFs). Of particular interest is 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In addition total cadmium was also determined in special samples from both plants to meet special Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) needs. A summary of the results of this study is contained in Section 2 of this report. Section 3 presents recommendations for future work. Brief descriptions of the two combustion sources are contained in Section 4. The sampling and analysis methods are described in Sections 5 and 6. Sections 7 and 8 present the field test data and analytical results. The analytical quality assurance results are summarized in Section 9. Section 10 presents the emissions results and Section 11 is a statistical summary of the emissions results. 17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors Combustion, Emissions, Sampling and Analysis b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms PAH,PCDD,PCDF,POM c. C O S A T I f i e l d / G r o u p 18. A v a i l a b i l i t y Statement 19. Security Class (This Report) Unclassified Release to public (Sr-v A N S I - / 3 9 13) 20. Security Cln$,s(T,his, PaRe) Unc See Instructions on Reverse 1 21. No. of Pages i 305 22. Price OPTIONAL FORM 2 7 2 ( 4 - 7 7 r m m e r l y NTIS-3S) r>v-~^rlrnent of Commerce � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 192 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5421 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Haile, Clarence L John S. Stanley Robert M. Lucas Denise K. Melroy Carter P. Nulton William L. Yauger, Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-06-01 Title A name given to the resource Comprehensive Assessment of the Specific Compounds Present in Combustion Processes, Volume I: Pilot Study of Combustion Emissions Variability ao_seriesVIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 194 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5491 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Flaherty, Francis J. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The National Law Journal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 12 1984 Title A name given to the resource Congress Drops Bombs on Vets ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/636fa4ff8c2008ce38e0ca38e72af3bb.pdf a19078b39eddffb98b6f9f3e48fc0259 PDF Text Text ItomllNumbor 05297 Author Corporate Author RODOrt/ArtlGlB TltlB Correspondence and Notes: Testimony for EPA Hearings, 1979-1980 Journal/Book TltlB Yaar 000 ° Month/Day Color D Number of Images ° DOSCriptOH Notes Items were filed together under the label "Testimony for EPA Hearings." Tuesday, March 05,2002 Page 5297 of 5363 �7979 Mr. Mark Wine Kirkland & Ellis Law Firm 1776 K Street NW Washington ,D.C. 20006 Dear Mark: Per our conversation of date , please find enclosed: 1. Pkg of Abstracts/Presentations related to TCDD. 2. Four Technical Reports 3. Chapter 5 of my book on 2,4,5-T. AUVIN L. YOL'NG, Mainr, USAF Consultant, EnviionnK'faui Sciences �LAW O F F I C E S LA FOLL.ETTE, J O H N S O N , SCHROETER & DEHAAS JOHN T. LA FOLLETTE D A R E N T. J O H N S O N R U D O L F H. SCHROETER B. E. A T K I S S O N LOUIS H. DEHAAS W. T. M A S K E Y DOROTHY L.WOTRING C. GARY A R D I Z Z O N E ALFRED W. GERISCH, JR. NANCY L. M E N Z I E S DENNIS G . B E Z A N S O N B R I A N W. A H E R N E JACK HYLTON C L A R K ROBERT W. STEVENSON LLOYD E. P E A K E BONNIE ANN BAKER ROBERT B. PACKER SABRIELE MARGIT PRATER A P R O F E S S I O N A L CORPORATION TELEPHONE (2131 3 8 O - 3 I 3 I SUITE 26OO EQUITABLE PLAZA 3435 W I L S H I R E B O U L E V A R D LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 9 O O I O OF COUNSEL: MARK MULLIN September 6, 1978 Dr. Alvin Young 5226 Prince Valiant San Antonio, TX 78218 Re: Paul Reutershan vs. Dow Chemical Co., Hercules, Shamrock, Rohdia and North American Philips Dear Dr. Young: This reiterates my telephonic attempt to retain you as litigation consultant to my client, The Dow Chemical Company,in its defense against Paul Reutershan and such other Vietnam veterans as may yet file suit for injuries allegedly suffered from exposure to Agent Orange. We do not yet know what specifically Reutershan claims but anticipate allegation that he developed cancer and an assortment of other ills. Please let me know on what basis and in what areas you will be able to consult with Dow and be assured that my client and I look forward to working with you. Sincerely yours, LA FOLLETTE, JO HROETER & DEHAAS BY RUDOLF H. SCHROETER RHS:k �>" '} Capt Younq/KCE/3667/27Nov78/kb /( / ^^ ' I 9 NUV 1978 ECE 2,4,5~T Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration OPP 30000/26 Federal Register Section Technical Services Division (WH-569) Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA Room 401, East Tower 401 M Street SW Washington DC 20460 1. The attached Air Force Technical Report (USAF OEHL-TR-78-92) on "The Toxicology, Environmental Pate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin", is provided in reference to my letter to the Federal Register Section, dated 4 August 1978. 2. Significant data in this report that relate to the RPAR against 2,4,5-T herbicide include: a. Data on the analysis of 492 samples of Herbicide Orange (a 50:50 mix of the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) for TCDD (See Chapter 1). The levels of TCDD ranged from <0,02 to 15 ppm in herbicide produced during the 1965-1968 time period. The weighted mean concentrations of TCDD in Herbicide Orange was 1.98 ppm. The samples were taken from surplus Herbicide Orange. b. Industrial hygiene and ambient air sampling data from all landbased dedrumming/transfer operations of Project PACER HO, the 1977 USAF project to dispose of 2.22 million gallons of Herbicide Orange (see Chapter II). Results of these sampling programs revealed that under the worst case noted, the levels of 2,4,5-T (and 2,4-D) vapors were well below the timeweighted Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for each of these materials. The detected levels were at least two and, in most cases, three orders of magnitude below the TLVs. TCDD was not detected in any air samples. Approximately 200 personnel carried out the dedrumming/transfer operations. Comparisons of available pre- and post-operational medical examinations of military personnel involved have revealed no apparent physical effects as a result of these activities. c. An assessment of the world's scientific literature on the toxicity of 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D and TCDD in selected laboratory and domestic animal species (see Chapter IV). Each chemical was critically reviewed fors 1. Acute and short-term toxicity potentials. 2. Subacute and chronic toxicity potentials. RCF �33 Absorption , distribution , a,nd excretion potentials. 4. Bmbrvotoxic , fatotoxic, and teratogenie potentials. 5. Carcinogenic and tumorigenio potentials. 6. Mutagenic and eytogenj.e potentials, d. A review of available scientific data on numerous incidents involving suspected 2 , 4 , 5-T/TCnD poisoning of humans or livestock (see Chapter v) . Extensive efforts in translating over 30 major foreign documents permitted for the first time detailed accounts of 23 industrial episodes that involved exposure of over 1,100 people? to TCDD. An assessment of the medical data from these industrial episodes and other episodes was made in Chapter VI. Some of the significant medical conclusions 1. Adverse effects of 2,4,5-T herbicide should manifest themselves shortly after exposure. Symptoms arising for the first time months to years after the last exposure are probably due to an etiologv other than the herbicide. 2. The hallmark of TCDD exposure is chloracne and its absence makes it unlikely that systemic disorders present are related to TCDP. Asthenic and vegetative symptoms are often present in overexposure but are difficult to interpret. They would normally be expected to clear with time. 3. There is no conclusive evidence at this time that neither 3,4,5~T herbicide nor TCPD is mutagenic, teratogenic, or earcinoerenie in wan. 3. I and other Air Fore© ^scientists are continuing studies on the environmental fate of TCD1X These studies' will be forwarded to the EPA Federal Register Section as they become available. SIGNED ALV.TN I,. YOtMO, Captain, USAF, Ph.D. . Environmental Sciences Consultant Herbicide Specialist 3 Atch - nSAF OETO **-78-92 (3) �DEPARTMENT OP THE AIR PORCE USAP OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LABORATORY (AFSC) BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS 78235 REPLY TO ATTN OF: ___ ECE Literature Requests for Studies of 2,4,5-T and TCDD T0; Mr. James Miller Reader's Digest P. 0. Box 366 Croton on Hudson NY 10520 1. The attached documents are provided per your request for literature on ecological studies of 2,4,5~T and TCDD. 2. More research has been conducted on the phenoxy herbicides than on any other class of herbicides. Numerous bibliographies on the phenoxy herbicides and TCDD have been published by the Texas Agricultural Experiment station, College Station, Texas. I have attached Volumes I through IV for your information (Atch 1-4) . Volumes V through VIII have been recently released and can be acquired from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 3. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) has published an extensive review of the use and environmental fate of 2,4,5-T (Atch 5). This document includes a current appraisal of hazards involving both herbicide application and the dioxin contaminant. i. 4. Air Force studies of the environmental fate of 2,4,5-T and TCDD are contained in four attached Air Force Technical Reports. Three Technical Reports are pertinent studies on the fate of 2,4,5-T and its trace contaminant, TCDD, in an ecosystem treated with massive quantities of phenoxy herbicides. Technical Reports AFATL-TR-74-12 (Atch 6), AFATL-TR-75-49 (Atch 7), and AFATL-TR-75-142 (Atch 8), detail ecological studies conducted on a unique 3.0 km^ military test area (Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB FL) that received approximately 73,000 kg 2,4,5-T and 77,000 kg 2,4-D during the period of 1962-1970. Significant results included: a. At the termination of spray equipment testing programs in 1970, significant levels (ppm) of 2,4,5-T soil residues were found throughout the test area. However, no residues of 2,4,5-T were detected (detection limits of 10 ppb) in any soil samples collected during 1971-1972. b. Fifty-four soil samples were collected to a depth of 15 cm from throughout the test area and analyzed for TCDD. TCDD levels ranged from < 10 to 1,500 parts per trillion (ppt). The median concentration was 30 ppt, while the mean was 165 ppt. c. An ecological survey extending over a five-year period documented �the presence of more than 123 different plant species, 77 bird species, 71 insect families, 20 species of fish, 18 species of reptiles, 18 species of mammals, 12 species of amphibians, and 2 species of mollusks. At least 170 biological samples were analyzed for TCDD, including 30 species of animals. No TCDD was found in any of the plant species examined. However, TCDD was found in nine species of animals, including two rodent species: beachmouse (300-1,500 ppt, liver) and hispid cotton rat ( 10-210 ppt, liver); three species of birds: meadowlark (100-1,020 ppt, liver), mourning dove (50 ppt, liver), and Savannah sparrows (69 ppt, liver); three species of fish: spotted sunfish (85 ppt, liver), mosquitofish (12 ppt, whole body), and sailfish shiner (12 ppt, whole body), and one reptile, the six-lined racerunner (360-430 ppt, muscle). A composite sample of insects (whole bodies) contained 40 ppt TCDD. d. Gross pathology was done on all species collected for TCDD residue analyses. Histopathological examinations were performed on over 300 beachmice or hispid cotton rats from the test area and a control field site. Examinations were performed on the heart, lungs, trachea, salivary glands, thymus, liver, kidneys, stomach, pancreas, adrenals, large and small intestine, spleen, genital organs, bone, bone marrow, skin and brain. Initially, the tissues were examined on a random basis without the knowledge of whether the animal was from a control or test area. All microscopic changes were recorded, including those interpreted as minor or insignificant. The tissues were than reexamined on a control and test basis, which demonstrated that the test and control mice could not be distinguished histopathologically. Similar histopathological studies were conducted on the fish and racerunners with no significant abnormalities being found. 5. Technical Report USAFA-TR-76-18 (Atch 9) is a summary of Air Force ecological research on TCDD. It also presents analytical data on the soil degradation of TCDD when in the presence of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. Significant results included: a. The half-life of TCDD in soils containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T appeared to be between 225 and 275 days. b. Studies of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi from soil plots treated with massive quantitites of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (5,000-40,000 ppm) confirm that these microorganisms proliferate to such an extent that they were probably using the herbicides and TCDD as metabolic carbon sources and, as such, were contributing to their degradation. c. Movement of TCDD in the abiotic portions of the environment occurred by wind or water erosion of soil particles, but leaching by water alone did not occur. 6. Per your request, I have also attached a report on the Seveso, Italy TCDD Episode (Atch 10) by Dr. G. Reggiani, and on the Australian 2,4,5-T Episode by Aldred, et al (Atch 11). 7. If I can provide any' additional copies of any of these documents or elaborate on our findings, please contact me. �our inquiry. ALVIN L. YOUNG, Captain, USAF, Environmental Sciences Consultant USAF Herbicide Specialist 11 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Atch Selected Bibliography, Selected Bibliography, Selected Bibliography, Selected Bibliography, CAST Report AFATL-TR-74-12 AFATL-TR-75-49 AFATL-TR-75-142 USAFA-TR-76-18 Vol Vol Vol Vol 10. Reggiani's Sevesjfeo Report 11. Australian Report I II III IV �LAW OFFICES LA FOLLETTE, J O H N S O N , SCHROETER & DE H A A S JOHN T. LA FOLLETTE DAREN T. JOHNSON RUDOLF H. SCHROETER B. E. A T K I S S O N LOUIS H. DE HAAS W. T. M A S K E Y DOROTHY L . W O T R I N G A L F R E D W. OERISCH, JR. NANCY L. M E N Z I E S B R I A N W. AHERNE R O B E R T W. S T E V E N S O N ROBERT B. PACKER G A B R I E L S M A R O I T PRATER DONALD C. FESLER TELEPHONE PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION (213) 6 6 6 - 3 6 O O 32O NORTH V E R M O N T A V E N U E LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 9OOO4 February 21, 1979 OF COUNSEL: SAM YORTV MARK MULLIN Dr. Alvin Young 5226 Prince Valiant San Antonio, Texas 78218 Re: RPAR of 2,4,5-T Dear Dr. Young: This reiterates my telephonic request that you obtain USAF consent to act as consultant and expert witness for The Dow Chemical Company in its preparation for, and presentation of evidence at, the hearing which will probably be held in late 1979 no matter what determination EPA makes. I am co-counsel for Dow with the Washington, D.C. (and Chicago) law firm of Kirkland & Ellis. We would value your participation and shall await your word regarding when, where, in what areas and on what basis you will be able to consult with us and our client. Sincerely your LA FOL , SCHROETER & DE HAAS BY RUDOLF H. SCHROETER RHS:k �K1RKLAND & ELLIS Washington Office 1776 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C, 20006 ChlcagQ Qfflce Area Coda 202 857-5000 Area Code 312 861 -2000 Telex 25-4361 200 E. Randolph Drive Chicago, III. 60601 To Call Writer Direct ' 202 857- 5 0 2 4 April 9, 1979 To: Potential Dow Witnesses at EPA Hearing As you may have noticed in the April 4 order of the EPA hearing panel, each of you will be required to submit sworn written statements in advance of your appearance at the hearing. To assist in the preparation of your initial drafts, a few general suggestions follow below. We anticipate working closely with you to insure that your draft testimony addresses the relevant issues as clearly and ' accurately as possible. We hope to receive your draft testimony in Washington as soon as possible. When ready, please send your drafts by express mail or special delivery. (1) You should include a caption on the very first page of your testimony as indicated below: UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY In re: Emergency Suspension Orders for 2,4,5-T and Silvex ) ) FIFRA Docket Nos. 409, 410 TESTIMONY OF JOHN SMITH (2) In many cases, a table of contents will be help- ful. (3) Your opening paragraph or page should briefly review your educational and professional background, with the details to be included by your current curriculum vitae and publication list (which should be attached as an exhibit). �KIRKLAND&ELUS Dow Witnesses April 9, 1979 Page 2 (4) Except for very short testimony, a. brief introduction and summary of the main points to be made are usually helpful. (5) Since we can introduce as exhibits any published or unpublished research work relevant to your testimony, it is unnecessary to include in great detail in your written statement the experimental methodology. Emphasis should be placed on a brief review of data and the significance and conclusions that you draw from that data to the issues at hand. (6) Often, short titles for subparts of the testimony will be useful. (7) Since the rules require that your statement be sworn, we recommend the following language be included immeidately before your signature line: "The above statements are, to the best of my knowledge, true and correct. April , 1979." John Smith Your signature should be notarized. If you have any questions concerning any aspect of the preparation of your written testimony, or otherwise have questions concerning your participation in the hearings, please call either John Hahn ((202) 857-5097) or me ((202) 857-5024). I have also enclosed for your use a copy of the Appendix to the EPA rebuttal comments. Let me know if you want copies of any of the references. Sincerely, L. Mark Wine �K1RKLAND8.ELLIS Dow Witnesses April 9, 1979 Page 2 (4) Except for very short, testimony, a brief introduction and summary of the main points to be made are usually helpful. (5) Since we can introduce as exhibits any published or unpublished research work relevant to your testimony, it is unnecessary to include in great detail in your written statement the experimental methodology. Emphasis should be placed on a brief review of data and the significance and conclusions that you draw from that data to the issues at hand. (6) Often, short titles for subparts of the testimony will be useful. (7) Since the rules require that your statement be sworn, we recommend the following language be included immeidately before your signature line: "The above statements are, to the best of my knowledge, true and correct. April , 1979." John Smith Your signature should be notarized. If you have any questions concerning any aspect of the preparation of your written testimony, or otherwise have questions concerning your participation in the hearings, please call either John Hahn ((202) 857-5097) or me ((202) 857-5024). I have also enclosed for your use a copy of the Appendix to the EPA rebuttal comments. Let me know if you want copies of any of the references. Sincerely, L. Mark Wine �KIRKLAND&< ELLIS Washington Office Area Code 202 857-5000 1776 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 To Call Writer Direct 202857-5018 October 24, 1979 TO: Chicago,in.eoeoi Dow Cancellation Hearing Witnesses RE: Chicago Office Area Code 312 861 -2000 Telex 25-4361 200 E. Randolph Drive January 22, 1980 Hearing Date At the prehearing conference held on October 17, Administrative Law Judge Finch set January 22, 1980 as the date for beginning the 2,4,5-T and silvex cancellation hearings. While it remains possible that some delay could result from ongoing discovery activities or from the Agency's consideration of proposed hearing notices for the nonsuspended uses, we do not anticipate any prolonged postponement of the hearings. At present, we are engaged in completing discovery initiated by Dow and EPA in July. In addition, we are conducting discovery related to a limited number of EPA witnesses, in accordance with the Administrative Law Judge's directions at the October 17 prehearing conference. The opponents of continued registration, including EPA, the Environmental Defense Fund, and the Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides, will present their witnesses first during the hearings. Nevertheless, it is important that the written witness statements of Dow witnesses be available in substantially final form prior to January 22, so that we may turn our full attention to cross-examination of opposing witnesses at the hearings themselves, and with your assistance prepare to meet the allegations made by EPA, EOF, and NCAP. We will be working closely with many of you in the coming weeks in order to facilitate completion of your statements. �KIRKLAND8.ELLIS October 24, 1979 Page Two The next prehearing conference has been set for December 4 . We will continue to advise you of developments in the proceedings and will attempt to provide you with a rough estimate of scheduling for Dow's case as soon as possible. Sincerely yours, Edward W. Warren Counsel for The Dow Chemical Company �Memorandum to Dr Welch 29 October 1979 1. On Friday, 26 Oct 1979, Bill Morrison, SAF/GC, called to discuss Al Young's role in the upcoming 2,4,5-T cancellation hearings. He indicated that the issue on health effects and environmental fate, where Al will be expected to testify, is not expected prior to the 22nd of January. He reaffirmed that Agriculture will request Al as a witness. The USDA attorney, Margaret Brienholt, needs a one paragraph synopsis of the general nature of Al's testimony. It should be caveated, at the beginning, with words to the effect, "this testimony does not represent the official position of the Air Force, but rather represents the personal views of Major Al Young as an individual expert." 2. Mr Morrison indicated that he would be pleased to review the full text of Al's testimony. He will call Mr Schroder, the DOW attorney, to inform him that Major Young will be a government witness. I asked Mr Morrison if Al should continue to have dialogue with the DOW Company. He advised that Al should have jao more substantive discussions wi.th_DOW, and that he should "start to have"dialogue withthe USDA~Tawyer, Margaret Brienholt. He emphasized that Al should be sure that USDA knows what the bottom line is. Mr Morrison also indicated that he would ^appreciate a briefing from_Al__at the earliest opportunity. He would appreciate your advising Al so that he can "take care of the above requirements. 3. As a matter of interest, I have told both Grant and working for you, but I guess it is just easier for them certainly don't mind, but I'm not up to speed enough in to make suggestions when appropriate. I hope the above heartburn. WILLIAM E. MABSON, Colonel, USAF, BSC Commander Bill that Al is now to reach me. I what you are doing does not create any �BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TESTIMONY* 31 October 1979 Alvin L. Young, Ph.D. 5226 Prince Valiant Drive San Antonio, TX 78218 Dr. Young, a United States Air Force scientist who has extensively studied 2,4,5-T, will testify on the persistence, environmental fate and toxicology of 2,4,5-T and TCDD. Dr. Young will present results of hts seven-year study, at Eg!in Air Force Base, Florida, on an area where plant and animal populations were continuously and heavily exposed to massive amounts of phenoxy herbicides applied in the course of developing aerial spray equipment for military use. EXHIBITS Sturrock, T. T., and A. L. Young. 1970. A histological study of Yucca filamentosa L. from Test Area C-52A, Eglin Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-70-125, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida. 9 p. Hunter, J. H. and A. L. Young. 1972. Vegetative succession studies on a defoliant - equipment Test Area, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-72-31, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida. 23 p. Young, A. L. 1974. Ecological studies on a herbicide - equipment Test Area (TA C-52A), Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-74-12, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida. 146 p. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, and W. E. Ward. 1975. Studies of the ecological impact of repetitive aerial applications of herbicides on the ecosystem of Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-142, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, Florida. 127 p. * Testimony for the 2,4,5-T Administrative Hearings before EPA, January 1980. This testimony does not represent the official position of the Air Force, but rather represents the personal views of Dr. Alvin L. Young (USAF, Major) as an,individual expert. �Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, E. L. Arnold, J. M. Cupello, and L. G. Cockerham. 1976. Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) in the environment: summary and decontamination recommendations. Technical Report USAFA-TR-76-18, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado. 41 p. Arnold, E. L., and A. L. Young. 1976. A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of several phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in soil samples. Technical Memorandum FJSRL(NC)TM76-5, Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado. 16 p. Young, A. L., J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and J. W. Tremblay. 1978. The toxicology, environmental fate, and human risk of Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks AFB, Texas. 247 p. Cockerham, L. G., A. L. Young, and C. E. Thalken. 1979. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of liver tissue from TCDD-exposed beach mice (Peromyscus polionotus). Technical Report, Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory (AFSC), United States Air Force Academy, Colorado. 46 p. �DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL WASHINGTON, D.C. 20250 A OCT251979 WilliamB. Morrison, Esquire Air Force General Counsel's Office Pentagon Room 4C-927 Washington, D.C. 20550 Dear Mr., Morrison: . * As we discussed on October 23, 1979, we are pleased to sponsor Major Alvin L. Young, USAP, as a witness in the 2,4,5-T administrative hearings which will be held under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide .Act, (FIFRA), as amended 7 U.S.C. §136, et seg._/ before the Environmental Protection Agency. I plan to file a pleading very soon which will list Major Young as a witness on behalf of the Secretary of Agriculture. I will send a rough draft of this paper when it is prepared. Enclosed is a copy for your information of the initial request for a hearing filed by the Secretary, our tentative witness list for the risk and exposure portion of the presentation of evidence, and a proposed list of topics for the agenda of the third prehearing conference held on September 19, 1979, which sets forth the Secretary's position in these proceedings. I would appreciate any comments or suggestions you have on the description of Major Young's testimony. I look forward to working with you and Major Young. The hearing record should benefit greatly from Major Young's expertise, research, and experience. Sincerely, MARGARET M. BREINHOLT Attorney Enclosure �DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL WASHINGTON, D.C. 20250 December 6, 1979 Alvin L. Young, Major, USAF, Ph.D. Consultant, Environmental Sciences USAFSAM/EK Brooks AFB, Texas 78235 Dear Major Young: I am planning to sponsor you, on behalf of the Secretary of Agriculture for the United States, as an expert witness in the 2,4,5-T/silvex administrative hearings which are being held under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended, 7 U.S.C. §136, et seq., before the Environmental Protection Agency (FIFRA Docket No. 415, et al.). Your appearance in these hearings has been discussed with William Morrison, Esquire, Air Force General Counsel's Office, and he informs me that the Office of General Counsel has no objections to your appearing to testify in the proceedings. Would you please confirm in writing your availability to present this testimony. At this stage in the hearings it is very difficult to estimate a time when you would be needed in Washington to give your statement. I will keep you informed on the progress of the proceedings to enable you to plan your schedule at your convenience. Sincerely, MARGAffeT M. BREINHOLT Attorney cc: William B. Morrison, Esq. Air Force General Counsel's Office Pentagon �DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON 20330 OFFICE or THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY 1 2 DE C 1979 MEMORANDUM FOR AF/SG SUBJECT: Cancellation Hearings on Herbicide 2,4,5-T The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting administrative hearings on the cancellation of the use of 2,4,5-T, pursuant to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, as amended, 7 U.S.C., §136 et seq. The Air Force General Counsel's Office was notified on October 25, 1979, that the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is listing Major Alvin L. Young as a private expert witness on behalf of the Secretary of Agriculture, and not as a spokesman or representative of the United States Air Force. The Dow Chemical Company also expressed their desire to list Major Young as a witness. However, Dow did not pursue the matter once they were informed that the Department of Agriculture intended to sponsor Major Young. Force General Counsel's Office advised me that any party to the administrative hearing has the power to request the Administrative Law Judge to issue a subpoena compelling the testimony of Major Young under 7 U.S.C. §136 (d). Therefore, given Major Young's outstanding credentials and the Administrativ~e"~"Law~~Judgel s subpoena power, Major Young has no real alternative but to testify at the hearing. I am pleased that he is being called as a witness -for a Federal agency, rather than a private party, since most of his research has been performed with Federal funds during his service in the Air Force. Although the administrative hearing schedule is still uncertain, the Department of Agriculture has stated that Major Young will probably not be required to testify before May 1980. I am aware that Major Young's participation may impose certain hardships on not only himself, but on your staff functions as well. Nevertheless, I would greatly appreciate it if you would take the necessary action to assure that he is available for the hearings. Unless you advise me otherwise, I will instruct the General Counsel's Office to inform the USDA on or about January 2, 1980, that Major Young will be available. JOE F. MEIS Acting Assistant Secretary cf the Air Force (.V.tMpower, Reserve Affairs and Installations �DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE BOLLING AFB, D.C. 2O332 15 JAN 1300 REPLY TO ATTN OF: SGES SUBJECT cancellation Hearings on Herbicide 2,4,5-T HQ AFSC/SG 1. Request that action be taken to insure that Major Young is available to the Department of Agriculture as outlined in the attached memorandum. 2. It is my understanding that the referenced hearings have now moved from May 1980 to April 1980. FOR THE CHIEF OF STAFF PHILLIP G. BROWN, Major US, BSC Assistant for Bioenvironmental Engineering Office of the Surgeon General 1st Ind, AFSC/SGP TO: 1 Atch OAS/M,RA&L) Memo, 12 Dec 79 2 2 JAN i960 AMD/SG 1. Maj Al Young has been committed by Maj Gen Dettinger and SAF MI to testify in the administrative cancellation hearings on herbicide 2, 4, 5-T. Maj Young's testimony is expected to be requested in the April-May 1980 time frame. 