An official website of the United States government.

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Research Publications (Food Safety)

This page tracks research articles published in national and international peer-reviewed journals. Recent articles are available ahead of print and searchable by Journal, Article Title, and Category. Research publications are tracked across six categories: Bacterial Pathogens, Chemical Contaminants, Natural Toxins, Parasites, Produce Safety, and Viruses. Articles produced by USDA Grant Funding Agencies (requires login) and FDA Grant Funding Agencies (requires login) are also tracked in Scopus.

Displaying 151 - 175 of 445

  1. Internalization of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin Is Regulated by Cathepsin B Released from Lysosomes

    • Toxins
    • Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is a clostridial binary toxin consisting of actin ADP-ribosyltransferase (C2I) and C2II binding components. Activated C2II (C2IIa) binds to cellular receptors and forms oligomer in membrane rafts. C2IIa oligomer assembles with C2I and contributes to the transport of C2I into the cytoplasm of host cells.

      • Bacterial pathogens
      • Clostridium botulinum
  2. Developing a Consistent, Reproducible Botulinum Toxin Type a Dosing Method for Upper Limb Tremor by Kinematic Analysis

    • Toxins
    • Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection patterns customized to each patient’s unique tremor characteristics produce better efficacy and lower adverse effects compared to the fixed-muscle-fixed-dose approach for Essential Tremor (ET) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) tremor therapy. This article outlined how a kinematic-based dosing method to standardize and customize BoNT-A injections for tremors was developed.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  3. Ergonomic Recommendations in Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Neurotoxin Chemodenervation for Spasticity: An International Expert Group Opinion

    • Toxins
    • Ultrasound (US)-guided botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are becoming a mainstay in the treatment of muscle spasticity in upper motor neuron syndromes. As a result, there has been a commensurate increase in US-guided BoNT injection for spasticity training courses. However, many of these courses do not emphasize the importance of ergonomics.

      • Bacterial pathogens
      • Clostridium botulinum
  4. Management of excessive gingival display using botulinum toxin type A: a descriptive study

    • Toxicon
    • Author(s): Fernando de Oliveira ANDRIOLA, Gabriela Sperotto CHIEZA, Juliano CAVAGNI, Angelo Luiz FREDDO, Adriana CORSETTI

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  5. Effective Treatment of Neurological Symptoms with Normal Doses of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Wilson’s Disease: Six Cases and Literature Review

    • Toxins
    • Recent cell-based and animal experiments have demonstrated an effective reduction in botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) by copper. Aim: We aimed to analyze whether the successful symptomatic BoNT/A treatment of patients with Wilson’s disease (WD) corresponds with unusually high doses per session. Methods: Among the 156 WD patients regularly seen at the outpatient department of the university hospital in Düsseldorf (Germany), only 6 patients had been treated with BoNT/A during the past 5 years.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  6. BoNT-A for Post-Stroke Spasticity: Guidance on Unmet Clinical Needs from a Delphi Panel Approach

    • Toxins
    • There is extensive literature supporting the efficacy of botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) for the treatment of post-stroke spasticity, however, there remain gaps in the routine management of patients with post-stroke spasticity. A panel of 21 Italian experts was selected to participate in this web-based survey Delphi process to provide guidance that can support clinicians in the decision-making process.

      • Bacterial pathogens
      • Clostridium botulinum
  7. Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxin for Autonomic Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: An Updated Review

    • Toxins
    • Parkinson’s disease is the most common age-related motoric neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the cardinal motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, there are numerous non-motor symptoms as well. Among the non-motor symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction is common. Autonomic symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease include sialorrhea, hyperhidrosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and urinary dysfunction.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  8. Cardinal parameter growth and growth boundary model for non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum - effect of eight environmental factors

    • International Journal of Food Microbiology
    • Author(s): Ioulia Koukou, Ole Mejlholm, Paw Dalgaard

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  9. The Five-Year Prospective Study of Quality of Life in Hemifacial Spasm Treated with Abo-Botulinum Toxin A

    • Toxins
    • This study aimed to determine the long-term quality of life (QoL) in hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients after treating with Abo-botulinum toxin A (Abo-BTX). The study assessed the disease-specific QoL (hemifacial spasm questionnaire 30 items; HFS 30), the involuntary movements (abnormal involuntary movement scale; AIMS), general health QoL (Medical Outcomes 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; SF-36), and Depression (the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression questionnaire; CES-D).

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  10. Botulinum Toxin A and Osteosarcopenia in Experimental Animals: A Scoping Review

    • Toxins
    • We conducted a scoping review to investigate the effects of intramuscular injection of Botulinum Toxin A (BoNT-A) on bone morphology. We investigated if the muscle atrophy associated with Injection of BoNT-A had effects on the neighboring bone. We used the search terms: osteopenia, bone atrophy, Botulinum Toxin A, Micro-CT, mice or rat. The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Library, between 1990 and 2020.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  11. The Distinctive Evolution of orfX Clostridium parabotulinum Strains and Their Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A and F Gene Clusters Is Influenced by Environmental Factors and Gene Interactions via Mobile Genetic Elements

    • Frontiers in Microbiology
    • Of the seven currently known botulinum neurotoxin-producing species of Clostridium, C. parabotulinum, or C. botulinum Group I, is the species associated with the majority of human botulism cases worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis of these bacteria reveals a diverse species with multiple genomic clades. The neurotoxins they produce are also diverse, with over 20 subtypes currently represented.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  12. Use of AbobotulinumtoxinA for Cosmetic Treatments in the Neck, and Middle and Lower Areas of the Face: A Systematic Review

