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Canadian Council on Animal Care
These 2021 guidelines discuss why we assess animal welfare, idenify welfare indicators, and explain how to record welfare assessments.
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs).
This resource provides information about identifying welfare indicators, assessing and reporting actual severity, effective record keeping and review, and staff training.
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs).
Häger C, Biernot S, Buettner M, Glage S, Keubler LM, et al. (2017) The Sheep Grimace Scale as an indicator of post-operative distress and pain in laboratory sheep. PLOS ONE 12(4): e0175839.
A Sheep Grimace Scale (SGS) was herein established by observing and interpreting sheep facial expressions as a consequence of pain and distress following unilateral tibia osteotomy.
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs).
"A comprehensive welfare assessment scheme will include multiple measurements including behavioral indicators, physiological indicators and health indicators such as clinical signs"