2. Attached are memos containing related background material. FOR THE COMMANDER onel, USAF, BSC Command Bioenvironmental Engineer Office of the Command Surgeon 2 Atch 1. nc 2. (Added) HQ USAF/SG Ltr, 15 Jan 80 �MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD 15 Jan 80 SUBJECT: 2,4,5-T Administrative Hearings 1. On 5 Nov 79, I briefed Dr. Welch (SAM/CD) on my potential participation in the EPA Administrative Hearings on 2,4,5-T Herbicide. Dr. Welch suggested that I prepare a memorandum to him for forwarding to AFSC/SG. 2. Following the meeting with Dr. Welch, I contacted Mr. Bill Morrison (SAF/GC) and informed him of the proposed action. He recommended that I wait to forward such a memorandum until after he investigated the ramifications of my potential participation as a witness for USDA. He indicated that he would call USDA/GC and discuss the situation. On 16 November, he called to inform me that on my next TOY to Washington I should plan an additional day for coordinating my testimony with both SAF/GC and USDA/GC. 3. On 4 December, I visited with Mr. Morrison and Ms. Breinholt (USDA/GC) at the USDA, Washington, DC. I outlined my area of testimony and she discussed USDA's plans and the time table for the hearings. I should have my testimony to her NLT 28 February 1980. She will officially send a letter to SAF/GC and USAFSAM/CD requesting my participation in the hearings. Mr. Morrison will coordinate a letter from SAF/MI to USAF/SG encouraging my participation in the hearings. ALtftNL. YOUNG, Major, USAF Consultant, Environmental Sciences �DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE BOLl.ING AFB, D.C. 2O332 15 JAN198o MEMORANDUM FOR ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY OP THE AIR FORCE (MANPOWER, RESERVE AFFAIRS AND INSTALLATIONS) SUBJECT: Cancellation Hearings on Herbicide 2,4,5-T Per your request, Major Young's schedule will be arrange so as to accommodate the needs of the Department of Agriculture, GARTH B. DETTINGER Maj General, USAF, MC Deputy Surgeon General �DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE USAF SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE (AFSC) BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS 78235 REPLY TO ATTN OF: SUBJECT; TO; 16 JAN 1980 CD Update on Various Herbicide Orange Activities SAM/CC AMD/SG AMD/CO IN TURN 1 . Major Young, SAM/EK, has been requested to act as an expert witness for the US DA in an EPA hearing regarding continued use of 2,4,5-T. Attachment 1 contains the background correspondence on this. I have asked Major Young to coordinate all requests for infoi— mation through my office prior to dispatch of this information to the General Counsel's Office. At the time of dispatch, we will forward an info copy of the letter of transmittal and a listing of documents provided to AMD/SG, AFSC/SG and AF/SGPES. If you wish something different, let me know. 2. Also for your information is an input to the DoD representative on the VA Advisory Connmittee regarding potential exposure to Orange in Vietnam (Atch 2). Finally, I would call your attention to page 6 of HR 3892 (Atch 3) which was signed into law on 20 Dec 79 (PL 96-151). This directs VA to study the dioxin question. Presumably the VA does not consider the Ranch Hand study to be in conflict with their responsibility. BILLY E. WELCH, Deputy Director Ph.D. 3 Atch 1 . EPA Document w/2 Atch 2. Position Paper 3. H.R. 3892 Cy to: EK/Col Lathrop EK/Maj Young �THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ) In re: Notice of Intent To Cancel ) Certain Registrations for 2,4,5-T ) And Silvex ) FIFRA Docket Nos. 415, et seq. SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITION TO THE TENTATIVE WITNESSES LIST PROPOSED ON BEHALF OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE UNITED STATES The Secretary of Agriculture for the United States wishes to submit an addition to the proposed tentative witness list filed on his behalf on July 17, 1979, in this proceeding. A brief summary of the subjects which the witness will discuss is included below. Name: Alvin L. Young, Major, USAF Consultant, Environmental Sciences United States Air Force Occupational & Environmental Health Laboratory SUSAF OEHL Brooks, AFB, Texas 78235 Background; Dr. Young received his Ph.D. in Agronomy (Herbicide Physiology) from Kansas State University in 1968. He has been engaged in studies concerned with phenoxy herbicides and their effects from 1968 to the present. In addition to wide-ranging responsibilities concerned with phenoxy herbicides and other materials Dr. Young has conducted ecological studies on the fate of TCDD. Subject Area of Testimony; Dr. Young, a United States Air Force scientist who has extensively studied 2,4,5-T, will testify on the persistence, environmental fate and toxicology of 2,4,5-T and TCDD. Dr. Young will present results of his seven-year study, at Eg1in Air Force Base, Florida, on an area where plant and animal populations were continuously and heavily exposed to massive amounts of phenoxy herbicides applied in the course of developing aerial spray equipment for military use. I �We are in the process of reviewing Dr. Young's publications and plan to submit a list of proposed exhibits soon. Respectfully submitted, MARGARET M. BREINHOLT JUDITH A. WENKER TERRENCE G. JACKSON By Attorneys Office of the General Counsel U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C. 20250 (202) 447-4733 �DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FO*CE \VA5MINCSt~ON J01JO 3 DEC 1979 MEMORANDUM FOR AP/KG SUBJECT: Cancel la t ion Hearings on Herbicide 2,4,5-T The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting administrative hearings on the cancellation of the use of 2,4,5-T, purnu^nt to the Federal Insecticides, Fungicide and Rodent.icicle Acb, an amended, V U..S,C., 3136 ct se Th« Air Force General Counsel's off..-lee was notified on October 2'i, 1079, that the Unito.d Staters Department of Agriculture (OSDA) ir> listing Major Alvin L. Young ar, a private expert witness on behalf of the Secretory of Agriculture, and not as a spokesman or representative of. tbo United States Air Force. Thr- Dow Chemical Company al?o expressed their dociro to list Major Younc? as a witness. Ho'-'..?v>r, Dow did not pursufi the matter onof they were informed that, th« Denarrtmont of Agriculture intended to sponsor Major Young. Tho Air Force General Counsel ' s Offico acivj.rjpsd me that any party to the administrative hoar ing has the power to roquftct tha Aominir.trative Law Judge to issuo a subpoena r-ompelling the testimony of Major Young under 7 U.S.C. 8136 (dU Therefore, givon M«jor Young1 e outstanding crcdonLials arid the Administrative Law Judge's subpoena povrvr, Major Young has no real alternative but to testify nt the .'aoaring. T am pleased thr.it ho x?3 being callod as a v/itnoss for a Focleral agoncy,. rather tli.in a private party, since mout, ol his research ha?, been performed with Federal funds during his service in the Air Forco. Although the administrative:! hearing schedule is ntill uncort.Jtln, the Dopartmont of Agriculture hag trtat-cd that Major Young will probably not ba requ.-i rod to t^.^tify before May 1980. I am aware that Major Young r partic.ipa!;ion may impose certain liardshipa on not only himself, buL on your stal:£ functions a;; well. Nevertheless, T would greatly iite it if you would tak« tho. necessary action to -chat he is available for the htv.rj.ngs, Unleran you advise.! tic1! otherwise, I will instruct i:v>o. Genera.! Cr.vjnn«l's OL.CJCO to inform the USDA ort or about a/muary 2, .1980, that Major Young will be available. jor r. Air (iv.,;c|''-v.',:r, Affairs �DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. 20250 December 6, 1979 Alvin L. Young, Major, USAF, Ph.D. Consultant, Environmental Sciences USAFSAM/EK Brooks AFB, Texas 78235 Dear Major Young: I am planning to sponsor you, on behalf of the Secretary of Agriculture for the United States, as an expert witness in the 2,4,5-T/silvex administrative hearings which are being held under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act {FIFRA), as amended, 7 U.S.C. §136, et seq., before the Environmental Protection Agency (FIFRA Docket No. 415, et al.). Your appearance in these hearings has been discussed with William Morrison, Esquire, Air Force General Counsel's Office, and he informs me that the Office of General Counsel has no objections to your appearing to testify in the proceedings. Would you please confirm in writing your availability to present this testimony. At this stage in the hearings it is very difficult to estimate a time when you would be needed in Washington to give your statement. I will keep you informed on the progress of the proceedings to enable you to plan your schedule at your convenience. Sincerely, MARGARET M. BREINHOLT Attorney cc: William B. Morrison, Esq. Air Force General Counsel's Office Pentagon �POSITION PAPER Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of Herbicides Question #10: Can criteric"1 be established for determining the level of exposure of military personnel to dioxin during the Vietnam war based on spraying tapes and unit histories? Coordinator: COL J. W. Thiessen, M.D. �CRITERIA FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE LEVLLS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL TO DIOXIN AND HERRICIDL ORANGE DURING THE VIETNAM WAR Any attempt to determine exposure levels of military personnel to Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin must be predicated on events that occurred at least 10 years ago. Since there were no routine occupational or environmental sampling programs associated with the handling or dissemination of the herbicides in South Vietnam, a quantitative determination of exposure can only be subject to speculation. In addition, since specific no-effect criteria for comparison with actual or derived values do not exist, the calculation of theoretical exposure levels might provide data in the absence of a means to assess their significance. The approach taken in this document is to develop data points for determining "relative" exposures to Herbicide Orange and dioxin (TCOD). The population at risk certainly did not include all military personnel who served in South Vietnam. Moreover, within the military population at risk, the range in magnitude of exposure must have been great. Therefore, it is important to evaluate those factors which would have influenced the potential for a given individual to be "at risk" and those which would have influenced the magnitude of- that exposure. The following factors for determining relative exposures are proposed: Tjme When was the individual in South Vietnam? Duty What job(s) did the individual perform? Exposure What was the situation at the time of exposure? What aircraft/vehicle was involved in the exposure? How did the exposure occur? Each of these questions will be discussed and available data will be provided in order to evaluate the magnitude of exposure. �I. WHEN WAS THE INDIVIDUAL IN VIETNAM? This issue of time is very important. Not all of the herbicides used in South Vietnam were used throughout the entire 10 years (1962-1971) encompassed by the Department of Defense (DOD) defoliation program. In addition, 2,4,5-T formulations used early in the program are believed to have contained higher levels of TCDD than did the formulations used in the later years. The three time periods shown in Table 1 can be differentiated on the basis of specific herbicides used and the mean dioxin content. TABLE 1. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE TIME PERIODS DURING THE US MILITARY DEFOLIATION PROGRAM IN SOUTH VIETNAM* Period _____ Herbicides Used Mean Dioxin Content [Code Names) ______________ (PJL!lts R?C J!!Llll°Jll.t_ January 1962 June 1965 Purple, Pink, Green Blue July 1965 June 1970 Orange White, Blue -2 § 0 July 1970 October 1971 White, Blue 0 * Source: -32t 0 Young et al.3 t Found only in 2,4,5-T containing formulations, t Value based on analyses of five samples. § Value based on the analyses of 488 samples. Herbicide Orange was the most extensively used herbicide in South Vietnam. Orange accounted for approximately 10.7 m i l l i o n gallons of the total 17.7 million gallons of herbicide used (Table 2). It was used from mid-1965 to June 1970. However, as noted in Table 2, Orange was not the only 2,4,5-T containing herbicide used in the defoliation program. Small quantities of Purple, Pink, and Green, all containing 2,4,5-T were used from 1962 through mid-1965. In subsequent sections of this document, the term "Herbicide Orange" will refer to all of the 2,4,5-T containing herbicides used in Vietnam (Purple, Pink, Green, and Orange). �TABLE 2. NUMBER OF GALLONS OF MILITARY HERBICIDE PROCURED BY Til!.: US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND DISSEMINATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM DURING JANUARY 1962 - OCTOBER 1971* _Cod[e__Najne Orange White Blue Purple Pink Green ti^jbj9jj^e. 2,4-L); 2,4,5-T 2,4-D; Picloram Cacodylic Acid 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T Total __ Quan ti_ty_ 10,646,000 5,633,000 1,160,000 145,000 123,000 8,200 1.7,7 057200 _ Per;iqd_qf Gs_o_ 1965~19/Qt 1965-19/lf 1962-19/lf 1962-1965 1962-196';) 1962-1965 * Source: Young et al.^ t Last fixed-wing mission of Orange 16 April 1970; last helicopter mission of Orange 6 June 1970. t Last fixed-wing mission 9 January 1971; all herbicides under US control stopped 31 October 1971. II. WHAT JOB(S) DID THE INDIVIDUAL PERFORM DURING HIS TOUR(S) IN SOUTH VIETNAM? There were relatively few military operations that involved the handling of herbicides by military personnel. It is, thus, appropriate to examine both the functions, or jobs, where individuals would have been at risk, and to estimate the size of the population at risk. a. Populations at Risk. A review of operations involving Herbicide Orange in South Vietnam from January 1962 to April 1970 revealed that there were essentially three groups of US military personnel potentially exposed to Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin contaminant. These three groups were: 1. "Operation RANCH HAND" personnel actively involved in the defoliation program. This group included aircrew members and maintenance and support personnel directly assigned to the RANCH HAND squadrons, 2. Personnel assigned to selected support functions that may have resulted in exposure to Herbicide Orange. This group included, for example, personnel who sprayed herbicides, using helicopters or ground application equipment; personnel who may have delivered the herbicides to the units performing the defoliation missions; aircraft mechanics who were specialized and occasionally provided support to RANCH HAND aircraft; or, personnel who may have flown contaminated C-123 aircraft, but were not assigned to RANCH HAND (e.g., during the Tet Offensive, all RANCH HAND aircraft were reconfigured to transport supplies and equipment, and were assigned to non-RANCH HAND squadrons). �3. Ground personnel who may have been inadvertently sprayed by defoliation aircraft or who, during combat operations, may'have entered an area previously sprayed with Herbicide Orange. )ujation Estimates. The total number of US military personnel exposed to Herbicide Orange is not known. Approximately 1,200 RANCH HAND personnel were exposed in direct support of the defoliation operations; however, there are no data on the number of non-RANCH HAND personnel who may have been exposed. The actual number of people may be in the thousands since at least 100 helicopter spray equipment units were used in South Vietnam, and most military bases had vehicle-mounted and backpack spray units available for use in routine vegetation control programs. The number of military ground personnel who nay have inadvertently been sprayed by RANCH HAND aircraft, or who may have entered areas recently sprayed with Herbicide Orange during combat operations is not known. Approximately 10 percent of South Vietnam was sprayed with herbicides, and most of this area was contested and/or controlled by enemy forces. As estimated frequency of occurrence for selected exposure scenarios is given in Table 3. TABLE 3. ESTIMATED FREQUENCY OF EVENTS WHERE MILITARY GROUND PERSONNEL MAY HAVE KEN EXPOSED TO HERBICIDE ORANGE jj/ent Direct application of herbicide on ground troops Rare Ground troops moving into area treated within 24 hours Seldom Ground troops entering a defoliated area (1 month or more after herbicide application) Frequent Discussions with RANCH HAND aircrew members confirmed that in at least one instance in 1967, direct application of herbicide onto a Marine patrol did occur. The basic concept for the major use of the defoliation program, i.e. the use of chemicals to remove foliage to enhance visibility, supports the contention that it was unlikely that troops would be in areas to be treated, or would move into the areas immediately after treatment since the desired effect would not be evident until 3 to 6 weeks after the herbicides were applied. However, the occurrence of the first two scenarios in Table 3 cannot be ruled out. �III. WHAT WAS THE SITUATION AT THE TIME THE INDIVIDUAL WAS EXPOSED? There are a number of exposure scenarios in which an individual v/ar» more likely to have been significantly exposed to a specific herbicide; or even another pesticide, including: 1. Guards at a base perimeter. 2. An individual at a Special Forces camp in the inland forest. 3. An individual on combat patrol in the Rung Sat Special Zone. 4. An individual repairing contaminated aircraft. 5. A supply clerk or depot aide handling drums of chemicals. These different situations could have exposed individuals to varying amounts of different herbicides and insecticides since the use patterns of these chemicals differed markedly. Use Patterns of Individual Herbicides. Each of the three major herbicides (Orange, White, and Blue) had specific uses. Ninety-nine percent of Herbicide White was applied in defoliation missions. It was not recommended for use on crops because of the persistence of Picloram in soils. (Because the herbicidal action on woody plants was usually slow, full defoliation did not occur for several months after spray application. Thus, it was an ideal herbicide for use in the inland forests in areas where defoliation was not immediately required, but where it did occur it would persist longer than if the area were sprayed with Orange or Blue. Herbicide Blue was the herbicide of choice for crop destruction missions involving cereal or grain crops. Approximately 50 percent of all Blue was used in crop destruction missions in remote or enemy controlled areas with the remainder being used as a contact herbicide for control of grasses around base perimeters. Ninety percent of all Herbicide Orange was used for forest defoliation and it was especially effective in defoliating mangrove forests. Eight percent of Herbicide Orange was used in the destruction of broadleaf crops (beans, peanuts, ramie, and root or tuber crops). The remaining 2 percent was used around base perimeters, cache sites, waterways, and communication lines. Table 4 shows the number of acres in South Vietnam within the three major vegetational categories. �TABLE 4. THE NUMBER OF ACRES TREATED IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971, WITH MILITARY HERBICIDES WITHIN THE THREE MAJOR VEGETATIONAL CATEGORIES Vegetational Category _____ Areas Jreated* Inland forests Mangrove forests 2,6/0,000 313,000 Cultivated crops ' Total * Areas receiving single or multiple coverage. __ 260^000 372^8,000 Source: Certain portions of South Vietnam were more likely to have been subjected to defoliation. Herbicide expenditures for the four Combat Tactical Zones of South Vietnam are shown in Table 5. These data were obtained from the HERBS tape^ and total volume is not in complete agreement with the actual procurement data shown in Table 2 because volume was calculated via spray lino data (an estimate of rate of application and area sprayed). TABLE 5. US HERBICIDES EXPENDITURES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, 1962-1971: BREAKDOWN BY COMBAT TACTICAL ZONE* A Herbi cide Ex pencil Lure (gal Ions) Orange Whitp Combat Tactical Zones Blue CTZ I 2,250,000 363,000 298 ,000 CTZ II 2,519,000 729,000 473 ,000 CTZ III (includes Saigon) 5,309,000 3,719,000 294 ,000 CTZ IV 1,227,000 43S.OOO 62 ,000 11,305,000 5,246,000 1J27 ,000 Subtotals Grand total * Source: 17,678,000 HERBS tape2 In addition to the herbicides, numerous other chemicals were shipped to South Vietnam in 55-gallon drums. These included selected fuel additives, cleaning solvents, cooking oils, and a variety of other pesticides. The �insecticide Malathion was widely used for control of mosquitoes and at least 400,000 gallons of it were used from 1966 through 1970. In addition, much smaller quantities of Lindane and DDT were used in ground operations throughout the war in Southeast Asia. The distribution of the herbicides within Vietnam after their arrival did not occur randomly. About 65 percent; was shipped to the 20th Ordnance Storage Depot, Saigon, and 35 percent was shipped to the 511th Ordnance Depot, Da Nang. IV. WHAT MILITARY AIRCRAFT/VEHICLE WAS INVOLVED IN THE EXPOSURE? Numerous aircraft were used in the air war in Vietnam, but only a few of these aircraft were used for aerial dissemination of herbicides. The "work horse" of Operation RANCH HAND was the C-123/UC-123, "Provider." This cargo aircraft was adapted to receive a modular spray system for internal carriage. The module (the A/A 45 Y-i) consisted of a 1,000-gallon tank, punp, and engine which were all mounted on a frame pallet. An operator's console was an integral part of the unit, but was not mounted on the pallet. Wing booms (1.5 inches in diameter, 22 feet long) extended from the outboard engine nacelles tov/ard the wing tips. A short tail boom (3 inches in diameter, 20 feet long) was positioned centrally near the aft cargo door. Each aircraft normally had a crew of three men: the pilot, co-pilot; (navigator), and flight engineer (console operator). During the peak activity of RANCH HAND operations (1968-1969), approximately 30 C-123/UC-123 aircraft we?re employed. However, many other squadrons of non-RANCH HAND C-123 aircraft were routinely used throughout South Vietnam in transport operations. The control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases in South Vietnam necessitated an extensive aerial insecticide application program in order to control these vector insects. From 1966 through 1972, three C-123 aircraft were used to spray Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide. These aircraft could be distinguished from the Herbicide-spraying aircraft because they were not camouflaged. These aircraft routinely sprayed insecticide adjacent to military and civilian installations, as well as in areas where military operations were in progress, or about to commence. Approximately 10 to 12 percent of all herbicides used in South Vietnam was disseminated by helicopter or ground application equipment. Generally, helicopter crews were not assigned to herbicide spray duties on a full-time basis and rotated the spraying duties with other mission requirements. The military UH-1 series of helicopters, deployed by the Air Force, the Army, and Navy units, generally sprayed the herbicides. The most common spray system used was the AGRINAUTICS unit. This unit was installed in or removed from the aircraft in a matter of minutes because it was "tied down" to installed cargo shackles and aircraft modifications were not required for its use. The unit consisted of a 200-gallon tank and a collapsible 32-foot spray boom. The unit was operated by manual controls to control the flow valve and a windmill brake. Generally, each helicopter had three crew members. �A summary of the aircraft used in herbicide and insecticide operations is shown in Table 6. Ground crews that maintained these aircraft were also at risk for exposure to the herbicides and insecticides. TABLE 6. US MILITARY AIRCRAFT USED IN THE DISSEMINATION INSECTICIDES IN SOUTH VIETNAM* Aircraft OF HERBICIDES AND Camouflaged Chemical Disseminated Yes No All Herbicides Malathion Yes Grunge, Blue C-123/UC-123 C-123 Helicopter Air Force UH-F Army UH-1B/UH-1D Navy UH-1E * Source: Young et al. Various ground delivery systems were also used in South Vietnam for control of vegetation in limited areas. Most of these units were towed or mounted on vehicles. One unit that was routinely used was the Buffalo turbine. It developed a wind blast with a velocity up to 150 mph at 10,000 ft-Vminute volume. When the herbicide was injected into the air blast, it was essentially "shot" at the foliage. The Buffalo turbine was useful for roadside spraying and applications of perimeter defenses. The herbicides of choice in these operations were Blue and Orange. V. HOW DID THE EXPOSURE OCCUR? As previously noted, the population at highest risk was the RANCH HAND group since these individuals were exposed to herbicides on a daily basis. Non-RANCH HAND support personnel who handled herbicides and performed secondary level maintenance were also at risk. Beyond these limited populations, the likelihood of other individuals being heavily exposed to herbicides was significantly less. The exposure of personnel could have occured by essentially three routes: 1. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors/aerosols by direct exposure to sprays. 2. Percutaneous absorption and inhalation of vapors by exposure to treated areas following spray application, and 3. Ingestion of foods contaminated with the material. 8 �As previously discussed, the use of Herbicide Orange in South Vietnam was for the purpose of denying the enemy the cover of dense jungle foliage. The areas normally sprayed were remote, unpopulated, forested areas where very few, if any, US military personnel were located and the exposure to direct spray of Herbicide Orange would have been unlikely. In addition, because of the dense canopy cover, the target of the defoliation operation, the amount of herbicide penetrating to the forest floor would have been small. The chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange and the spray, as it would have occurred following dissemination from a C-123, are important factors in assessing relative exposures to the Herbicides and TCDD. Table 7 reviews the pertinent chemical and physical characteristics of Herbicide Orange. Table 8 reviews both the application parameters of the spray system used in the C-123 aircraft and the characteristics of the spray characteristics itself. Generally, herbicides were sprayed in the early morning or late afternoon, so as to minimi/e the effects of air movement on part; cle dispersion. TABLE 7. PERTINENT CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HERBICIDE ORANGE Formulation Concentrated (8.6 Ib .ai/yal )* Water Insoluble Density <= 1.28 Vapor Pressure 3.6 x 10-4 mm Hg at 30r NBEt 2,4-D : 1.2 x 10-4 NBE 2,4,5-T : 0.4 x 10-4 TCDD : 1 x 10-4 Viscous 40 centipoises at 20°C Noncorrosive to metal Deleterious to paints, rubber, neoprene Long shelf life * Pounds active ingredient (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) per gallon. t NBE = Normal butyl ester �TABLE 8. APPLICATION PARAMETERS AMD SPRAY C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF THE C-123 MODULAR INTERNAL SPRAY SYSTEM A i r c r a f t speed 130 K1AS* Aircraft altitude 150 ft Tank volume 1,000 y,il Spray time 3.5-1 i;iin Particle size: < lOO/i 1.9% 100-5UOjj 7fi.2% >500y 21.97, 87% impacted within 1 min 13% drifted or v o l a t i l i z e d Mean particle volume 0.61 ;il Spray swath 260 j:20 ft Mean deposition 3 (jcil/acre Total area/tank 340 acres * Knots indicated air speed. Ground combat forces normally would not have been expected to have entered a previously treated area for several weeks after treatment, during which time numerous environmental factors would have reduced the potential for exposure to military personnel. Young et al.3 have conducted an indepth review of the environmental fate of Herbicide Orange and TCDD. The following is a summary from that report: . . . Available data indicate that the vast majority of the phenoxy herbicides would impact forest canopy, the intended target. Rapid uptake (e.g., within a few hours) of the ester formulationis of %,4-D and 2,4,5-T would occur. Mont of the herbicide probably would undergo rapid degradation (weeks) within the cellular matrix of the vegetation. However, some of herbicide may remain unmetabolized and would be deposited on the forest floor at the time of leaf fall. Soil microbial and/or chemical action would likely complete the dc<jr\idakion procc-on. 10 �Herbicide droplets that impacted directly on soil or water would. probably hydrolyze rapidly (within hours). Biological and nonbiological degradative processes would further occur to significantly reduce these residues. Some violatilization of the. esters of 2t4-D and 2,4tf>-T would occur during and immediately after application. The volatile mater-Lai most likely would dissipate within the foliage of the target area. Photodecomposition of TC'DD would minimize the amount of biologically active volatile residues moving downwind of the target area. Accumulation of phenoxy herbicides in animals may occur following ingestion of treated vegetation. The magnitude of this accumulation would likely be at nontoxic levels. Herbicide residues in animals would rapidly decline after withdrawal from treated feed. Most TCDD sprayed into the environment during defoliation operations would probably photodegrade loithin 24 hours of application. Moreover, recent studies suggest that even w-ithin the shaded forest canopy, volatilization and subsequent photodeaomposition of TCDD would occur. Since translocation into Vegetation would be minimal, most TCDD that escaped photodegradation would enter the soil-organic complex on the forest floor following leaf fall. Soil chemical and microbial processes would further reduce TCDD residues. Bio concentration of the remaining minute levels of TCDD may occur in liver and fat of animals ingesting contaminated vegetation or soil. However, there are no field data available that indicate that the levels of TCDD likely to accumulate in these animals would have a biological effect. The environmental generation of TCDD from 3,4,5-T residues, through thermal or photolytic processes, would be highly unlikely and of no consequence. . . . VI. CONCLUSIONS. While a precise determination of herbicide exposure cannot be achieved, the five factors discussed in this document might permit both a characterization and a relative estimate of the magnitude of the exposure. In the preparation of a total exposure for a given individual, answers to the five questions must be determined for each exposure incident, and a summary exposure estimate developed. 11 �LITERATURE CITED 1. Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam 1974. Part A: Summary and Conclusions. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, 398 p. 2. HERBS tapes. 1971. Computer data on herbicide missions in Vietnam, 1965-1971. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. 3. Young, A. L., J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thai ken, and J. W. Tremblciy. 