    • Toxins
    • AbobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A) has been used for various cosmetic purposes, including minimization of moderate to severe lines, or other cosmetic indications, in the face and neck. We carried out a systematic review to identify all relevant evidence on the treatment approaches and outcomes of aboBoNT-A as a cosmetic treatment of the middle and lower areas of the face, and the neck.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  13. Botulinum toxin to treat Phantom limb pain

    • Toxicon
    • Author(s): Arunmozhimaran Elavarasi, Vinay Goyal

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  14. Botulinum Toxin Type A to Improve Facial Symmetry in Facial Palsy: A Practical Guideline and Clinical Experience

    • Toxins
    • Unilateral peripheral facial nerve palsy jeopardizes quality of life, rendering psychological consequences such as low self-esteem, social isolation, anxiety, and depression. Among therapeutical approaches, use of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) on the nonparalyzed side has shown promising results and improvement of quality of life.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  15. The Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin in Dystonia and Spasticity

    • Toxins
    • In dystonic and spastic movement disorders, however different in their pathophysiological mechanisms, a similar impairment of sensorimotor control with special emphasis on afferentation is assumed. Peripheral intervention on afferent inputs evokes plastic changes within the central sensorimotor system. Intramuscular application of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a standard evidence-based treatment for both conditions.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  16. Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections in Childhood Opisthotonus

    • Toxins
    • Opisthotonus refers to abnormal axial extension and arching of the trunk produced by excessive contractions of the paraspinal muscles. In childhood, the abnormal posture is most often related to dystonia in the setting of hypoxic injury or a number of other acquired and genetic etiologies. The condition is often painful, interferes with ambulation and quality of life, and is challenging to treat.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  17. Therapeutic Use of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Dermatology: Systematic Review

    • Toxins
    • Botulinum toxin is a superfamily of neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum with well-established efficacy and safety profile in focal idiopathic hyperhidrosis. Recently, botulinum toxins have also been used in many other skin diseases, in off label regimen. The objective of this manuscript is to review and analyze the main therapeutic applications of botulinum toxins in skin diseases.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  18. Metagenomics Reveals That Intravenous Injection of Beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid (BHBA) Disturbs the Nasopharynx Microflora and Increases the Risk of Respiratory Diseases

    • Frontiers in Microbiology
    • It is widely accepted that maintenance of microbial diversity is essential for the health of the respiratory tract; however, there are limited reports on the correlation between starvation and respiratory tract microbial diversity. In the present study, saline/β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) intravenous injection after dietary restriction was used to imitate different degrees of starvation.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  19. Profiling gene expression reveals insights into pulmonary response to aerosolized botulinum toxin type A exposure in mice

    • Journal of Applied Toxicology
    • Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is traditional medicine and well known for its therapeutic use as an anesthetic and in cosmetic applications that work through the inhibition of acetylcholine exocytosis in neuronal cells. BoNT/A also has the potential to function as a biological weapon due to its high mortality rate and ease of dispersal. Emerging evidence suggests that BoNT/A exhibits biological effects on nonneuronal cells.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  20. Sustained functional benefits after a single set of injections with abobotulinumtoxinA using a 2-mL injection volume in adults with cervical dystonia: 12-week results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3b study

    • PLOS ONE
    • by Atul T. Patel, Mark F. Lew, Khashayar Dashtipour, Stuart Isaacson, Robert A. Hauser, William Ondo, Pascal Maisonobe, Stefan Wietek, Bruce Rubin, Allison Brashear

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  21. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Lockdown on a Botulinum Toxin Outpatient Clinic in Germany

    • Toxins
    • Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) injections have to be administered repeatedly to achieve a rather stable, high level of improvement.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  22. Effective Locations for Injecting Botulinum Toxin into the Mentalis Muscle; Cadaveric and Ultrasonographic Study

    • Toxins
    • The mentalis muscle is now considered key structures when performing procedures for rejuvenating the lower face. The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical morphology and location of the mentalis muscle and thereby provide anatomical information for facilitating clinical procedures designed to rejuvenate the lower face. Forty-four adult hemifaces from five Thai cadavers and 21 Korean cadavers were dissected to identify the locations of the mentalis muscle.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  23. CRISPR-Cas9-Based Toolkit for Clostridium botulinum Group II Spore and Sporulation Research

    • Frontiers in Microbiology
    • The spores of Clostridium botulinum Group II strains pose a significant threat to the safety of modern packaged foods due to the risk of their survival in pasteurization and their ability to germinate into neurotoxigenic cultures at refrigeration temperatures. Moreover, spores are the infectious agents in wound botulism, infant botulism, and intestinal toxemia in adults.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  24. Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Appraisal

    • Toxins
    • For well over 30 years, the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used for a large number of indications, some of which however have not been licensed. Admittedly, approval varies in many countries and this permits a large spectrum for evaluation. Thus, BoNT is used for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other Parkinson’s syndromes (PS) in varying degrees of frequency.

      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Bacterial pathogens
  25. Transconjunctival versus Transcutaneous Injection of Botulinum Toxin into the Lacrimal Gland to Reduce Lacrimal Production: A Randomized Controlled Trial

    • Toxins
    • The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effects between injecting botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) transconjunctivally into the palpebral lobe and transcutaneously into the orbital lobe of the lacrimal gland in patients with epiphora due to lacrimal outflow obstruction. This randomized controlled study included 53 eyes of 31 patients with unilateral or bilateral epiphora.

      • Bacterial pathogens
      • Clostridium botulinum