1978. The Toxicology and Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235, 247 p. 12 �2d Ind to HQ USAF/SGES Ltr, 15 Jan 80, Cancellation Hearings on Herbicide 2,4,5-T HQ AMD/SG TO: 2 9 JAN 1980 USAFSAM/CC Forwarded for your information and action. FOR THE COMMANDER <H^f*~"~^-*r*'-y 1S\ _—JOHfjR. WATSON Colonel, USAF, MSC ; Director of Medicine & Education 2 Atch nc �DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL WASHINGTON. D.C. 20250 APRioisao Dr. Rodney W. Bovey USDA - SEA Department of Range Science Texas A S M University College Station, Texas 77843 Dear Rod: This is to fol low-up on my telephone request for your appearance as a witness at the 2,4,5-T/silvex'cancellation hearings. The hearing opened on March 14 when EPA witnesses began testifying. It is difficult to estimate when witnesses will be presented on behalf of the Secretary of Agriculture but we will follow EPA's witnesses in the schedule. Therefore, we need to prepare for your appearance at the hearings very soon. We will need a written statement from you either pertaining to your inputs to the USDA-EPA-States joint assessment report titled "The Biologic and Economic Assessment of 2,4,5-T" or (if you did not work with the team or contribute information to them) detailing your expertise on matters such as 2,4,5-T or silvex application, evaluation, chemical analysis, or field use. Our effort In the cancellation hearing will be directed toward identifying and presenting relevant scientific data. These facts will be the foundation of our case. Your statement should fully describe the facts known to you and identify what document or other supporting materials, such as personal experience .and discussions with other knowledgeable observers, can provide the basis for each fact. We will need a copy of each document which is an exhibit or reference in support of your statement. If you can anticipate questions that may be raised by others, please feel free to discuss them with me and how you believe they can be addressed. Reference documents such as field data, reports, or letters to the file prepared at the time will add to your expert credibility when you are describing your data and experience. I have enclosed for your use a list of items needed in the preparation of our presentation. In order to be prepared for the hearing, I will need .your draft witness statement and supporting material by May 1. �I have enclosed an outline of evidence which may be presented by the » Department at the hearings. If you have experience or knowledge relating to these subjects, you should consider including that information in your draft statement. These topics are somewhat general, and we would appreciate your comments about specific topics which should be considered also. Please feel free to call me at 447-2713 or Judith Wenker at 447-2286 or Al Rivas at 447-2714 to discuss these matters. If you have questions regarding the preparation of your statement, please contact us. Your efforts in helping us prepare for the hearings are greatly appreciated. Sincerely, MARGARET M. BREINHOLT Attorney Litigation Division Enclosure y u/ ^ ~^A "a I �DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL WASHINGTON, D.C. 20250 APR 15 1980 Major Alvin L. Young Consultant, Environmental Sciences USAFSAM / EK Brooks AFB, Texas 78235 Dear Major Young: For your information, I am enclosing a copy of the letter which has been sent to USDA employees who are scheduled to be witnesses in the "risk" portion of the 2,4,5-T/silvex administrative hearings. If you are close to finishing a draft of your proposed testimony, I would appreciate receiving a copy as soon as possible. If you prefer, you could send a copy to Mr. Heady, and he can arrange to provide it to me and discuss it at his convenience. It is difficult to tell you exactly when you may be scheduled to appear for cross-examination on your written direct testimony. It is possible that USDA may be required to present witnesses soon after June 1, and the written statements must be filed at least two weeks before a witness can appear. Sincerely, MARGARET M. BREINHOLT Attorney, Litigation Division Enclosure cc: D. Heady, w/enc. ���^ j ,^ V? ity v ';1V < V 1 t � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 181 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5297 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Correspondence and Notes: Testimony for EPA Hearings, 1979-1980 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/f16da40fa7772d0e1c6652180002d606.pdf ea301f7cf3f3b2724f688c1597802ae2 PDF Text Text Item D Number °5654 D (jotScannail Author Corporate Author RBDOrt/ArtlGlB TltlO Correspondence and reports relating to the CDC Agent Orange Study, 1985 Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color Number of Imooos D ° Descripton Notes Monday, March 25, 2002 Page 5654 of 5720 �DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY US A R M Y ft JOINT SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT CROUP 1730 K STREET N.W. ROOM 21O WASHINGTON. DC 20006-3608 »CI>LVTO December 4, 1985 A T T C N T I O N OF DAAG-ESG Dr. Vernon Houk Director, Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control 1600 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Dear Dr. Houk: After analyzing and evaluating the AOP interim report to OTA by our epidemiologist, a scientist and military analyst we found the report did not contain clear guidance in the determination of possible exposure opportunity. The material and data contained in this report, especially the tables, are set up to demonstrate a single point of view only. It would have been helpful to have the reader understand all the aspects of research, especially the use of data from combat records. The comments that follow are submitted for your determination in having the best available analysis of all sides of this complex issue. Further, where errors are noted, it is requested that the report be amended/corrected. The epidemiologist that reviewed the report requests that we see the raw data in order to evaluate the tables. Nowhere in the report was it mentioned that the methods for capturing and recording of all the data were dictated by AOP and we fully complied. The AOP liaison officer spent two years with the data abstractors in the completion of 18 battalions. The following are specific comments relative to Interim Report No. 2: a. AOP Statement (Section II - Exposure Opportunity and Combat Selection, paragraph 1, page 2). " We have a list of 65 combat battalions that served for at least 18 months in III Corps during 1967 and 1968. This list, called the AOP master list of battalions " ESG Comment - ESG at the request of AOP was directly responsible for identification of the 65 units that were se- �lected for the study. On 16 November 1983 we provided the master list of 123 units which operated in the III Corps tactical zone in 1967 & 1968. b. AOP Statement ^Section II — Exposure Oppurtunity and Cohort Selection , paragraph 4, subparagraph 2, page 2).M The present selection criteria or a slight extension of these will allow us to identify 17,000 U.S. Army veterans . . . . " ESG Comment - We sent AOP 7,500 qualified personnel data abstraction forms (under AOP's new criteria) in which only 1,500 study subjects finally qualified for the study. The view here is that the criteria should change only when it becomes apparent AOP will not receive enough study subjects. This changing of criteria is not considered a slight change when 70% of the already qualified study subjects become disqualified . c. AOP Statement (B. Selection of men from combat line companies^paragraph 1 & 2, page 11). " Additionally, our projections show that in order to obtain the required number of men (17,000 qualified veterans), it would be necessary to select men from almost all of the units on the list and the selection criteria may have to be changed." ESG Comment; ESG has presently qualified 12, 500 study subjects for the study. The new criteria would eliminate approximately 8,500 of these study subjects. AOP has added significant criteria changes to the study which eliminate large numbers of veterans. Before we eliminate study subjects we request Science Panel review, because of all the work that has gone into this phase of this program. d. AOP Change; 1967 & 1968." M A veteran must only serve his tour in ESG Comment; Every veteran we have qualified that had served one or more days in 1966 or 1969 is disqualified, even if the veteran experienced several herbicide exposures while in a tracked unit during 1967 or 1968. We would like AOP to explain to the Science Panel, why study subjects who may register herbicide exposure hits in 1967 or 68 should be disqualified. This eliminates significant numbers of study subjects. A total of 828 study subjects were disqualified from the first subgroup at AOP after qualification and abstraction at ESG. This change of criteria would require ESG to review an additional 60,000 records for the study in �order to qualify enbugh study subjects. This change will disqualify the majority of the many study subjects that were previously qualified by ESG and sent to AOP. e. AOP Change; " Entire tour spent in units for which location data is being collected." ESG Comment; ESG is currently qualifying veterans who served in a tracked unit but also transferred to units that are not being tracked. Even if a veteran experienced several herbicide exposures while assigned to a tracked unit, he will be disqualified by AOP if he transferred to a non-tracked unit. The reasoning AOP uses to disqualify these veterans who were exposed has not been made clear. We would like AOP to explain to the Science Panel, why study subjects who may register multiple herbicide exposure hits while assigned to tracked units and later assigned to non-tracked units should be disqualified. This again eliminates high numbers of study subjects. A total of 1,871 study subjects were disqualified at AOP after qualification at ESG from the first subgroup. The disqualification of these veterans would require ESG to review additional records each month. The disqualifying of such large numbers of veterans could result in tracking of additional battalions in order for AOP to qualify 17,000 veterans for the study. ESG is currently reviewing over 6,000 records a month in order to qualify 2,500 study subjects for use by AOP in which 70% of the records are later disqualified at AOP. This is a major increase in the quota every month. We completed the abstraction for the Vietnam Experience Study in which ESG qualified 1,433 study subjects per month for AOP without difficulty. This is a significant increase to ESG when compared to the Vietnam Experience study. Every change impacts heavily on extraction operations and cannot help but affect time scheduling from ESG's standpoint. f. AOP Statement (Section III - Quality and Completeness of Location Information, paragraph 3, page 14). "Limited reproducibllity conducted by AOP lead us to conclude that the data are incomplete and inaccurate." ESG Comment; The word "limited" might be a description of the quality control functions AOP has performed to date. The initial AOP quality control report dated 21 March 1985 states (see TAB A), "Assuming standard procedures for abstraction, �these differences are due to either errbr In ESG's abstraction, error in AOP's or both. I scrutinized the documents, the sane for ESG and AOP, and found the latter to be the case. Since the purpose of this report Is to review ESG's abstraction of troop locations from Army documents, the discussion that follows is limited to ESG's errors only. Please note that "error" subsumes a variety of possible mistakes and oversights and together they refer only to the standard of abstraction outlined by AOP." This report verlfys that AOP made errors in their QC reabstraction process but still only stressed ESG's abstraction process. AOP used the term "possible errors" because they cannot be completely sure they are errors. The Epidemiologist, Scientist and Analyst have not had a chance to analyze these points AOP extracted from the records. It should be noted that AOP reabstracted or edited their own abstractions countless times finding numerous discrepancies from their original abstraction. There is no yardstick. The rules changed and there is no way to determine who is correct. g. AOP Statement (A. Completeness and accuracy of available location data, page 14). " The ability to reproduce data is essential to establish the integrity and credibility of a scientific study." ESG Comment! It should be clear that there is nothing comparable to laboratory data findings in the grid locations and the recording of military data in journals and other like records. They were never intended to be used for epldemiologlcal studies. The definition of a grid coordinate means a reference point on the ground. One has to ask the question who has more expertise and credibility concerning U.S. Army combat troop data, the U.S. Army or AOP? h. AOP Statement (A. Completeness and accuracy of location data, page 14)".... members of the AOP staff began reabstracting data previously abstracted by ESG on selected units. These AOP staff members were trained by the ESG abstraction supervisor prior to beginning the process." ESG Comment; The facts are that one member of AOP Staff receivedtraining from the ESG supervisor for three days It would be desirable if we could make an expert on the battalion tracking process in three days but this is just not possible. It is apparent the AOP abstractors encountered numerous problems and difficulties when they performed their �quality control mission. AOP had to go over their own abstraction countless times. AOP's latest QC report in July contained errors. 1. AOP Statement (A. Completeness and accuracy of available location data, paragraph 1, page 14). " We now have completed data for four months on three different battalions and present the results in table 7." ESG Comment: AOP has attempted to provide a rather one sided view of the data. AOP has provided charts which show AOP's initial reabstraction compared to ESG's data. AOP does not state in the report that they reviewed their abstraction and found numerous errors in their original abstraction. AOP did not provide their edited or reabstracted tables to the Science Panel. These edited and reabstracted tables were originally reported in AOP's first Quality Control Report dated 21 March 1985. j. AOP Statement (A. Completeness and accuracy of available location data, paragraph 1, page 14). " We compare the difference between the average of the locations found in the two independent abstractions of the data on the battalions, the abstraction originally supplied by ESG and the reabstraction completed by AOP. If the number of points representing unit locations and the general area in which they occurred were similar for the two Independent abstractions, we would expect this distance between the centroids to be small. This, however, was not the case for many of the days within the period studied." ESG Comment; First of all, AOP has not provided the correct data from their own Quality Control Report (Reference statement above). There are many reasons why these two abstractions disagree: (1) ESG or AOP abstracted the wrong points (2) ESG or AOP abstracted N points or X points that the other did not extract. (These points should not be considered for comparison when AOP is establishing a centroid. Only the line companies (A-E) grid points should be compared), (3) ESG inputed a grid for a village in which AOP did not. It is apparent that for each day in which there is a major difference in the locations, AOP and ESG should analyze these data in order to identify the reason for the discrepancy. This has not been done; however, we have requested AOP's reabstracted grid coordinate points in order to perform this analysis. ESG will not make assumptions or initiate reports until we verify what the data reflects. This can only be accomplished by checking the source �documents. k. AOP Statement (paragraph 1, page 15). "We have also discussed the reabstraction of other units, but ESG has been unwilling to commit themselves to reabstracting additional data." ESG Comment; ESG policy has been stated at many meetings over the last year that we will be happy to reabstract any battalion when asked to do so. The aforementioned statement is incorrect. ESG has only been asked to reabstract battalion #4. We agreed to reabstract this battalion because it was one of the early battalions tracked when using the CDC KAYPROS (word processors). We later discarded the KAYPROS because the researcher could not edit the data once it was keypunched. AOP recommended that several units be reabstracted but AOP failed to demonstrate ESG expertise in the battalion tracking arena. ESG report dated 10 September 1985 (see TAB B) documents the problems ESG found with AOP' s latest attempt at quality control. AOP wanted ESG to reabstract 3 or 4 battalions as a result of their Quality Control Report dated 1 July 1985. ESG demonstrated to AOP that their report was less than acceptable and AOP dropped the notion to reabstract the battalions. We are currently working closely with Dr. Riduan Joesoef, AOP to develop a quality control scheme in which the quality of data can be accurately evaluated. Dr. Joesoef has worked well with members of the staff to solve these problems and we appreciate his Interest and efforts. 1. AOP Statement (paragraph 2, page 15). "The approach used by ESG to abstract military documents Is mechanical . " ESG Comment; We agree with AOP that ESG developed the current method for abstracting company location data. This was not the case for the early abstraction phase when detailed instructions were given to ESG (which turned out to be poor decisions confirmed at the last Science Panel meeting). However, AOP has continuously provided ESG with rules which has limited ESG on the decisions it could and should Infer. There are numerous decisions or determinations ESG could initiate if we were given a free hand to utilize our expertise of U.S. Army combat unit data. We are convinced ESG's current methodology is the best possible method for tracking combat battalions. Clearly, the disagreements, technical as they may be, �point up the need for the separation of responsibilities to make the study believable and that it be done by military analyst who have worked on this project for the last three years* In the Interest of getting on with the project, the Science Panel might consider assigning the total mission of selecting the study subjects to ESG, thus allowing AOP to conduct the interviews, physicals and statistical analysis. During the protocol development of this study ESG planned to conduct the research and accomplish the automation process, thus providing the principal investigators blind lists of study subjects. AOP wanted the automation portion of the recording of data and so it was agreed. This concept of the provision of blind lists was also discussed and agreed upon by the VA when it was thought that the VA would be doing the study. m. AOP Statement (paragraph 2, page 15) "AOP has requested that ESG involve other mililtary experts In decisions concerning the best methods for locating units, but ESG considered this unnecessary." ESG Comment; These techniques for abstraction were dictated by AOP before they understood very much about the battalion records. The AOP criteria as bad as it was, was followed to the letter by ESG. The reason ESG has not called in other so called "experts" to locate military units is that ESG already has cornered the market in these specialists with Vietnam combat experience and records management expertise. n. AOP Statement (paragraph 3, page 15). " All parties then agreed to the establishment of a group consisting of persons outside the Army." ESG Comment; ESG rejected such a proposal because the best current expertise in records extractions is in ESG. These persons suggested by AOP as reviewers were less competent than the personnel now doing the extraction process. We never agreed to a final peer review selection process hence the last sentence is not true. Not stated in this paragraph is ESG's suggestion to let the 4 major Veterans organizations each provide 2 former combat company or battalion commanders to come in and review the record extraction process. This was summarily rejected by AOP but it is never mentioned. AOP tends to write down only �8 their own proposals and omit any reference to counter proposals from ESG particularly if AOP does not care for the idea or suggestion. Another point is that this peer review idea from AOP was never presented to the WHAOWG Science Panel for consideration. Rather it was an arbitrary unilateral decision by AOP that such a review was called for. AOP should clearly be made to understand that ESG is in no manner a subcontractor to AOP. We are very willing to serve in the role of an equal research partner. o. AOP Statement (paragraph 1, page 20). "We asked Mr. Tavia Gordon, a consultant with AOP, to establish the review group." ESG Comment; Mr. Gordon is not known to us. We have never met nor communicated with him. p. AOP Statement (paragraph 2, page 20). "Mr. Gordon did contact Mr. Stanton, and after further problems were discussed with the location data supplied by ESG, AOP employed Mr. Stanton as an AOP staff member." ESG Comment; ESG is well aware of Mr. Stanton's background as a historian. If Mr. Stanton should discover any potential problems with the data we would be happy to meet with him. q. AOP Statement (paragraph 4, page 20). "A meeting took place between ESG and AOP on November 12, 1985. We discussed the information available for battalion #14 for April 1967. ESG had reabstracted the information on the unit for presentation at this meeting. In this reabstraction, locations were found where none had been supplied to AOP by ESG from their original abstraction. In the data originally sent, AOP had location information for only 4 of 30 days, while after reabstraction, information was obtained for 27 of 30 days. It also appears that there were numerous abstraction errors in the data AOP originally received, some of which resulted in placing units almost 100 kilometers from where they actually were." ESG Comment; AOP had established the criteria which resulted in location data for only 4 days out of 30 for battalion #14. When ESG was freed of the AOP imposed criteria then ESG was able to account for 27 of the 30 days with company locations. This merely proved the fal- �lacious nature of the original AOP imposed location criteria. r. AOP Statement (paragraph 5, page 20). "Based on the reabstraction of military records for four different months involving three different battalions mentioned above, we suspected that we were not receiving all possible information on a company's location on all days during 1967 and 1968. While we had concerns about the quality of location data being received from ESG prior to this meeting, the data presented at the meeting indicated that they may be of such poor quality that they may compromise the scientific credibility of the study. We also believe, based on our own research and the reabstraction of data presented by ESG, that it is possible to obtain a data set of reasonably high quality If the abstraction process is changed to collect more of the available information from the military records. Moreover, we believe that unit location information of sufficient completeness, accuracy, and reproducibillty to withstand the scientific scrutiny which will occur at the completion of the study is more likely to be obtained If the abstraction process is directed by AOP scientists, rather than ESG." ESC Comment; We agree that because of the AOF imposed criteria, t"h"at the data on daily company locations may be faulty. Why doesn't AOP admit this was of their doing and that if ESG is permitted to freely abstract and interpret daily locations the problem will be readily solved with an appreciable improvement in accuracy. AOP gives no information whatsoever as to how they ensured quality control of daily location data imputs to the AOP computers. In no way will ESG agree to any transfer of the abstraction process to AOP scientists who have little or no background experience with Army operational records. For further reference see TABs A and B. s. AOP Statement (paragraph 2, page 21). "AOP generally would not describe a meeting in a scientific report, but we believe this information necessary to justify our recommendation that AOP needs more direct control over the abstraction process. In this way AOP can be responsible for the validity of the exposure indices and can enlist the services of additional experts in the areas of military operations and records. These �10 i F comments are not intended to minimize the contribution that ESG has made to the study through the abstraction of Information on individual study participants from military personnel files, and we trust that this contribution will continue throughout the remainder of the study." ESG Comment: A report of any kind should be presented fairly and supportable. While we can understand it is much more convenient not to be subject to peer review, AOP does not wish a review from above comments. We have gone the extra mile all along and because we want to see the study through for the sake of our Nation's Vietnam veterans we will continue to complete our mission. t. AOP Statement B. AOP recommendations for obtaining valid location information, page 21 & 22, "Transfer responsibility for the collection of the location data to AOP. We believe it would benefit the Agent Orange Study to transfer the responsibility for the collection of data on unit locations to AOP. It is our judgment based on past experience and statistical analysis that with current resources ESG cannot, on a timely basis, abstract information with sufficient accuracy and completeness to withstand scientific scrutiny the completion of the study. AOP would hire a contractor to abstract all the unit location data needed for the study according to uniform procedures specified by AOP. Performance standards would be written into the contract and payment would depend on the quality of service. AOP does not foresee the need to request an additional Congressional appropriation for this work. We understand that the records being used for unit locations are controlled by the National Archives and are available to the public. Therefore, we do not foresee any difficulties with continuing to gain access to military Information. However, we would ask DOD to help expedite the process. We also would renew our request to DOD for short term consultative services from members of the Military History Institute and the War College. AOF would develop a data collection procedure on knowledge already possessed and information on the design from the experts on the available military documents and the conduct of the Vietnam War." ESG Comment; We totally disagree with AOP's �11 recommendations. There are many issues throughout this report that are presented from one single point of view in AOP's favor. This attempt by AOP to take over this portion of the study negates the requirements for checks and balances to make a study creditable and acceptable to the veterans who have repeatedly expressed confidence in ESG. They deserve the best that we can give them. Do not take that away from them. Vietnam was an honorable war. We all did our best. All AOP has to do is ask ESG directly for what they want as has been the case in the past and we will produce the Information. In summary: Non-Concur by ESG. We do not believe that AOP has the breadth of experience in military records abstraction so that they can supervise any contractor (nor can a contractor be found with expertise in personnel such as already available in ESG). u. AOP Statement (paragraph 3, page 22). "This approach may have some merit, but we do not yet know how much of the location data would have to be reabstracted. If this approach necessitates a substantial amount of reabstraction, it would be preferable to reabstract all of the information as outlined in option 1. AOP does not recommend this approach since everyone agrees (ESG, AOP, and others Involved in recent discussions) that more location information exists in the records than is being collected presently and this new approach ignores those data. Furthermore, since this approach requires that we reabstract only a subset of the data, we are left with the Inaccuracies in the remainder. If AOP adopts this approach we would increase the quality control on the data being collected and have the reabstraction done through a contractor supervised by AOP as with the first alternative. The scope of work, however, would be more limited than that described in option 1." ESG Comment; AOP does not have an understanding of the problem. After ESG has already qualified the study subjects (163 data elements per individual) they are later disqualified by AOP because of future new qualifications. The job is manageable and can be accomplished with a few concessions from AOP and AOP's admission that their location criteria is faulty. v. AOP Statement; (page 22, Cancel the Agent Orange Study). �12 f "While we believe that there Is sufficient justification for continuing the study and that the location of companies in Vietnam can be determined, we also believe that the study must be based on the most complete and accurate information available. AOP cannot suggest that the study be conducted with less than good quality unit location data since these data are critical to accurate exposure assessment and since so much money and effort are going into assuring that all other aspects of the study result in valid data. " ESG Comment; We concur - let us get on with a more accurate daily location process as conceived by ESG and accomplished by the highly trained and competent ESG staff. Let ESG select the study cohorts (names of individuals) without AOP interference and unreasonable contraints which have been proven wrong by AOP themselves, as exemplified by their report. w. AOP Statement (Section IV - Conclusions, page 23). "Our major concern is the completeness, accuracy, and reproduclbility of the unit location Information supplied to us by ESG. Therefore, AOP would like to discuss the assumption of direct responsibility for the collection of unit location Information." ESG Comment; Non-Concur by ESG as to any AOP assumption of direct responsibility for abstraction of unit location information. x. AOP Statement; (Page 24, Appendix I. Unit Location Information). Obtaining "We discussed the accuracy and completeness of the data supplied by ESG in Section III. In this appendix we describe documents and methods presently employed by ESG and AOP to obtain company-level location information. The methods used to abstract the data do not provide a location for every company on each day of the period of the study. Consequently, gaps exist in our knowledge of company locations for approximately 50 percent of the days. In part A of this appendix we describe data available from �13 battalion, brigade, and dlvlson level documents. In part B we evaluate ESG's suggestion that company-level morning reports be used to fill gaps In unit location Information." » ESG Comment; The lack of data for 50% of the days in AOP'a opinion comes from use of incomplete data and the lack of authority to do interpretation by ESG to fill in these gaps. It is a difficult process and AOP does not understand how such a process can be made to work by ESG. y. AOP Statement (paragraph 3, page 24). received d a t a f r o m 37 of these battalions." "AOP has ESG Commentt ESG has already provided AOP data on 40 battalions. By the end of the year 55 battalions will have been reviewed. 2. AOP S tatement (paragraph 4, page 24). "The map coordinates gleaned from these records are in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system which uses a two letter and six digit designation of location." ESG Comment; ESG also abstracts two letter and six digit grid coordinate locations. Early in the study we were told by AOP if the Alpha letters were not recorded we could not use them. (See letter TABs D & E). a.l. AOP Statement (paragraph 4, page 27). "Unfortunately AOP f i n d s t h a t T t T s n o t always clear as to what the location information listed in the morning report refers, particularly when only an APO is available. �14 We believe, based on our discussions with military experts and the analysis of over 40,000 morning reports, that the location refers to the point of mail distribution which was the base camp of the company's brigade or division* If this information is presently available, it Is more easily retrieved from USARV station lists." ESG Comment; Morning Reports are the document which would record the actual day a unit moved it's base camp. USARV Station Lists would not provide this information. Also the USARV Station Lists are not updated to reflect a unit's move until many months later. Morning Reports are definitely the best source document to use when verifying a unit's major base camp. b.l. AOP Statement (paragraph 2, page 28)"....morning reports refer to either the brigade or division base camps, without further documents, we cannot determine which." ESG Comment: ESG could easily furnish additional documents to verify the morning reports. This method is done all the time in connection with the many other ongoing studies where detailed tracking is required. AOP acts as though one could use Morning Reports exclusively. Such is not the case. ESG has maintained that the MR's must be used in conjunction with other reports and daily journals, then they make sense. This paragraph points out the naivete of the AOP approach. c.l. AOP Statement (paragraph 1, page 32). "One major problem with obtaining locations from morning reports Is that we have been unable to locate these reports for 40 percent of the days being studied. When the reports are available, only an APO number occurs 48 percent of the time." ESG Comment; There are morning reports for every month which would verify the major base camp location for each and every day. An experienced researcher can interpret the APO number and locate the unit's main base camp location. There are many reasons why morning reports are missing. No change in status is one example. Our trained researchers have the ability to track the unit using other data source materials. �15 d.l. AOP Statement (paragraph 1, page 32). "Even when coordinates are listed the coordinates often occur again and again for the entire time period which indicates that the coordinates refer to a fixed location such as that of a division base camp and not the actual location of the company." ESG Comment; This is to be expected as major base camps do not move. They were constructed and protected with chain link fences, barbed wire, bunkers and open fields of fire. However, combat companies do move in and out of these base camps. e.l. AOP Statement (paragraph 3, page 32). "If the locations obtained from morning reports represent these locations, they should, on average, be reasonably close to the field locations noted for the companies in other documents. This analysis, however, indicated that the locations obtained from the morning reports are not truly representative of the physical location of the company." ESG Comment; This is an apparent misunderstanding on the part of AOF. There is a significant difference between a major base camp location and a field location. Being in the field to an infantryman can mean many things. Out on search-and-des troy missions, ambushes, fire support bases, the taking of an objective, retrograde movement and a host of other battle situations such as serving as a screening force, roads, bridges, protection and the like. Some of these missions may take the company far afield from the Division base location. Sincerely, Richard S. Christian,C.R.M Director Enclosures 1. AOP Quality Control Report 2. CDC Quality Control Report 3. Chair, Science Panel Memo, 15 November 1985 4. Epidemiologist Letter, 18 November 1985 5. AOP Letter, 10 February 1984 �»T ' " fteVch 21, 1985 I~ Statistician. Agent oranga Projacts <» i Battalion Tracking Procedures Dan McGee, Senior Statistician, Agent Orange Projects This memorandum reports the results of a review of the battalion abstraction process for the Agent Orange Study by Canters for Disease Control (CDC). A previous report by me gives details of the battalion abstraction process, including a review of army documents and terminology, a description of each data field on the battalion abstraction form, and a section on how to interpret text in the army documents. This report was sent to Mr. Don Hakenson of The U.S. Army and Joint Services Environmental Support Group (ESG) on February 6, 1985 for review. The primary purpose of our review is to see if a group of researchers independent of the ESG can extract the same information on a battalion's locations using the same army documents. Specifically, can two independent groups arrive at the same overall battalion location for each day from their respective abstractions? The secondary purpose of the review is to numerate disagreements in abstractions. Characterizing disagreements will help describe the data and perhaps be useful in editing the battalion data sets for analysis. CDC selected randomly four time periods to examine: May and June, 1967 of Battalion 4; April, 1967 of Battalion 12; and June, 1967 of Battalion 21. Drew Baughman and Christie Ernst researched the records for these battalions without knowledge of the data the ESG had abstracted. Appendix A contains all documents researched for this report. We used the procedures outlined in the report mentioned above; from all accounts, these procedures appear to be those that the ESG uses for their abstraction. The first part of this report estimates the similarity and looks at differences between ESG and CDC abstractions. The second part compares the ESG set of locations before and after editing disagreements against the set of procedures for abstraction documented by CDC. I. ESG-CDC Comparison The left side of Tabla 1 shows the distance in kilometers between the ESG and CDC overall battalion locations and the number of abstracted locations by battalion, date, and research group. For reasons not discussed here, cluster analysis is used to compute an overall battalion location for each day, for the ESG and CDC data sets separately. Appendix B outlines the algorithm to compute an overall battalion location or centroid. �2 Table 1 B«twa«n-cenfcroid ^distance and number of locations for initial ESG and CDC abstractions and for ESG abstraction before and after editing by CDC, by battalion and data. Battalion 4: • Data Distance (km) May 1 May 2 1.1 0.6 May 3 May May May May 4 5 6 7 May 8 May 9 May 10 May 11 May 12 May 13 May May May May May May May 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 May 21 May May May May May May May May May 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 31 Subtotal — 0.04 0.3 0.03 0.0 4.1 22.0 — 30.3 3.1 24.5 1.6 0.3 — 1.1 0.4 0.04 3.7 •6.0 17.5 3.0 2.7 2.3 18.5 4.5 1.4 1.8 - (ESG, COG) Number of Locations 16 12 24 20 24 32 7 4 1 0 0 0 9 16 8 9 15 25 22 6 18 5 5 10 7 10 3 7 1 7 11 426 337 0.04 0.1 16 15 0 14 20 22 7 11 2 0 1 1 10 17 13 5 35 0 17 15 22 12 24 25 16 23 13 20 13 14 26 Distance (km) • - — 0.02 2.4 0.02 0.0 5.2 11.0 — — 22.0 2.9 24.9 2.0 0.3 — 0.5 3.3 0.5 1.0 8.1 16.6 0.2 0.1 0.04 00 . 0.2 1.0 0.2 (ESG, ESG/CDC) Number of Locations 16 12 0 14 20 22 7 11 2 0 1 1 10 17 13 5 35 0 17 15 22 12 24 25 16 23 13 20 13 14 26 14 14 23 18 21 26 7 4 3 0 0 0 8 16 8 5 18 18 14 10 19 12 20 24 17 19 13 20 7 15 24 417 �Tabla 1 (Continued) B«tween-cent,roid distance and numbar of locations for initial ESG and CDC abstractions and for ESG abstraction baforo and aftor ad i ting by CDC, by battalion and data. Battalion 4: Data Juna 1 Juno 2 Juna 3 Juna 4 Juna 5 Juna 6 Juna 7 Juna 8 Juna 9 Juna 10 Juna 11 Juna 12 Juna 13 Juna 14 Juna 15 Juna 16 Juna 17 Juna 18 Juna 19 Juna 20 Juna 21 Juna 22 Juna 23 Juna 24 Juna 25 Juna 26 Juna 27 Juna 28 Juna 29 Juna. 30 Subtotal - (ESG, Oistanca (km) 0.7 1.9 0.5 19.7 1.1 17.1 19.3 3.1 42.8 21.7 22.1 3.6 24.6 19.5 22.4 23.5 24.1 21.6 24.2 36.4 28.3 19.7 21.8 23.2 1.5 46.8 24.0 4.3 3.1 22.7 (ESG, CDC) Numbar of Locations 14 3 38 17 27 46 41 25 30 25 23 21 20 13 32 17 29 18 25 30 39 26 48 41 37 30 20 35 50 37 31 13 12 23 12 8 6 10 2 6 8 6 4 12 7 15 10 17 4 29 14 30 27 19 12 20 9 33 28 22 Distance •: (km) ESG/CDC) ". Number of Locations 0.5 14 14 0.005 0.04 38 17 27 46 41 25 30 25 23 21 20 13 32 17 29 18 25 30 39 26 48 41 37 30 20 35 50 37 31 36 21 30 33 23 17 29 22 14 20 15 15 27 11 22 17 25 19 42 25 47 50 37 26 24 23 43 40 29 0.1 19.3 24.6 19.5 0.1 37.0 18.0 19.1 0.2 19.6 19.1 ' 19.8 20.1 19.5 18.9 19.4 19.4 19.9 19.2 19.7 0.2 19.7 19.9 20.1 1.2 19.7 20.0 �Tabla 1 (Continued) Betwean-centroid distanca and number of locations for initial ESG and COG abstractions and for ESG abstraction before and after editing by CDC, by battalion and date. Battalion 12: Distance (km) . Data April April April April April April April April April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 April 10 April 11 April 12 April April April April (ESG, 13 14 15 16 April 17 April 18 April 19 April 20 5 0.07 15 8 0 5 0 4 10 8 8 3.6 7.9 — 0.3 1.5 1.9 0.1 0.02 49.1 0.04 2.3 5.3 0.2 9.9 12.3 — 1.7 April 21 April April April April April April 22 23 24 25 26 27 April 28 April 29 April 30 Subtotal Number of Locations 7.6 — — ' 4.1 3.7 5.6 3.2 15.3 0.1 0.2 5.1 6 18 16 19 13 7 5 1 2 0 0 10 22 7 0 5 0 5 13 8 9 24 11 21 20 16 18 13 2 0 1 0 0 8 11 11 7 10 9 10 15 22 16 15 14 14 19 235 331 18 i (ESG, CDC) 11 Distance (km) 12.6 0.1 ESG/CDC) Number of Locations 2.9 6 0.01 18 3.5 5.3 16 19 13 7 5 1 2 0 0 1 8 11 11 7 10 9 10 10 20 11 0 5 0 4 14 8 9 25 10 22 20 18 22 12 6 0 1 0 0 8 13 19 14 12 14 10 19 235 326 — 0.0 0.7 1.9 0.1 5 15 8 0 5 0 4 10 8 8 0.01 18 0.2 0.0 0.04 9.9 0.5 — 1.7 " — — • 4.0 3.7 7.1 4.5 4.1 0.1 0.2 5.1 �Table 1 (Continued) Between-ceritroid distance and numbar of locations for initial ESG and CDC abstractidns and for ESG abstraction bafora and after editing by COG, by battalion and date. Battalion 21: Distance (km) Data Juna 1 June 2 Juna 3 Juna 4 Juna 5 Juna 6 Juna 7 Juna 8 Juna 9 Juna 10 Juna 11 Juna 12 Juna 13 Juna 14 Juna IS Juna 16 Juna 17 June 18 Juna 19 June June June June June June June • 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 June 27 June 28 June 29 June 30 Subtotal Total 1.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 3.1 7.7 0.1 1.6 0.6 0.1 3.2 2.3 0.4 1.3 2.5 0.2 0.3 1.6 2.6 3.3 1.1 0.1 2.1 1.8 0.5 2.1 9.2 1.4 006 .0 5.7 (ESG, Number of Locations 2 16 12 17 1 12 27 18 2 21 16 1 25 18 7 7 6 4 4 5 11 16 12 8 13 1 18 5 19 2 326 (ESG, ESG/CDC) CDC) 1 19 12 18 9 18 35 32 5 28 20 7 20 10 10 14 7 9 4 11 15 . 27 17 16 20 4 16 15 11 3 433 1,872 1,522 Distance (km) 0.0 1.1 0.01 0.1 3.1 2.0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 2.3 0.03 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 3.0 0.03 0.01 3.2 0.5 0.1 2.6 9.4 0.2 0.004 5.3 Number of Locations 2 16 12 8 13 1 18 5 19 2 2 20 13 19 8 13 35 33 5 29 22 7 33 28 11 11 7 9 7 10 13 19 15 11 15 2 22 16 21 4 326 460 16 12 17 1 12 27 18 2 21 16 1 25 18 7 7 6 4 4 5 11 1,872 1,999 �B«low is a summary of th« (ESG, CDC) comparison in Table 1. Number of Days with Extract Battalion 4 May 67 4 Jun67 12 Apr67 21 Jun67 Period Apr84 Apr8 4 Aug84 Oct84 Between-Centroid Distance < 5 km > 5 km Total 20 9 16 27 6 21 9 3 Number of Locations CDC 426 885 235 326 26 30 25 30 ESG ££< 337 421 331 433 t-n- The ESG abstracted more locations for May of Battalion 4 (426 versus 337) and for June of Battalion 4 (885 versus 421), and CDC extracted more locations for April of Battalion 12 (331 versus 235) and for June of Battalion 21 (433 versus 326). CDC's abstraction places the battalion at least five kilometers from ESG's 27 of 56 days for Battalion 4, nine of 25 days for Battalion 12, and three of 30 days for Battalion 21. Assuming standard procedures for abstraction, these differences are due to either error in ESG's abstraction, error in CDC's, or both. I scrutinized the documents, the same for ESG and CDC, and found the latter to be the case. Since the purpose of this report is to review ESG's abstraction of troop locations from army documents, the discussion that follows is limited to ESG's errors only. Please note that "errors" subsumes a variety of possible mistakes and oversights and together they refer*only to the standard of abstraction outlined by CDC. Table 2 shows the errors in abstraction by the ESG for each battalion by date. Five categories of errors are listed there: transcription errors, projected or planned locations, coordinates imputed from a master list, a miscellaneous group, and omissions. The following is a summary of these disagreements. . Battalion Extract Period Number of Locations 4 Ha^<57 4 -May 6 7 12 Apr67 Apr84 Apr84 Aug84 21 Jun67 Oct84 427 . 885 235 345 Errors Xpos. 11 78 0 0 Proj. Imp. Misc. 39 151 3 5 120 364 8 2 16 11 9 3 Omis. 56 95 124 175 The transcription errors in Battalion 4 are mostly wrong translations for the ^rid. For example, an entry without a grid attached such as 556998 was taken •s XT556998 instead of XS556998. A few transcription errors are wrong digits such as taking 1 for 6, or transposition of digits such as 96 for 69. �"Many locations in Battalion 4 were simply lists of patrols, check points, and command posts, only soma of which are later raportad for soma group's arrival at these locations by stating "in position" or "closad." Most of tha projection* errors are taking every location in tha list, not just the ones later confirmed, and some are taking planned locations from a paragraph explaining the next day's operations or from the plans summary at the end of the journal. Tha documents for Battalion 4 also contained many references to arrivals to and departures from Fire Support Base Nicke,! (Nickel), Cu Chi base camp, and Brno Trai village or airstrip. Of tha 529 such references, 312 are for Nickel (all XT571046), 145 are for Cu Chi base camp (137 are XT6412 and 8 are XT6415), and 52 are for Bao Trai village or airstrip (four unique locations). Table 3 shows a check COG made to see if and when tha location for Nickel changes. TabU 3 Tha location of Fire Support Base Nickel recorded by tha ESG and found in tha day's Brigade Sitrep by CDC, by date for Battalion 4 .* Data ESG May 11 CDC • w • H May 12 May May May May 13 14 15 16 May 17 May 18 May May May May May 19 20 21 22 23 May May May May May May 24 25 26 27 28 29 May 30 — XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 — XT571046 — XT571046 XT527043 — XT565046 XT569048 — — — XT568042 XT568042 XT568042 XT568042 *CDC did not check tha first ten days in May and June. A "-" means no reference to Nickel in the document. t �"•'. Tabla 3 (Continued) ( j Tha location of FirQ Support Base Nickel recorded by the ESG and found in the day's Birgade Sitrep by CDC, by date for Battalion 4.* Date June June June June June June June June June June June June ESG 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 June 23 June 24 June 25 June 26 June 27 June 28 June 29 June 30 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 XT571046 CDC XT648042 XT568044 XT568044 XT568044 — XT568044 XT568044 XT568044 XT568044 XT568044 XT568044 XT568044 — — — XT568044 XT568044 XT569044 *CDC did not check the first'ten days in May and June. reference to Nickel in the document. — •™ A "-" means no All references to Nickel for May and June of Battalion 4 were recorded as XT571046 and coded as inferred from the day's Brigade Sitrep by the ESG, but CDC found different coordinates for Nickel in the Brigade Sitreps, indicating the location of Nickel changed. The miscellaneous group of errors include taking coordinates for the wrong battalion, an airstrike, artillery or small arms firing, five-digit coordinates, and keypunch error. Omissions were spotted in all three battalions reviewed. These were mostly "patrol in position," "dustoff" or "dustoff complete" (medical evacuation of men wounded in action), and "n/c" (no change) or "same position as last hour." In addition to errors committed in abstracting coordinates, the ESG took the TIME from the text and not the "TIME IN" column for all documents reviewed. The ESG and CDC had good agreement for the first digit of the UNIT field, but there were some differences in the second digit. �* Table 2 Number of locations abstracted by the ESG and number of errors by battalion and date. Battalion 4: Errors Data Number of Locations May 1 16 12 0 0 0 14 20 22 7 11 2 0 1 1 10 13 5 35 0 17 15 22 12 25 25 16 23 13 20 13 14 26 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 427* 11 May 2 May 3 May May May May May May May 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 May May May May May May 11 12 13 14 15 16 May May May May May May May 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 May 24 May 25 May 26 May May May May May 27 28 29 30 31 Subtotal 17 Te Pr 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 3 1 1 5 0 Ri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 4 0 4 2 2 0 1 1 0 2 5 1 5 14 14 10 9 10 11 7 9 13 39 120 <o Ot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Om 0 2 0 6 4 8 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 6 1 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 3 1 1 0 4 6 16 56 Legend: Te Pr Ri Ot as transcription error a projected or planned = researcher imputed coordinates from master list = wrong battalion, airstrike, artillery or small arms firing, five-digit coordinate, keypunch error OH = omission * as includes namecode-only entries �10 • Tabl« 2 (Continued) i >• Number of locations abstracted by the ESG and number of errors by battalion and data. Battalion 4: Errors Number of Locations Date June 1 June 2 Juna June Juna Juna Juna Juna June Juna June 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Juna 12 June 13 June June Juna Juna Juna Juna Juna 14 i 15 16 17 18 19 20 14 38 17 27 46 41 25 30 25 23 21 20 13 32 17 . Te '. 0 1 2 3 3 10 1 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 i Pr Ri 1 1 1 10 20 9 15 21 17 15 19 16 5 10 0 13 13 4 3 0 13 2 1 0 8 4 13 9 14 6 7 10 29 1 1 26 27 28 29 30 18 25 30 39 26 48 41 37 30 20 35 50 37 31 0 0 0 4 5 3 6 6 4. 5 4 5 1 4 9 4 8 3 3 2 5 3 15 10 12 5 4 13 12 10 12 16 18 12 6 14 7 15 9 Subtotal 885 78 151 364. June 21 Juna 22 June 23 Juna 24 Juna 25 Juna June Juna Juna June 7 0 1 Ot 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Om 1 0 3 1 2 1 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 8 6 5 7 5 3 11 4 4 8 11 95 Legend: Te Pr Ri Ot = = = = transcription error projected or planned researcher imputed coordinates from master list wrong battalion, airstrike, artillery or small arms firing, five-digit coordinate, keypunch error Om = omission �11 Tabla 2 (Continued) Number of locations abstracted by tha ESG and number of errors by battalion and date. Battalion 12: • Errors Number of Locations Date April 1 April 2 Te 5 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 0 0 1 8 11 11 7 10 April 29 April 30 9 10 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 235 0 April April April April April 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 5 0 4 April 8 10 April April April April April April April April 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 8 18 6 18 16 19 13 April 17 April 18 7 5 April April April April April April April April April April ; Pr 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ri 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Ot 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 Om 10 5 3 0 2 0 3 6 2 2 7 5 3 5 0 9 7 2 0 1 '1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 8 5 8 4 2 9 3 8 9 124 0 0 Legend: Te Pr Ri Ot Om = = = = transcription error projected or planned researcher imputed coordinates from master list wrong battalion, airstrike. artillei"y or small arms fii"ing, five--digit coordinate, keypunch error omission �12 Table 2 (Continued) Number of locations abstracted by the ESG and number of errors by battalion and data. Battalion 21: Errors Number of Locations Data June 1 Juna 2 June 3 Juna 4 Juna 5 Juna 6 Juna 7 Juna 8 June 9 June 10 June 11 June 12 June 13 June 14 June 15 June 16 June 17 June 18 June 19 June 20 June 21 June 22 June 23 6 17 12 17 Te Pr Ri Ot Om 14 27 18 3 23 16 2 25 18 10 8 6 5 4 5 11 16 12 8 14 1 18 5 19 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 4 7 5 9 8 4 4 10 1 3 Subtotal 345* 0 5 2 3 175 Total 1,865. 89 198 494 39 450 June 24 June Juna June June June June 25 26 27 28 29 30 . 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 11 3 8 9 9 15 4 9 5 8 1 5 5 5 4 5 Legend: Te Pr Rl Ot = transcription error = projected or planned 55 researcher imputed coordinates from master list ss wrong battalion, airstrike, artillery or small arms firing, five-digit coordinate, keypunch error Om = omission �13 II. ESG-ESG/CDC Comparison To astiraata the affect, if any, of errors in abstraction on the daily overall battalion location, I compute the distance between the daily centroids derived from the ESG set of data before and after editing the errors listed in Table 2. All edits to the ESG data set are based on the rules of abstraction detailed by COC in a previous report. The right side of Table 1 tabulates this distance by date for each battalion. The following summary of these distances shows a difference of at least five kilometers 28 of 56 days for Battalion 4, five of 25 days for Battalion 12, and two of 30 days for Battalion 21. Battalion 4 4 12 21 May67 Jun67 Apr67 Jun67 Extract Period Apr84 Apr84 Aug84 Oct84 Number of Days with Between-Centroid Distance < 5 km > 5 km Total 20 6 8 20 28 22 5 2 26 30 25 30 Number of Locations ESG/COC ESG 426 885 235 326 417 796 326 460 Extrapolationg these figures to the rest of the battalion tracking data, I recommend that Battalion 4 be re-abstracted using the current set of tracking procedures, and one randomly selected week from each of Battalions 1-3, 5-7 be reviewed. This statement is based on: (1) the poor reproducibility of the daily overall battalion location due to errors in abstraction for about 50% of the days CDC reviewed for Battalion 4; (2) the present Battalion Abstraction Form was not implemented until Battalion 8, and therefore a different sort of abstraction may have occurred before Battalion 8; and (3) the current set of tracking procedures were not formalized for the early battalions. Drew Baughman CDC:CEH:CDD:AOP:DBaughman:pfh DOC096 SEC12 3/21/85 �14 Appendix B I used PROG FASTCLUS in SAS to cluster points for each day, for each data set separately. This procedure uses an agglomerative, nearest neighbor method of clustering. It uses the first nonmissing observation (point) as the initial cluster seed, defines it as the first cluster, and proceeds sequentially through the data set, computing.the Euclidean distance from the present observation to. each of the cluster seeds. An observation is considered a new seed if its minimum distance to previous seeds is greater than 3 km (chosen by user). Each observation is assigned to the cluster with the nearest seed, and after an observation is processed, that cluster's seed is recalculated as the mean of the observations currently assigned to the cluster. Cluster seeds are iteratively recomputed up to five times (chosen by user). I allowed for a maximum of five clusters on any day and computed the centroid of all cluster centroids by day for the ESG and CDC sets of data, separately. �DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY US ARMY & JOINT S E R V I C E S ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT GROUP 1730 K STREET N.W. ROOM 2IO WASHINGTON. OC 20008-3888 TO ATTENTION DAAG-ESG ./ fff ^ 10 September 1985 MEMORANDUM FOR DIRECTOR^SG SUBJECT: CDC Quality Control Report, Dated 1 July 1985 1. On 16 July 1985, Bob Delaney, Drew Baughman and Riduan Joesoef from CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, visited our organization to discuss battalion abstraction procedures and quality control. 2. During the visit Mr. Joesoef provided Mr. Hakenson of our staff a copy of a quality control report he had sent to Mr. McGee concerning a quality control abstraction comparison between CDC and ESG. lie reported that tae CDC abstraction produced more points of locations than ESG had abstracted. 3. CDC based their analysis on a one week reabstraction on battalions #1, 2,5, and 7. Their recommendation was that battalion #2,5 and 7 be reabstracted. This was based on CDC'a reabstraction of the battalion data as the "gold standard". I would like to point out that the procedures used by CDC abstractors were obtained from a. memo dated March 21, 1985, written by Mr. Drew Baugman, after spending 3 days at our organization attempting to learn the abstraction process in January 1985. 4. Upon further reexamination and analysis of the CDC and ESG abstraction process we were able to uncover CDC abstraction errors and key punch errors by our staff. On battalion 12 there were two days in which CDC and ESG did not agree. This was due to a key punch error in which two days of grid coordinates were abstracted for the same day. Except for the key punch error, all data was exact. In our opinion this did not warrant a total reabstraction. 5. On our examination of battalion #7 we found numerous grid coordinate errors by the CDC abstractor. CDC showed they found 20 grid coordinate points. Our examination reduced the number of points to 9. ESG's original abstraction produced 15 good grid coordinate locations. Listed below are :t,a types of recurring grid coordinate locations that CDC abstracted. a. VC Sighting - When the tracked unit sighted VC and provided^ grid location the CDC abstractor recorded this grid. This is the VC's location not the tracked unit location. TA& 6 �DAAG-ESG SUBJECT: CDC Quality Control Report, Dated 1 July 1985 10 September 1985 b. When an artillery unit fired in an area, CDC recorded this location. . This is not the units location but where that unit was firing. c. One entry that was recorded was that the tracked artillery unit was supporting another unit in a specific location. This was not the tracked units location, but another unit that was requesting artillery support (fire support). 6. Due to the discrepancies we found in the CDC abstraction process, we do not feel the battalions warrant reabstraction. Our new researchers have made the same sort of errors, but are taught through constant training to find and identify these types of incidents and not to record them. The only conclusion I can draw from this report is that CDC is not proficient enough at this stage of the battalion tracking process to produce reports criticizing ESG. However, this did not stop CDC from producing and circulating a highly critical quality control report. I would also like to point out that Mr. Joesoef had never extracted grid coordinates from battalion records before. 1 would strongly suggest that CDC follow the ESG SOP Abstraction Procedures dated May 7, 1985 when abstracting grid coordinate locations. Concur: 16 M. TENBERG 7 Major, USA / Chief, Scientific Support Division ; -2- �Date: July I, 1965. From! Riduan Joesoef Subject: Results of quality control battalion 1,£,S, ana 7. Toi Dan WcBee ? This report summarizes tne results* of qualt iy control for oattalion tracking 1,2,5, and 7. For oattalion 3 CDC received brigade daily journal instead of battalion sally journal, thus, a comparison to the ESS abstraction was nor possible. However, a comparison of oattalion daily journal and brigaoe daily journal was conductea to g i v e a oetter understanding of -she journals. Quality Control Procedures ' i — - The same quaii-ty control procedures as aescribea in ;}rew oaagnf/ian* s memo dated March 51, i5c£ were c-aoliec, except for d«ita entry, edit, ana verification tvc-r^. Tnis =-xt---a «-:>rx A<as ccriructec locally by ngerit Orangs personnel to reduce K.eypur.-c- ir.g error ^o. a minumum. in addition, only or-s week period t7 cays) or abstraction r'or ee.cn battai sen was abstracted. £SQ — CDC comparison A comparison petween £55 ana CD2 abstractions indicated tna't tne CDC abstraction produced more points of locations (fao*e 1). In retard to cne centro;c—cistance only oatte>.j ion 5 ana 7 sno* si j^ni r i cant distances (Table l). To assess furtner tne quality of £S3 aD&traction, an evaluation o^' tr>e numoer of locations or days wnich were in the source documents put o:tiittea i Dy £S3 aostraction was consuctec. in tnis report, tms type of error was cefineo as omission error wnich consisted of locacions &r\a cays oi'i �Battali<sn 1 Taale i Between centr*oid-cistarice ari-a nurnDer of . locau ions for £5i and CDC aoscrac^ ior; —_ g Date I>i stance Number of Locasior.s (km) cSo COG Oct. 15, 1967 Oct. 16, 1967 Oct. 17, 1967 Oct. 2O, 1967 Oct. 21, 1967 ~ 0 0 2.23 6 5 5 Mar. 13, 1966 Mar. 2O, 1968 Mar. 21, 1968 «ar. ££, 1963 Mar. 23, i966 Mar. 19, rtar.2O, Mar. 21, rtar. 22, Mar. 23, Mar. £5, 1368" 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 " .6 . - 5T6 4* x'^ 1 o i i Nov. 17, Nov. 18, Nov. 19, Nov. 2O, Nov. 21, Nov. 22, Nov. 23, 1968 1968 1968 1968. 1968 1968 1968 " //W ^u 3 * // \ \/ \r 1 3 ,. (Jf*1•<^fc- Xo Ap 13 0' 1 — — I-£L*=^&V vm^r^^v^ ^Bto V a </ i 0 5 — i sca'i 3 3 15 / ^ X<3 , , .,,•-" " #-**" ' J .,.- ^^5) ' ^ -evi^^ic.. ^TI ^f') i^u^i^ 5*X-*20 \» \T A. I fTV^ v^ v V' A b K vr v*" i l x a 3S. 99 •Locations include name-code only. 1 \ 3 26. O3 0.45 79. 1O 19.41 3. 53 — •~ \u iv^ O — V \tv^ V r \/r^ -~^ j0? y 3 vff ^ V 12 7 V i ••1 .—» » • 3. 6S i/l Y ' ; ~ 0 O - jfo i? \ \^ V O o — — - 2 a 2 �These errors were critical Because they reaucea the number of points and unique days obtained from tne abstraction. rtnotner type of error was inclusion errors. These errors were defined as the numoer of locations or days which were not in tne source document but included by ESG abstractions To evaluate the omission ana inclusion errors, the ESGi and CDC abstractions were combined and edited to produce a compromised, optimal abstraction. This optimal abstraction was named the ESG and CDC abstraction and used as a "gold standard" to evaluate the ESG abstraction. Two summary taoles— Taole 2 and 3 —were created for these purposes. Table 2 shows tne numser of locations ana days for omission arsa inclusion errors By oattaiion. ; For example ESS omitted i*t locat ion points for battalion 2 wnich constituted a S^-'A (lA/ici) omission error, "ms reest-is that £53 aossract ion Missed tit-vi of the location points ^na1: eouic bs .=.2Stracte2 fvom tnat Datfaiion. Toe nurnpsr of dayti tnat (£Si3 c^i^t so for Battalion 2 was i cay wnich const itutea a c:u% <l/ii) OMISSION er^o.-". Cv. the other hano, £83 abstraction incluaea 11 more location points \--hssa II points were not in the source document). Number of j.ocs.t ions- ar-d cays errors abstracted by ESS by Battalion rcuniDer of Days by dSaJv-CDC Batt. Number of i_ocat ion-t£rrors Locations Omission Inclusion sy £S34r'CDC N P N P 1 21 3 2 22 it- 5 13 7 2O 7% O ux 11 50S a 62V. t 13 65* 1O fet% • Day-£rrors Omission Inclusion N P fa £ t5 1 ij- ^/ 1 31% 5O* Batt.-Battalion K« rJuraoer of omission or inclusion PSB Percent of omission or inclusion 20* u 0* • * " ( ! * > c, X*% /~' >•' •' » o if: J.i"A o ^^ 6 i 17% 1 i7% ^^ /* �A ' In summary, oattaiion 2,3, and 7 have the most errors for eitner locations or days. To investigate the two types or errors at company level. Table £ was broken down by company to produce Taole 3. This table shows the number of locations and days errors at company level for each battalion. pattern was noticed. and 7 were serious. errors. The omission errors for companies in aafcalion S, 5, For battalion l only company B has significant It is worth noting that only division daily journals were available for battalion S. Consequently, only two companies C and D were produced from the division journal aoscraccion. has a A similar Unfortunately, company C 100% omission error for both locations ana days. In conclusion, reaostraction of oatcalion 2, 5, and 7 are necessary to increase coverage of locations ana unique a&ys for either company or aattaiion. If time permitted oat tali on i should also be �4 * Numcer or ioca|ions arid cays errors abstracted t>y £3Cs oy oa^calien anc company Ba?r. Co.-« p. Numaer of . Location-Errors Nunner of Location emission Inclusion Days by oy ESG4CDC N P N P EBGiCDC 1 ft" B C D E X 2 ft 3 C D cr N X 5 ft B C D £ N 7 ft B C O E 3 9 4 1 0 0 3 O O o% 0% 33* 0% 0* - - O 0 0 O -- 0% 0% 0% - 4 — O 0% O o% 3 3 3 O O 3 IO i £ 0 2 9 _ 33% i So* 1 0 0 33% 3 3 'A O% - O'/i 0 * 0 — O% 80% 4 — 4 100% O O 9 — — 4 — — 44* a _ o — 0 3 4 50% o o* 100% 2 IOCS — 33% — 2 0 — 33% 0% O 0 6 4 O 6 4 50% _ - — 2 4 100% Bait.=Battalion, Comp. "Company N* Number of omission or inclusion P™ Percent of omission or inclusion — — O% - o% 1 3 3 1 O 2 2 2 3 0 0 2 1 0 O 3 O 0 5 4 2 0 3 4 Day-Errors Omission Inclusion N P N P O 1 O 0 - o 1 i 0 — - 1 o O% 33% O% O% 0% O 0 0 0% 0% o 0% 0% 5O% 50% 0% 50% O% o 0% o% o ' 0% — o o% O ; — 0 0 0% 0% ' — — 3 — 3 3 2 — 1 4 — . — — — 1OO% — o — o% — — 60% — — o — 75% 1OO% — -- o o 0% 0% 33% — o 1OO% 0 — o% 0% — 0% �Battalion and Brigade Daily Journals Comparison Table 4 indicates that oattalion daily journal nas more location points and days than brigade daily journal. However, only 29* of th€ location points in -che brigade journal matches with the points in the battalion journal. Table 4 Number of Locations and Days for Battalion ana Brigade Daily Journals Daily Journal Numoar or Loca-ions Brigsce Battalion fvumcer of Days 35 t> I1A- 7 Kiauan Jossoer CC. Drew Baughman Dennis Smith Debai Kotlovker �18 November 1985 H3r. Richard Christian Director U. S. Army and Joint Services Environmental Support Group 1730 'K' Street, Room 210 Washington, D. C. 20006-3868 Dear Mr. Christian, This letter is in follow-up to our telephone conversation of 18 the abstraction of grid coordinates from various military documents. Beginning in the early planning stages of the Agent Orange Study, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) provided very explicit instructions regarding the abstraction of grid coordinates from military documents. In numerous planning meetings, Dr. Lee Aires t stated which coordinates should/should not be taken. He stated that coordinates' missing letters or digits (Mote: an exception bein? a" four [4] digit coordinate) should not be taken as the true location could not be verified. Moreover, this point of interest was discussed numerous times with several other individuals from CDC and at no time was ESG given any instructions to the contrary. CDC stressed time and again the importance of consistency in data abstraction and not extrapolating on any incomplete data. Unless the document clearly stated that the specific unit of interest was at a particular location, coordinates were not taken. For example, enemy locations -ware not taken unless U. S. troops were also at that same location. Finally, as we are both fully aware, the military documents are not perfect and they were never intended to be used for any such scientific endeavor. Never-the-less, despite their limitation, I firmly believe that they do contain a large quantity of excellent information. Should you require any further clarification, don't hesitate to contact me. Robert J. Lipnick, DSc Znidemiologist �DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control February 10, 1984 Rob lipnick, Ph.D. c/o Mr. Dick Christian. Environmental Support Group Suite 210 1730 K Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20006 Dear Rob: The AOP staff express our appreciation to you and your staff for taking the time to explain the methods and materials used in the Battalion search for the Agent.Orange Study Pretest. The Agent Orange Project staff have reviewed your questions concerning the battalion search and would like to provide necessary guidelines to standardize the abstraction procedure for data collection in subsequent Battalion searches. In order to adequately address these issues, we would like ESG to provide us with some detailed information concerning the locations and movements of infantry and artillery units selected for the Agent Orange Study. CDC would like ESG to initially track the companies/batteries, excluding the headquarters company/battery, in each of the following four battalions: 1. 1st Battalion/2nd Inf. Regiment/lst Brigade/lst Inf. Division 2. 2nd Battalion/2nd Laf. Regiment/3rd Brigade/lst Inf. Division 3. 5th Battalion/2nd Artillery Regiment/II FForce. 4. 1st Battalion/5th Artillery Regiment/Ed.vArty/1st Inf. Division (Note that on the original CDC list of 48 Battalions, these units were #1, #2, #6, and 17.) These battalion searches will include tracking at the battalion, company/batter^^platoon^ana squad uQit levels. 'ru""r"TT"n"" Currently, Paul Simpson, a computer programmer with the Project, and I are working on a data entry and management system using the computer software "Infostar" for your use in abstracting data in a standardized way from the military operational and intelligent reports onto the KAYPRO II personal computer. He and I plan to be in Washington on February 13 through 15 to train the ESG researchers how to use the computer program. I have been corresponding with Joan Wilson of your staff about the format of the data entry form. A sample of the proposed data entry form is attached. Most of the fields are self-explanatory. The "time" field refers only to the logging in or out of coordinates specified in the Brigade and Battalion Daily Journals. The form will be pretested here using some data sent down to us by Joan. The remaining "bugs" in the system can be worked out during our stay in Washington. Other details about transferring the data to CDC will also be decided at that time. �w * 2*- Dr. Upnick As a measure of accuracy of data abstracted from the Daily Journals and other military documents, CDC will conduct a replicate study of these four battalions. Essentially, this will entail designating two CDC staffers with the Agent Grange Project to replicate at least a portion of the abstraction process conducted initially by an ESG team. The design and content of the replicate study is being discussed and developed. This study will not interrupt ESG's progress on the Battalion search. CDC will provide ESG with details within the next few weeks. The replicate study is not in lieu of the quality control program ESG will perform for the Battalion search. We would like to have in writing a description of your quality control procedures including (1) training of new researchers, (2) review of data abstracted from the military records, and (3) documentation of methods and materials. The CDC staff would, of course, like to review and comment on the quality control program. A double-blind quality control study using CDC staff would not be feasible. Ebwever, the replicate study can be conducted Independently of the ESG research team. The goal in this exercise would be to compute the concordance or discordance of location information abstracted by the two groups. If such a study were not conducted, accuracy of the abstraction method could be open for criticism as not adequately evaluated. For the initial searches on the four battalions, it would be best if a team of two ESG researchers searches the entire two years of a given battalion. In this way, inter-team variability within a battalion can be avoided, thus the statistical evaluation of the replicate study will be more straight forward. Thank you for your time and cooperation. Sincerely yours , Lee Annest, Ph.D. Geneticist and Statistician Agent Orange Projects, CEH, CDC Enclosure �DWAHTMBNT OF HEALTH* HUMAN SEKVJCBS Memorandum November 15, 1988 *«"» Carl Keller ,^__ Chair, Science PaWfTgiWTOrenge Working Broup progress of Cohort Selection for Agent Orange 6p1dem1olog1ca1 Study Arnett Acting Chair, Agent Orange Working Broup At a meeting of the Science Panel held after the regular meeting of the ACW6 on November 6, 1988,' the progress of the cohort selection procass for the Agent Orangt Epldemlologlcal Study being conducted by CDC was discussed. Following the suggestion by congressional staff that meetings be held between CDC Agent Orange Project! staff and the Environmental Support Group 1n the presence of representstives from.the Science Panel, AOWT and OTA, and that the Congressional staff be notified when such meetings ware to be held, the Science Panel selected me, as a lubconnrlttee of one. ,to work with the other participant*. I agreed to participate on those terms, and Ms. Helen 6elband as an observer to the AOW and as the responsible person at OTA also agreed to attend such meetings. U* scheduled a*meeting between the principals for November 12 to be held 1* Washington at the offices of the ES9 and I requested that both CDC and £56 select the same unit and time period and determine Its dally location by grid coordinates 1n Vietnam using their respective methods so that we could compare the two methods 1n concrete rather than theoretical terms. It was hoped that we would be able to judge which method would be more suitable for estimating posa1b1l1t1ei for exposure to Agent Orange among Army combat troops 1n Vietnam, and thus enhance the quality of Inferences concerning the health effects which might be due to such exposure If the results of the^itudy so Indicated. In order to clarify the purpose of the meeting, 1 prepared an agenda, attached, which outlined two proposed methods for locating company sized units on those days for which no precise grid coordinate for the given company was available 1n battalion dally journals or higher level reports* In addition to the principals listed on the agenda and their colleagues, the meeting was attended by ttr. Victor Raymond, Majority Staff Member for the Hospitals and Health Care Subcommittee of the House Veterans Affairs Coraalttee. At the beglnlng of the meeting, CDC Indicated that the procedure outlined 1n method "b" of the agenda was clearly the more accurate but wu probably not feasible to do for all units wMch would have to be tracked for the study. The method 1s far too hand-Intensive, relies on Information which has not and possibly can not be abstracted and coded from the source documents and requires a level of sophistication for Interpreting records which 1s not easily acquired on a Urge enough scale to avoid excessive delay 1n the completion of the study. During the comparison of daily grid Ideations Identified by the two methods on a 3ayby-d*y basis, however, it became apparent that there were significant gelnt 1ft the accuracy of estimating the dally location of companies to be had by the contextual approach. The remainder of ;'••;*?: �tte meeting vis devoted to discussions of how to «ake method "b* more feasible for uit 1n the ongoing study. ES8 already his sufficient depth of expertise 1n records 1nterprettt1on to undertake the task for a substantial number of units. It waft suggested by OTA that a good way to screen out units for which It would not benefit th* study to accurately locate 1s to use method "a* to Identify units which are more than 25 kilometers from any herbicide application during one-month time periods, and to consider then as unexposed during that month. Computerlied data already on file at CDC should be accuratt enough to nake this an efficient and feasible screening process and the anticipated clustering of herb1e1d« applications should yield a substantial number of battalion-months that trill not require a hand search for loeatlonal Information. As an example, the battalion containing the company which was selected at random to prepare for the mtlng was never within 25 kilometers of a herbicide application during the month selected, ind It would have been unnecessary to more accurately, locate any of the companies of that battalion during that period. All participants 1n the meeting agreed that the procedures suggested and discussed would benefit the tloely progression and usefulness of the Agent Orange Ep1dem1olog1cal study. �Agaada far aaatiog I I« Nofeabar U, J9I5 17)0 K St. Vaihiaitaa, o.C, Icbadaled PaEtUipaata Da« Katfea AOF/CUC Dl«fe Chriatiaa II9/VOD Kola*, Oalbaad OXA/B1 Caegiaaa Carl Cellar 4019/IM the aai* etdet Of kaaiaeee «iU be to att4«pt CO deaetilM aa appropriate •ethed tot Upuliag Id* apeoifie UTM |ti4 leaetieae of lafiaatry Caapaeite o» theee <«ye fer ahi«h • preeie* loeetloa 4a not givea la the littalioa Daily Jevrwai at other battalloa aad higher U*«l rapexte. it laaet t«o ** tb« 40F «C CfiC voulrf of eh« ••«• l«et«lioa «bie% « k»»r» fi««it* loeitloa |iv«a (of tta* •«•« dij 01 tbo§« for vbicfe «h«r« if a* i«f«x««ti0a ft«o««rdiflc it* lotitlos Xa tH« lattatioa ox blg\«» l»T«l r«»orta. t»l« Mth«4 aaa th» «4f««ft«fa of ••ploying a co«p«t»tl«aal alfasiclia «a4 ca« th«a b« affittlaatly ««aa«rlia«a« »it* a co«f«t«fita4 Jata b) i ••eb*4 acapoa«a by no «( DOB vovlrf u«* ail availabla lafoc•atiaa» <iala41*f Company Macaiof l*potta» to tatla«>a «feara •ac* oe«pa»y ta aa cbata rfaya lor able* na ptaeia* lotitfaa •*i«ta «««»( lattallaa aatf ai|(iar lava! ra««rda. It la DOC alaar «h*thar tbia approach coiatitataa aa "Ja(o»a4 guaaa", ««« au«b ialas«atlaa ••«!* ba toatAaaiy uaad ea aaalga a loeativa t* ail a«npaaiaa vnlah aight ba ••lactai far tha igaat Or«ag« Itq4f , not ia« •»e» tla* aovlA k* x»^»tr«4 to toeeapliab tbla eaak. la far, AAaaaaicattaa avaag th« ptiaaipala aarf tbair igaata baa aet ra*a4 tba tataa »f «backav aaa aacbad ta «ota aaaacata, ar aora i«Ht»lt, tha a cba attuir, lit aalitaiaa that tba Kacaleg lapocta eoatala aaaful, aad avaa aaaaatiel, iaCat«atiai a* tha ioaatioa of eaapaar»la«al aatta tor tba pucpaaaa «f iha Ita4f (i.a,, «* to blag c««paaf laoatiooa altb kac»ioi4a appllaatiaa loaatioaa oaataiaad in tba fetTicaa lacba Tapa). tba U9 baa ae>para4 cba lae»tla» iatfiaata' a* tba Kaialaf ftaparta «it» tbat obtaiaad (ro» tbair OVA aatdod Car daya fox ahieb tk« loaaftloa of a auabai of aimpaaiaa •aa kaanv Craai otbar aauraaa, aad foaad thai* ava aatbod t» faa aata aaaotata* tt «aa aufgaat«4 by QTA aad aOHO tbat auc* a taat aaa laapptoptiata ataaa it aay vail ba tha aaa« that oa tfeoie* day* for »bicb a |i?aa aaapaay la tlatad i« battaliaa raevtda it ia alaa «BB« likaiy to ba opacatiaf ia tha fiald aad aaar »thar ae«paaiaa »f tha aa«a battalioa, vkila aa thaaa daya that it ia tat liatad aaaag battalia* tacorda it ia aora llhaiy t» ba ia ita baaa ctap »r athar laaefcifa patitiaa tbat «ay ba.aaat iadieate* oa tba Koraiag ftaport. ! acdar t» b«ip saaaita tba iaaaa t it vaa propoaad oa Oatabar 30 ta oo«• f"«a tka raaolta aff aaiag aaah at thaa* •atboda oa tha a«aa naita ovar tba ta>a tica patiad. »la«a tba probiaaj aiaoat aat'taiaiy iavoivaa baa; taaocda aia ma«d aa wall a* vaiot cacordf ara «aad t it ia aaaaatiai tbat tha raavlta ta b« «oap«f«d ara ffapavad by tba ia<raa»igata» at tt9 aa4 *OP aecordlai to tbair raapaativa aatbada, Oaafraaaioaai Itaff praaaat oa Oatabar 30 aadoraad tbia plan aad hava «taa ra^vaacad that it ba faraaHaa* i* vritiag, far tba purpaaaa af tka ptaaaat aaatiag, l »m Nvaa^eatiaf that at laaat ail at tha «a«p«*i«a i* »M at t«a battaiiaia ba ioaatad M lar a apaaifiad aaa ar t«o • aoatH pariad aaiaf bath ««tbada aa that va ea« aaapaia tha raaaita today» la ardar to coapara taa»lta,,it *ii4 ba aaaaaaary ta fa tbtoagh a«ih bit of iafa«a.atiaa aad d«oiala» in aa«« dataii aiace tbara ia •* "gold ataadard* far itt«pariaoa, It ail* alaa ha oaafal t* a*«aidar tba faaaiaiiity of bath •atbada Cbr tha fali atady and tha tiaa. aad affatt cca,«ir«4 ta i«pta«aat thaa aa wall •» tha aff aata of aay aiaaaiaaaifiaatlaa iat*ada«c4 ia th« a«aigi«a»t ta high a ad low aipoaara eohocta* � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 200 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5654 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Correspondence and reports relating to the CDC Agent Orange Study, 1985 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/a99dbcb3214b157e4526ee4569171492.pdf 30e6950a35264a471ed023d995d071b6 PDF Text Text Item D Number 05237 D NotSBannBfl Author Corporate Author RBOOrt/ArtiGlO Title Correspondence from Erik Jansson of Friends of the Earth to the Environmental Protection Agency Journal/Book Title Year 1978 Month/Day Color DBSCriptOn NotBS n Letters and attachments express concern over 2,4,5-T and other herbicides. Friday, March 01, 2002 Page 5237 of 5263 �' ' <* FRIENDS OF THE EARTH 620 C STREET, S.E., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 543-4313 / / / ' ' iff -rft/a^.^'e*- DAVID BROWER, President. May 11, 1978 *£ Mr. Harvey Warnich Office of Pesticide Programs Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. ' ^ **-. <s ' "'"•^ ^••• . Dear Mr. Warnich: We have copied a large portion of our files so that you will have them available when you upgrade the RPAR document. In looking through this material, I hope that you ' can note the following: (1) The study by Dr. Knight from Santa Monica shows two Fxtensi e. 'tni-n9s' First, it shows extensive contamination \ - \ A ~ Contam°f American blood . samples by 2,4,5-T, Silvex, - 2,4-D _., Blood ' * -, • , , , n and .., ._ , . , . . . other herbicides. mi • This seconds ., ,-,-, the Florida „State D» 'iination . . study of urine and semen samples. Secondly, he has analyzed the blood of his patients that had the virus outbreak after the spray program in his area. 70 percent of the patients affected with this virus had significant levels of herbicides in their blood. This indicates that the Bionetics finding of lowered resistance in test animals after exposure to 2,4,5-T likely applies to humans also. Relation to Virus (2) I talked with Dr. A.L. Young (Captain) who has run the 2,4,5-T and TCDD dioxin studies at Elgin Air Force Base. m^o^ 'm i 4 • Bioaccumulation He tells me that they. have proved without a doubt that _,„.» dioxin ,bio-accumulates. They —;= , , =—;—; -, TCDD - , . . found bioaccumulation (dioxin levels higher than the soil levels) in insects, mice, snakes, fish, and a whole series of components. lazard of If you look af.,their recently published report (1978) Rice Application they try to discover why mice are picking up such high TCDD levels in fat and livers. They found seeds •of switchgrass in the stomachs, yet this did not show TCDD above the present levels of measurement capability which is 10 parts per trillion. This suggests that application of 2,4,5-T to rice may offer a very serious health hazard to the average American. Committed to the presentation, restoration, and vntioiffil lite of the ccoyihcre �Since your RPAR document de-emphasizes bioaccumulation, it appears that it will have to be changed to reflect these studies. It is also another reason for an imminent hazard designation. (3) The RPAR document fails to note the literature that is available on the effect of fire and heat on 2,4,5-T. Temperature, as you know, turns this chemical into TCDD dioxin. TCDD Dioxin Produced by Fire or Cooking It appears that cooking a roast may be sufficient to produce dioxin, which means that any traces of • . 2,4,5-T in the meat offers and imminent hazard to the housewife-and her family. Firewood Problem Firewood contaminated with 2,4,5-T is hazardous to burn and handle. Incidents of four persons suffering serious harm are reported in the paper on health • episodes. (4) Your RPAR fails to mention or analyze the numerous affadavits and doctor's reports of Americans who Affadavits have _lite_ra_lj.^ foundered__ as a result of spray drift and Doctor's from pT!afiesapp"ry ing 2 , 4~^ 5-T, Silvex and 2,4-D. Analysis Also, large numbers of serious health problems have been seen among people employed in the forests. These affadavits are available for your scrutiny and examination, as you know. Should you be unable to locate any information along this line, please contact me. Spontaneous Abortions Above 10 Percent Cumulative Poison (5) In three spray episodes, spontaneous abortions far exceeded the normal 10 percent expected for American women. These episodes occurred in Arkansas, Minnesota, and Oregon. (6) James Allen, Wilbur McNulty, and George Streisinger all note very pointedly' that TCDD dioxin is a cumulative poison. In the monkey experiments, it does not matter whether 3 ug/kg of TCDD dioxin is added in one dose or over time in small doses. The monkeys still die. Captain Young's grouprhave found damage to spleen and liver in the microscope' analysis of the mice in their test area. With best regards, MAY 24.1978 FEDERAL R£u,ok,» c. Barry Flamm c. Doug Costle WK ,'TIOM Erik Jansson �Hand Delivered, June 2, 1978 C i r c u l a t i o n : General D i s t r i b u t i o n FRIENDS OF THE EARTH r» „ -j * DAVID „ BROVVER, President 620 C STREET, S.E., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 543-4313 June 2, 1978 PETITION Mr. Doug Costle Administrator Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 Dear Mr. Costle: , RECEIVED • ., n <070 - 2 19/0 Y Office cf the Assistut Administrator For Toxic Substances The undersigned organizations petition you and the Environmental Protection Agency to take the following actions to protect the health of Americans and American women, the health of wildlife, the safety of food, and the quality of the environment. (1) We petition you to declare an imminent hazard designation under FIFRA for 2,4,5-T, a chemical which has come under the RPAR process. (2) We petition you to declare an imminent hazard designation under FIFRA for all pesticides containing TCDD dioxin, as a generic ban. Silvex is projected to come under the RPAR process in the next few weeks. Reasons for (1) and (2) Reasons for this petition are outlined in the attached factual background paper.. The conclusion that these pesticides pose an imminent hazard is clearly documented in the attached Affadavits from the Field. To summarize, an imminent hazard designation is necessary because at present levels of application using customary methods of application the TCDD containing pesticides have been shown to cause: (a) high rates of spontaneous abortions and stillborn children (70 percent rate where skin, gardens.or water supply were contaminated); (b) death for some of the spray victims; (c) hospitalization for others of the spray victims; (d) chronic illness for spray victims? (e) health problems for many spray victims; (f) high rates of death and illness in wildlife; (g) dangerous levels of contamination of food. (3) If there is any delay between now and your action, we petition you to change the labels of these chemicals containing TCDD dioxin in the following manner: (a) change the labels to prohibit use on grazing l.and in view of the TCDD dioxin found in animal fat and in milk, �(b) change the labels to prohibit aerial application explicitly, because aerial spray guarantees spray drift and because so many Americans have been seriously harmed by that spray drift. (c) change•the labels to prohibit use around the home. (d) change the labels to prohibit all uses presently prohibited since 1970 by the label of 2,4,5-T. (4) We petition you to hire a private lawfirm to represent the Environmental Protection Agency if your staff cannot put together an imminent hazard program for the TCDD containing pesticides. The Label Program During the course of reviewing the TCDD containing pesticides, we have learned a lot about the Environmental Protection Agency label program. We make two additional petitions relating to that. (5) We petition you to rewrite all of your pesticide labels in clear layman's language to inform them specifically of the following: (a) . a clear list of medical problems in layman's language that can result from misuse of the pesticide or contact with the pesticide. (such as miscarriages) (b) a clear definition of restrictions of the pesticides. (For example, it is not enough to say do not use on water, homesites, or recreation. One aerial sprayer said that he was permitted'within 15 feet of a house.) (6) We petition you to prohibit aerial application of any pesticide where label restrictions prohibit spray drift. Studies by the Environmental Protection Agency and other government agencies makes it amply clear that spray drift' cannot be prevented even in mild winds if aerial application is used. It is clearly a contradictory policy of the Environmental Protection Agency to permit aerial application of a pesticide who'se label makes spray drift unlawful. Sincerely, Friends of the Earth Environmental Policy Center Fund for Animals: Authorized by Leon Regenstein �Defenders of Wildlife Wilderness Society Citizens National Forest Coalition u " Y°• I/^IA^VV w Coalition for Economic Alternatives Citizens Against Toxic Sprays, Inc. 7 -•5=7 Rachel Carson Trust ffL T Environmental Action National Parks and Conservation Assoc Natural Resources Defense Council: Authorized in writing by Tom Barlow Maryland Conservation Council Potomac River Association , Jack T. W / Preseident �FRIENDS OF THE EARTH 620 C STREET, S.E., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 543-4313. DAVID BROWER, President June 2, 1978 Cover Letter to the Petition Mr. Doug Costle Administrator Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 Dear Mr. Costle: The attached petition is being forwarded to you for the following reasons: iaries of Vertnik and Pavel (1) It shows that many in the environmental community believe that there is an imminent hazard in the continued use of pesticides containing TCDD dioxin, like 2,4,5-T. There is a body count already, as you can see from the diaries of Marion Vertnik and Gladys Pavel. We invite you to read these. As you can see, people have been killed. For every year that the Environmental Protection Agency permits these pesticides to be sold, the body count will increase by about 10 percent. This is unreasonable, (2} It shows our concern that a pesticide should be sold that produces spontaneous abortions and stillborn children (upon contact with the skin or pollution of water supply or gardens). We invite you to read the Affadavit of Debra Marano. As you can see, the TCDD level of her garden due to spray drift from a forestry project exceeded 90 parts per trillion, and she had four miscarriages as a result. 0 Percent Spontaneous Abortion Rate . As you can also see from the book of affadavits and the fact paper, of the 23 women reporting that their skin was wet or their water supply or gardens were contaminated with 2,4»5-T, 16 lost their babies. This is a rate of 70 percent. Many of these reports come from small villages that have been sprayed, and so it is likely that this may be statistically significant. It is also outrageous. ontamination of Mother's Milk Contamination of mother's milk with TCDD is a matter of extreme concern, as are the birth defects associated with these chemicals. The experiences of American women with regard to spontaneous abortions, stillborn children, contaminated milk, and birth defects are similar to the findings of women in Vietnam and Seveso, Italy. High levels of TCDD were found in mother's milk in Vietnam by Messelson. •' C3) We have concluded that the Environmental Protection Agency has substantially deviated from the legislative intent of FIFRA, which was to avoid body counts in humans. The use of a judicial or "reasonable man" test -/ / <->\ W V I _^C C '•• U f r ^ V J Committed tn the prcaen>atwri, restoration-and rational usr of the erntphere �seems sufficient to remove 2,4,5-T from the market. Indeed, the judges in the recent Oregon District Court and in the recent Superior Court case in California (brought by the Indian Action Council against the Humboldt County Agricultural Commissioner) raised questions about the failure of the government to suspend 2,4,5-T. • Secondly, the Environmental Protection Agency has the right to require the r registration of TCDD, and require manufacturers to submit safety data MF before TCDD can be sold as a part of the pesticide. Third, you can change the label to minimize exposure during the R.P.A.R. period. Clearly, the time has come for you to take some immediate action of some nature on these chemicals. (4) You now have a substantial amount of evidence, including body counts, (a) Vietnam: Barely covered in the R.P.A.R. document. (b) Seveso: Barely covered in the R.P.A.R. document. (c) New laboratory tests. (d) Substantial numbers of affadavits from village type of situations. This means that they can be statistically significant without sophisticated epidemiological analysis. Also, you have doctor's reports. You have clear evidence of massive spray drift- from all over the United States. This material also is barely covered in the R.P.A.R. document. Obvious and Weight of Evidence Overwhelming v We submit to you that the case for suspension of 2,4,5-T has become obvious and the weight of evidence overwhelming. A_ body count is not required for removal of a chemical from the market, only a "reasonable man" or prudent man proof is required. You do not need any more milk measurements from American women, because.a body count is not required. You do not need any more laboratory studies- because you have enough for a "reasonable" man test. You do not need any more American health data than is available already to your staff, if they would just pick up the phone or read the affadavits that we have enclosed. The Public Is Not Going to Understand In the fact of such large numbers of deaths, spontaneous abortions, and cases of chronic illness in American citizens, I fail to see how the public is going to understand the decision of the Environmental Protection Agency to take a leisurely approach to 2,4,5-T. ./ Sincerely. Erik Jansson �FRIENDS OF THE EARTH ' e 620 C STREET, S.E., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 ff/ster (202)543-4313 ^ D A V I D BkowhK, I'tcsidcnt June 2, 1978 t Federal Register Section, Technical Services Division Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA, Room 401 East Tower, 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 Re: OPP-30000/26 (WH-569) (2,4,5-T Rebuttable Presumption Against Registrat Dear Sirs: The attached PETITION, are our response to the RPAR Factual Paper supporting PETITION Book of Affadavits from the Field Xeroxed Studies process. As you can see, we have met your first deadline of June 5, 1978, because Friends of the Earth asserts that the Environmental Protection Agency has had sufficient information since 1970 to suspend the registration of 2,4,5-T. Request to Leave Our File Open for 60 Days We request that you keep our file open for 60 days so that during this period we can submit further affadavits of injury to people and wildlife due to exposure to 2,4,5-T. Sincerely, Erik Jansson Research Associate c. Peter Kirby, N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e Fed. c. Tom Barlow, NRDC �FRIENDS OF THE EARTH 620 C STREET, S.E., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 543-4313 DAVID BROWER, President BACKGROUND PAPER to PETITION FOR AN IMMINENT HAZARD FOR 2,4,5-T and the TCDD CONTAINING PESTICIDES Prepared by: Erik Jansson Research Associate May 26, 1978 �TABLE OF CONTENTS I Shift from a Judicial Standard of Proof Page 1 Scientific Standard of Proof Still Prevails at E.P.A. The Need for an Imminent Hazard Declaration for TCDD Pesticides Including 2,4,5-T 2 Lack of Information on the TCDD Contaminant Is Grounds for Suspension of the Registration of Pesticides Containing It SUMMARY OF OUR FACTUAL FINDINGS PART I: PRESENT LEVELS OF EXPOSURE OF AMERICANS TO 2,4,5-T COMPOUNDS and TCDD ARE IN A ONE TO ONE RELATIONSHIP TO LABORATORY FINDINGS. CONCLUSIONS, PART I: PART II: THE TCDD DIOXIN HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BIOACCUMULATE IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO HAVE A CUMULATIVE EFFECT ON HEALTH - 3 5 6 CONCLUSIONS, PART II: 7 PART III: THE EXTENT OF POTENTIAL HEALTH DAMAGE 8 CONCLUSIONS, PART III: 9 PART IV: EPIDEMIC OF HEALTH EFFECTS REPORTED FROM AMERICANS 10 CONCLUSIONS, PART IV: 12 PART V: EPIDEMIC OF WILDLIFE EFFECTS 13 CONCLUSIONS, PART.. V: • PART VI: LACK OF EMERGENCY TREATMENT CAPABILITY 14 CONCLUSIONS, PART VI: PART VII: ECONOMICS: 2,4,5-T IS A MARGINAL ECONOMIC PESTICIDE 15 CONCLUSIONS, PART VII: PART VIII: LACK OF ADMINISTRATIVE SAFEGUARDS 17 BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CONCLUSIONS, PART VIII: 18 �1. In 1973 and 1974, a series of decisions by the management of the Environmental Protection Agency led to a considerable change in who must bear the burden of proof in regulating pesticides and removing them from the market. Shift from a Judicial Standard of Proof The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act had envisaged that there would be a judicial standard of proof that would make experimentation upon humans not necessary. A standard of "reasonable" man was the trend of this legislation. In 1974, the management of the Environmental Protection Agency decided to leave 2,4,5-T on the market, while they developed instrumentation to detect the TCDD dioxin and determine whether it might be entering the food chain. This decision basically asserted that from that time on the Environmental Protection Agency Would be required to prove in the strictest scientific sense (as opposed to the judicial standard of proof) that humans were actually being harmed by the pesticide (a body count) before the pesticide could be removed from the market. As William Butler, counsel for the Environmental Defense Fund, said at the time, this meant that the EPA was giving herbicide manufacturers the go-ahead to use the environment as their laboratory. "The EPA apparently has decided that the EPA (rather than the manufacturer) must shoulder the burden of proving or disproving the safety of 2,4,5-T and related compounds; and that continued use should be allowed as long as the severity of the hazards remains uncertain." Scientific Standard of Proof Still Prevails at EPA Now that instruments have been developed to measure TCDD dioxin to the 10 parts per trillion level, the worst fears of food contamination have been realized. Dr. Meselson et al of Harvard University have found TCDD dioxin in mother's milk at levels up to 1.6 parts per trillion in the Oregon and Texas spray areas. Extraordinary levels of TCDD have been found in beef fat from treated rangelands and in wildlife in the spray areas of Oregon. Average beef fat levels were found to be 10 parts per trillion with a range of 5 ppt to 65 ppt. �One third of the beef fat samples from the treated areas were found to be contaminated. This contamination of food has been determined to be proof enough for beef, according to EPA monitoring specialists. But, conforming to the 1974 decision to shift from the intent of FIFRA and away from the judicial standard of proof, EPA says that contaminated food is not sufficient. We have to nave perfect scientific proof (to meet the scientific standard of proof that is not envisaged by FIFRA). We must have body counts in humans, and actually detect TCDD in human tissue. We must also detect TCDD on the basis of three laboratory tests, according to present scientific protocol. Considering the fact that Dr. James Allen has found that TCDD produces cancer in laboratory rats at 5 parts per trillion, and Dr. Jacqueline Verrette has shown that 2 parts per trillion produces embryo defects in chicken eggs and 8 parts per trillion produces a 50 percent mortality of those embroyoes, we believe that the performance of EPA shows an outrageous interpretation of FIFRAf and a callous disregard for the safety of Americans. The Need for an Imminent Hazard Declaration for the TCDD Pesticides Including 2,4,5-T Any time that the contamination of food or the contamination of people with pesticides reaches a level which produces harmful effects in laboratory animals, it is clear that that pesticide should have been banned long ago. A prudent person and prudent scientific thought indicates that there should be a wide margin between human exposure to a toxic chemical and exposure levels found to cause serious effects in laboratory animals. It has become clear from laboratory tests and measurements of TCDD in food that a one to one relationship between exposure levels to humans and levels that produce effects in laboratory animals now exists. Furthermore, this one to one relationship has been demonstrated in numerous health epidemics due to the use of 2,4,5-T in the field since 1970. Lack of Information on the TCDD Contaminant Is Grounds for Suspension of the Registration of Pesticides Containing It TCDD has never been registered as a pesticide, yet it is sold as part of the pesticide package. The Environmental Protection Agency has the right to require its registration, and proof from the manufacturer in the form of scientific tests that it is safe. It is contrary to the provisions of FIFRA to require the Environmental Protection Agency to prove that an unregistered chemical used as a pesticide component be proved safe, rather than the manufacturer. �SUMMARY OF OUR FACTUAL FINDINGS PART I: PRESENT LEVELS OF EXPOSURE OF AMERICANS TO 2,4,5-T COMPOUNDS and TCDD ARE IN A ONE TO ONE RELATIONSHIP TO LABORATORY FINDINGS Cancer at 5 Parts Per Trillion Dr. James Allen at the Primate Lab of the University of Wisconsin has found that 5 parts per trillion of dioxin in the diet of rats over 18 months produced a signficant amount of cancer.(1) Mother's milk in the spray areas of Oregon and Texas have been found to contain dioxin (TCDD) levels up to 1.6 parts per trillion by Meselson et al of Harvard University. Since babies are fed for 4 months, this suggests that these mothers are giving their own children cancer. (2) TCDD was also found in human milk in Vietnam. Birth Defects at 2 Parts Per Trillion Dr. Jacqueline Verrett of the Food and Drug Administration has found that 2 parts per trillion of dioxin causes embryo defects in chicken embryoes. At 8 parts per trillion 50 percent of the embryoes die. (3) This means that when a pregnant woman reduces and releases the dioxin from her fat that she can cause birth defects in her own child. The large number of stillborn children among women contacted by spray drift from 2,4,5-T in spray areas of America show an impact upon the fetus. Many doctors recommend that women reduce during pregnancy. Blood Measurements and Urine and Semen Measurements of 2,4,5-T in Americans Indicate a Widespread Contamination at Levels Shown to be Harmful Dr. Granville F. Knight, M.D. from Santa Monica has analyzed 100 plus blood samples from patients, and found more than half of them to have measurable levels of 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, or Silvex. (4)(5) A distinct fit has been shown by Dr. Knight with the large scale virus epidemic that fit the spray areas. It appears that human resistance to infection is reduced by exposure to 2,4,5-T, just as resistance of laboratory animals is reduced. 70 percent of his patients with this virus had measureable levels of herbicides in their blood. Dougherty and Piotrowska found measurable levels of 2,4,5-T in the .<• urine of 36 percent of Florida State University dormitory students, Silvex in 36 percent of the dormitory students and 24 percent of the FSU football team, 60 percent had 2,4-5-Trichlorophenyl, and food and city water were found contaminated with Silvex and 2,4,5-T. (6) �For comparison, a worker in the Hoedad group in Oregon had is blood levels measured after suffering phenoxy symptoms and found 5.5 parts per billion of Silvex and less than 5.0 parts per billion of Krenite.(7) TCDD Levels in Food and Wildlife Have Been Measured At Levels Harmful to Humans Dr. Meselson found that one third of his samples of fat from beef fat grazing on rangeland treated with one pound or more of 2,4,5-T were found to contain TCDD at concentrations of 5 ppt to 65 ppt. The average level of TCDD in the beef fat of all the animals from treated rangeland is of the order of 10 ppt. (7) There was a distinct relationship between the poundage of 2,4,5-T applied per acre and the quantity of TCDD found in the beef fat (suggested at a ratio of 1 pound of 2,4,5-T produces 4 ppt of TCDD in the fat). In the Siuslaw National Forest in Oregon, TCDD levels measured under the auspices of EPA found 15 percent to contain TCDD. The mean level in all animals examined (including the 85 percent in which no TCDD was detected) was about 10 ppt, with values ranging from 12 ppt to 143 ppt. This indicates a distinct hazard to hunters eating game from sprayed areas. (8) Mahle et al found six positives for TCDD in cow's milk, five from sprayed pasture areas and one from Midland, Michigan. (9) Very high levels of TCDD have been found in wildlife and fish in Vietnam, and one sample of codfish from Boston was found by Meselson to have 3 ppt. (10) All these measurements are at levels known to produce very serious effects in laboratory animals. Burning of Wood Contaminated with 2,4,5-T and Probably Cooking Produces TCDD Dioxin Another area of exposure is the burning and handling of sprayed wood. Five cases of acute medical harm are reported in Part IV due to exposure to treated wood or burning of the same. High temperatures are known to produce TCDD from 2,4,5-T. The attached paper describes some of the literature on this subject, (11) and further studies are described in the attached British Columbia study. (12) Roasting of meat and vegetables at typical oven temperatures recommended by cookbooks will also produce TCDD, if the food is contaminated with'' 2,4,5-T. This was testified to by EPA in 1970. (13) �5. Application of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D Mixtures and Work in Sprayed Areas Pose Severe Public Health Issues The affadavits of workers to severe health problems after working in spray areas of Oregon that were sprayed with 2,4,5-T or Silvex are presented in the attachments in full. Voders study of chromosome abnormalities among herbicide applicators show a marked increase in chromosome abnormalities among workers exposed to herbicides during the spray season. (14) Axelson and Sundell in looking at the epidemiology of Swedish railroad workers appling 2,4 -D and 2,4,5-T and Amitrole found the following: For the group exposed to Amitrole (with some exposure to diuron and or monuron) tumor incidence and mortality significantly increased. Those applying 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T showed slightly more than the expected tumor incidence and mortality. (87 workers were involved in the study.) Males had more tumors. (15) The R.P.A.R. document is clear in its opinion that exposure to persons during the spray operation for 2,4,5-T offers too little a margin for safety for those workers, and this is one of the grounds for the R.P.A.R. proceedings. Konstatintinova's study shows the possibility of fetus change in the second and third generation of mice. (15a) CONCLUSIONS, PART I: A one to one relationship between present food and environmental levels of 2,4,5-T and TCDD and levels that have shown to cause serious health problems in laboratory animals would be unacceptable under the "reasonable" man test of FIFRA. In view of the extreme health effects shown to come from exposure of humans to 2,4,5-T and TCDD (Part IV), the Environmental Protection Agency should take these compounds off the market immediately. �6. PART II: THE TCDD DIOXIN HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BIOACCUMULATE IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO HAVE A CUMULATIVE EFFECT ON HEALTH Bioaccumulation Captain A.L. Young, M.D. has finished the Air Force studies of TCDD at the test plots at Elgin Air Force Base. They confirm the initial findings of the 1974 study (16) that TCDD bioaccumulates in the environment in insects, mice, snakes, fish, and a whole series of components. (.17) The studies of Meselson in Vietnam and Suislaw National Forest show distinctive bioaccumulations. (18) Hazard of Application to Rice The 1974 report of Young (16) tries to discover why mice are picking up such high levels of TCDD in fat and liver. They found seeds of switchgrass in the stomachs, yet the seeds did not show TCDD above the present levels of measurement capability which is 10 ppt. This suggests that application of 2,4,5-T to rice may offer a very serious health hazard to the average American. It has been shown that TCDD can be transported into oat and beam plants, and oat seeds. (19) Toxicity of TCDD and Cumulative Effect on Health Various authors have commented on the relative toxicity of TCDD. It has been noted that it is somewhat more toxic than mustard warfare gas and suggested that it was similar to the toxicity of radiation. Numerous scientists have suggested that the Allen tests of monkeys with TCDD show a cumulative effect on health. This has been pointed out by Streisinger, McNulty, Jacqueline Verrett. (20) It is pointed out that in the monkey experiments, it does not matter whether 3 ug/kg of TCDD is added to the monkey's diet in one does, in 500 ppt doses or 10 ppt doses over a longer period of time. In every case, once the lethal level is reached the monkeys die. Furthermore, TCDD appears to continue to work adversely upon health after the diet addition is ceased. Captain Young's group has found damage to the spleen and liver in microscope analysis of the mice from their test area. (21) t ( Streisinger goes even further, suggesting that it is quite possible that it would only take 65 meals contaminated with present levels of TCDD to get humans into a difficult health situation. Furthermore, these meals do not have to take place all at once, but over a lifetime.(22) �Ability to Cross the Placenta Moore's rat study traced TCDD across the placenta into the fetus, using radioactive carbon. A single oral dose of 5 ug/kg was given to 344 rats, and radioactive TCDD was found in the fetal liver. There was a high concentration also in postnatal experiments, because the TCDD was secreted in the mother's milk.(22a) Dancker's mice experiment showed that fetal defects were affected by the time of exposure to 2,4,5-T. During the first 10th to llth day when the yolk sac and placenta was the only route to the fetus, there was no measured 2,4,5-T. But in the llth to 18th day period, there was an increased passage. Birth defects showed up only in the 13th or 14th day or beyond when there was significant amounts of 2,4,5-T found in the fetus. (22b) Konstatintinova's study shows the possibility of fetus change in the second or third generation of mice.(22c) CONCLUSIONS, PART II: A prudent man or "reasonable" man- the test that FIFRA established as the one that the Environmental Protection Agency was to usewould not permit a chemical (a) a little more toxic than mustard gas (b) about equal in toxicity to radiation to be sprayed over people's homes, to be used on the lawns of the average American, to be used on pasture!ands when it had been proven that that chemical was moving into the food chain. A prudent or "reasonable" man would take a chemical off the market immediately if it was shown to have cumulative effects of substantial nature. A prudent or "reasonable" man would take a chemical off the market immediately if it bioaccumulated in the environment. EPA has a responsibility to the environmental also. �PART III: EXTENT OF POTENTIAL HEALTH DAMAGE Forest Workers The State of Oregon employment division lists 12,700 workers in logging in the annual average 1977. Many of these work in areas that are affected by spray drift. There are also large thinning crews in many states that work directly in spray areas, and who have shown a substantial health effect due to exposure to 2,4,5-T. 4,000 transplanters work in Oregon. Residents of Spray Areas Without their permission, spray drift can affect residential areas, and has in several cases with catastrophic effects. (See Part IV) It is estimated that 1 out of 8 persons in Oregon live in or adjacent to forested areas or a total of 100,000. Inversions Several California incidents show that inversions can spread herbicides far beyond the spray areas, and cause epidemics of health effects. (See Part IV) Forest Fires Production of TCDD dioxin by forest fires in spray areas offers the potential of an epidemic situation. Furthermore, fires are encouraged in such areas because the herbicides do not cause the dead leaves of the hardwoods to fall to the ground. Food Just about everyone eats beef and drinks bovine milk. The contamination shown for these products indicates a possible epidemic through this route. Symptoms may range from loss of child to untimely death, none of which would be picked up except through a sophisticated epidemiological survey after the fact. The contamination of wildlife has been suspected in some of the poisonings that have occurred in the Western states. Use Around the Home Labels of Silvex sold in hardware stores do not presently inform the reader that miscarriages and stillborn babies, birth defects, acute health problems, chronic health problems such as cancer can result. �CONCLUSIONS, PART III: It would be a reckless person who would permit the exposure of such a large population to TCDD as that listed in Part III, in view of the extreme toxicity of that compound. FIFRA was passed to prevent catastrophes, and a reasonable man would suspend the registration of TCDD containing compounds. �ID. PART IV: EPIDEMIC OF HEALTH EFFECTS REPORTED FROM AMERICANS (1) Abortions and stillborn children: The 2,4,5-T and TCDD mixture appears to be remarkably efficient in producing spontaneous abortions and stillborn children, far above the 10 percent level expected for American women. Since the reported incidents below (which are backed up by the attached affadavits) occurred generally in small self-contained settlements, they are as valid indications of the epidemiology of spontaneous abortions and stillborn children a^ a .sejf-contained laboratory experiment. A "reasonable"-or prudent man would be flabergasted. All of the women involved testify that 2,4,5-T spray wet their skin, or contaminated water supplies or gardens. (a) 6 out of 8 women lost their babies in Fayetteville, Arkansas after a field was sprayed with 2,4,5-T above a spring supplying water to 20 people. (26) (b) 4 out of 9 women contacted with spray drift in Oregon lost their children. (See Kail an report) (27) (c) 1 out of 1 woman had a stillborn child after walking in a back yard 'that.had been contaminated with 2.4,5~T spray'drift two days before. (See diary of Marion Vertnik). (28) (d) An estimated 5 out of 5 lost their babies after spray in a small settlement in northern Wisconsin (less than 40 families) after spraying that was done over their homes. This high rate has continued in this area, with stillborns and spontaneous abortions. Last summer there was a deformed baby, with one side of the head flattened and side of the body stiff. These problems occurred within a half mile of the original 1971 spray area, and roadside spraying has gone on since. (29) (e) For comparison, a ratio of 1 out of 4 women lost their children in Sevesco, Italy after the TCDD disaster. '51 spontaneous (as compared to the'many medical) .abortions were recorded or 22 percent rate. (30) (f) A woman who had her skin wet from a 2,4-D spray on a campus in northern Wisconsin lost her child in a spontaneous abortion soon after. (Report of John Stauber) (g) For comparison, at Hospital A, Dr. Ton That Tung and collegues reported 22 out of 73 pregnant women interviewed had miscarriages following spray applications, and there were similar cases in farm animals. The stillborn rate doubled at Tay Ninh City provincial hospital. They reported a rate of 58 out of 1000 in a spray area compared to low spray area of Saigon where the stillborn rate was 29 out of 1000 for the same period. (30b) �For comparison, a woman in West Virginia, well along in pregnancy, did not have her skin wet by the Appalachia Power Company, but they had to "live with the odor" for a day. She had cramps as a result, but did not lose her baby. (30$) �11, (2) General phenoxy related illness: The enclosed reports on several hundred affected people in 8 states due to spray drift from 2,4,5-T show all the classic symptoms of phenoxy herbicide poisoning. (a) Summary report of the 8 states.(phone numbers enclosed for EPA) (b) Affadavits from Oregon'and report of Dr. Kail an. (c) Affadavits from California where an inversion caused 2,4,5-T air pollution, with serious health effects. (d) Affadavits from Arkansas. (e) Diary of Marion Vertnick, Minnesota. (f) Description of West Virginia cases. (g) Affadavit of Cathy O'Hagan- spray of a school by by the AppaTachia Power Company. (h) The Arizona account printed in the 1970 House Hearings. (3) Relation of 2,4,5-T and herbicides levels in blood to virus infections. 2,4,5-T and TCDD have been shown to attack the thymus, reducing resistance to infection in laboratory animals. Similar effects appear in humans, shown by the outbreak of virus attacks right after spray drift affected some areas of California. (a) In Branscomb, California in 1974, 36 residents demanded an investigation.(31) (b) Dr. Granville, Knight finds that in his patients 70 percent affected by the 1977 virus had measurable levels of herbicides in their blood. The sample size was over 100. (32) (4) Birth defects. Theodor Sterling testifies that 50 percent of the birth defects in British Columbia are of the phenoxy herbicide type. (33) After the spray of the Tonto National Forest at Globe, Arizona, there was indication of birth defects of the phenoxy type. In July 1970, the Arizona Commissioner of Health wrote a letter to the Gila County Board of Health saying that "...your county is leading the state in deaths caused by diseases of early infancy and fetal deaths... there are excessive deaths from congenital malformations." (34) , �CONCLUSIONS, PART IV: A reasonable or prudent man- the test under which FIFRA was intended to operate- would be flabergasted and shocked by the numerous spray episodes involved with 2,4,5-T. It is quite clear that the public cannot be protected from extremely serious health effects from the chemical and TCDD contaminant with the standard application method. In California, the possibility of inversions and 2,4,5-T air pollution is a matter of great concern. No reasonable or prudent man would leave the 2,4,5-T type of chemicals on the market, and would suspend the registration of these chemicals to protect the public from the epidemic type of health problems that are already occurring. �PART V: EPIDEMIC OF WILDLIFE EFFECTS The Environmental Protection Agency has the mandate to protect the environmental quality as well as human health. The use of 2,4,5-T has had a substantial effect on wildlife, effects that have been recorded, as well as unknown effect upon endangered species. For example the following: (a) 400 deer were killed in the Superior National Forest, as estimated from deaths in sampling pens. This was after spraying, and during a mild winter when stresses were minimal. (35) (b) Large deer kills were found in Oregon- a substantial percentage reduction in deer populations. (36) (c) Boils on deer and rabbits were observed in Minnesota, an indication of a breakdown of the immune system.(37) (d) 8,000 steel head trout were killed by spray drift in Oregon. (38) (e) Dead or defective born wildlife were observed at many and indeed most of the spray sites such as Trinity County, Calif where massive deer kills were reported. (39) Contamination of Waterways The U.S. Geological Survey in every year from 1968 to 1.976 has detected 2,4,5-T in 30 to 65 percent of its 60 sampling stations. Silvex was found in up to 10 percent of the 60 sampling stations.(39a) This has happened despite label restrictions against application to waterways.* Further Wildlife Information Available We believe that there is a great deal more information on adverse effects of 2,4,5-T on wildlife. The Environmental Protection Agency can develop more information by contacting the wildlife managers of the National Forests and the residents of the spray areas. Furthermore, Meselson's study shows a great buildup of TCDD in the spray areas of Suislaw. Violation of the Endangered Species Act is suggested'by the attached letter from Thomas. Morley, U.,of Minnesota Department of Botany. *There is every reason to.believe that aerial application should be considered a point source vf water pollution by the Environmental Protection Agency! �CONCLUSIONS, PART V: A reasonable or prudent man - the test under which FIFRA was intended to operate- would find the very heavy wildlife kills to be unacceptable. It is clear that wildlife (and endangered species) cannot be adequately protected if 2,4,5-T and the TCDD pesticides are used on large scale control of weeds. Since it has proved impossible to prevent the buildup of TCDD in wildlife through bioaccumulation (similar to DDT) a reasonable or prudent man would suspend the registration of the chemical carrying it. �0.1 PART VI: LACK OF EMERGENCY TREATMENT CAPABILITY There is no emergency treatment capability for the following health effects: Acute (a) chloracne: only time or plastic surgury can handle this problem. (b) birth defects (c) stillborn children (d) spontaneous abortions (e) bahavioral changes (f) skin rash, diarrhea, intestinal problems and all the other symptoms. The physician listed by Chevron to assist with poisonings with Silvex (Ortho) does not have any knowledge of the literature on birth defects for Silvex. (Call by John Stauber, May 18, 1978) Chronic There is no effective medical treatment to prevent the following effects: (a) cancer (b) birth defects (c) untimely and early death (See Streisinger) CONCLUSION, PART VI: One of the tests for removal of a pesticide from the market is the availability of emergency treatment to solve the health effects. No such treatment programs exist for 2,4,5-T and the TCDD pesticides. Indeed many of the health effects for TCDD have been shown to be chronic. Permanent damage to body organs and storage of the TCDD in fat, for later release, are effects that medical science has no solution for. This is one more argument, using the "reasonable" man or prudent man test, that the registration of 2,4,5-T and the TCDD pesticides should be suspended. �PART VII: ECONOMICS: 2,4,5-T IS A MARGINAL ECONOMIC PESTICIDE Several economic papers are attached to this fact sheet with the following conclusions: Forestry (41) (42) 2,4,5-T and herbicides used to promote pine growth appear to reduce yields in the pine. Visible damage and growth stunting are two areas of concern. Secondly, most hardwood spray programs leave the hardwoods standing. When they rot at the base, they fall, crushing the pine. In one plot 36 percent of the pine were crushed, which means a 36 percent reduction of fiber yield. Third, hardwoods produce a higher quality fiber that brings a higher price per acre, even after one adjusts for the longer growing period. We have concluded that at the most, 2,4,5-T is a marginal pesticide in forestry, and suspension of its registration would not have a great impact (possibly favorable) upon forest yields and profits, and the national balance-of-payments. Range! and (.43) Use of 2,4,5-T to control sagebrush and mesquite is a marginal operation presently due to the high price of the chemical, and due to the recovery of the sagebrush. Furthermore, the proven bioaccumulation of TCDD dioxin in beef fat could and may cause a panic in the meat market, similar to the cranberry scare and numerous other scares of the past. Utility Lines (44) The high price of 2,4,5-T almost certainly makes this a marginal chemical if utilities were to compute costs, as they often do not. Furthermore, there is good reason to believe of time a stable vegetation can be grown on right of ways. (These utility right-of-ways and vegetation management can take a longer that over a period powerline and utility are long term investments viewpoint.) The beginning of a period of damage suits against sprayers also changes the cost equation. Rice (45) Due to the low resolution quality of present instruments, it is presently impossible to measure TCDD residues of less than 10 parts per trillion. And so we cannot be certain that rice does not contain TCDD. The capacity of this chemical to come into the plants and seeds has been demonstrated at high application levels. �16. In Arkansas, 2,4,5-T is used to control morning glory. There are likely substitutes. For example, the Rohm & Haas Blazer, being registered for soybeans, will likely do a good job on morning glory in rice without harming the rice. Mice feeding on seeds have been shown to have high levels of TCDD in their fat and livers, despite the fact that TCDD cannot be measured in the seeds. The rice industry also appears ripe for a cranberry scare. CONCLUSIONS, PART VII: A "reasonable" or prudent man would have a hard time buying the argument that heavy health and environmental risks should be undertaken for a marginal economic chemical, for which substitutes exist and whose price is so high that the substitutes are quite comparable in economics. �PART VIII: LACK OF ADMINISTRATIVE SAFEGUARDS BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY It is not possible to use 2,4,5-T safely, or any of the TCDD pesticides for the following reasons. Label Definitions:Lack of Layman Clarity About Health Effects It is possible to buy TCDD pesticides (Si 1 vex) off the shelf in hardware stores and drugstores. The label instruction for Si 1 vex contains only a warning to keep away from children. From this label, it is impossible for the consuming public to know that the compound causes birth defects, spontaneous abortions, or stillborn children. Furthermore, in aerial applications of 2,4,5-T, the label is equally unclear about what is meant about keeping the pesticide away from houses, recreation areas, water areas etc. Because of this lack of clarity, the chief forester of the Appalachia Power Company testified at a public hearing that it was his understanding that they could spray within 15 feet of a house.(46) He felt that this was lawful. It is quite clear that at the present time the Environmental Protection Agency does not have a label program. Reliance on the manufacturer for health information is no program at all. John Stauber called the physician at Chevron, who is supposed to tell people in an emergency what to do. He was uninformed about the effect of Silvex upon spontaneous abortions, birth defects, and stillborn children. (47) Lack of Manpower for Label Enforcement Even if the labels were informative, which they are not, the Environmental Protection Agency lacks the manpower to enforce the label. It is quite clear that the Environmental Protection have a label enforcement program. Agency does not This is shown quite clearly by the Environmental Impact Statements filed by the Forest Service for the Idaho region, which proposed to use 2,4,5-T in all the forbidden use areas. . Lack of Control Over TCDD The ability of TCDD to bioaccumulate makes it impossible to control. a Furthermore, the ability of TCDD to be generated by heat of fire or cooking makes it impossible to control. The present manufacturer's agreement to reduce the levels of TCDD in 2,4,5-T is not sufficient, because it has been shown that TCDD may accumulate if the 2,4,5-T is stored in the sun'for a period of time, �18. Furthermore, there is no government program that is established to reject high TCDD containing shipments of 2,4,5-T. Even if this were done, the bioaccumulation of TCDD in the environment would make this a meaningless program. CONCLUSIONS, PART VIII: A prudent or "reasonable man, which is the test for FIFRA, would insist that the registration of the TCDD pesticides be suspended, because there are no present Environmental Protection Agency safeguards to minimize exposure to the population and secondly, because the TCDD content of the chemicals, before and after application cannot be guaranteed to remain small �FOOTNOTES (1) Phone conversation with Dr. Allen, who is under contract with E.P.A. (2) Messelson, Matthew et al. Freedom of Information inquiry by Congressman Jira Weaver. 12/15/76 (3) Verrett, Jacqueline, Unpublished Study: The Effects of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and Their Contaminants on the Developing Chicken Embryo. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Toxicology/ADS Bureau of Foods. (4) Knight, Granville, F., Testimony in Citizens Against Toxic Sprays vs. Earl Butz, Civil No. 76-438, U0S0 District Court for the District of Oregon. (5) Statistical analysis of patient's blood levels of herbicides and virus outbreak. (6) Dougherty, Ralph C and Krystyna Piotrowska, "Screening by negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for environmental contamination with toxic residues: Application to human urines. Proceedings National Academy of Science, U.S.A. Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 1777-1781, June 1976. (7) Affadavits from Citizens Against Toxic Sprays vs. Earl Butz, ibid. Affadvavits included in folder with this presentation. *(7a) Meselson, Matthew et al. The Evaluation of Possible Health Hazards from TCDD in the Environment., Presentation for Symposium on the Use of Herbicides in Forestry, Arlington, Val. Feb. 21-22, 1978. E.P.A. and U.S. Forest Service. (8) Worthington, R.E., 1978. Final Environmental Statement, Vegetation Management with Herbicides, Pacific Northwest Region Forest Service, U.S.D.A. (9) Mahle, N.H. et al, "Search for the Presence of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in Bovine Milk."Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1977 (10) Meselson, Reported in RPAR study. (11) Whaley, Betty Lou, Statement on Fire Hazards of Herbicides, Sept. 1977, Environmental Protection Center, P.O. Box 17, Fort Bragg, California 95437 (12) Warnock, John W. and Jay Lewis, The Other Face of 2,4-D. South Okanagan Environmental Coalition, Box 188, Penticton, British Columbia, 1978 / (13) Whaley, idem. (14) Yoder, J. et al. 1973. Lymphocyte chromomome analysis of agricultural workers during extensive occupational exposure to pesticides. Mutation Res. 21. 335-340. �20 (15) Axelson, 0. and L. Sundell, "Herbicide exposure, mortality, tumor incidence, And epidemiological investigation in Swedish railroad workers." Work Envir. Health 11(1} 21-23, 1974 (l5a).Konstat1nt1nova, T.K., Gig Tr Prof Zabol 9, 29-32, 1974 (.42 mg/kg dose failed to change fetus but 2nd and 3rd generation were changed) (16) Young, A.L. Captain, Ecological Studies on a Herbicide-Equipment Test Area, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida, Technical Report AFATL-TR-74-12, Air Force Armament Laboratory, January 1974 (17) / ./ Phone conversation with Captain Young. (18) Worthington, idem. Also, Baughman R, and M. Meselson, 1973 An analytical method for detecting TCDD (dioxin): levels of TCDD in samples from Vietnam. Environmental Health Perspective 5:27-34. (_19) Insensee, A.R. and G.E. Jones, 1971, J. Agr. Food Chem. 19(6):1210-1214 (20) Verrett, Jaqueline, Hearings, April 7 and 15, 1970, Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources and the Environment Serial 91-60, House of Representaitves (Comm. on Commerce) McNulty, Wilbur, phone communication. Stresisinger, George, Testimony in Citizens Against Toxic Sprays versus EarhButz, ibid. (21) Young, ibid. (22) Streisinger, George, ibid. (22a) Moore, J.A. et al, National Institute of Environmental Health, Research Triangle Park, Toxicology App. Pharm. 37(1) 146-47 1976 (22t) Dancker, L. Dept. Toxicol. Univ. Uppsala, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 39 (Supp. 1) 1-13, 1976 . (22c) Konstatintinova, ibid. (23) Citizens Against Toxic Sprays, Eugene, Oregon. (26) Report by the Public Memebers of the California Department of Food and Agriculture Phenoxy Herbicide Investigation Team, Jan. 14, 1978> Also: Acres. (27) Dr. Eloise W. Kailan, M.D., Testimony in Citizens Against USA. Feb/ 1975 Toxic Sprays, ibid. (28) Diary of Marion Vertnik, (Diary enclosed) (29) Phone conversation with Mr. & Mrs. NefiSie Friedlund (30) Missoula, Montana, Borrowed Times, February issue.Thomas Whiteside, The New Yorker, July 25, 1977 (51 spontaneous abortions, or 22 percent) Phono conversation with Greq Cnrranante �21. (30b) Aaronson, Terri, "A Tour of Vietnam" Environment. XIII No 2 March 1971, 34 <• \ _ Ton That Tung et al. "Le Cancer Primarie du Foie au Viet-nam." Chirurgie, XLIX, 1973, 427. Ton That Tung et al. "Clinical Effects of the Massive and Continuous Use of Defoliants on Civilian Population." Paris: Proceedings of the Reunion Internationale de scientifiques sur la guerre chimique au Viet Nam, December 12, 1970. Ton That Tung. "Clinical Effects of the Use of Herbicides on Civilian Population," Sapere. Vol. 796, 1976, 100. Ton That Tung et al, "The Effects of Defoliants on Civilian Population." Chirurqie, XCIX, 1973, 427. Ton That Tung et al. Vietnam Studies. XIX, No. 53, 1971. (3.7) Summary of Betty Lou Whaley, Environment Center, 14101 Hilma Circle Mendocino, California 95460 : Mendocino Grapevine, Oct. 15, 1974 (32) Dr. Granville Knight (study enclosed) (33) Sterling, Theodor, Humanist in Canada, February 1976, No. 36, Vol. IX, No. 1) "Man Against Himself". (34) Shoecraft, Billie, Sue the Bastards, Phoenix, Arizona, Franklin, Arizona 1971 '(35) Phone conversation with Donna Waters, Northern Minnesota Berbicide Coalition, 110506 Windmill Ct. Chaska, Minnesota 55318 (36) Citizens Against Toxic Sprays, Eugene, Oregon (37) Diary of Marion Vertnik, ibid (38) Streisinger, George, Assessments of Hazards Posed by TCDD, Presented a the Symposium on the Use of Herbicides in Forestry, Arlington, Va. February 21-22, 1978 (39) Report by the Public Members of the Calif. Dept. of Food and Ag., ibid. (39a) Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 1977 Ei.ghth Annual Report, Wash-i.ngton, D.C. (41) Reply of Friends of the Earth to Mr. Steve Yurich, EIS for Eastern Region, Noyamber 4, 1977 (42) Friends of the Earth, A Look at the Economics of Eliminating 2,4,5-T and Silvex in the Management of National and Pnivate Forests, April 10, 1978 (43) Friends of the Earth, The Impact of a Ban on 2,4,5-T and Silvex on Range and Cattle Economics, May 1, 1978 �22. (44) There is literature on the subject by Frank E. Egler, Aton Forest, Connecticut. (45) Friends of the Earth, A Look at the Economics of Eliminating 2,4,5-T from Rice, Interview with Dr. Ford Baldwin, 1978 (46) David Woolsey, Phone conversation (47) Phone call by John Stauber See list of literature in Warnock, John and Jay Lewis et a!., ibid �FRIENDS OF TI IE EARTH 620 C STREET, S.E., W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. 20003 (202)543-4313 DAVID BKOWEK, President Incidents Involving ^65 People in 8 States HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS REPORTED FROM THE FIELD AS A RESULT OF EXPOSURES TO 2,^,5-T SPRAY DRIFT and EXPOSURE TO OTHER HERBICIDES CONTAINING TCDD DIOXTN Prepared by Erik Jansson Research Associate May 26, 1978 /2 �Table of Contents SUMMARYi Human Health Effects Reported from the Field as:a Result of Exposure to 2,4,5-T Spary Drift... Testimony of Eloise W. Kailan, M.D. Oregon Letter from Citizens Against Toxic Sprays, Oregon Letter from Gladys Pavel of Beaver, Washington (Description of the change in ecology and people between 196? and 19??) Affadavit from Coos Bay, Oregon (Blood samples and water tap samples) Affadavit from Oregon Rancher (Presently suing for damages) Court Affadavits from Citizens Against Toxic Sprays vs Secretary But2 (Blood samples, soil samples, water supply samples and health impacts resulting) Interview with Robbie Pardue, Little Rock, Arkansas Affadavits from Arkansas (Loss of vegetation and hospitalization) Interview with Mr. and Mrs. Freedlund, Wisconsin 2,^-D Levels Found in Snowshoe Hares and Least Chipmunks in National Forests of Northern Minnesota Hazards to Endangered Species of Plants, Letter from Thomas Morley, U, of Minnesota The Diary of Marion Vertnik, Britt, Minnesota, 1975 (What happened when ^ families were sprayed,1 Information on other spray drift problems in Minnesota) House to House Survey of Health Effects in Globe, Arizona Two Years After Spray with 2,^-,5-T and 2/1—D by Adelaide Frick Affadavits from Miranda, California (Including liver enzyme measurements by Dr. Tessler) Court Affadavits from Korbel, California (Including testimony of Dr. Humphry-about birth defect) Testimony of Dr. Granville Knight from Citizens Against Toxic Sprays vs. Secretary Butz Interview with Woman and Couple Sprayed in Kermit, West Virginia Sworn Testimony of Kathleen O'Hagan from Kermit, West Virginia �SUMMARY OF FINDINGS In reviewing state by state the illness that resulted from spray drift from 2,4-,5-T and similar herbicides, several conclusions became clean (1) It is imp^ssjyxLe to avoid spray drift if aerial application is used. i (2) Hospitalizations and deaths occurred in some cases due to the spray drift. (3) But, the mp_sj__striking effect was induced spontaneous abortions and stillborn children. 2,'4-,5-T and the pesticides containing TCDD appear to be very efficient in producing stillborn children or spontaneous abortions. Of the 23 women who testified that herbicides containing TCDD dioxin contacted their skin, or polluted their water supply or gardens» 16 lost their children. This is a 2Q._J^rcent loss of child. 6 out of 8 lost their babies in Fayetteville, Arkan: ^ out of 9 lost their babies in Oregon, 1 out of 1 lost their babies in Britt, Minnesota. An estimated 5 out of 5 lost their babies in northern Wisconsin. In the laboratory 2,^,5-T and its dioxin contaminant have been shown to reduce the capacity of animals to resist infection by damaging the thymus. In California, Dr. Granville Knight found that ?0 percent of his patients who were struck by a virus epidemic had measurable levels of herbicides in their blood, suggesting a similar effect for humans. The labels of 2^-1-,5-T and many herbicides prohibit spray drift. Yet, the Environmental Protection Agency has refused to prohibit the use of aerial spray for these herbicides, even though there is substantial scientific evidence that spray drift is inevitable in even mild winds if aerial application is used. It is quite clear that the Environmental Protection Agency is permitting unlawful use of the herbicides. The result has been this epidemic of severe health effects. At Rodway, California, spray during an air pollution inversion in 19??' produced 2,^,5-T air pollution. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 178 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5237 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 Title A name given to the resource Correspondence from Erik Jansson of Friends of the Earth to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/6ea80c1b7bc1340ea788546984841053.pdf fc6ae1d81d7df46e872fe2cad7a946e6 PDF Text Text Item D Number °5774 n Not Scanned Author Corporate Author ROpOrt/ArtlClB TltlB Correspondence Regarding Assignment of Alvin L. Young to the Veterans Administration for a Two-Year Term, February 26, 1981 Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color Number of Images u ° Descriptor] Notes Thursday, March 28, 2002 Page 5774 of 5780 �Veterans Administration Memorandum TO: Date: February 26, 1981 Chief Medical Director (10 Assignment of Alvin L. Young, Major, USAF, to Office of Environmental Medicine 1. The purpose of this memorandum is to solicit your approval and support of a request that the Air Force assign Major Alvin L. Young to the Office of Environmental Medicine for a period of approximately two years following completion of his current assignment in July of this year. Major Young has frequently voiced his personal desire to work with the Veterans Administration on the Agent Orange program. The recent reversal of the plan to assign Major Young to the U.S. Air Force Academy has made his detail to this office a very real possibility which in my opinion would be of great benefit to the VA. 2. Major Young holds a PhD in Herbicide Physiology, and has been intimately associated with the Agent Orange program for the past twelve years. He is a recognized expert on dioxins and the phenoxy herbicides and has published two books on the subject. Of particular interest is his involvement in the development of the protocol for the Air Force Ranch Hand Study. 3. It is my belief that Major Young's assignment to this office would materially enhance the performance of our mission in the following areas: a. Provide additional expert guidance in the conduct of the literature analysis mandated by P.L. 96-151. b. Help with managing the contract for the design of the epidemiological study mandated by P.L. 96-151. c. Aid in maintaining close liaison with the Air Force's conduct of the Ranch Hand Study. d. Provide an additional ib-house source of expertise in a number of areas related to the whole agent orange issue. VA FORM 2105 MAR I960 �2. Chief Medical Director (10) 4. Major Young has stated to me his strong conviction that an assignment to the Office of Environmental Medicine would give him great personal and professional satisfaction and that it would have considerable potential for the enhancement of his military career. In addition, he has told me that he has received informal assurances of support from his present commanding officer as well as the Office of the Air Force Surgeon General. 5. In the event that he is assigned to usr it would be most beneficial to Major Young to be assigned for administrative purposes to the Air Force Surgeon General. This would provide eligibility for housing and other benefits at Boiling Air Force Base. 6. Attached is a proposed letter from you to General Myers and a second letter from the Administrator to the Secretary of Defense soliciting their support for this initiative. Major Young's orders to the Air Force Academy have recently been cancelled and since he is a line officer he is potentially available for a wide variety of assignments. Therfore, provided you agree with my proposal, it would be desirable to act expeditiously in this matter. BARCLAY M. SHEPJ^RD, M.D. Special Assistant to the Chief Medical Director for Environmental Medicine (102) Attachments �Department of Medicine and Surgery Washington, D.C.J 20420 Veterans Administration I.t. Gen. Paul W. Myers, USAF, MC Surgeon General United States Air Force Boiling AFB, D.C. 20332 Dear Paul: This will confirm my telephone conversation with General Chesney and our mutual agreement supporting the request to have Major Alvin Young assigned to our Office of Environmental Medicine for a period of approximately two years to help with our Agent Orange program. In addition we have agreed that the Veterans Administration will reimburse the Air Force for his salary. Dr. Barclay M. Shepard who coordinates our Agent Orange activities assures me that Major Young, whose assignment to the Air Force Academy has been deferred, would very much like a 2-year "hitch" with us, since it would keep him in his area of greatest interest and expertise. We in turn would be very pleased to have him join us. Major Young has been very helpful to us on a number of projects in the past, including his work on our recently released film on Agent Orange and his participation in several VA meetings and conferences. For these efforts we are most grateful to him as well as the Air Force for permitting him to take part in these activities. I have asked the Administrator to forward a similar request to the Secretary of Defense, enlisting his support for this assignment. Since you concur, it would be beneficial to Major Young if he could be attached to your office for administrative purposes, so that he might be eligible for base housing at Boiling. Thank you very much for your help in this matter. Sincerely, DONALD L. CUSTIS, M.D. Chief Medical Director In Reply Refer To: 102 �Office of the Administrator of Veterans Affairs Washington, D.C. 20420 Veterans Administration Honorable Caspar W. Weinberger Secretary of Defense Pentagon - Room 3E880 3E88 Washington, D.C. 20301 %i^Tk^t^l \ ftst* / **•- 4DMlt -^ * " Dear Mr. Secretary: The Agent Orange issue remains a major concern to many Vietnam veterans and therefore, to this agency. The Veterans Administration is proceeding to carry out the mandate of P.L. 96-151 which requires us to conduct a long-range epidemiological study of veterans exposed to phenoxy herbicides and a review and analysis of the world's literature on these chemical agents. The successful completion of these efforts will require the specialized knowledge and skills of those individuals most familiar with the many aspects of this complex issue. It has been brought to my attention that one of the most widely recognized experts in the use of herbicides by the Department of Defense is Major Alvin L. Young, USAF. Major Young, who holds a Ph.D. in Herbicide Physiology, has been intimately associated with the Agent Orange program for the past twelve years and has been the principal author of two major publications on the subject. In view of these considerations and the fact that he will soon complete his present assignment at Maxwell Air Force Base, I would very much appreciate your support in requesting that Major Young be assigned for a period of approximately two years to the VA's Office of Environmental Medicine which serves as this agency's focal point for coordination of Agent Orange activities. During the past two years Major Young has worked closely with several members of our staff on a number of Agent Orange related projects and for this we are most grateful to him and to the Air Force. He is familiar with our organizational structure and interagency activities, and he has developed many contacts with the scientific community both inside and outside the federal government. �2. Secretary of Defense Major Young's assignment to the Veterans Administration would, I believe, prove to be mutually beneficial in that he could serve as an additional point of contact in this agency for Air Force personnel involved in the conduct of the Ranch Hand Study with which he has had considerable personal experience. The VA views this study as probably the most significant research effort currently underway in the search for answers to many of the questions related to the possible health effects of exposure to Agent Orange. I am most grateful for all the help which the Air Force and other elements of the Department of Defense have provided to this agency and I look forward to our continued cooperation in our efforts to arrive at a more complete understanding of the many facets of the Agent Orange issue. Sincerely, RUFUS H. WILSON Acting Administrator cc: J. H. Moxley, III, M.D. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs Berne Orr Secretary of the Air Force Lt. Gen. Paul W. Myers Surgeon General, USAF � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 205 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5774 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Correspondence Regarding Assignment of Alvin L. Young to the Veterans Administration for a Two-Year Term, February 26, 1981 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/d41797a34f089b710f7756c64d51c234.pdf 92e29e5329e746feaf2e48b2267b1126 PDF Text Text item D Number °5649 n Not scanned Author Corporate Author Report/Article TltlB Correspondence regarding Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Agent Orange Study between Office of Technology Assessment, United States Senate, Veterans Administration, Department of health and Human Services, dated September to Decmber 1985 Journal/Book Title Year 1985 Month/Day Color Number of Images D 1S Alvin L Young filed these documents together with others in a folder labelled, "Agent Orange Working Group Science Panel, Current Folder." Monday, March 25, 2002 Page 5649 of 5720 �* . .. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT BOARD st!0 STEVENS, ALASKA. CHAIRMAN of t&e tHmteb OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT \ MORRIS K. UDALL, ARIZONA, VICE CHAIRMAN GEORGE E, BROWN, J*., CALIFORNIA UHRIN G. HATCH. UTAH JOHN D. DINGELL, MICHIGAN CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, J»., MARYLAND EDWARD M. KENNEDY, MASSACHUSETTS CLARENCE E. MILLER, OHIO ERNEST f. HOLLINGS, SOUTH CAROLINA COOPER EVANS, IOWA DON SUNDQUIST. TENNESSEE CLAIBONNE PELL HHOOE ISLAND JOHN H. GIBBONS The Honorable Jake Garn Chairman ' Subcommittee on HUD-Independent } Agencies _x' Committee on Appropriations,-:""""" i United States Senate. -""" ^..Washington, D.C. 20510 JOHN H. GIBBONS DIRECTOR WASHINGTON, DC 20510 September 23, 1985 RECEIVED SE? 3 0 ^ Dear Jake: I am writing to inform you about recent developments in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Agent Orange Study. In March, OTA reviewed the method by which the CDC proposed to assign relative exposure ratings to participants in the Agent Orange Study. OTA was critical of the method, which relied on classifying each man according to a location assigned to his battalion, a single point that would be used to represent about 1,000 men on any given day. This method differed from CDC's earlier plan, which was to rely on the location of the man's company, representing about 200 men. The battalion approach produces a less precise estimator of an individual soldier's location than would a company-level approach. According to CDC, the change to the battalion approach was necessitated because records of company locations were not available for enough companies on a large enough number of days during the study period. In discussions with the U.S. Army Environmental Support Group (ESG), the group that is abstracting location information from the military records for CDC, OTA staff learned that the ESG believed they could provide company locations. The Staff Memorandum included with my April letter to you states: If there are no improvements, OTA may decide that the problems of deciding on exposure are so overwhelming that It is impossible to study the possible effects of Agent Orange. Since April, the CDC researchers have been working toward a method for assessing exposure based on company locations. We understand they have made substantial progress and they expect to supply OTA a revised plan in October. After we receive that plan, we will hold a meeting of the OTA Agent Orange Advisory Panel and will report our findings to you. Our critique will probably come to you in late November or in December. 1 i ESG has already begun '"qualifying" men for the Agent Orange study, and has begun supplying CDC with names of potential participants. CDC plans to begin interviews for the Agent Orange study in January 1986. Undoubtedly, this will be before the details of the exposure assessment method are worked out. Since exposure scores do not affect the selection of participants for the Agent Orange study, that schedule should not cause any difficulties if a suitable method for exposure assessment is devised. �Without having seen CDC's revised method, OTA does not know if the proposal will be complete enough that a judgment can be made that it will or will not work, or if the proposal will need reworking before a decision can be made . Nevertheless , a final decision about the adequacy of the exposure index must be made before very many interviews and examinations are completed. Otherwise a mindset may develop that the study is too far along to be called back. OTA realizes that a decision not to go ahead with the Agent Orange study or to stop it would be a drastic step, but unless the exposure assessment is much improved, that course may be recommended. Whatever difficulties might flow from such steps would be minor compared to completing a study that lacks solid estimates of exposure. Everyone involved with the Agent Orange study has known since the earliest days that a reliable measure of exposure is the key to a valid study. There has always been uncertainty about whether such a measure could be developed, not because of any inadequacies in the researchers struggling with the question, but because the information simply may not exist to construct a valid ..exposure index. I will keep you- informed of any significant progress in the Agent Orange study and will report specifically on CDC's October document describing their, method for assessing Agent Orange exposure. Sincerely, Johr/ E Gibbons �VA OFFICE REPORT OF CONTACT IDENTIFICATION NOS 1C, XC, SS, V, K, etc.) XSS, NOTE: This form must be fitted out in ink or on typewriter, as it becomes a permanent record in veterans' folders. LAST NAME—MUST NAME—MIDDLE NAME Of VETERAN (Typt tr print) DATE OF CONTACT Oct. REISS, Marty 23, 1985 TELEPHONE NO. OF VETERAN ADDRESS OF VETERAN Senate Appropriations Subcommittee PERSON CONTACTED 224-7284 TYPE OF CONTACT (Chick) SEVERN, Karen S. I—I PERSONAL 4J TELEPHONE TELEPHONE NO. OF PERSON CONTACTED ADDRESS OF PERSON CONTACTED Budget Service (041A) 389-3464 MIEF STATEMENT OF INFORMATION REQUESTED AND GIVEN SUBJ: DM&S - October 11 Report of Contact (copy attached) A. How does DM&S put its personnel Budget together? 1. Marty still wants information. 2. Still wants to meet with DM&S/Budget Service to discuss. 3. Wants it soon. B. Repeat a breakout of JI196 million reduction similar to the Budget Service chart for 5296 million reduction. Two versions: a) What the Controller's Office thinks. b) What DM&S thinks. C. Where is the CDC Study? We've given all this money? Where are we? What are we expecting? Is the design adequate to get reliable data? Office of Technology and Assessment in a letter to Senator Garn, expressed concern that the design of the survey will not give the data we are seeking. DISTRIBUTION; 001 10 10R 04 041 041A J041F Budget Service VA FORM JUL 1977 119 (041) EXISTING STOCKS OF VA FORM 119, JUL 1S74 WILL U USED- �Meeting on Status of Epidemiology Study Held at Request of HvAC Congressional Staff On October 30, 1985, a meeting relating to the conduct of the Epidemiology Study by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) was called and chaired by Mr. Jack McDone.U (HVAC). The meeting was held in the HVAC hearing room, the Cannon House Office Building. A list of the attendees is attached. Opening comments were made by Mr. McDonell who stressed the importance of the Epidemiology Study, and its ultimate successful conclusion, to Vietnam veterans and their families and to various members of Congress. Mr. Jonathan Steinberg (SVAC) addressed the attendees making a strong statement stressing the importance of the study, pointing out that on this issue, that is, the successful conduct and conclusion of the study, the credibility of the Congress and the executive branch was at stake. He stated further that the study must be conducted on a sound scientific basis such that it would withstand peer review and be completed in a timely fashion. However, the "worst soenerio" would be to complete the study and then have it discredited because of technical or scientific flaws. CDC representatives were asked to describe the status of the methodology whereby study subjects would be selected based on exposure or non-exposure to Agent Orange. Dr. Vernon Houk, CDC, briefly discussed the background and history of events leading up to the present. He also described the status of the Vietnam Experience Study, one of the three components comprising the total Epidemiology Study. This phase of the study is scheduled for completion in 1987. Dr. Peter Layde, CDC, elaborated on some of the concerns and problems related to the development of an exposure index. Mr. Dan McGee, CDC, discussed in more detail the consequences of misclassification of study subjects with regard to exposure. Mr. Richard Christian, Director of the Army's Environmental Support Group (ESG) and members of his staff responded to comments made by CDC concerning the status of the study, particularly with regard to the development of an exposure index. Mr. Christian indicated that the ESG had not approved CDC's proposed index nor had the ESG been given adequate time to review that part of the methodology provided by CDC. He rebutted CDC's claim that the ESG had not provided CDC with all of the documents they required for the conduct of the study. CDC admitted that they have not yet completed their work in developing a useable exposure index. Part of the delay, according to the CDC representatives, was due to the difficulties in establishing an internal validation process. Another cause of delay was OTA's rejection of their attempts to set up a mathematical computer model based on the "centroid" concept. This was a theoretical model developed by CDC to establish locations of troop units. .The reason for its rejection was that it did not accurately reflect actual troop locations based on available operational-records. �- 2- Tie misting concluded with comments by Mr. Steinberg who strongly urged CDC and the EtxJ to meet as soon as possible for the purpose of developing a workable •?:qx>s;.jr:e index so that the study can proceed on schedule. He pointed out that h.-' hoped that such a methodology would be in place before the physical ex.-jnufvit-.ions scheduled to begin in January 1986 are initiated. Both CDC and i; ie !.'*". agreed to this cooperative endeavor. Mr. Steinberg's final comments included the observation, that in his judgement, constitutionality questions not withstanding, the OTA would be regarded by the Congress as the body responsible i:or determining the scientific validity of the exposure index to be used Cor the conduct of the study. UBARCLAY V. SSiEPARD, M.I Director, Agent Orange Projects Office (10X2) 13, 1985 �Cannon House Office Building Meeting of October 30, 1985 AttendeesSVAC Staff ESG (US Army) Mr. Tony ••'.f. Jonathan Steinberg Mr. 3i II Brew Mr. Richard Christian Mr. Doug Clark Major Tenberg (US Anry) Mr. Dan Hakeason HVAC St DHHS Staff Mr. Mr. '•'r. Mr. Mr. Jack vicDonell Mac F lemming Pat Ryan Vic Raymond Dick Fuller Dean fi. Dr. Carl Keller Dr. Peter Beach OTA Staff Dr. Michael Gough Ms. Helen Gelband !>r. Vornon Houk Dr. Pater Layde IV. Han McGee W Staff Dr. Barclay M. Shepard �Date: Veterans Administration NOV 131985 Memorandum From Director, Agent Orange Projects Office (10X2) ,Sul>i VA Policy Relative to Communication with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) on Conduct of Epidemiology Study Chief Medical Director (10) THRU: ACMD for Programs, Planning and Policy Development 1. Recent developments relating to the conduct of the Epidemiology Study on the Health Status of Vietnam Veterans by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have shown that there is a serious breakdown in communication between the Veterans Administration (VA) and CDC on the conduct of that study. These developments include the creation and submission by CDC of a proposed exposure index for review by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and the award by CDC in mid-September 1985, of a contract to the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine to monitor the Epidemiology Study and review and evaluate the methodology for an Agent Orange exposure index. Although the CDC provides quarterly status reports to the VA on their Epidemiology Study research activities, neither of these events were reflected in these reports, nor were they the subject of open discussions with the VA or in meetings of the Agent Orange Working Group (AOWG). We became aware of them only after being informed about them by sources external to this agency. 2. The two events described above were the subject of a meeting held at the Cannon House Office Building on October 30, 1985. This meeting, called at the request of the House Veterans Affairs Committee Staff, was attended by key congressional staff including Mr. Jack McDonald (HVAC) who chaired the meeting, Mr. Jonathan Steinberg (SVAC), CDC representatives, Army Environmental Support Group (ESG) staff, OTA representatives, other DHHS staff and myself. The lack of progress by CDC in developing a useable exposure index and the award of the NAS contract were obviously of great concern to Mr. McDonald and Mr. Steinberg who emphasized the importance attached by a number of other key congressional staff in both the House and Senate to the successful conduct of the study. This meeting concluded with an agreement for CDC and the ESG to resolve the matter of developing an exposure index methodology prior to the initiation of physical examinations of the Epidemiology Study participants in January 1986. 3. It should be noted that the VA will be submitting, on or before February 15, 1986, the first status report on the Epidemiology Study to the appropriate congressional conroittees. This report is mandated by Public Law 96-151 enacted December 20, 1979. Although CDC is responsible for the preparation of this report, the VA remains the agency mandated by law to transmit that report to Congress with any recommendations the Administrator of Veterans Affairs deems appropriate. As shown, the VA cannot rely solely on the quarterly status VAFORM SEP 1984 �- 2- reports submitted to us by CDC to remain abreast of such significant developments/ activities which may bear heavily on any recommendations or observations which will be included in the letter transmitting the first mandated report to Congress. 4. Accordingly, I recomnend that: (1) The VA more actively follow the CDC's conduct of the Epidemiology Study without in any way advising or assisting the CDC in the design or conduct of that study and (2) The attached letter to the Acting Assisting Secretary for Health, DHHS, be sent as evidence of CDC's failure to keep the VA fully informed of the difficulties encountered in the study's design and conduct. In pursuing the first recommendation, quarterly meetings would be held between staff of the VA's Agent Orange Projects Office and appropriate CDC officials to discuss the content and implications of that agency's quarterly status reports. 5. Your review and approval of the above recommendations is appreciated. -BARCLAY M. SHEPARD, M.D. Attachment AGSEE W. DITZLER, M.D. ef Medical Director DISAGREE V �DEC. 51985 :- ,"f- ; -" James 0. Hasan, K.D. , Dr. P.B. Acting Assistant Secretary tor Health Department of Health and Human Services f&shington, D.C. 20201 "^ » Dear Dr. Masai: The January 1903 interagency egreenent between the Veterans Administration (VA) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), relative to the conduct of the Epideeaiology Study of the Health Status of Vietnam Veterans, provides for the preparation by CDC of « quarterly status report to the VA on the conduct of that study. These reports are of great assistance to the V?k in responding to f recruent inquiries from many sources regarding the progress of the study. Recently, the VA became aware through external sources of a significant development not mentioned in any of the quarterly reports received to date by the VA. The development concerned the creation and submission by CIXT of a proposed exposure index for review by the Office of ^technology Assessment (OTA). Vte have learned, again from sources other than CDC, that the OXA review found this exposure index methodology to be unsatisfactory. The lack of progress by CDC in developing an exposure index has never been raentioned in any of the quarterly status reports received by this agency. Additionally , to the best of our knowledge* this fact was never cornxunicated in discussions with the VA or in meetings of the ^ent Orange Marking Group The purpose of the quarterly status renorts, es originally envisioned during the development of the interagency sareatasnt, was not only to provide a full report on CDC's progress on the conduct of the Epidemiology Study , but also, to tdert the VA to any real or potential problem encountered by CDC which might irpact on thrt study's progress and eventual successful conpletion. Ar> you will appreciate, unanticipated difficulties in t*»e research can effect its ultfcrsf? outcome and tbe manner in v.-hich it will be perceived by veterans. I 'an sure that you will agree that tho future inclusion of such significant developments vi-11 assist both the VA and CDC in fulf illing our respective aoency responsibilities as they relate to this sssjor study. It wquld be very beneficial to the VA tor the appropriate CDC officials to provide & briefing on the content anc implications of tine status reports to Dr. Barclay H. Shepard, Director, Aqent Orange F-rojects Office and raembers �2. '. ;-••- ;r- -- Dr. James O. Mason *:,:,-.-- • --..I . ' ,r - • ; - . . - . . * -' - "-» " - of his staff iwwdlstely following the 8uimi«rion of the rtoor-t to that office. Accordinqly, 1 roquest your consideration «nd approval tor this activity tor ell future reports. I appreciate your assistance 4.n this natter, Sincerely, JOBS VI. DITZLER, K.t>. Chief ftedical Director cc: 02C 101B11 IAOHA3!i:llc 11/1/85 10;<21 1CX2 �.--' • : *.";-;_L."'-•••'-• - - SUMMARY.- -4\_ "J - '•----*-^v_',-.,... . %-• .;.",•-,-•'•:-»:; • .• •- " •"• • ' • \• •* >• ."• " i > -r '- 1 '" ' -"*"- *"*'' .- • ' •-*'.• •« *, . o»-.' " " j_ -, Purposes 1b alert the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) of need to keep VA fully briefed on significant developments related to conduct of the Epidemiology Study of Health Status of Vietnam Veterans, General: CMD advises the Acting Assistant Secretary for Health, DHHS, that VA has become aware of a significant development related to the conduct of the Epidemiology not reported in CDC's quarterly status report to this agency or in open discussions. Particularly cited by the CMD is the development and submission by CDC of a proposed exposure index for Office of Technology Assessment review and its ultimate disapproval. The CMD requests that the appropriate CDC officials brief the Director, Agent Orange Projects Office and members of his staff on the content and implications of the information contained in all future status reports to that office. The CMD reminds CDC of the need for full and complete information to assist the VA in responding to frequent inquiries from many sources concerning the status of the study. He states that he believes such information will assist both the VA and CDC in successfully completing their respective missions. iTTplicatiojnst It is essential that CDC keep the VA fully briefed on developments. The first congressionally mandated report to Congress is due February 15, 1986., ReconTOendatioaTS; Approve and dispatch �Congre** of tfje tUntteb fetate* TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT BOARD vteo srevcNS. ALASKA. CHAIRMAN OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT i*9WMS K. UOAU. ARIZONA. VICt CHAmMAN WASHINGTON, OC 2O5 10 M C WAtCH. UTAH •US Met MATWAS. J- MARTLANO (OMTAKO M. KCNNEOr. MASSACHUSCrTS GEOftGl I (IIOWN, *, CALIf OKNIA JOHN O OIHGCU. MICHlCAN CLAIUNCt (. MULCH. OHIO CIUIEST f, HQLLWGS, SOUTH CAROLINA __ _ ___ _ • COOPER EVANS, IOWA CUISORNC flLL. «HOO( ISLAND - DON SUWOOUtit. TENNESSEE JOHN H GIBBONS «i4cro« _ . \ > \ V joHNKcieeoNs bcc . OK 19 JS85 D i r e c tor Asst Directors T.McGurn CPA Health (2) The Honorable Patrick J. Leahy Ranking M i n o r i t y Member Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Dear Senator Leahy: I am writing to inform you about OTA's continuing review of progress in the mandated Agent Orange study being carried out by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The item of greatest concern has been the lack of a method for assessing exposure to Agent Orange among study subjects. We last addressed this issue in March 1985, at which time we expressed serious doubt to you about the exposure assessment method CDC had proposed in a February report to OTA. In September, I wrote to you expressing, concern that, although CDC's timetable called for interviewing Agent Orange study subjects beginning in January 1986, a revised exposure assessment method had yet to be produced. On November 18, we received a report from CDC titled "Exposure Assessment for the Agent Orange Study, Interim Report Number 2." We had by then arranged to have the OTA Agent Orange Advisory Panel meet on December 14 to review CDC's report. Based on our reading of the November 18 report, OTA staff requested some additional information from CDC, without which it would have been impossible for the Advisory Panel to adequately evaluate the exposure assessment method. On December 9, we received another report, dated December 8, which contained much of the information that had been requested. A final packet from CDC, containing specific information requested by OTA on December:—13":—The—Advisory—PaTte^r-med—Ehe—-f-o^-ow-tttg—day-; Their advice to OTA is reflected in this letter. In sura, the recent reports from CDC outline an Agent Orange study of radically different design than the one that was initially reviewed and approved by OTA. The changes in design are of sufficient "magnitude to require interruption of any plans for initiating interviews or examinations of study subjects. Further, the plan still appears to be in a state of change. While all or some of the changes proposed by CDC may be necessitated by relatively new information about troop locations and eligibility of men as study ,___. subjects, the reasons for the changes have not been coherently or convincingly presented in any of the reports OTA has received from CDC. When the original Agent Orange study design was approved by OTA, there were still many unanswered questions, and uncertainties which only would be resolvable when representative data from the military records had been assembled. There now exists a body of data which, while not complete, gives an indication of what the records contain. CDC should now be able to make some final decisions about study design and about the quality of the exposure �data on which the study results will be based. OTA| therefore, requests a new statement of study design, incorporating, as necessary, new plans for exposure assessment, a plan for selecting study subjects, and new plans for data analysis. The discussion of exposure assessment should contain an explicit analysis of the probability of misclassification within the "likely to have been exposed" group. Finally, there should be discussion about whether the range of exposures likely to be found among the study subjects forms a firm underpinning for the proposed study. As CDC stated in its original protocol of November 1983, "Since many of the proposed procedures are untested, modification, indeed even a recommendation not to proceed with an Agent Orange study, may be required after pilot study assessments." The data collected to date should serve as an adequate pilot test of the methods and representation of results of exposure assessment. At the same time that the new study protocol has been evolving, the study has faced a severe managerial problem. This problem, which seems soluble, is one of collaboration, of CDC and the Environmental Support Group (ESG). Steps should be taken to insure that this problem is resolved expeditiously. The Agent Orange Working Group Science Panel may be the appropriate body to catalyze discussion between the two groups. If other military experts are required as consultants, they should be brought into the process, with a clear statement of theirrroles, while it is not appropriate for OTA to moderate the dispute, we can evaluate the resolution. It is important that formal work statements for data abstraction from military records and for assessing data quality be agreed upon,jointly by CDC and ESG. OTA would like to be provided copies of these work statements when agreement has been reached. I am sending copies of this letter to both CDC and ESG. OTA staff currently are.writing a detailed set of comments which addtess the issues raised in this letter. Copies of those comments" will be sent to CDC and ESG, and to the appropriate Congressional committee staff dealing with Agent Orange issues. If OTA is to consider the revised Agent Orange study protocol for approval, another review will be necessary. Our Agent Orange Advisory Panel is prepared to meet again in early 1986. I believe that sometime in March or April is a realistic expectation for that meeting. In our view, no major new phase of the study should be undertaken before the new design and exposure assessment method are found acceptable and the managerial problems resolved. If you would like further discussion on this matter please do not hesitate to call me at 4-3695. or Hellen Gelband of the OTA staff at 6-2070. Sincerely, John H. Gibbons �The Honorable Patrick J. Leahy Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Senator Leahy The Honorable Frank H. Murkowski Chairman Committee on Veterans' Affairs United States Senate •Washington, D.C. 20510 Mr. Chairman The Honorable Alan Cranston Ranking Minority Member Committee on Veterans' Affairs United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Alan The Honorable Jake Garn Chairman Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Jake The Honorable G. V. Montgomery Chairman Committee on Veterans' Affairs U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Mr. Chairman The Honorable John P. Hammerschmidt Ranking Minority Member Committee on Veterans' Affairs U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Congressman Hammerschmidt �The Honorable Edward P. Boland Chairman Subcommittee on HUD;Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Mr. Chairman The Honorable Bill Green Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies 'Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Congressman Green The Honorable Orrin G. Hatch Chairman Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Orrin The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy Ranking Minority Member Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Ted The Honorable Henry A. Waxman Chairman Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Henry The Honorable Edward R. Madigan Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Congressman Madigan �The Honorable William H. Natcher Chairman Subcommittee, on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Mr. Natcher - The Honorable Silvio 0. Conte Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Congressman Conte The Honorable Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. Chairman Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Mr. Chairman The Honorable William Proxmire Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Labor, Health Human Services, and Education Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Senator Proxmire The Honorable Silvio 0. Conte Ranking Minority Member Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Congressman Conte The Honorable Jamie L. Whitten Chairman Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Mr. Chairman �The Honorable John C. S tennis Ranking Minority Member Committee on Appropriations Unite'd States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Senator Stennis The Honorable Mark 0. Hatfield Chairman Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510 Mark The Honorable John D. Dingell Chairman Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 John - The Honorable James T. Broyhill Ranking Minority Member Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. "20515 Congressman Broyhill The Honorable Harry N. Walters Administrator Veterans Administration 810 Vermont Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20402 Harry �VA OmCE IDENTIFICATION NOS fC. XC, 8S, XSS. V, K. tie.) REPORT OF CONTACT NOTE: TJili form mutt befitted out In Ink or on typewriter, as ft becomes a permanent record In vetemnt' folder*. LAST NAME—FAST NAME— MIDDLE NAMt Of VETERAN (T#t tr frill 1) DATE Of CONTACT ADORE it Of VETERAN TELEPHONE NO. OF VETERAN PERSON CONTACTED TYPE OF CONTACT (Cln*) 12/23/85 Kinqston Smith (_J PERSONAL UJ TELEPHONE TELEPHONE NO. OF PClSON CONTACTED ADDRESS OF PERSON CONTACTED HVAC IR1EF STATEMENT OF INFORMATION REQUESTED AND OIVEN K i n g s t o n Smith, M i n o r i t y S t a f f , House V e t e r a n s ' A f f a i r s Corrmittee, c a l l e d to d i s c u s s a l e t t e r the Conrmittee had received from the Office of Technology Assessment c o n c e r n i n g the p r o g r e s s of the Agent Orange study mandated by Pub. L. No. 96-151. The OTA had expressed s e r i o u s r e s e r v a t i o n s about the approach being taken by the CDC. They e s p e c i a l l y q u e s t i o n e d the methodology being suggested f o r d e t e r r m i n i n g t h e e x p o s u r e of study s u b j e c t s . T h i s has been a topic of concern for about three months and was the s u b j e c t of a meeting held on the Hill at the end of October. A t t e n d i n g that meet ing were r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from the House and Senate V e t e r a n s A f f a i r s Committees, the Department of D e f e n s e ' s Envi ronmental Support Group, the CDC and the VA. (A copy of a memo surrmarizing t h i s meeting is attached.) Mr. Smith s t a t e d that the Agent Orange s t u d y , which he c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s t h e most p o l i t i c a l l y s e n s i t i v e p a r t o f t h e e f f o r t , was i n s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t y . He s t r o n g l y h i n t e d t h a t h e a r i n g s on the p r o g r e s s of the s t u d y was a d e f i n i t e p o s s i b i l i t y a n d t h a t i t woul d p r o b a b l y not be a p l e a s a n t e x p e r i e n c e for the CDC. I noted that the VA had adopted a p o s t u r e o f n e u t r a l i t y regarding t h e study f o l l o w i n g its transfer to CDC at the request, in part, of the C o m m i t t e e ' s Chairman. For that r e a s o n , 1 suggested that the VA had no comments to offer concerning this development. I did note that t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y did not - a f f e c t the p r o g r e s s of the Vietnam Experience Study which is now underway nor the sel ected cancers s t u d y which is a l s o being conducted by the CDC. Mr. Smith s t a t e d that he w o u l d f o r w a r d a copy of the OTA l e t t e r to the VA i.n the next few days. i* » EXECUTED IV (Sig**l*ri mm* titU) DIVISION OH SECTION Special Assistant to the General Counsel (02C) VA FORM . . A JUL 1877 1 IV EXISTING STOCKS OF VA FORM 119, JUI.IB74 WIU >E USED- .D / / /"IcfVuvvxx Cr //" • C-fVi*«'w^ / * U.S. GOVERNMENT FftNTINC OFFICE: ISM-4S 1-488: 1 1710 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 200 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5649 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Title A name given to the resource Correspondence regarding Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Agent Orange Study between Office of Technology Assessment, United States Senate, Veterans Administration, Department of health and Human Services, dated September to Decmber 1985 ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/b2a42cf994fba43f5db53655e74ce2d1.pdf 6cb5663c5086a237621d8c946aca2334 PDF Text Text Item D Number 05323 D NotScannBd Author Corporate Author Report/Article Title Correspondence with attachment: Between William E. Hazeltine, Ph.D. and The Honorable Harold T. (Bizz) Johnson, Congress of the United States, House of Representatives, dated May 12, 1980, with bill H.R. 6377, 96th Congress, 2nd Session Journal/Book Title Year 198 Month/Day Ma Color Number of Images ° v D 7 Descrlpton Notes Tuesday, March 05, 2002 Page 5323 of 5363 �Z6 Uosiia Way Oroville, California 95965 May 7, 1980 The Honorable Harold T, ( B l z z ) Johnson Room 2 3 4 7 , House Office Building Washington, P. C. 20515 Dear Bizz: The news last night reported that you were going to carry a bill to declare that any military veteran of the Vietnam conflict would be considered as damaged by herbicides used there, unless someone c on Id prove otherwise. I hope this was Incorrectly reported, because it is obvious that such proof ia not possible, and such a precedent does not seem, reasonable. If the report is accurate, I wish to voice my disappointment In ' • f your decision to provide this authorship. The whole herbicide Issue la so mixed with the "anti-war - drug producers - back to nature media hype" syndrome that such a declaration by the Congress seems more aimed at election support than at finding real causes for concern and compensating for real damages. I would appreciate a copy of your legislation, and I will reserve final judgment until I can study it. Sincerely, t WEHjls William E. Hazeltlne. Ph. D. . U; P. E, �T. <mzz> JOHN BOM f *f PuTitior. CAi.ironHiA PUBLIC WOHK* ANP ^uyujj^V'f ot ,».C. 20515 May 12, 1980 ,26 lloatta W<iy 95965 Pear Or, In response (;q your letter of May 7. I am plciiaej enclose a copy of I). K< 637?, the Vletnnm Era Veterans Oranee Act, which J Joined jn poaponsorvng. I hope tliat you w^ll feel free to he ill touch with me If you utlll have concerns after reacting the provisions of the I Sincerely youre,. 1IAK01.D T, («I2Z) JOHNSON Member of Con|;reua J:P �DOTH OONdlUU.SS 2D H. R. 6377 To nmonil lilln 3B, United Stnlcs Code, to provide ft presumption of service connection (or Ilio occiiroiicp n( certain diseases In vclcrnns who were exposed tn phenoxy herbicides conlnriiinnlcd by dioxinn. IN TUB HOUSE OP IlEPllESENTATIVES go, 1080 Mr. DABCIIII.R Introduced the (ollowing bill; wliicli wnn referred lo Ilio Cominitlco on Vetornni' AllnirB A BILL To amend title 38, United Slates Code, to provide a presumption of service connection for Ilio occurenco of certain discasoa in veterans who were exposed to phcnoxy herbicides contaminated by dioxins. 1 He it ennctcd by the Senate and House of Reprcsenta- 2 lives of the United Stales of America in Congress assemliled, 3 That this Act may be cited as the "Vietnam Ern. Veterans 4 Agent Orange Act". f> SBC. 2. Section 312 of title 38, United States Code, is .0 amended by adding at the end thereof the following new •I ' 7 subsection: �2 1 "(&)(l) For the purposes of section 310 of this title and 2 subject to the provisions of sccliou 813 of this title, in the 3 case of any veteran who served for ninety days or more 4 during the Vietnam era (A) who is suffering from a disease 5 developed to a 10 per centum degree of disability or more (i that has been determined under paragraph (3)(A) of this sub7 sccliou to be a disease that may bo caused by exposure to 8 phenoxy herbicides contaminated by dioxins, and (14) who I) during such service was exposed to phenoxy herbicides con10 laminated by dioxins, as determined in accordance with regu11 la I ions prescribed by the Administrator under paragraph 12 (3)(G) of this subsection, such disease shall be considered to 13 have been incurred in or aggravated by such service, not14 withstanding that there is no record of ovidenco of such dis15 ease during the period of service. Hi "(2) If l|ie Administrator determines under paragraph 17 (3)(B) of lliis subsection that exposure to phenoxy herbicides IB contaminated by dioxins may cause birth defects in the naluJi) nil children of persons so exposed, then in the case of any 20 person who—^ 21 "(A) is the natural son or daughlcr of a veleran 22 who served for ninety days or more during the Viet- 23 i HI in era and during such service was exposed to phe- 24 noxy herbicides contaminated by dioxins, us dclermined 25 in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Ad- �8 1 mhnslrator under paragraph (ft)(G) of this subsection; 2 and 3 "(H) is suffering from a bjrth defect llial in an 4 adult is disabling to a degree of 10 per centum or more 5 and that has been ilelci mined by (he Administrator Q midcr paragraph (3)(J1) of (Ins subsection to I)" a birth 7 defect, that may be caused by exposure of one of the 8 I parents of A child (.0 pbcnoxy herbicides contnminaled 0 by dioxins; 10 such person shall be deemed for the purposes of this chapter 11 to be a veteran of a period of Wl»r and such birth defect shall 12 ho deemed fur the purposes of this eliaplcr to be an aggrava191 tion of a preexisting injury suffered ii» lino of duly in the 14 active military, naval, or air service, during a period of war. 15 "(3)(A) The Administrator shall determine, and shall 16 promulgate by regulation, what diseases medical research 17 has shown may he due to exposure to phenoxy herbicides 18 contaminated by dioxins. The Administrator shall include in 19 such regulations a specification of the standards used by the 20 Administrator in making such determination. 21 "(1)) The Administrator shall determine, and shall pro- 22 mtilgalo by regulation, what birth defects, if any, may be 2U mulagcnic birth defects resulting from exposure of the parent 24 of a child lo phciioxy herbicides contaminated by dioxins. The 26 Administrator shall include in such regulations a specification �4 1 of tlio standards used by the Administrator in making sijch 2 determination. 3 , "(0) The Administrator shall promulgate by regulation 4 the conditions of service during the Vietnam era required to 5 establish exposure of a veteran to phenoxy, herbicides con. . ' ' '''. ' ' . ' I - i 0 taminatcd by dioxins tor the purposes of paragraphs (1) and 7 (2) of this subsection. Such regulations Inuy not require that, a 8 vcloran be required lo provide any information to the Vcter0 nns" Administration for the purpose of determining such' ex10 posurc beyond the information contained in the veteran's dis11 charge papers and shall establish ii presumption of exposure 12 of a veteran to phctloxy herbicides contaminated by dioxins 13 when Department of Defense records, Information supplied 14 by the veteran, and other information establish a possibility 15 of such exposure. The Administrator shall include in such 10 regulations a specification of the standards used by the Ad17 ministralor in establishing what conditions of service ore re18 quired to establish such exposure to phenoxy herbicides cori10 ta'miriated by dioxins. 20 "(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, section 21 5/53 of title 0, relating to agency rutcmaking,. shall apply to. 22 the promulgation of regulations under paragraph (3) of this 23 subsection, and such regulations shall be made on thb record 24 after opportunity for an agency hearing in accordance with 26 sections 550 and 557 of such title. Such regulations shall bo �5 1 subject to judicial review in accordance with chapter 7 of 2 such title. 8 "(K) The Administrator sltnll complete final agency 4 action on the regulations required to bo promulgated by para- 5 graph (3) of this subsection not later than tho end of the ono6 year period beginning on the date of tho enactment of tho 7 Vietnam Era Veterans Agent Orange Act and shall publish 8 such regulations at the same lime as one set of regulations.". O � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 183 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5323 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-05-01 Title A name given to the resource Correspondence with attachment: Between William E. Hazeltine, Ph.D. and The Honorable Harold T. (Bizz) Johnson, Congress of the United States, House of Representatives, dated May 12, 1980, with bill H.R. 6377, 96th Congress, 2nd Session ao_seriesVIII https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/files/original/6b199e346ffb7e8d2c36a36dd3efa48d.pdf 41773cbfe49dd36763215f4671a4e126 PDF Text Text Item D Number 05502 G Not Scanned Author Corporate Author Report/Article TItlQ Cover Letter, List of Addresses, and Memorandum sent to Congressional Committees after a meeting of the Office of Technology Assessment Advisory Panel, February 28,1985. Journal/Book Title Year 000 ° Month/Day Color D Number of Images ° DeSCrlptOD NOtBS Memorandum is a Report on the Progress of the Centers For Disease Control's Studies of the Health of Vietnam Veterans. Friday, March 15, 2002 Page 5502 of 5571 �TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT BOARD MORRIS K. UDAU. ARIZ., CHAIRMAN TED STEVENS, ALASKA, VICE CHAIRMAN GEORGE E. MOWN. Jn.. CALIF. ORRIN G. HATCH, UTAH CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, J«.. MO. EDWARD M. KENNEDY. MASS. ERNEST F. HOLLINOS, S.C. CLAIBORNE PELL. R.I. JOHN O. DINGELL. MICH. LARRY WINN. J". KANS. CLARENCE E. MILLER. OHIO COOPER EVANS. IOWA Congre** of tfje ®nittb fttate* OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT WASHINGTON, D.C. 20510 JOHN H. GIBBONS 1 am e n c l o s i n g a copy of the cover l e t t e r , a i i s t of addresseeSj and the memorandum that was sent to the appropriate Congressional Committees after a m e e t i n g of tne OTA advisory panel on Feoruary 28, 1985. Hi chaei Gough Acr i i i JOHN H. GIBBONS DIRECTOR �of tfje tHtuteb Stated TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT BOARD _ T£0 OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT STEVENS. ALASKA. CHAiRMAN MORRIS K. UOALL. ARIZONA. VICE CHAIRMAN ORRIN 0. HATCH. UTAH CHARLES McC. MATMIAS, J«., MARYLAND EDWARD M. KENNEDY. MASSACHUSETTS ERNEST f. HOILINQS. SOUTH CAROLINA CLAiaORNE PELL, RHODE ISLAND _ A _ _ . _„._ JOHN H. GIBBONS O.RECTOR WASHINGTON, DC 20510 GEORGE E. BROWN. JK. CALIFORNIA JOHN 0. DINGELU MICHIGAN CLARENCE E. MILLER. OHIO COOPER EVANS. IOWA JOHN H. GIBBONS OTA's Agent Orange Advisory Panel met on February 28, 1985, progress in the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) studies of the Vietnam veterans. As discussed in the enclosed memorandum,, CDC is progress in the conduct of the studies, but OTA draws attention to that deserve some additional attention: to discuss health of making good two areas (1.) A study done in Massachusetts reports a significant excess of deaths from soft tissue sarcomas among Vietnam veterans. Those cancers are the ones most frequently associated with exposure to dioxin, although studies done in different populations and parts of the world have produced conflicting results. CDC's current plans are to publish the results of a study of soft tissue sarcomas among veterans in 1990. Because of the interest in those cancers, OTA suggests that CDC try to increase the number of cancer registries participating in the soft tissue sarcoma study so that the study can be completed sooner. (2.) The major part of the advisory panel meeting and of the enclosed memo focused on the subject of estimating exposure to Agent Orange. The basic idea behind estimating exposure is to determine what military units a veteran served with while in Vietnam, locate the positions (and times) where the units were stationed in Vietnam, and compare those locations to known uses of Agent Orange. At the time OTA approved the CDC study plan, it was expected that it would be possible to locate Army companies. According to a report presented to OTA by CDC, that had proved impossible. Instead, it was possible only to locate battalions, which were spread out over areas of scores of kilometers in Vietnam. As is detailed in our report, OTA questions the usefulness of exposures estimated with that kind of data. We expect to hold' another meeting in about six months to see if improvements can be made. �Following the advisory panel meeting, OTA staff visited the Army records experts who have information about unit locations in Vietnam and were told that the Army thought that it is possible to provide data at the company level. OTA urged that a meeting take place between the Army and CDC to discuss that possibility. After the meeting was held, OTA received a letter from CDC stating that efforts are now being made to locate companies. CDC expects to know by early summer if those efforts are successful. Sincerely, John H. Gibbons Enclosure �The Honorable Patrick J. Leahy Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. -20510@ Senator Leahy The Honorable Frank H. Murkowski Chairman Committee on Veterans' Affairs United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510@ Mr. Chairman The Honorable Alan Cranston Ranking Minority Member Committee on Veterans' Affairs United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510@ Alan The Honorable Jake Garn Chairman Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510@ Jake The Honorable G. V. Montgomery Chairman Committee on Veterans' Affairs U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Mr. Chairman The Honorable John P. Hammerschmidt Ranking Minority Member Committee on Veterans' Affairs U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Congressman Hammerschmidt The Honorable Edward P. Boland Chairman Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Mr. Chairman The Honorable Bill Green Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies Committee on Appropriations �U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515(§ Congressman Green The Honorable Orrin G. Hatch Chairman Committee on Labor-and Human Resources United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510@ Orrin The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy Ranking Minority Member Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Washington, D.C. 2051<X§ Ted The Honorable Henry A. Waxman Chairman Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Henry The Honorable Edward R. Madigan Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Congressman Madigan The Honorable William Natcher Chairman Subcommittee on Labor - Health and Human Services - Education Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Congressman Natcher The Honorable Silvio 0. Conte Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Labor - Health and Human Services - Education Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Congressman Conte The Honorable Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. Chairman Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education and Related Agencies Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510@ Senator Weicker �The Honorable William Proxmire Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education and Related Agencies Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510@ Senator Proxmire The Honorable Silvio 0. Conte Ranking Minority Member Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Congressman Conte The Honorable Jamie L. Whitten Chairman Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Mr. Chairman The Honorable John C. Stennis Ranking Minority Member Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510@ Senator Stennis The Honorable Mark 0. Hatfield Chairman Committee on Appropriations United States Senate Washington, D.C. 20510<a Mark The Honorable John D. Dingell Chairman Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. John 20515@ The Honorable James T. Broyhill Ranking Minority Member Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515@ Congressman Broyhill �Staff Memorandum Prepared by the Office of Special Projects and Health Program April 1985 Report on the Progress of the Centers for Disease Control's Studies of the Health of Vietnam Veterans This OTA Staff Memorandum has neither been reviewed nor approved by the Technology Assessment Board. �Report on Progress in the Centers -for Disease Control's Studies of the Health of Vietnam Veterans OTA held a meeting of its Agent Orange Advisory Panel on February 28 and March 1, 1985. February 28 was devoted to discussing CDC's Agent Orange, Vietnam Experience, and Selected Cancers studies, Peter Layde, Project Officer, and Dan McGee, both -from CDC, attended the m e e t i n g at OTA's i n v i t a t i o n . They presented information about the studies, and answered questions from the Advisory Panel, c o n t r i b u t i n g to the e f f i c i e n t use of time at the meeting. COn March i, the protocol for the Vietnam Experience Twin Study <VETS II) was considered. Our f i n d i n g s about VETS II are contained in the OTA Director's letters of March 20, 1985 to the Chairman and Ranking M i n o r i t y Member of the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs.] CDC has made considerable progress in various aspects of a l l three studies. Among t h e i r accomplishments, they have established that more than 90 percent of contacted veterans are w i l l i n g to answer the questionnaire and p a r t i c i p a t e in the medical e x a m i n a t i o n for the Vietnam Experience Study. In addition, contracts have been placed for .administration of the questionnaire and the examinations. In general, CDC is on schedule w i t h a large array of tasks and is to be commended on t h e i r e f f i c i e n t management of the studies. Rather than catalogue CDC's accomplishments, however, OTA w i l l use t h i s report to draw a t t e n t i o n to Report of OTA Advisory Panel M e e t i n g A p r i l 1985 P. 1 �two major areas o-f concern. The -first is the t i m e t a b l e -for the Selected Cancers Study, w h i c h is scheduled to be completed in 1989. W h i l e that scheduling has not, in •fact, changed since the protocol was w r i t t e n , we are concerned that those results may not be as t i m e l y as they m i g h t be. The second issue is the method now proposed to estimate Agent Orange exposure in the Agent Orange study. That has changed s i g n i f i c a n t l y since the o r i g i n a l protocol, now representing a much less precise measure. Timetable for__the Selected Cancers Study The Selected Cancers Study is a case-control study o-f so-ft tissue sarcoma, lymphoma, primary l i v e r cancer, and nasal and nasopharyngeal cancers. Except for lymphoma, these are all r e l a t i v e l y rare tumors. S i x cancer registries that m a i n t a i n records o-f cancers diagnosed in different areas of the country are currently are under contract to CDC. They are to provide names of men of the age of Uietnam veterans who have or w i l l be diagnosed as h a v i n g those cancers between December 1, 1984 and November 30, 1988. CDC w i l l then contact those men to learn about service in Vietnam and other factors that m i g h t be related to t h e i r cancers. Results of the analysis are expected in 1989. OTA is concerned that a result in 1989 w i l l have considerably less v a l u e than one that could be reported sooner. We b e l i e v e that CDC could considerably shorten the t i m e needed for the study by r e c r u i t i n g a d d i t i o n a l cancer registries to provide cases. We understand that t h i s may not be possible, but recommend that it be g i v e n serious consideration. CDC already finds it necessary to add one registry Report of OTA Advisory Panel M e e t i n a A p r i l 1935 P. 2 �because of the large number of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcomas <a type o-f so-ft tissue sarcoma) in the San Francisco Bay area registry. Inclusion o-f those tumors, not related to Vietnam service, m i g h t bias the results o-f the study. S o l i c i t a t i o n o-f other registries could go on at the same t i m e to enlarge the sample. Agent Orange Exposure Assessment Major changes in the method o-f deterrning possible exposure to Agent Orange have been -forced on CDC. The best way to describe those changes is to r e c a l l the s a l i e n t features o-f the method described in the CDC protocol that was approved by OTA. Brie-fly, the Army's Environmental Support Group (ESS) was expected to track the movements o-f more than 100 Army companies in Vietnam during the two years o-f peak Agent Orange use. The locations o-f the companies then would be compared to locations to known uses o-f Agent Orange, and the-companies d i v i d e d into three groups, those most and least exposed and an i n t e r m e d i a t e group. The companies chosen -for the study would be those w i t h the highest and lowest c u m u l a t i v e exposures to Agent Orange. Two assumptions were b u i l t into t h i s approach: (1) that many or most soldiers served t h e i r e n t i r e tours o-f duty in Vietnam w i t h s i n g l e companies, and <2) that ESG would be able to specify the locations of companies. In other words, Soldier S served w i t h Company C and Soldier T w i t h Company D, and once we knew the locations of Companies C and D, we would be able to classify the soldiers' exposures. According to a report prepared by CDC, n e i t h e r of those assuptions is j u s t i f i e d . Report of OTA Advisory Panel M e e t i n g A p r i l 1985 P. 3 �The CDC report includes the results of a study of combat company records w h i c h found that only 16 percent of 3838 men spent as long as 9 months in a particular company. That f i n d i n g means that many men moved between companies during t h e i r year in Vietnam, making it i m p o s s i b l e to d i v i d e veterans i n t o h i g h or low exposure on the basis of company cumulative exposures. For instance, a soldier who spent 6 months in a h i g h l y exposed u n i t could have been tranfered to a less exposed company. The only way to describe h i s exposure is by tracking h i s movements: he has n e i t h e r the h i g h exposure associated w i t h the f i r s t company nor the low exposure of the second. Because i n d i v i d u a l exposure cannot be equated w i t h company exposure, it is now impossible to p i c k h i g h and low exposed companies and drop out those in between. That means exposures w i l l fall across a continuum from low to intermediate to h i g h rather than a dichotomous grouping of low versus h i g h . It also means that the amount of work necessary to classify a veteran is increased,- but that is not an insurmountable barrier. Of far more importance is CDC's conclusion that there is too l i t t l e information to locate companies and that decisions about exposure w i l l have to be based on b a t t a l i o n locations. The number of men in a b a t t a l i o n is roughly f i v e times that in a company, and b a t t a l i o n s were spread out over much larger areas. CDC presents data showing m u l t i p l e reported locations for a single b a t t a l i o n on a s i n g l e day. The _ d i f f e r e n t locations represent the p o s i t i o n s of i n d i v i d u a l companies or other subunits of the b a t t a l i o n , and CDC p o i n t s out that the records are not s u f f i c i e n t to decide how many of the battalion's i.OOO men m i g h t have been present at any of the reported locations. Therefore, they Report of OTA Advisory Panel M e e t i n g A p r i l 1935 P. 4 �c a l c u l a t e a "centroid," w h i c h is an "average" location of the b a t t a l i o n . Unfortunately, significant distances, approaching 20 kilometers (km), can separate the reported locations and the centroid. In the eyes of several OTA advisory panel members, i n a b i l i t y to locate companies s i g n i f i c a n t l y changes the study from the one that was approved, seriously and perhaps f a t a l l y compromising the Agent Orange study. As an example, consider the locations and centroid on the diagram <the data are taken from the CDC report). Assume that a Ranch Hand mission passed d i r e c t l y over the centroid as shown by track 1. This would result in the battalion being classified as exposed. However, the members of the battalion were spread over a large area, and those at e i t h e r of the two known locations were about 19 km away from the spray mission. Moreover, si.nce the centroid is a calculated p o s i t i o n , there may have been no one there at a l l . Another p o s s i b i l i t y , is that a spray mission was flown as shown by track 2. In that case, the track would be about 19 km away from the centroid, and the b a t t a l i o n would be c l a s s i f i e d as unexposed. Note, however, that any men at the reported location A could have been exposed. The two examples show the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of m i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . In the track 1 example, men who were not exposed would be c a l l e d exposed; in the other, exposed men would be c a l l e d unexposed. These are serious problems, but OTA comes to no conclusion about t h e i r impact on the study at t h i s t i m e . Ule expect to hold another m e e t i n g in about s i x months to hear from CDC about any improvements that can be made. If there are no improvements, OTA may decide that the Report of OTA Advisory Panel M e e t i n g A p r i l 1935 P. 5 �An Example of Recorded Positions of a Battalion's Subunits and the Calculated "Centroid" of those Locations. Spray track 2 400 Recorded location A, based on 4 locations recorded on one day 390 Spray track 1 19 km 380 t\j Centroid, a calculated central location based on recorded locations A and B 19 km 370 Recorded location B, based on 3 locations recorded on one day 360 340 350 360 370 kilometers from a known point in Vietnam �problems of d e c i d i n g on exposure are so overwhelming that it is impossible to study the possible effects o-f Agent Orange. OTA made one request and one suggestion to CDC: 1. If CDC continues w i t h an exposure assessment s i m i l a r to the one described, OTA would l i k e to have an estimate of the chance of m i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n t o h i g h or low exposure categories, 2. Every effort should be made to f i n d an external validator of exposure. We realise that t h i s is a d i f f i c u l t task, but an external v a l i d a t o r would be of great value. OTA Followup on the Exposure Question Following the Advisory Panel m e e t i n g , OTA staff contacted Mr. Richard C h r i s t i a n of the ESG and asked if he concurred in the CDC e v a l u a t i o n that companies cannot be located. He said he d i d not, OTA staff v i s i t e d h i m and h i s colleagues and were convinced that l o c a t i n g companies was s t i l l a v i a b l e possibility. Following that v i s i t , OTA staff urged that CDC and ESG hold a meeting to discuss the company question. According to both ESG and CDC, the meeting was a success, and efforts are now b e i n g made to apply an ESG-developed method for l o c a t i n g companies. This experience underlines the fact that ESG has information a v a i l a b l e from no other source and that CDC has to make every effort to understand what ESG can and cannot provide. organizations must cooperate closely. Clearly, the two OTA has not investigated the r e l a t i o n s h i p between ESG and CDC to the p o i n t that we Know what should be done to improve and m a i n t a i n good communications between them, but such communication is i m p e r a t i v e . Report of OTA Advisory Panel M e e t i n g April 1985 P, 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 195 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5502 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cover Letter, List of Addresses, and Memorandum sent to Congressional Committees after a meeting of the Office of Technology Assessment Advisory Panel, February 28, 1985. ao_seriesVIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 191 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5408 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Conrad, Charles J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 29 1983 Title A name given to the resource Critique of a Report by the General Accounting Office to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U. S. House of Representatives, Chemical Warfare: Many Unanswered Questions ao_seriesVIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 193 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5455 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Title A name given to the resource Current Controversy ao_seriesVIII Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange Description An account of the resource <p style="margin-top: -1em; line-height: 1.2em;">The Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange comprises 120 linear feet and spans the late 1800s to 2005; however, the bulk of the coverage is from the 1960s to the 1980s and there are many undated items. The collection was donated to Special Collections of the National Agricultural Library in 1985 by Dr. Alvin L. Young (1942- ). Dr. Young developed the collection as he conducted extensive research on the military defoliant Agent Orange. The collection is in good condition and includes letters, memoranda, books, reports, press releases, journal and newspaper clippings, field logs and notebooks, newsletters, maps, booklets and pamphlets, photographs, memorabilia, and audiotapes of an interview with Dr. Young.</p> <p>For more about this collection, <a href="/exhibits/speccoll/exhibits/show/alvin-l--young-collection-on-a">view the Agent Orange Exhibit.</a></p> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Box The box containing the original item. 179 Folder The folder containing the original item. 5252 Series The series number of the original item. Series VIII Subseries I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource <strong>Corporate Author: </strong>The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Chemical Regulation Reporter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 18 1978 Title A name given to the resource Current Report: 2,4,5-T ao_seriesVIII